Please note that some of the links referenced in this work are no longer active.
Introduction
1. Steve Bogira, “The Most Important Issue No One’s Talking about in the Mayoral Race,” Chicago Reader, February 4, 2015, http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/still-separate-unequal-and-ignored/Content?oid=16347785.
2. Nate Silver, “The Most Diverse Cities Are Often the Most Segregated,” FiveThirtyEight.com, May 1, 2015, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-most-diverse-cities-are-often-the-most-segregated/.
3. John R. Logan and Brian J. Stults, “The Persistence of Segregation in the Metropolis: New Findings from the 2010 Census,” March 24, 2011.
4. Douglas Massey, interview by author, February 16, 2015. Unless otherwise indicated, subsequent quotes are from this interview.
5. Quoted in Debra Cassens Weiss, “Ginsburg: Ferguson Turmoil Illustrates ‘Real Racial Problem’ in America,” ABA Journal, August 25, 2014. http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/ginsburg_ferguson_turmoil_illustrates_real_racial_problem_in_america.
6. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1968 http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/kerner.pdf.
7. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 198.
8. Nikole Hannah-Jones, “Living Apart: How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law,” ProPublica, October 29, 2012, http://www.propublica.org/article/living-apart-how-the-government-betrayed-a-landmark-civil-rights-law.
9. Robert Sampson, interview by author, February 26, 2015.
Chapter 1: A Legacy Threatened
1. Mary Pattillo-McCoy, Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril Among the Black Middle Class (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 3.
2. Julia B. Isaacs, “Economic Mobility of Black and White Families,” Brookings Institution, November 2007, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2007/11/blackwhite-isaacs.
3. Mary Pattillo, interview by author, January 15, 2015. Unless otherwise indicated, subsequent quotes are from this interview.
4. Joseph Moore Jr. and Yvonne G. Moore, interview by author, January 5, 2015. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
5. Local Community Fact Book of Chicago, multiple years, available at Harold Washington Library Center, Chicago.
6. Gregory D. Squires, “Demobilization of the Individualistic Bias: Housing Market Discrimination as a Contributor to Labor Market and Economic Inequality,” American Academy of Political and Social Science 609, no. 1 (January 2007): 200–14.
7. David Rusk, “The ‘Segregation Tax’: The Cost of Racial Segregation to Black Homeowners,” Center on Urban & Metropolitan Study, Brookings Institution, 2001, 3, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2001/10/metropolitanpolicy-rusk.
8. Ibid., 5.
9. Dorothy Brown, interview by author, December 9, 2014. Unless otherwise indicated, subsequent quotes are from this interview.
10. Philip Ashton, “‘Stuck’ Neighborhoods: The Transformation of Neighborhood Housing Markets & the Challenges of Market Recovery,” University of Illinois–Chicago City Design Center, December 2009.
11. Squires, “Demobilization of the Individualistic Bias.”
12. Dorothy Brown, “Lessons from Barack and Michelle Obama’s Tax Return.” This article was presented on January 17, 2014, at a symposium in Malibu, California, sponsored by Pepperdine University School of Law and Tax Analysts. It is available online at Tax Notes, Emory Legal Studies Research Paper No. 14-283, March 10, 2014, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2414103.
13. Robert J. Sampson, Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 395.
14. Ibid., 397–398.
15. Keith Tate, interview by author, January 14, 2015. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
16. Bridget Gainer, interview by author, January 19, 2015. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
17. “Aldermanic Briefing: Chicago Community Area Fact Sheets,” Chicago Rehab Network, October 15, 2013.
Chapter 2: Jim Crow in Chicago
1. Yvonne G. Moore, interview by author, January 5, 2015. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
2. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Vintage Books, 2010), 10–11.
3. Chicago Commission on Race Relations, The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922).
4. Kale Williams, “The Dual Housing Market in the Chicago Metropolitan Area,” Housing: Chicago Style—A consultation sponsored by the Illinois Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights, October 1982, 38–47, https://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr12h8117.pdf.
5. David Bernstein, “The Neglected Case of Buchanan v. Warley,” SCOTUSblog, February 10, 2010, http://www.scotusblog.com/2010/02/the-neglected-case-of-buchanan-v-warley/.
6. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 51.
7. Richard Wright, quoted in Maren Stange, Bronzeville: Black Chicago in Pictures 1941–1943 (New York: New Press, 2003), xxxi–xxxii.
