Index
Note: Page references in italics refer to photographs and figures. Page references in boldface refer to tables.
Abaeis nicippe nicippe (Sleepy Orange), 260, 263, 300, 302, 309, 310, 370
Abelia spp., 36
Abelia, Glossy, 83, 129, 179, 329–330, 329, 379
Abelia x grandiflora (Glossy Abelia), 83, 129, 179, 329–330, 329, 379
Abies religiosa (Oyamel Fir), 141
Abronia ameliae (Amelia’s Sand-verbena), 340–341, 340, 384
Abronia fragrans (Sweet Sand-verbena), 79, 384
Abutilon: Shrubby, 287; Texas, 81, 85, 121, 125, 196, 293; Wright’s, 87, 121, 293; Yellow, 293
Abutilon abutiloides (Shrubby Abutilon), 287
Abutilon fruticosum (Texas Abutilon), 81, 85, 121, 125, 196, 293
Abutilon malacum (Yellow Abutilon), 293
Abutilon trisulcatum (Amantillo), 123
Abutilon wrightii (Wright’s Abutilon), 87, 121, 293
Acacia: Blackbrush, 287; Cat-claw, 79, 287, 376; Fern, 77, 79, 81, 83, 87, 89, 91, 252–253, 252, 293; Roemer’s, 79, 287; Twisted, 376; Wright’s, 79
Acacia spp., 86
Acacia angustissima var. hirta (Fern Acacia), 77, 79, 81, 83, 87, 89, 91, 252–253, 252, 293
Acacia berlandieri (Guajillo), 377
Acacia farnesiana var. farnesiana (Huisache), 283
Acacia greggii (Cat-claw Acacia), 79, 287, 376
Acacia greggii var. wrightii (Wright’s Acacia), 79
Acacia rigidula (Blackbrush Acacia), 287
Acacia roemeriana (Roemer’s Acacia), 79, 287
Acacia schaffneri (Twisted Acacia), 376
Acanthus, Flame, 86, 88, 125, 160–161, 225–226, 226, 275, 287, 376
Acer negundo (Boxelder), 282
Achalarus lyciades (Hoary Edge), 180–182, 181, 288, 295, 304, 328
Achillea millefolium (Milfoil), 165
Adelia vaseyi (Vasey Adelia), 119, 125
Adelpha eulalia (Arizona Sister), 20, 138–139, 139, 284
Adelpha fessonia (Band-celled Sister), 120
adult stage (imago), 2
Aeschynomene viscidula (Sticky Jointvetch), 123
Aesculus pavia (Red Buckeye), 39
Agalinis, 28, 37, 279, 331; Bunch-leaved, 293; Plateau, 293; Prairie, 89, 293; Purple, 266–267, 266, 293; Slender-leaved, 293
Agalinis spp., 28, 37, 81, 83, 85, 167, 279, 331
Agalinis edwardsiana (Plateau Agalinis), 293
Agalinis fasciculata (Bunch-leaved Agalinis), 293
Agalinis heterophylla (Prairie Agalinis), 89, 293
Agalinis purpurea (Purple Agalinis), 266–267, 266, 293
Agalinis tenuifolia var. leucanthera (Slender-leaved Agalinis), 293
Agarita, 78, 88, 200, 202, 326, 354, 376
Agastache foeniculum (Anise Hyssop), 386
Agave: New Mexico, 287; Slim-footed, 287
Agave gracilipes (Slim-footed Agave), 287
Agave lechuguilla (Lechuguilla), 288
Agave parri (New Mexico Agave), 287
Ageratina havanensis (Havana Snakeroot), 88, 176, 289, 330–331, 330, 334, 378
Ageratina wrightii (Wright’s Snakeroot), 81, 89, 91, 331, 334, 360, 361, 378
Agraulis vanillae incarnata (Gulf Fritillary), 13, 16, 17, 20, 28, 41, 97, 148–150, 149, 241, 242, 246, 291, 292, 311, 333, 350, 351, 370
Agrilus prionurus (Soapberry Borer), 218
Aguna asander (Gold-spotted Aguna), 119, 319
Aguna butterflies: Emerald, 119; Gold-spotted, 119, 319; Tailed, 119, 319
Aguna claxon (Emerald Aguna), 119
Aguna metophis (Tailed Aguna), 119, 319
Albizia julibrissin (Flowering Mimosa), 55, 78, 80, 82, 84, 88, 286, 316–318, 317, 375
Alcea rosea (Hollyhock), 29, 79, 81, 83, 87, 89, 91, 165, 195, 196, 309, 367
Alfalfa, 31, 159, 165, 198, 306
Allium spp., 73, 81, 91, 106, 186, 187, 196, 200, 202, 385
Allium, Giant, 385
Allium canadense (Drummond’s Wild Onion), 89, 383
Allium ceruum (Nodding Wild Onion), 383
Allium coryi (Yellow-flowered Wild Onion), 91, 383
Allium giganteum (Giant Allium), 385
Allium sativum (garlic), 106, 113
Allium schoenoprasum (Garden Chives), 385
Allosmaitia strophius (Strophius Hairstreak), 120
Allowissadula holosericea (False Wissadula), 89, 91, 196, 251–252, 251, 305
Aloysia gratissima (Beebrush), 55, 59, 81, 86, 88, 90, 161, 176, 180, 235, 256, 321–322, 322, 334, 354, 361, 376
Aloysia macrostachya (Rio Grande Bee-brush), 376
Aloysia virgata (Sweet Almond Verbena), 55, 81, 85, 87, 88, 139, 333–334, 333, 360, 365, 379
Aloysia wrightii (Wright’s Beebrush), 376
Alyssum, 385; Sweet, 53, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 139, 360, 365, 379
Amantillo, 123
Amaranth: Globe, 57, 77, 79, 83, 89, 91, 134, 173, 341, 345–346, 345, 385; Princess Feather, 306; Red-root, 293; Slender, 293
Amaranthus hybridus (Slender Amaranth), 293
Amaranthus retroflexus (Red-root Amaranth), 293
Amblyolepis setigera (Huisache Daisy), 79, 91, 125, 174, 196, 259, 341, 348–349, 349
Amblyscirtes hegon (Pepper and Salt Skipper), 280, 298, 300, 305
Ambrosia trifida (Giant Ragweed), 177, 257, 301
ambush bugs, 14
Amdro Ant Bait, 115
Amelanchier arborea (Downy Serviceberry), 374
American Lady butterfly, xvi, 27, 73, 74, 96, 164, 165–166, 165, 268, 295, 296, 297, 301, 310
Amorpha spp., 173
Amorpha fruticosa (False Indigo), 79, 81, 83, 85, 88, 90, 159, 172, 182, 198, 288, 327–328, 327, 334, 377
Ampelopsis arborea (Pepper-vine), 380
Amphicarpaea bracteata (Southern Hog-peanut), 172, 180, 190, 291
Amymone (butterfly), 13, 182–183, 182, 300
Anacahuita (Mexican Olive), 84, 86, 88, 125, 314, 314, 376
Anaea aidea (Tropical Leafwing butterfly), 151
Anaea andria (Goatweed Leafwing), 10, 18, 40, 40, 41, 44–45, 73, 150–151, 150, 269, 295
Anartia fatima (Banded Peacock), 121, 248, 251, 275, 302, 310
Anartia jatrophae luteipicta (White Peacock), 159–160, 159, 272, 275, 297, 302, 305, 310, 325, 400
Ancyloxypha numitor (Least Skipper), 11, 298
Andropogon spp., 157
Andropogon gerardii (Big Bluestem), 294
Andropogon virginicus (Broom-sedge), 294
Androstephium coeruleum (Blue Funnel-lily), 72
Androstephium coeruleum (Funnel Lily), 89
Anemone, 37; Carolina, 381; Ten-petal, 381
Anemone spp., 37
Anemone berlandieri (Ten-petal Anemone), 381
