adivasi 311–313, 315, 318–320, 322
Aga Khan Trust for Culture 27–28, 46
Andong Recommendation (2006) 44
Angkor Wat 143
Angkorian kingdom 174–175, 179
appropriation of culture 174–175, 178
apsara 173
archaeology: colonial 63–64, 70, 80, 82; Buddhist 80
Archaeological Survey of India 45, 80, 328, 336, 343
Architecture: Chinese 2; traditional/vernacular 51; Indian 81
ASEAN Declaration on Cultural Heritage (2000) 146
Asian Academy of Heritage Management (AAHM) 103–104
authenticity 43, 58–62, 161, 256, 355
Bamiyan Buddha 64
Buddhism 303; and art 56; history of 56, 79, 340, 345; and India 79, 340, 341, 343; and impermanence 57; and relationship with Hinduism 77, 82; and sacred objects 57; and temples 301, 306; and texts 56
Buitenzorg Botanical Gardens, 87–88
Cambodia 170–172, 174, 176, 178–179
Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (1987) 269
China Principles (1998) 40
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 129, 218–221, 224, 230; international policy 135; and moral education 132; political philosophies 133; and traditional culture 130–132, 134–135
Chinese settlement in Southeast Asia 352–353
colonialism 10; and archaeology 80, 342, 343; and coloniality 23–25; and knowledge production 10–11, 82; and policies 73–74, 88–89, 92–94, 302, 314–316; and post-colonialism 284, 291–292, 318
communism 202–203, 213; history of in Asia 203, 210, 222; and modernity 205; and nationalism 204, 209; and regimes 206
community participation 257, 261, 274
Community Reconciliation Procedures (CRPs) 156–157, 160
conflict 157–158; and resolution 156, 157–158
conservation: Asian approaches 41–44, 48, 62, 140, 295; and community led 48–49, 52; and contests between conservation and development 16–17, 50, 117, 120, 242, 260–261, 312; and discourse 100; history of 40, 62–63; legislation 63; management 101–103; organizations 27–28; and policies 45–47, 236; traditional construction and restoration techniques 42, 51, 100; training 51–52, 105–106; urban 269–273, 275
Conservation International (organization) 27
Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) 26, 30, 139, 145–148, 155, 159, 161, 295, 353
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) 139
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression (2005) 139, 143
crafts, traditional 100–101, 354
cultural heritage management 102–103
Cultural Heritage Protection Act (Korea) 43
cultural resource management (CRM) 101
Cultural Revolution, the 130, 220–221, 229, 299
customary law 141, 149–150, 156, 159
Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas (Xi’an 2005) 269
Declaration on Heritage and Metropolis in Asia and the Pacific (2007) 269
development 7–8, 13, 15–17, 30, 237, 253, 255, 257, 260, 287, 288; and neoliberal 19; and sustainable 18, 25
EFEO (École Française d’Extrême-Orient) 63
Enlightenment 9–10, 21, 205, 296, 304
environmental movements 320–321
Falun Gong 214
Fondazione Zegna 28
Getty Conservation Institute 27
Gunung Mulu National Park, Malaysia 85
Hare Krishna 330
Henry Luce Foundation 28
heritage: and aid and cultural diplomacy 28–29; and commodification of 257; contestations of 12, 238; conventions and declarations 40, 44, 61, 69, 139, 141–144, 146–149, 154, 249, 269, 273, 295; destruction and loss of 23, 64, 238, 240, 244, 255–256, 260, 305–306; discourse 162, 168–169, 250; Eurocentric notions of 55, 244, 295, 353; and governance 27, 29, 141, 149; and identity 169; and local needs 256, 259–260; and nationalism 207–209, 212, 220–221; perceptions of 239–241, 243–244, 251, 256, 303; and politics of 228, 250; and post-colonial 211, 236, 240; and religious 73–74; and state abuses of 143; and tourism 207, 220–221, 239, 243; and urban 270–275; and vernacular 49, 303
Hinduism 76, 329–335; and relationship with Buddhism 77, 82
Hoi An Protocols (2005) 40–41, 45, 143, 146, 295
Hue 208
ICOM 27
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) 46, 336
Indigenous peoples 159, 161, 182; and land rights 320–321; and natural heritage 190–191, 311–312, 314–317, 319–320, 322
intangible heritage 353; and community involvement/participation 145, 147, 149; and conventions and legislation 139–143, 145–150, 154–155, 161, 353; definition of 140, 153–154; raising awareness of 144–145; safeguarding 140–141, 143–144, 147–149, 155, 353–354; and tourism 144; and transmission of knowledge 11, 148, 154, 354–355
integrated conservation and development projects (ICDP) 189
International Charter on the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (1964) 61