8. St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993 edition), 206.
9. Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 2.
10. Carole E. Gregory, “A Closer Look at Hansberry,” New York Amsterdam News, April 14, 1954.
11. “Jim Crow in Chicago,” Pulse magazine, republished in the Chicago Defender along with Cayton’s response, November 11, 1939.
12. “Supreme Court Hears Hansberry Jim Crow Case,” Chicago Defender, November 2, 1940.
13. Enoc-P. Waters Jr., “Hansberry Decree Opens 500 New Homes to Race,” Chicago Defender, November 23, 1940.
14. Carl Hansberry, “Realtor Tells His Role in Covenant Case,” Chicago Defender, November 23, 1940.
15. “Restrictive Covenants,” Federation of Neighborhood Associations Chicago, 1944. Subsequent quotes are from this pamphlet.
16. FBI Freedom of Information Act Files, Memo from J. E. Hoover to Att’y Gen. re: EBD, June 3, 1943.
17. Booklet of speeches, Conference for the Elimination of Restrictive Covenants, Chicago Council Against Racial and Religious Discrimination, May 1946. Subsequent quotes are from this booklet.
18. Quoted in Thomas H. Wright, executive director, Commission on Human Relations, “Documentary Report of the Anti-Racial Demonstrations and Violence Against the Home and Persons of Mr. and Mrs. Roscoe Johnson, 7153 St. Lawrence Ave.,” July 25, 1949.
19. Arnold Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race & Housing in Chicago 1940–1960 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 edition), 59.
20. Wright, “Documentary Report of the Anti-Racial Demonstrations and Violence Against the Home and Persons of Mr. and Mrs. Roscoe Johnson.”
21. Chicago Commission on Human Relations City of Chicago, “Selling and Buying Real Estate in a Racially Changing Neighborhood: A Survey,” June 14, 1962.
22. Dominic A. Pacyga, Chicago: A Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 308.
23. Quoted in Mike Royko, Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1971), 130 and 154.
24. Brian J. L. Berry, The Opening Housing Question: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1966–1976 (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing, 1979), 499.
25. Natalie Moore, “In Chicago’s Beverly Neighborhood, Integration Is No Accident,” WBEZ, March 26, 2014, http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/chicagos-beverly-neighborhood-integration-no-accident-109922.
26. Carol Oppenheim, “Salt and Pepper: Integration Recipe in Beverly Hills,” Chicago Tribune, June 27, 1967.
27. Moore, “In Chicago’s Beverly Neighborhood, Integration Is No Accident.”
28. Natalie Moore, “Why Are We Still Collecting Taxes to Prevent White Flight in Chicago?,” WBEZ, June 11, 2014, http://www.wbez.org/news/why-are-we-still-collecting-taxes-prevent-white-flight-chicago-110325.
29. Family letters handed down to cousin Afi-Odelia Scruggs and given to the author August 29, 2014.
30. Martha Pratt, interview by author, September 28, 2014. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
31. Joseph E. Moore Jr., interview by author, January 5, 2015.
Chapter 3: A Dream Deferred
1. “Opening of the Robert Taylor Homes,” archival tape, courtesy of Chicago History Museum and WGN-TV, http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410107.html.
2. Thomas Buck, “Big CHA Project Opens Today,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 5, 1962.
3. Quoted in Natalie Moore, “Mixed Results on Mixed-Income Chicago Public Housing,” WBEZ, October 5, 2009, http://www.wbez.org/story/news/local/mixed-results-mixed-income-chicago-public-housing.
4. Lobeta Holt, CHA voucher holder, interview by author, February 3, 2014.
5. D. Bradford Hunt, Blueprint for Disaster: The Unraveling of Chicago Public Housing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 83.
6. Natalie Y. Moore, “Taylor: the Man,” Chicago Reporter, September 26, 2007.
7. Lawrence J. Vale, Purging the Poorest: Public Housing and the Design Politics of Twice-Cleared Communities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 232.
8. Chicago Housing Authority annual reports, 1963, 1972, 1983–1984, 1991–1992, available from the Chicago Public Library.
9. Hunt, Blueprint for Disaster, 8.
10. HUD’s Takeover of the Chicago Housing Authority: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, 104th Congress, September 5, 1995.