Anemone caroliniana (Carolina Anemone), 381
Anethum graveolens (Dill), 26, 29, 37, 96, 106, 136, 307
Anglewing butterflies, 18
Anisacanth: Chinati, 376; Dwarf, 376
Anisacanthus linearis (Dwarf Anisacanth), 376
Anisacanthus puberulus (Chinati Anisacanth), 376
Anisacanthus quadrifidus var. wrightii (Flame Acanthus), 86, 88, 125, 160–161, 225–226, 226, 275, 287, 376
Anise, 106
Anise Hyssop, 386
Annona globiflora (Soursop), 120
annuals, in a first-year garden, 58
Anoda cristata (Crested Anoda), 195, 293
Anolis carolinensis (anoles), 14, 108
Antennaria parlinii (Parlin’s Everlasting), 166, 296
Anteos maerula (Yellow Angled-Sulphur), 13, 119, 123
Anthanassa texana (Texan Crescent), 188–189, 189, 226, 250, 275, 287, 296, 302, 305, 310, 370
Anthanassa tulcis (Pale-banded Crescent), 119
Anthemis nobilis (Chamomile), 112
Anthocharis midea (Falcate Orangetip), 11, 20, 72, 127, 185–186, 186, 261, 270
Antigon leptopus (Coral Vine; Queen’s Wreath), 55, 85, 87, 89, 125, 145, 319, 339, 339, 360, 365, 380
Antirrhinum majas (Snapdragon), 167
aphids, 106, 108, 109, 111–112, 113, 114
aphid wolf, 109
Aphrissa statira (Statira Sulphur), 122
Apios spp., 173
Apios americana (Groundnut), 81, 83, 85, 89, 105, 172, 237–238, 238, 291
Apium graveolens (Wild Celery), 136
Apocynum androsaemifolium (Spreading Dogbane), 296
Apodemia chisosensis (Chisos Metalmark), 27
Apple, 131, 135, 143, 144, 286, 375
Aquilegia spp., 32, 59, 353, 354
Arabis canadensis (Sickle-pod Rockcress), 302
Arabis petiolaris (Balcones Rockcress), 302
Arabis petiolaris (Brazos Rockcress), 186
Arachis hypogaea (Peanut), 198
Arawacus jada (Creamy Stripe-streak), 122
Arisaema triphyllum (Jack-in-the-pulpit), 67
Aristida purpurascens (Purplish Three-awn), 304
Aristolochia elegans (Elegant Pipevine), 134
Aristolochia erecta (Erect Pipevine), 26, 29, 73
Aristolochia erecta (Upright Pipevine), 87, 89, 125, 301
Aristolochia fimbriata (Fringed Pipevine), 79, 81, 83, 87, 134, 309
Aristolochia macrophylla (Pipevine), 26, 29, 30, 97, 292
Aristolochia reticulata (Net-leaved Pipevine), 301
Aristolochia serpentaria (Virginia Pipevine), 301
Aristolochia tomentosa (Woolly Pipevine), 57, 81, 83, 85, 244–245, 244, 292
Aronia arbutifolia (Red Chokeberry), 376
Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood), 106, 310
Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. mexicana (White Sage), 164
Artemisia stelleriana (Wormwood), 106
Arteurotia tractipennis tractipennis (Starred Skipper), 122
Arundinaria gigantea (Giant Cane), 295
Ascia monuste (Great Southern White), 10, 13, 112, 151–152, 151, 301, 302, 306, 307, 309
Asclepias spp., 106, 112, 140, 146, 156, 179, 194, 197, 200
Asclepias amplexicaulis (Blunt-leaf Milkweed), 299
Asclepias asperula (Antelope-horns Milkweed), 141, 246–247, 247, 299, 383
Asclepias curassavica (Tropical Milkweed), 59, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 97–98, 125, 141, 266, 309, 344, 366, 387
Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed), 83, 85, 89, 270, 300, 334, 344, 345, 349, 366, 366, 383
Asclepias lanceolata (Lance-leaf Milkweed), 270
Asclepias latifolia (Broad-leaf Milkweed), 299
Asclepias oenotheroides (Prairie Milkweed), 141, 300
Asclepias physocarpa (Milkweed), 386
Asclepias purpurascens (Purple Milkweed), 344, 383
Asclepias rubra (Red-flowered Milkweed), 270
Asclepias speciosa (Showy Milkweed), 79, 387
Asclepias syriaca (Common Milkweed), 344
Asclepias texana (Texas Milkweed), 91, 300
Asclepias tuberosa (Butterfly Weed), 79, 81, 83, 91, 111, 130, 134, 135, 141, 154, 295, 343–344, 343, 364, 366, 384, 387
Asclepias variegata (White-flowered Milkweed), 344
Asclepias viridis (Green Milkweed), 83, 141, 300
Ash, 80, 82, 84, 88, 188, 223, 232; Berlandier’s, 147, 282; Carolina, 131; Green, 131, 282; Velvet, 131, 282; White, 131, 147, 282
Asimina parviflora (Dwarf Pawpaw), 138, 224–225, 225, 288
Asimina triloba (Tall Pawpaw), 83, 138, 288, 332
Aspen, Quaking, 282
Asperula, 385
Asperula azurea (Asperula), 385
Aster, 39, 91, 146, 164, 165, 187, 191, 200, 202, 267, 331; Bushy, 192; Calico, 192; Fall Purple, 385; Flat-top, 293; Heath, 79, 81, 125, 258–259, 258, 293; New England, 192, 194, 202, 259, 339, 361, 365, 373; Stokes, 363–364, 363; Tall Blue, 381; Texas, 192, 293, 361, 381; Willow-leaf, 87, 192, 293
Asterocampa celtis antonia (Empress Antonia), 335
Asterocampa celtis celtis (Hackberry Emperor), 10, 12, 27, 40, 41, 42, 167–169, 168, 283, 288
Asterocampa clyton clyton (Tawny Emperor), 169–170, 283, 288
Asterocampa clyton texana (Texas Emperor), 15, 169–170, 169, 335
Astragalus canadensis (Canadian Milk-vetch), 299
Astragalus distortus (Bent-pod Milk-vetch), 299
Astragalus lotiflorus (Lotus Milk-vetch), 299
Astragalus mollissimus (Woolly Milk-vetch), 299
Astragalus nuttallianus (Nuttall’s Milk-vetch), 299
Astragalus wootonii (Wooton’s Milk-vetch), 299
Astragulus crassicarpus (Ground-plum), 298
Astraptes, Flashing (butterfly), 119
Astraptes alardus (Frosted Flasher), 119
Astraptes alector (Gilbert’s Flasher), 119
Astraptes fulgerator (Flashing Astraptes), 119
Astraptes fulgerator azul (Two-barred Flasher), 119
Atalopedes campestris huron (Sachem), 308, 370
Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Texas (Turner), 206
Atlides halesus halesus (Great Blue Hair-streak; Great Purple Hairstreak), 187–188, 187, 224, 288, 370
Atriplex canescens (Four-wing Saltbush), 91, 203, 302
Atriplex semibaccata (Australian Saltbush), 203
Aureolaria flava (Yellow False Foxglove), 28, 167, 278–279, 279
Autochton cellus (Golden Banded-Skipper), 178, 179–180, 181, 202, 291
Avena fatua (Oat), 309
Axocatzin. See Sida, Arrow-leaf