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) 28, 102, 113, 116, 123, 127, 248, 250; and Thailand 49
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) 142
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 27, 113, 127, 248, 250, 253–254
Jongmyo Declaration on the Protection and Use of World Heritage (2004) 44
Khmer 169; and heritage 179; and identity 178; and Northern 170–173, 176–179
Khmer Rouge 23
Kinabalu National Park, Malaysia 85
Komodo: dragon 85–87, 91–94; island 85, 87, 89, 91; National Park 85, 95
Korean National University of Cultural Heritage 47
landscapes 305, 316–317; cultural 141, 273–274; historic urban 273–274; sacred 69, 300–301, 303, 306, 316, 319, 322
Lee Foundation 28
Lijiang, World Heritage Site 120–121
Lorentz National Park 85
Luang Prabang 116–117, 119, 143, 207, 234, 236–239, 241, 243–244, 256–257, 259, 261
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (2001) 154, 353
Millennium Development Goals 13
mobility 20
modernity 8, 17, 19–20, 256; and alternative 21; and Asia 297–298, 302–303, 307, 344; and globalization 286, 288–289; India 285–288; indigenous 288, 292; and tradition 21–22, 305
modernization theorists 17
Nara Document on Authenticity (1994) 40, 44, 48, 61, 115, 146, 295
National Museum of India 46
nature: and animal trade 90–91; and conservation 189; and destruction 17, 190, 192, 311–312; history of in Indonesia 87–91; and legislation 88, 90–92, 94; and resource management 183–184, 186, 189, 191; safeguarding 13, 192–193
Naxi 121
Netherlands East Indies 87
non-timber forest products (NTFP) 190–192
Okinawa Declaration on Intangible and Tangible Cultural Heritage (2004) 40, 146–147
Orientalism 5, 10, 25, 258–259, 341
outstanding universal value 251, 256
Pathet Lao 201
Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (2001) 353
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park 85
rainforest marketing 190
Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas (Nairobi 1976) 269
Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore (1989) 146
Red Tourism 215, 218–222, 226, 228, 230
religion: and heritage 329–331, 336; popular (folk) 298–300, 302, 304, 306–307, 317; and reform 298–299
revival 178; and cultural heritage 168–169, 177; and religion 304; state led 173; and tradition 159, 161
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras 85, 260
rights: cultural 142; human 143
ritual 160
Rockefeller Foundation 28
sacred forests 319
Sanchi, World Heritage site 59
Seoul Declaration on Heritage and the Metropolis in Asia and the Pacific (2007) 40, 44, 48
Seoul Declaration on Tourism in Asia’s Historic Towns and Villages (2005) 44
Shanghai Charter (2002) 40, 146
Shinto 344
social capital 159
soft power 135
spirit of place 237
Sungryemoon 48
sustainability 12–13, 15; and environment 17–18; and heritage tourism 16
The Agreement on Biological Diversity 25
Thailand 171–174; history 169, 175–176
Thang Long Citadel 120, 123, 208
Tibet 27
tourism 213, 226, 334–335; and attrition of heritage sites 257, 261; cultural 271; development 18, 255; global industry 18, 26; heritage 16, 26, 121, 237, 252–254, 257, 259, 261, 331; mass tourism 332
traditional justice mechanisms 154–160, 162
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (World Heritage Site) 85, 95
Tubbataha Reefs National Park, Philippines 85
Ujung Kulon 86, 88–91, 94; National Park 85, 95
UNESCO 28, 40, 119, 124, 144, 234, 238, 256–257; and Asia-Pacific Awards Program 44; critiques of 114–116, 122, 125, 235, 241–243, 251, 259; and cultural politics 122–123; operating procedures 114–116, 126; and States Parties 120, 123–124, 144, 149; and World Heritage Committee 113–114
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 142
UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) 69, 102, 114, 124, 154, 269
UNESCO Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001) 146
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) 147
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) 156
urban; and creative spaces 14–15; and development 6–7, 15, 287–289; and heritage 14–15, 270–275, 289
Vieng Xay Caves, Lao 201
Vienna Memorandum on World Heritage and Contemporary Architecture–Managing the Historic Urban Landscape 269, 273
Wen Jiabao 131
Wheeler, Morimer 80
World Heritage 26, 28, 127, 208, 244, 248–249, 259, 252, 260, 267; and designation 19, 95, 120; and politics 120, 124, 208; sites 69, 85, 95, 120, 207, 234, 236, 251, 253, 261, 272
World Monuments Fund 27
World Wildlife Fund 27
Xi’An Declaration (2005) 40–41, 147