11. Ethan Michaeli, interview, “Chicago Newsroom,” CAN-TV, September 27, 2012.
12. Mick Dumke, “The Shot that Brought the Projects Down,” Chicago Reader, October 12, 2012.
13. “Plan for Transformation,” Chicago Housing Authority, 2000, available at the Chicago Public Library.
14. Kimbriell Kelly, “Rising Values,” Chicago Reporter, September 27, 2007.
15. Natalie Y. Moore, “The Good Ol’ Days,” Chicago Reporter, September 26, 2007.
16. Natalie Moore, “CHA Hires Contractor to Find Residents,” WBEZ, June 30, 2010, http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/April-2014/chicago-neighborhoods/.
17. Alaine Jefferson, CHA voucher holder, interview by author, March 14, 2014.
18. Lawrence J. Vale, Purging the Poorest: Public Housing and the Design Politics of Twice-Cleared Communities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 306.
19. Chicago Housing Authority, in response to a Freedom of Information Act Request.
20. Kimberley McAfee, interview by author, March 14, 2014.
21. Patricia A. Wright, “Community Resistance to CHA Transformation,” in Where Are Poor People Supposed to Live? Transforming Public Housing Communities, ed. Larry Bennett, Janet L. Smith and Patricia A. Wright (New York: Routledge, 2015).
22. Natalie Moore, “Drug Trade Fragments in Chicago Neighborhoods,” WBEZ, June 9, 2010, http://www.wbez.org/story/news/local/drug-trade-fragments-chicago-neighborhoods.
23. Susan J. Popkin et al., “Public Housing Transformation and Crime: Making the Case for Responsible Relocation,” Urban Institute, April 2012.
24. Keith Tate, Chatham resident, interview by author, February 22, 2014.
25. Quoted in Natalie Moore, “Report: CHA Plan Has Improved Residents’ Lives,” WBEZ, March 11, 2013, http://www.chicagopublicradio.org/news/report-cha-plan-has-improved-residents%E2%80%99-lives-106036.
26. Robert J. Chaskin and Mark L. Joseph, “Building ‘Community’ in Mixed-Income Developments: Assumptions, Approaches, and Early Experiences,” Urban Affairs Review, July 28, 2009.
27. Alaine Jefferson, CHA voucher holder, interview by author, March 14, 2014.
28. Natalie Moore, “Social Tension Rises at Chicago Housing Authority Mixed-Income Development,” WBEZ, June 5, 2009, http://www.wbez.org/story/news/local/social-tension-rises-chicago-housing-authority-mixed-income-development.
29. Dorothy Gautreaux, et al. vs. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1966.
Chapter 4: Notes from a Black Gentrifier
1. Olivia Mahoney and the Chicago Historical Society, Images of America Douglas/Grand Boulevard: A Chicago Neighborhood (Chicago: Arcadia for the Chicago Historical Society, 2001).
2. Bernard C. Turner, A View of Bronzeville (Chicago: Highlights of Chicago Press, 2002), 43.
3. Leana Flowers, interview by author, September 16, 2013. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
4. Bill Ball, interview by author, June 7, 2013. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
5. Chicago Fact Book Consortium, 1990, and Woodstock Institute, available at the Chicago Public Library.
6. Cliff Rome, interview by author, September 27, 2013.
7. Dhyia Thompson, “Economic Revita-What?” Bronzeville Metropolis, September 1, 2007.
8. Matthew B. Anderson and Carolina Sternberg, “‘Non-White’ Gentrification in Chicago’s Bronzeville and Pilsen: Racial Economy and the Intraurban Contingency of Urban Redevelopment,” Urban Affairs Review (December 2012): 1–33.
9. “The Socioeconomic Change of Chicago’s Community Areas (1970–2010),” Nathalie P. Voorhees Center for Neighborhood and Community Improvement at the University of Illinois at Chicago, October 2014.
10. Jackelyn Hwang and Robert J. Sampson, “Divergent Pathways of Gentrification: Racial Inequality and the Social Order of Renewal in Chicago Neighborhoods,” American Sociological Review 79 (2014): 726–751.
11. Natalie Moore, “South Siders Spend Billions Each Year Outside of Their Neighborhoods,” WBEZ, September 1, 2009, http://www.wbez.org/story/south-siders-spend-billions-each-year-outside-their-neighborhoods.