Azalea, 57, 82, 84, 130, 132, 134, 165, 179, 211, 379; Piedmont, 224, 331–333, 331, 376
Azure, Spring/Summer (butterfly), 26, 211, 219, 228, 238, 282, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 295, 297, 310, 372
Baby Bonnets, 159
Baccharis: Eastern, 200; Willow, 376; Willow-leaf, 91, 287
Baccharis halimifolia (Eastern Baccharis), 200
Baccharis neglecta (Roosevelt-weed), 378
Baccharis salicifolia (Seep-willow), 378
Baccharis salicifolia (Willow-leaf Baccharis), 91, 287
Baccharis salicina (Willow Baccharis), 376
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 114
Bacopa monnieri (Coastal Water-hyssop), 160, 248, 248, 305
Bagpod, 293
Baileya multiradiata (Desert Marigold), 91, 383
bait, fruit as, 108
Balloon-vine: Common, 29, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 119, 121, 291; Tropical, 87, 125, 291
Banner, Common (butterfly), 119
Baptisia alba (White Wild Indigo), 299
Baptisia australis (Blue Wild Indigo), 298
Baptisia bracteata (Wild Indigo), 299
Baptisia nuttalliana (Nuttall’s Wild Indigo), 298
Barbados-Bird-of-Paradise, 78, 80, 84, 88, 235, 320–321, 320, 379
Barbados Cherry, 84, 86, 88, 120, 121, 125, 145, 220, 220, 275, 287, 376
bark, 45
bark mulch, 97
basking behavior, 10–11, 42, 44
Basswood, Carolina, 80, 82, 84, 88, 146, 282, 374
Batis maritima (Saltwort), 151–152
Battus philenor (Pipevine Swallowtail), ii, 2, 3, 8, 16, 20–21, 73, 97, 130, 133–134, 133, 135, 137, 142, 143, 144, 245, 292, 301, 309
Battus polydamas (Polydamas Swallowtail), 20, 73, 292, 309
Bauhinia lunarioides (Anacacho Orchid Tree), 88
Bauhinia mexicana (Mexican Orchid Tree), 88, 119, 125, 318–319, 318, 360
beach landscape plan, 84–85, 84
Bean: Coral, 83, 84, 86, 119, 125, 287; Garden, 29, 105, 165, 174, 198, 306; Lima, 174, 198, 306; Purple Bush, 87; Scarlet Runner, 380; Slick-seed Wild, 291; Thicket, 172; Wright’s, 180
Beard-tongue: Cobaea, 294; White-flowered, 294
Beebalm: Lemon, 37, 85, 91, 381; Spotted, 91, 381
Beebrush: Common, 55, 59, 81, 86, 88, 90, 161, 176, 180, 235, 256, 321–322, 322, 334, 354, 361, 376; Rio Grande, 376; Wright’s, 376
beetles, 114
behavior. See butterfly behavior
Bergamot, 83; Lindheimer’s, 381; Showy, 59, 79, 154, 362–363, 362, 385; Wild, 85, 89, 134
Berlandiera lyrata (Chocolate Daisy), 91, 382
Bermuda Grass, Common, 61, 69, 71, 120, 122, 194, 308
Bernardia, Southwest, 87, 88, 229–230, 229, 287
Bernardia myricifolia (Southwest Bernardia), 87, 88, 229–230, 229, 287
Berula erecta (Stalked Berula), 136, 294
Beta vulgaris (Garden Beet), 165, 306
Bidens alba (Shepherd’s-needle), 58, 302, 387
Bindweed: Field, 291, 380; Texas, 380
biological pest control, 108–110
Bird of Paradise, 256; Barbados, 78; Desert, 321; Mexican, 87, 121, 321, 375, 379; Red, 320, 321
birds, predation by, 14
Bishop’s-weed, Mock: Nuttall’s, 136, 300; Ribbed, 136; Thread-leaf, 136, 300
Bitterbush, 123
Bittercress: Downy, 186; Sand, 186; Spring, 83, 186, 294
Black Cherry, Wild, 27, 80, 82, 84, 88, 90, 131, 143, 144, 216–217, 217, 282, 374
Bladder-pod, Slender, 294
Blechyum pyramidatum (Green Shrimp Plant), 310
Bleeding Heart, 67
blood meal, 108
blooming times, coordinating, 59
Bluebell, 91
Blueberry, Highbush, 83, 199, 279, 287
Bluebird, 224
Bluebonnet, 39, 105; Big Bend, 294; Texas, 294
Blue butterflies, 3, 12, 26–27; Acmon, 287, 299, 310; Antillean, 202; Cassius, 220, 234, 282, 287, 291, 295, 300, 301, 306, 319; Ceraunus, 240, 253, 283, 292, 293, 299, 306; Cyna, 202; Eastern Pygmy, 202, 297; Eastern Tailed, 11, 277, 288, 294, 295, 296, 299, 304, 305, 307, 309, 310, 328; Marine, 234, 283, 287, 292, 296, 299, 300, 301, 306; Melissa, 299, 300, 306; Reakirt’s, 221, 253, 265, 277, 283, 286, 287, 288, 293, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 306, 307, 310, 346; Western Pygmy, 202–203, 203, 297, 298, 300, 302, 307
Bluestem, 157; Big, 294; King Ranch, 69; Little, 71, 294
Bluet, 81, 89, 91, 186, 194, 202; Needle-leaf, 381; Nodding, 381; Small, 381; Summer, 200
Bluewing, Mexican (butterfly), 119
Boehmeria cylindrical (False Nettle), 156, 163, 300
Boerhaavia coccinea (Scarlet Spiderling), 153, 303
Boerhaavia erecta (Erect Spiderling), 153, 303
Boerhaavia intermedia (Spreading Spider-ling), 153
Bogmoss, 355
Bombycilla cedrorum (Cedar Waxwing), 224
bonemeal, 108
Borage officinalis (Borage), 106, 165, 306, 385
Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songarica (King Ranch Bluestem), 69
Bougainvillea, 84, 86, 125, 379
Bougainvillea glabra (Bougainvillea), 84, 86, 125, 379
Bouteloua curtipendula (Sideoats Grama), 71, 298
Bouteloua gracilis (Blue Grama), 71
Bouteloua gracilis (Slender Grama), 298
Bouteloua hirsuta (Hairy Grama), 71
Bouvardia ternifolia (Scarlet Bouvardia), 89, 91
Boxelder, 282
Brasil, 376
Brassica oleraceae var. botryris (Cauliflower), 175, 307
Brassica oleraceae var. capitata (Cabbage), 17, 26, 175, 306
Brassica oleraceae var. gemmifera (Brussels Sprouts), 152, 175, 306
Brassica oleraceae var. italica (Broccoli), 152, 175, 306
Brassica rapa (Bird’s Rape), 152, 175
Brephidium exilis exilis (Western Pygmy-Blue), 202–203, 203, 297, 298, 300, 302, 307
Brephidium isophthalma (Eastern Pygmy-Blue), 202, 297
Bristle Grass: Dwarf, 298; Southwestern, 71
Broken-Dash butterflies: Northern, 298, 308; Southern, 298, 308
Broom-sedge, 294
Brown-eyed Susan, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 177, 266, 294, 342, 342, 356, 364, 381
Brush-footed butterfly, 7
brush piles, 45
Brussels Sprouts, 152, 175, 306
Buchloe dactyloides (Buffalo Grass), 71, 72, 89, 298
Buchnera americana (American Blueheart), 167, 294
Buckeye: Mexican, 81, 88, 90, 199, 226–227, 227, 287, 320, 376; Red, 39
Buckeye butterflies, 16; Common, 8, 9, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 28, 40, 166–167, 167, 243, 249, 267, 272, 274, 275, 278, 279, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 310, 350; Tropical, 275, 278, 302, 303
Buckwheat, Wild, Wright’s, 287
Buddleja davidii (Butterfly Bush), 32, 36, 55, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 129, 130, 134, 136, 139, 149, 154, 235, 256, 322–323, 323, 334, 356, 361, 365, 379
Buddleja lindleyana (Lindley’s Butterfly Bush), 379
Buddleja marrubifolia (Woolly Butterfly Bush), 376
Buffalo Grass, 71, 72, 89, 297
bug juice, in pest control, 113
Bulrush, Woolly-grass, 294
Bundleflower, Illinois, 81, 83, 190, 287
Bur-clover, 194, 196; Toothed, 306
Bush-bean, Purple, 87, 122, 174, 294
Bush-clover: Downy, 182, 197, 295; Roundhead, 172, 197, 295; Texas, 182
Bush-sunflower, Awnless, 87, 125, 381
Butter-and-eggs, 295
butterflies: body of, 4–8, 6, 7; coloration of, 7–8, 8; courtship and mating by, 7–9, 8, 9, 10; dangers to adults, 14–15; dangers to caterpillars and chrysalides, 13–14; defenses by, 15–21, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20; egg-laying locations, 26–28; food sources for specific, 119–123; gardening magazines and newsletters, 402–403; habitat preservation resources, 404; information sources on, 404–405; life cycle of, 1–4, 2, 3, 4; long-distance flights, 13; moths vs., 1; number of species in Texas, xiii; organizations, societies, and publications for, 397–398; overwintering, 12–13, 128; photographing, 389–395; places of interest on, 401–402; profiles of specific, 127–203; vision by, 5, 7, 36, 37. See also butterfly behavior; butterfly gardens
butterfly behavior: basking, 10–11, 42, 44; courtship and mating, 7–9, 8, 9, 10; “fighting,” 7; long-distance flights, 13; patrolling, 7; roosting, 10, 11–13; temperature control, 9–11
Butterfly Bush, 32, 36, 55, 59, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 129, 130, 134, 136, 139, 149, 154, 235, 256, 322–323, 323, 334, 356, 361, 365, 379; Lindley’s, 379; Woolly, 376
butterfly gardens, 23–45; basking areas, 42, 44; border arrangement, 42, 55, 58, 77, 393–394; color in, 36–37, 39; flower shape and size in, 38, 39–40; flower visitation, 31–32; fragrance in, 39, 55; gardening supplies, 403; hibernation areas, 44–45, 44; identifying caterpillars, 29–31; information sources on, 404–405; instant, 93–101; landscape plan examples, 77, 78–91, 117–125; larval food plants in, 26–29, 205–313; nectar plants, 31, 32–36, 313–387; other attractants, 40–43, 41; for photography, 393–394; plant and seed sources for, 68–71, 73–76, 395–397; plants for egg laying, 26–28; plant terminology for, 24–26; publications on, 399–400, 402–403; size of, 52–53, 54; time of year to start, 58. See also instant butterfly gardens; plant choice; planting gardens; plants
butterfly organizations and societies, 397–398
Butterfly-pea, Virginia, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 174, 291
butterfly production management, 24. See also butterfly gardens
Butterfly Weed, 79, 81, 83, 91, 111, 130, 134, 135, 141, 154, 295, 343–344, 343, 364, 366, 384, 387
Buttonbush, 57, 81, 83, 84, 88, 90, 125, 139, 142, 154, 156, 160, 179, 196, 323–324, 324, 376
Cabares potrillo (Potrillo Skipper), 122
Cabbage, 26, 29, 175, 306; Bastard, 306
Cabbage White butterfly, 2, 15, 31, 112, 175–176, 301, 302, 305, 306, 307, 309
Caesalpinia spp., 256
Caesalpinia gilliesii (Desert Bird-of-Paradise), 321
Caesalpinia mexicana (Mexican Bird of Paradise), 87, 121, 321, 375, 379
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Barbados-Bird-of-Paradise), 78, 80, 84, 88, 235, 320–321, 320, 379
Calendula officinalis (Calendula), 165, 307
Calephelis nemesis australis (Fatal Metal-mark), 201, 201, 237, 292
Calephelis perditalis perditalis (Rounded Metalmark), 288, 296, 325
Callirhoë leiocarpa (Tall Poppy-mallow), 195
Callophrys gryneus gryneus (Olive Juniper Hairstreak), 199–201, 200, 207, 208, 285
Callophrys gryneus siva (Siva Juniper Hair-streak), 201
Callophrys henrici (Henry’s Elfin), 127, 198–199, 199, 214, 219, 227, 283, 285, 287, 288, 289, 294
Calpodes ethlius (Brazilian Skipper), 172–173, 172, 254, 303, 307
Camassia leichtlinii (Camassia), 385
Camassia scilloides (Wild Hyacinth), 382
cameras, 389
Campanula rotundifolia (Bluebell), 91
Camphor Tree, 82, 131, 137, 286
Cane: Giant, 295; Sugar, 122, 194, 307
Canela. See Marsh-fleabane, Purple
Canna, 81, 83, 87, 89, 173, 307; Common, 83, 307; Garden, 253–254, 254; Golden Garden, 254; Louisiana, 254
Canna flaccida (Golden Garden Canna), 254
Canna flaccida (Indian-shot), 254
Canna generalis cultivar “The President” (Garden Canna), 253–254, 254
Canna glauca (Louisiana Canna), 254
Canna indica (Common Canna), 83, 307
Canna x generalis (Canna), 81, 87, 89, 307
Cantaloupe, 41
Caper: Downy, 123; Jamaican, 123
Capparis cynophallophora (Jamaican Caper), 123
Capparis incana (Downy Caper), 123
Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd’s-purse), 152, 175, 302
carabid beetles, 14
Cardamine hirta (Downy Bittercress), 186
Cardamine parviflora (Sand Bittercress), 186
Cardamine rhomboidea (Spring Bittercress), 83, 186, 294
Cardamine rhomboidea (Spring Cress), 269–270, 269
Cardinal Flower, 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 91, 154, 156, 211, 270, 331, 337, 344–345, 344, 349, 354, 366, 381
Cardiospermum corundum (Tropical Balloon-vine), 87, 125, 291
Cardiospermum halicacabum (Common Balloon-vine), 29, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 119, 121, 291
Carex hyalinolepis (Thin-scale Caric-sedge), 295
Carex planostachys (Cedar Caric-sedge), 295
Carica papaya (Papaya), 121
Caric-sedge: Cedar, 295; Thin-scale, 295