12. Kelly Virella, “Black And White, Seeing Red All Over,” Chicago Reporter, August, 31, 2009.
13. Emily Badger, “Retail Redlining: One of the Most Pervasive Forms of Racism Left in America,” Atlantic Cities, April 17, 2013, http://www.citylab.com/work/2013/04/retail-redlining-one-most-pervasive-forms-racism-left-america/5311/.
14. Mary Mitchell, “Former Franchise Owners’ Lawsuit Accuses Culver’s of Racial Bias,” Chicago Sun-Times, May 5, 2013.
15. St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993 edition), 438.
16. Michelle R. Boyd, Jim Crow Nostalgia: Reconstructing Race in Bronzeville (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), xv.
17. Quoted in Jeff Huebner, “Whose Blues Will They Choose?” Chicago Reader, November 30, 2000.
18. See three-part series, “Power Politics Privilege: a lakefront outlook Examination of the Harold Washington Cultural Center,” Hyde Park Herald, December 13, 20, and 27, https://hpherald.com/backups1/lo1.html.
19. Teresa Wiltz, “Bar Fight: Chicago Says Last Call, but the Palm Tavern’s Owner Is Good for Another Round,” Washington Post, May 29, 2001.
20. Sabrina L. Miller, “Bronzeville Club-Site Buyer Linked to Tillman,” Chicago Tribune, November 13, 2002.
21. Sabrina L. Miller, “New Name in Controversy,” Chicago Tribune, April 16, 2002.
22. See “Power Politics Privilege” series, Hyde Park Herald; Thomas A. Corfman, “Foreclosure Suit Hits Tillman Pet Project,” Chicago Real Estate Daily, October 7, 2009.
23. Derek S. Hyra, The New Urban Renewal: The Economic Transformation of Harlem and Bronzeville (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 79.
24. “Black Pride and Bronzeville,” Chicago Tribune, June 3, 1996.
25. Raynard Hall, “Inner-City Struggle,” Chicago Tribune, June 16, 1996.
26. Alf Siewers, “Restoring Bronzeville’s Luster—Boosters Hope Landmark Area Can Be Reborn,” Chicago Sun-Times, August 30, 1992.
27. Lee Bey, “Saving Bronzeville,” Chicago Sun-Times, April 8, 1996.
28. Quoted in Patrick T. Reardon, “Bronzeville Searches for Lost Luster,” Chicago Tribune, June 8, 1994.
29. Richard M. Daley, “Daley Replies to Editorial on Bronzeville,” Chicago Sun-Times, July 9, 1996.
30. Randy Price, interview by author, Fall 2013. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
Chapter 5: Separate and Still Unequal
1. Joseph Moore Jr. and Yvonne G. Moore, interview by author, January 5, 2015. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
2. Gary Orfield, interview by author, November 24, 2014. Subsequent quotes are from this interview unless otherwise indicated.
3. Dionne Danns, Desegregating Chicago’s Public Schools: Policy Implementation, Politics, and Protest, 1965–1985 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 9.
4. Ibid., 4.
5. Linda Lutton and Becky Vevea, “Greater Segregation for Region’s Black, Latino Students,” WBEZ, June 27, 2012, http://www.wbez.org/series/race-out-loud/greater-segregation-regions-black-latino-students-100452.
6. Natalie Moore, “Why So Few White Kids Land in CPS—and Why It Matters,” WBEZ, November 12, 2014, http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/why-so-few-white-kids-land-cps-%E2%80%94-and-why-it-matters-111094.
7. Tony Burroughs, interview by author, October 2, 2014.
8. Burroughs v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division, 1962.
9. University of Illinois at Chicago school desegregation timeline, http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/specialcoll/services/rjd/CULExhibit/Urban%20League%20Exhibit/Timeline.htm.
10. Webb v. Board of Education of City of Chicago, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division, 1963.
11. “Integration of the Public Schools—Chicago, Report to the Board of Education,” March 31, 1964.
12. Gary Orfield, Must We Bus: Segregated Schools and National Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978), 238.
13. “Desegregation Chicago Public Schools: The Deadline Game. Briefing Memo on Chicago School Desegregation,” Illinois State Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, October 1979.
14. United States of America v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division, 1980.
15. Karen Thomas, “School Policies Blamed for Retention Rate Woes,” Chicago Tribune, May 28, 1990; Tracy Dell’Angela, “While Some Enjoy Taste of Autonomy, Others Struggle with Probation,” Chicago Tribune, March 26, 2007.