Carlowrightia, 86, 125; Small-flowered, 121, 287; Texas, 91, 287
Carlowrightia parviflora (Small-flowered Carlowrightia), 121, 287
Carlowrightia texana (Texas Carlowrightia), 91, 287
Carolina Modiola, 195
Carpinus caroliniana (Carolina Hornbeam), 131, 144, 283
Carrot, Garden, 307
Carya spp., 12
Carya illinoinensis (Pecan), 285
Carya ovata var. ovata (Shag-bark Hickory), 283
Carya texana (Black Hickory), 283
Caryopteris incana (Blue Mistshrub), 361, 379
Castanea pumila (Allegheny Chinquapin), 374
Castela erecta (Goat Bush), 123
Castilleja spp., 28, 79, 81, 89, 91, 167, 183, 184
Castilleja indivisa (Texas Paintbrush), 184, 250, 300
Castilleja integra (Tall Paintbrush), 184
Castilleja lanata (Woolly Paintbrush), 184
Castilleja purpurea (Purple Paintbrush), 184, 300
Castilleja sessiliflora (Downy Paintbrush), 184, 249–250, 249, 300, 373
Castilleja sessiliflora var. lindheimeri (Downy Paintbrush), 250
Castilleja sessiliflora var. purpurea (Downy Paintbrush), 250
Catalpa, Northern, 80, 131, 282, 374
Catalpa speciosa (Northern Catalpa), 80, 131, 282, 374
Catanache caerulea (Cupid’s Dart), 386
caterpillars (larvae): dangers to, 13–14; food plants for, 26–28, 70, 73, 205–313; identifying, 29–31; maintaining food for, 28–29; molting by, 3; nutritive stage of, 2
Catmint, 385
Catnip, 385
cats, domestic, 108
Ceanothus: Desert, 90, 376; Fendler’s, 376; New Jersey Tea, 57, 83, 85, 194, 227–228, 227, 289, 378
Ceanothus americanus var. pitcherii (New Jersey Tea), 57, 83, 85, 194, 227–228, 227, 289, 378
Ceanothus fendleri (Fendler’s Ceanothus), 376
Ceanothus greggii (Desert Ceanothus), 90, 376
Ceanothus herbaceus (Redroot), 81, 88, 228, 289, 378
Cedar, Eastern Red, 79, 80, 82, 201, 208, 285
Cedar Waxwing, 224
Celastrina ladon (Spring/Summer Azure), 26, 211, 219, 228, 238, 282, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 295, 297, 310, 372
Celery, Wild, 136
Celestials, 72, 89; Prairie, 89
Celosia argenta (Princess Feather Amaranth), 306
Celotes limpia (Chisos Streaky-Skipper; Scarce Streaky-Skipper), 196, 252, 293, 300, 305
Celotes nessus (Common Streaky-Skipper), 195–196, 196, 252, 293, 297, 299, 300, 305, 309
Celtis spp., 86, 170, 178, 188, 224
Celtis laevigata (Hackberry; Sugar Hack-berry), 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 156, 168, 169, 170, 178, 188, 223, 283
Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Net-leaf Hackberry), 147, 156
Celtis occidentalis (Western Hackberry), 147, 283
Celtis pallida (Spiny Hackberry), 87, 88, 119, 170, 288
Celtis tenuifolia (Dwarf Hackberry), 288
Cenizo, 84, 86, 88, 90, 125, 185, 222–223, 222, 287, 373
Centaurium texense (Lady Bird’s Centaury; Texas Centaury), 81, 89
Centaury: Lady Bird’s, 89; Texas, 81
Centranthus rubra (Jupiter’s Beard), 386
Centrosema virginianum (Butterfly-pea; Virginia Butterfly-pea), 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 174, 291
Cephalanthus occidentalis (Buttonbush), 57, 81, 83, 84, 88, 90, 125, 139, 142, 154, 156, 160–161, 179, 196, 323–324, 324, 376
Cercis canadensis (Redbud), 56, 78, 80, 82, 84, 88, 90, 187, 200, 211, 214–215, 214, 285, 374
Cercis canadensis var. canadensis (Eastern Redbud), 199, 214, 320
Cercis canadensis var. mexicana (Mexican Redbud), 199, 214
Cercis canadensis var. texensis (Texas Redbud), 199, 214, 320
Cercyonis pegala (Large Wood-Nymph), 10, 40, 156–157, 157, 294, 304, 309
Chamaecrista fasciculata (Partridge-pea), 17, 73, 83, 87, 89, 155, 190, 262–264, 263, 300
Chamaecrista flexuosa var. texana (Texas Sensitive-pea), 302
Chamaecrista nictitans (Delicate Sensitive-pea), 155, 190, 302
Chamomile, 112
Chaparral Plains, landscape plans for, 86–87
Chasmanthium latifolium (Broad-leaf Wood-oats), 71, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 305, 326
Chasmanthium laxum (Slender Wood-oats), 305
Chaste Tree, 59, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 119, 125, 197, 314–315, 315, 375
Checkered Skipper butterflies: Common, 194–195, 195, 248, 255, 293, 297, 300, 302, 303, 307, 309; Desert, 195, 302, 303; Small, 255; Tropical, 195, 248, 299, 300, 302, 309; White, 195
Checkerspot butterflies: Chinati, 289; Dotted, 294; Elada, 226, 250, 287, 305; Fulvia, 183–184, 183, 249; Gorgone, 301, 303; Silvery, 293, 294, 295, 297, 303, 372; Theona, viii, 15, 126, 184, 184–185, 223, 287; Tiny, 250, 305
chemical pesticides, 113–114
Chenopodium album (White Goosefoot), 165, 203, 307
Chenopodium ambrosioides (Wormseed), 310
Chenopodium berlandieri (Berlandier’s Goosefoot), 297
Chenopodium leptophyllum (Slender-leaf Goosefoot), 203, 297
Cherry, 26
Chervil, Wild, 136
Chilopsis linearis (Desert Willow), 37, 78, 86, 88, 90, 125, 235, 316, 316, 375
Chinaberry, 375
Chinati Anisacanth, 376
Chinese Privet, 379
Chinquapin, Allegheny, 374
Chioides albofasciatus (White-striped Long-tail), 240, 292, 294, 303, 304
Chiomara georgina (White-patched Skipper), 220, 287
Chives, Garden, 385
Chlosyne endeis pardelina (Banded Patch), 121, 287
Chlosyne fulvia fulvia (Fulvia Checkerspot), 183–184, 183, 249, 300
Chlosyne janais (Janais Patch), iv, v, x, 2, 3, 15, 17, 160–161, 160, 226, 287, 388
Chlosyne lacinia adjutrix (Bordered Patch), 15, 18, 176–177, 176, 256–257, 289, 294, 295, 297, 301, 303, 305, 310, 348, 351, 370, 372
Chlosyne nycteis (Silvery Checkerspot), 293, 294, 295, 297, 303, 372
Chlosyne rosita (Rosita Patch), 121, 250, 296, 305
Chlosyne theona (Theona Checkerspot), viii, 15, 126, 184–185, 184, 223, 287
Choisya dumosa (Mexican Orange), 91, 377
Chokeberry, Red, 376
Choke Cherry, 90, 131, 144, 282
Chromolaena odorata (Crucita), 86, 125, 141, 145, 147, 288, 324–326, 325, 376
Chrysactinia mexicana (Damianita), 89, 91
chrysalis (pupa): dangers to, 13–14; emergence from, 4; formation of, 2, 3–4; overwintering as, 128
Chrysanthemum cineraiifolium (Pyrethrin), 114
Chrysanthemum parthenium (Feverfew), 106
Chrysothamnus pulchellus (Southwest Rabbit-brush), 378
Cicuta maculata (Spotted Water-hemlock), 136, 305
Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Tree), 82, 131, 137, 286
circle of life, xi
Cirsium spp., 26, 135, 149, 156, 164, 187
Cirsium horridulum (Horrid Thistle), 164, 303
Cirsium texanum (Texas Thistle), 164, 174, 197, 204, 272–273, 273, 304, 384
Cirsium undulatum (Wavy-leaf Thistle), 164
Citrullus vulgaris (Watermelon), 41
Citrus spp., 84, 86, 112–113, 115, 125, 129, 180
Citrus aurantifolia (Lime), 123, 125, 129, 286, 375
Citrus aurantium (Sour Orange), 129, 286
Citrus limon (Lemon), 123, 129, 286, 375
Citrus maxima x paradisi (Grapefruit), 115, 129, 286, 375
Citrus sinensis (Orange; Sweet Orange), 84, 86, 115, 125, 129–130, 286, 375
clay pots, 94
Claytonia virginica (Spring Beauty), 37, 72, 81, 89, 186, 194, 384
Clematis drummondii (Drummond’s Virgin’s Bower), 79, 85, 87, 89, 91, 121, 125, 202, 236–237, 237, 292
Clematis paniculata (Autumn Clematis), 360, 380
Cleome serrulata (Rocky Mountain Spider-flower), 175
Clethra alnifolia (Sweet Pepper-bush), 377
Clitoria mariana (Pigeon-wings), 81, 83, 174, 180, 301
Clitoria ternata (Asian Pigeon-wings), 85, 292
clothing, for field work, 391–392
Cloudywing butterflies: Confused, 304; Coyote, 287; Northern, 277, 292, 295, 299, 304, 306; Southern, 238, 291, 292, 295, 299, 301, 304
Clover: Buffalo, 295; Sweet White, 194, 197, 198, 310, 386; Sweet Yellow, 310, 386; White, 105, 159, 198, 276–277, 277, 307, 386
Cnidoscolus palmeri (Male Mujer), 145
Cnidoscolus texanus (Bull Nettle), 145
coastal prairie landscape plan, 84–85, 84
Cogia calchas (Mimosa Skipper), 122
Cogia hippalus hippalus (Acacia Skipper), 253, 293
Cogia outis (Outis Skipper), 253, 293
Coin-vine, 122
Coldenia, Gregg’s, 91
Coldenia greggii (Gregg’s Coldenia), 91
Colias eurytheme (Orange Sulphur), 31, 277, 295, 300, 304, 306, 307, 309, 310, 370
Colias philodice (Clouded Sulphur), 2, 158, 208, 263, 277, 286, 300, 306, 309, 310
Colima, 123
colors: of clothes to wear in the field, 391; of food plants, 36–37; pigmented vs. structural, in butterflies, 7–8, 8; protective coloration, 17–18, 20, 20
Colubrina, Texas (Hog-plum), 139, 334–335, 334, 376
Colubrina texensis (Hog-plum; Texas Colubrina), 139, 334–335, 334, 376
Colubrina texensis (Texas Snakewood), 378
Comma, Eastern (butterfly), 11, 283, 300
Commelina communis (Common Dayflower), 62
common names, sources of, 127, 206
companion plants, 105
compost, 63
concrete blocks, 95
Condalia hookeri (Brasil), 376
conduction basking, 11
Coneflower: Purple, 61, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 91, 164, 267, 276, 354, 356, 357–358, 357, 364, 381; Sweet, 386
Conoclinium spp., 156, 174, 180, 255, 256, 267, 279, 349, 360, 361
Conoclinium betonicifolium (Betony-leaf Mistflower), 85, 87, 125, 325, 383
Conoclinium coelestinum (Blue Mistflower), 83, 85, 135, 141, 211, 383
Conoclinium dissectum (Gregg’s Mistflower; Palmleaf Mistflower), 91, 125, 147, 339, 345, 347, 347, 353
Conoclinium greggii (Gregg’s Mistflower), 79, 87, 89, 300, 383
construction sites, as sources of plants, 74
container gardens, 94–101. See also instant butterfly gardens
Convolvulus arvensis (Field Bindweed), 291, 380
Convolvulus equitans (Texas Bindweed), 380
Copper, Gray (butterfly), 296
Coral Bean, 83, 84, 86, 119, 125, 287
Coral Vine. See Queen’s Wreath
Cordia boissieri (Anacahuita; Mexican Olive; Wild Olive), 84, 86, 88, 125, 161, 314, 314, 374
Corn, 307
cornmeal, 113
Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood), 56, 82, 84, 210–211, 210, 282, 332, 374
Coronilla varia (Crown-vetch; Purple Crown-vetch), 307, 310
Cosmopolitan butterfly. See Painted Lady butterfly
Cosmos bipinnatus (Cosmos), 79, 386
cottonseed hull mulch, 66
Cottonwood, 21, 78, 131, 143, 144, 146, 188, 223, 282; Arizona, 146
Coursetia axillaris (Baby Bonnets), 159
courtship and mating, 7–9, 8, 9, 10
Cow-pea, Wild, 85, 122, 243–244, 243, 291
Crab Grass: Downy, 308; Slender, 298; Southern, 194, 298
Crab Spider, 109
Cracker, Guatemalan (butterfly), 119
Crataegus marshallii (Parsley-leaved Hawthorn), 83, 85, 197, 198, 228–229, 228, 288, 332, 377
Crescent butterflies: Painted, 291, 305; Pale-banded, 119; Pearl, 11, 191–192, 191, 259, 293, 370; Phaon, 272, 297; Texan, 188–189, 189, 226, 250, 275, 287, 296, 302, 305, 309, 370; Vesta, 250, 305
Cress: Field Pennycress, 175; Spring, 269–270, 269. See also Bittercress; Rockcress
Crotolaria: Arrow-leaf, 295; Woolly, 295
Crotolaria incana (Woolly Crotolaria), 295
Crotolaria sagittalis (Arrow-leaf Crotolaria), 295
Croton: Leather-weed, 151, 255, 295; Silver-leaf, 151, 198, 268–269, 268, 295; Texas, 151; Tropical, 151; Woolly, 73, 83, 151, 295
Croton spp., 87, 91, 120, 122, 125, 150
Croton argyranthemus (Silver-leaf Croton), 151, 198, 268, 268–269, 295
Croton capitatus (Woolly Croton), 73, 83, 151, 295
Croton glandulosus (Tropic Croton), 151
Croton monanthogynus (One-seeded Croton), 151, 198, 295
Croton pottsii (Leather-weed Croton), 151, 255, 295
Croton texensis (Texas Croton), 151
Crownbeard: Dwarf, 87, 271, 381; Golden, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 134, 176, 177, 194, 196, 256–257, 256, 267, 295, 356, 381; Gravel-weed, 295
Cruciferae, 152
Crucillo, 121
Crucita, 86, 125, 141, 145, 147, 288, 324–326, 325, 376
Cryptotaenia canadensis (Wild Chervil), 136
Cucumis melo cantalupensis (Cantaloupe), 41
Cudweed, 72, 81, 83, 89; False, Fragrant, 166, 295; False, Gray, 166; Pennsylvania, 166, 295; Purple, 166, 267–268, 267, 296