16. Matt Murray, “Killer Ends the Hopes of Girl, 13,” Chicago Tribune, November 7, 1991.
17. Kimberly Henderson, interview by author, January 20, 2015. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
18. Elaine Allensworth, interview by author, September 23, 2014. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
19. Frank Burgos and Philip Franchine, “Principal’s Ouster Protested—Students, Police Clash in Morgan Pk Walkout,” Chicago Sun-Times, March 2, 1990.
20. Memorandum opinion in 2009 to United States of America v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 1980.
21. Steve Bogira, “Trying to Make Separate Equal,” Chicago Reader, June 13, 2013, http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/segregated-schools-desegregation-city-suburbs-history-solutions/Content?oid=9992386.
22. Tim Novak, “Whites Getting More Spots at Top Chicago Public High Schools,” Chicago Sun-Times, April 28, 2014, http://chicago.suntimes.com/chicago-politics/7/71/166698/whites-getting-more-spots-at-top-chicago-public-high-schools.
23. Chicago Public Schools demographic reports, http://cps.edu/SchoolData/Pages/SchoolData.aspx.
24. Mike Clark, “Worried Parents Force Cancellation of Payton-Brooks Baseball Game,” Chicago Sun-Times, April 27, 2013, http://suntimeshighschoolsports.com/2014/08/26/worried-parents-force-cancellation-of-payton-brooks-game/.
25. Jacqueline Rabe Thomas, “School Choice: Future of New Magnet Schools Uncertain,” Connecticut Post, January 6, 2015, http://ctmirror.org/2015/01/06/school-choice-future-of-new-magnet-schools-uncertain/.
26. Tiffany Lankes, “Integration Grants Could Help Buffalo Draw Suburban Students,” Buffalo News, December 30, 2014, http://www.buffalonews.com/city-region/buffalo-public-schools/integration-grants-could-help-buffalo-draw-suburban-students-20141230.
27. Institute on Metropolitan Opportunity at the University of Minnesota Law School, “Integrated Magnet Schools: Outcomes and Best Practices,” December 2013. Myron Orfield runs the institute and is the brother of Gary Orfield.
28. Institute on Race and Poverty at the University of Minnesota Law School, “A Comprehensive Strategy to Integrate Twin Cities Schools and Neighborhoods,” July 2009.
Chapter 6: Kale is the New Collard
1. Quoted in Monica Eng, “Flamin’ Hot Cheetos Inspire Fanatic Loyalty among Kids,” Chicago Tribune, October 11, 2012, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-10-11/news/chi-20yearold-snack-with-high-levels-of-salt-and-fat-inspires-fanatic-loyalty-among-kids-20121011_1_ashley-gearhardt-snacks-addiction.
2. Mari Gallagher, “Examining the Impact of Food Deserts on Public Health in Chicago,” Mari Gallagher Research & Consulting Group, 2006, www.marigallagher.com/site_media/dynamic/project_files/Chicago_Food_Desert_Report.pdf.
3. Mark Bittman, Michael Pollan, Ricardo Salvador and Olivier De Schutter, “How a National Food Policy Could Save Millions of American Lives,” Washington Post, November 17, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-a-national-food-policy-could-save-millions-of-american-lives/2014/11/07/89c55e16-637f-11e4-836c-83bc4f26eb67_story.html.
4. Gallagher, “Examining the Impact of Food Deserts on Public Health in Chicago.”
5. Mari Gallagher, “The Chicago Food Desert Progress Report,” Mari Gallagher Research & Consulting Group, June 2011, 7, www.marigallagher.com/site_media/dynamic/project_files/FoodDesert2011.pdf.
6. Natalie Moore, “High-End Grocer Coming to South Side Food Desert,” WBEZ, September 4, 2013, http://www.wbez.org/high-end-grocer-coming-south-side-food-desert-108600.
7. Ibid.
8. “Whole Hoods,” The Economist, September 4, 2013, http://www.economist.com/blrobbogs/schumpeter/2013/09/food-stores.
9. John Ketchum, “Whole Foods Will Open in Depressed Chicago Neighborhood,” Marketplace, September 4, 2013, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/wealth-poverty/numbers/whole-foods-will-open-depressed-chicago-neighborhood.
10. Walter Robb, interview by author, November 17, 2014. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
11. Tracie McMillian, “Can Whole Foods Change the Way Poor People Eat?” Slate, November 19, 2014, http://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2014/11/whole_foods_detroit_can_a_grocery_store_really_fight_elitism_racism_and.html.
12. Naomi Davis, interview by author, November 7, 2014. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
13. Sonya Harper, interview by author, October 20, 2014. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
14. DeAndre Brooks, interview by author, October 1, 2014.
15. L. Anton Seals Jr., interview by author, November 10, 2014. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
16. Shamar Hemphill, interview by author, September 18, 2014. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
17. Ashraf Asmail, interview by author, September 18, 2014.
18. Orrin Williams, interview by author, December 12, 2014. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
Chapter 7: We Are Not Chiraq
1. Quoted in Natalie Y. Moore, “The ‘Chiraq’ War Mentality in Chicago Prevents Solutions,” The Root, January 6, 2014, http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2014/01/chiraq_war_in_chicago_prevents_solutions.html.
2. Drew Deliver, “Despite Recent Shootings, Chicago Nowhere Near U.S. ‘Murder Capital,’” Pew Research Center, July 14 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/07/14/despite-recent-shootings-chicago-nowhere-near-u-s-murder-capital/.
3. “This Is the Murder Capital,” Chicago Tribune, April 12, 1925.
4. “The Hands of Death,” Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1925.
5. “The Hands of Death,” Chicago Tribune, July 14, 1937.
6. Jeffrey S. Adler, First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 2.
7. Michael Lesy, Murder City: The Bloody History of Chicago in the Twenties (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 304–305.
8. Khalil Gibran Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 5.
9. Ibid., 76.
10. Quoted in Natalie Moore, “Deconstructing Chicago Youth Violence,” WBEZ, January 6, 2010, http://www.wbez.org/story/news/local/deconstructing-chicago-youth-violence.
11. Gene Demby, “What We Talk about When We Talk about Violence in Chicago,” NPR, July 12, 2014. Emphasis in the original. http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2014/07/12/330784587/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-violence-in-chicago.
12. “Homicide Watch Chicago,” http://homicides.suntimes.com/about/.
13. Chicago Police Department, “Statistical Summary 1983.”
14. Nicole Tefera, interview by author, November 8, 2014. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
15. Tracey Meares, Andrew V. Papachristos and Jeffrey Fagan, “Homicide and Gun Violence in Chicago: Evaluation and Summary of the Project Safe Neighborhoods Program,” January 2009.
16. Andrew V. Papachristos, “48 Years of Crime in Chicago: A Descriptive Analysis of Serious Crime Trends from 1965-2013,” IPS Working Paper 13-023, December 9, 2013, http://ftpcontent3.worldnow.com/wfld/pdf/yale-sutdy-murder-in-chicago-andrew-papachristos.pdf.
17. Andrew Papachristos, “Chicago the Murder Capital of the U.S.? Let’s Get Real,” Crain’s Chicago Business, July 29, 2014, http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20140728/OPINION/140719782/chicago-the-murder-capital-of-the-u-s-lets-get-real.
18. Lynn Sweet, “Rep. Bobby Rush Blasts Sen. Mark Kirk Gang Mass Arrest Plan: ‘Headline Grabbing,’” Chicago Sun-Times, May 30, 2013, http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2013/05/rep_bobby_rush_blasts_sen_mark.html.
19. Natalie Moore, “Sen. Kirk Meets Residents on Tour of Englewood to Understand Violence,” WBEZ, August 29, 2013, http://www.wbez.org/sen-kirk-meets-residents-tour-englewood-understand-violence-108569.
20. Lou Ransom, “National Panic Not a Solution to City’s Youth Violence Issue,” Chicago Defender, October 7–13, 2009.
21. Center for Labor Market Studies at Northeastern University, “The Depression in the Teen Labor Market in Illinois in Recent Years,” January 2012.
22. Sarah Heller, “Summer Jobs Reduce Violence Among Disadvantaged Youth,” Science Magazine 346 (December 2014): 1219–1223.
23. Mick Dumke, “Chicago Decriminalized Marijuana Possession—but Not for Everyone,” Chicago Reader, April 7, 2014, http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/police-bust-blacks-pot-possession-after-decriminalization/Content?oid=13004240.