cultivar, definition of, 26
Cuphea, Bat-faced, 386
Cuphea Ilavea (Bat-faced Cuphea), 386
Cuphea micropetala (Cigar Plant), 319, 385
Cupido comyntas texana (Eastern Tailed-Blue), 11, 277, 288, 294, 295, 296, 299, 304, 305, 307, 309, 310, 328
Cupid’s Dart, 386
Curly Dock, 296
Cyanophrys goodsoni (Goodson’s Green-streak), 120
Cyanophrys herodotus (Tropical Green-streak), 120
Cyanophrys miserabilis (Clench’s Green-streak), 120
Cyllopsis gemma gemma (Gemmed Satyr), 12, 305, 308
Cymaenes odilia (Fawn-spotted Skipper), 122
Cynanchum, Beaked, 122
Cynanchum barbigerum (Beaked Cynanchum), 122
Cynodon dactylon (Common Bermuda Grass), 61, 120, 122, 194, 308
Cyperus esculentus (Yellow Nutgrass), 61, 309
Cyperus rotundus (Purple Nutgrass), 61
Daggerwing butterflies: Many-banded, 119; Ruddy, 13, 119
Daisy: Black-foot, 313; Chocolate, 91, 382; Paper, 79, 383; Tahoka, 79, 89, 91, 256, 361, 367, 367, 382
Dalbergia ecastophyllum (Coin-vine), 122
Dalea: Bearded, 158, 288; Black, 79, 80, 90, 158, 220–221, 221, 288; Gregg’s, 89, 91, 221, 296, 346, 346; Purple, 158–159, 296, 382; White, 382
Dalea candida (White Dalea), 382
Dalea frutescens (Black Dalea), 79, 80, 90, 158, 220–221, 221, 288
Dalea greggii (Gregg’s Dalea), 89, 91, 221, 296, 346, 346
Dalea pogonanthera (Bearded Dalea), 158, 288
Dalea purpurea (Purple Dalea), 158–159, 296, 382
Dalechampia spp., 119
Danaus eresimus (Soldier), 122, 141, 236, 291, 325
Danaus gilippus thersippus (Queen), 16, 20–21, 106, 112, 141, 142, 236, 247, 291, 295, 299, 300, 309, 344, 347, 351
Danaus plexippus (Monarch), 9, 12, 16, 17, 20, 41, 102, 106, 112, 139–142, 140, 236, 247, 291, 295, 296, 299, 300, 309, 333, 344, 350, 351, 368, 370
dances, of courtship, 9
Dasyochloa pulchella (Fluff Grass), 298
Daucus hybrida (Garden Carrot), 307
Daucus pusillus (Rattlesnake Weed), 136
Dauvus carota (Queen Anne’s Lace), 136
Dayflower, Common, 62
daylight, nectar secretion and, 34–35
Decinea percosius (Double-dotted Skipper), 122
deer, 108
Deer-vetch, Single-leaf, 296
Descurainia pinnata (Western Tansy-mustard), 175, 303
Descurainia sophia (Sophia Tansy-mustard), 175
Desmanthus illinoensis (Illinois Bundleflower), 81, 83, 190, 287
Desmodium spp., 172
Desmodium canadense (Canadian Tick-clover), 182
Desmodium canescens (Woolly Tick-clover), 304
Desmodium ciliare (Little-leaved Tick-clover), 182, 304
Desmodium glabellum (Trailing Tick-clover), 182, 304
Desmodium marilandicum (Maryland Tick-clover), 304
Desmodium nudiflorum (Bare-stem Tick-clover), 182
Desmodium paniculatum (Panicled Tick-clover), 182, 304
Desmodium rotundifolium (Round-leaved Tick-clover), 304
Devil’s-claw, Fragrant, 37, 38
Dewberry, 168, 186, 194; Southern, 377
Dianthus barbatus (Old-fashioned Pink), 387
Diapera candida (Silver Rabbit-tobacco), 301
Dicentra eximia (Bleeding Heart), 67
Dicliptera: Bracted, 189, 296; Rio Grande, 87, 119, 121, 125
Dicliptera brachiata (Bracted Dicliptera), 189, 296
Dicliptera sexangularis (Rio Grande Dicliptera), 87, 119, 121, 125
Digitaria ciliaris (Southern Crab Grass), 194, 298
Digitaria cognata (Fall Witch Grass), 297
Digitaria filiformis (Slender Crab Grass), 298
Digitaria sanguinalis (Downy Crab Grass), 308
Dill, 26, 29, 37, 96, 106, 136, 307
Dione moneta poeyi (Mexican Silverspot), 120, 242, 292
Diospyros texana (Texas Persimmon), 199, 289
discal cell, 7
Discula destructiva, 211
Dithyrea wislizenii (Spectacle Pod), 89
d-limonene, 115
Dock: Bitter, 296; Curly, 296; Mexican, 296
Doellingeria sericocarpoides (Flat-top Aster), 293
Dogbane, Spreading, 296
Dogface, Southern (butterfly), 157–158, 157, 221, 232, 277, 288, 296, 304, 306, 307, 310, 328, 399
Dogweed, 77, 79; Bristle-leaf, 296; Common, 87, 91, 125, 296; Prickle-leaf, 89, 91, 382
Dogwood, Flowering, 56, 82, 84, 210–211, 210, 282, 332, 374
dorsal basking, 10
dorsally closed basking, 11
Doxocopa laure (Silver Emperor), 119
Doxocopa pavon (Pavon Emperor), 119
dragonflies, 14
drainage, for container gardens, 97
“drinking club,” 42
drip irrigation, 64
Dryadula phaetusa (Banded Orange Long-wing), 120
Dryas iulia (Julia Longwing), 13, 19, 28, 148, 242, 246, 291, 292, 370
Duranta, Golden Dew-drop, 339, 379
Duranta erecta (Golden Dew-drop Duranta), 339, 379
Duskywing butterflies: False, 298, 300, 309; Funereal, 260, 291, 293, 300, 301, 302, 304, 306; Horace’s, 217, 284, 285; Juvenal’s, 284, 285; Mottled, 228, 289; Sleepy, 284; Wild Indigo, 295, 298, 299, 300, 307; Zarucco, 208, 286, 291, 292, 294, 301
Dutchman’s-breeches, Texas, 81, 89, 136, 296
Dymasia dymas dymas (Tiny Checkerspot), 250, 305
Dynamine dyonis (Blue-eyed Sailors), 28, 120
Dyssodia: Bristle-leaf, 79, 125; Brittle-leaf, 87; Fetid, 296
Dyssodia papposa (Fetid Dyssodia), 296
Dyssodia tenuiloba (Bristle-leaf Dyssodia; Brittle-leaf Dyssodia), 79, 87, 125
Eantis tamenund (Sickle-winged Skipper), 179, 180, 289, 325
earthworm pellets, 99
earthworms, 63
Ebanopsis ebano (Texas Ebony), 282, 374
Echinacea purpurea (Purple Coneflower), 61, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 91, 164, 267, 276, 354, 356, 357–358, 357, 364, 381
Echinargus isola (Reakirt’s Blue), 221, 253, 265, 277, 283, 286, 287, 288, 293, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 306, 307, 310, 346
Echinochloa crus-galli (Large Barnyard Grass), 308
Echinops banaticus (Globe Thistle), 365, 387
Edwards Plateau landscape plan, 88–89, 88
Elbow-bush: Fall, 377; Spring, 79, 81, 88, 377
Elderberry, Common, 112
Eleusine indica (Goose Grass), 308
Elfin butterflies: Eastern Pine, 285; Frosted, 295, 298, 300; Henry’s, 127, 198–199, 199, 214, 219, 227, 283, 285, 287, 288, 289, 294