24. Salim Muwakkil, “The Lessons of Black History and Gun Violence,” Chicago Tribune, February 19, 2013, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-02-19/opinion/ct-oped-0219-history-20130219_1_black-history-month-gun-violence-violence-plague.
25. Sterling Tucker, “The Role of Civil Rights Organizations: A ‘Marshall Plan’ Approach,” Boston College Law Review 7 (April 1966): 623.
26. Quoted in Sam Fulwood, “‘Marshall Plan’ Urged for Nation’s Cities, Poor: Social programs: The Urban League would finance the plan with $50 billion taken from defense spending,” Los Angeles Times, January 10, 1990.
Chapter 8: Searching for Harold
1. Natalie Moore, “Black Vote Proves Key in Chicago Mayoral Race,” WBEZ, April 8, 2015, http://www.wbez.org/news/politics/black-vote-proves-key-chicago-mayoral-race-111844.
2. Michael Dawson, interview by author, March 23, 2015. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
3. Mike Royko, “Race and Fear,” Chicago Sun-Times, February 24, 1983.
4. Milton Rakove, “Observations and Reflections on the Current and Future Directions of the Chicago Democratic Machine,” in The Making of the Mayor: Chicago 1983, ed. Melvin G. Holli and Paul M. Green (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1984), 128.
5. Mike Royko, Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1971), 134.
6. Gary Rivlin, Fire on the Prairie: Harold Washington, Chicago Politics and the Roots of the Obama Presidency (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2013), 53.
7. Conrad Worrill, interview by author, March 12, 2015. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
8. Rivlin, Fire on the Prairie, 172.
9. “Harold Washington v. Eddie Vyrdolak- Live on TV,” YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-ocUQuMt44.
10. “The Mayor’s Real Enemies,” Chicago Tribune, December 22, 1983.
11. Reprinted in Clarence Page, ed., A Foot in Each World: Essays and Articles by Leanita McClain (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1986), 33.
12. “Harold Washington for Mayor,” Chicago Tribune, April 7, 1987.
13. Melvin G. Holli and Paul M. Green, Bashing Chicago Traditions: Harold Washington’s Last Campaign (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 115.
14. Mike Royko, “In Midst of Grief, the Dealing Begins,” Chicago Tribune, November 27, 1987.
15. R. Bruce Dold and Mitchell, “Jackson Fails to Resolve Rift,” Chicago Tribune, November 28, 1987.
16. John Kass and John Camper, “Council Elects Sawyer Mayor,” Chicago Tribune, December 2, 1987.
17. John Camper, “Mayor Makes Pitch for Unity, Chicago Tribune, December 3, 1987.
18. Delmarie Cobb, interview by author, March 26, 2015.
19. L. Anton Seals Jr., interview by author, March 24, 2015.
20. R. Bruce Dold, “Winner Must Know When to Hold ’em, Fold ’em,” Chicago Tribune, February 12, 1989.
21. Monroe Anderson, “The Sawyer Saga: A Journalist, Who Just Happened to Be the Mayor’s Press Secretary, Speaks,” in Restoration 1989: Chicago Elects a New Daley, ed. Paul M. Green and Melvin G. Holli (Chicago: Lyceum Books, 1991), 95.
22. St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993 edition), 723.
23. Charlene Carruthers, interview by author, March 17, 2015. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
24. Will Burns, interview by author, March 19, 2015.
25. A. Pully, “Chicago Activists ‘Charge Genocide’ at United Nations,” Ebony, November 17, 2014, http://www.ebony.com/news-views/chicago-activists-charge-genocide-at-united-nations-043#axzz3T31s3c00.
26. Steve Mills, “Burge Reparations Deal a Product of Long Negotiations,” Chicago Tribune, May 6, 2015.
27. J. R. Fleming, interview by author, March 18, 2015.
28. Michael Dawson, Not In Our Lifetimes: The Future of Black Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), 131.
29. Ibid., 162.
Chapter 9: Sweet Home Chicago
1. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States (Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield, 2006), 104.
2. Ed Marszewski, interview by author, March 11, 2015. Subsequent quotes are from this interview.
3. “The Socioeconomic Change of Chicago’s Community Areas (1970–2010),” Voorhees Center for Neighborhood and Community Improvement, University of Illinois–Chicago, 2014.
4. Interviews conducted between January and March 2015.