Elm, 27, 28, 78, 82, 188, 224; American, 78, 80, 146–147, 156, 164, 283; Cedar, 86, 88, 156, 283; Siberian, 147, 156; Slippery, 147, 156, 283; Winged, 156, 283
Elymus canadensis (Canada Wild Rye), 302
Emerald Aguna butterfly, 119
Emesis emesia (Curve-winged Metalmark), 121
Emesis tenedia (Falcate Metalmark), 121
emigration, 13
Emperor butterflies: Hackberry, 10, 12, 27, 40, 41, 42, 167–169, 168, 283, 288; Pavon, 119; Silver, 119; Tawny, 169–170, 283, 288; Texas, 15, 169–170, 169, 335
Empress Antonia butterfly, 335
Empress Leilia butterfly, 288
Epargyreus clarus (Silver-spotted Skipper), 170–172, 171, 181, 208, 238, 239, 286, 288, 291, 292, 295, 299, 300, 304, 306, 328
Epargyreus exadeus (Broken Silverdrop), 120
Epiphile adrasta (Common Banner), 119
Eragrostis hypnoides (Teal Love Grass), 194, 298
Eriogonum wrightii (Wright’s Wild Buckwheat), 287
Erioneuron pilosum (Downy Woolly Grass), 297
Erynnis funeralis (Funereal Duskywing), 260, 291, 293, 300, 301, 302, 304, 306
Erynnis horatius (Horace’s Duskywing), 217, 284, 285
Erynnis martialis (Mottled Duskywing), 228, 289
Erynnis zarucco (Zarucco Duskywing), 208, 286, 291, 292, 294, 301
Erysimum asperum (Plains Wallflower), 384
Erythrina herbacea (Coral Bean), 83, 84, 86, 119, 125, 287
Esenbeckia berlandier (Jopoy), 122, 125
Esperanza. See Yellow Bells
Eueides isabella (Isabella’s Longwing), 120
Eunica monima (Dingy Purplewing), 121
Eupatorium, Late-flowering, 296
Eupatorium serotinum (Late-flowering Eupatorium), 81, 296
Euptoieta claudia (Variegated Fritillary), 4, 15, 97, 152–153, 152, 241, 242, 246, 260, 271, 291, 292, 296, 297, 300, 303, 305, 309
Euptoieta hegesia merediana (Mexican Fritillary), 120, 242, 246, 292
Eurema boisduvaliana (Boisduval’s Yellow), 123, 260, 302
Eurema daira (Barred Yellow), 123, 277
Eurema mexicana (Mexican Yellow), 253, 288, 293
Eurytides marcellus (Zebra Swallowtail), 8, 18, 27, 43, 77, 137–138, 137, 225, 229, 288, 395
Eutrochium fistulosum (Joe-Pye Weed), 83, 85, 89, 134, 135, 136, 156, 188, 270, 334, 337, 349–350, 350, 366, 372, 385
Evax: Big-headed, 166, 296; Silver, 166, 296; Spring, 89, 166, 296
Evax candida (Silver Evax), 166, 296
Evax prolifera (Big-headed Evax), 166, 296
Evax verna (Spring Evax), 89, 166, 296
Everlasting, Parlin’s, 166, 296
exoskeleton, caterpillar, 3
extrafloral nectaries, 32
extranuptial nectaries, 32
eyespots, 20
Eysenhardtia texana (Texas Kidneywood), 81, 87, 88, 91, 159, 180, 231–232, 231, 235, 288, 354, 361, 377
Fabaceae, 197
False Cudweed: Fragrant, 166, 295; Gray, 166
False Duskywing butterflies, 300, 309
False Foxglove, Yellow, 28, 167, 278–278, 279
False Garlic, 72, 81, 89, 91, 186, 194, 382
False Indigo, 79, 81, 83, 85, 88, 90, 159, 172, 179, 182, 198, 288, 327–328, 327, 334, 377
False Mallow: Rio Grande, 300; Three-lobe, 121, 123, 125, 195, 300; Wright’s, 85, 299
False Wissadula, 89, 91, 196, 251–252, 251, 305
Feijoa sellowiana (Pineapple Guava), 162
fences, 393–394
Fendlera rupicola (Cliff Fendler-bush), 377
Fendler-bush, Cliff, 377
Feniseca tarquinius (Harvester), 2–3
Fennel, Common, 26, 96, 106, 113, 136, 307
fertilizers: in container gardens, 99; liquid, 29; pest control and, 104; for wildflowers, 69
Feverfew, 106
Ficus carica (Common Fig), 119, 121
“fighting,” 7
Fir, Oyamel, 141
firefly, 109–110
Flame Vine, Mexican, 77, 79, 81, 87, 89, 125, 319, 337–339, 338, 380
Flamingo Plant, 83, 87, 189, 290, 310
Flasher butterflies: Frosted, 119; Gilbert’s, 119; Two-barred, 119
flavones, 8
Flax, 79, 81, 83, 89, 91, 125, 153; Berlandier’s, 296; Blue-flowered, 91; Common, 106; Grooved, 296; Lewis, 91; Prairie, 91, 296; Rock, 297; Stiff-stem, 270–271, 270, 297; Texas, 297
Fleischmannia incarnata (Trailing Boneset), 87, 381
flight time, 128
Floating-heart, 355
floral nectaries, 32
Flower-of-an-hour, 307
flowers: colors of, 36–37; floral nectaries, 32; flowering periods, 59; shape and size of, 38, 39–40; visitation of, 31–32
flying squirrels, 14
Foeniculum vulgare (Common Fennel), 26, 96, 106, 136, 307
food sources: larval, 26–29, 70, 73, 205–313; for nectar, 31, 32–36, 39, 313–387; for specific butterflies, 119–123; sugaring, 40
Forestiera ligustrina (Fall Elbow-bush), 377
Forestiera pubescens (Spring Elbow-bush), 79, 81, 88, 376
Four-o’clock, 106
Fox Grape, 380
fragrance. See scent
fragrance guides, 39
Fraxinus spp., 80, 82, 84, 88, 188, 223, 232
Fraxinus americana (White Ash), 131, 147, 282
Fraxinus berlandieriana (Berlandier’s Ash), 147, 282
Fraxinus caroliniana (Carolina Ash), 131
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Green Ash), 131, 282
Fraxinus velutina (Velvet Ash), 131, 282
Fritillary butterflies, 39; Gulf, 13, 16, 17, 20, 28, 41, 97, 148–150, 149, 241, 242, 246, 291, 292, 311, 333, 350, 351, 370; Mexican, 120, 242, 246, 292; Variegated, 4, 15, 97, 152–153, 152, 241, 242, 246, 260, 271, 291, 292, 296, 297, 300, 303, 305, 309
Frogfruit, 37, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 188, 194, 196, 202, 271, 382; Diamond-leaf, 160; Texas, 160, 271–272, 271
Frostweed, 125, 146; Virginia, 81, 83, 85, 87, 141, 156, 161, 177, 187, 297, 372, 372, 382
fruit: as bait in traps, 108; as food source, 40–42, 40, 41
Funastrum crispum (Wavy-leaf Milkweed Vine), 291
Funastrum cynanchoides (Climbing Milkweed Vine), 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 122, 125, 141, 235–236, 236, 291, 380
Gaillardia, Fragrant, 382
Gaillardia suavis (Fragrant Gaillardia), 382
Galactia regularis (Downy Milk-pea), 291
Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Pennsylvania Cudweed), 166, 295
Gamochaeta purpurea (Purple Cudweed), 166, 267–268, 267, 296
Ganyra josephina (Giant White), 123, 152
garden clubs, 74
gardening supplies, 403
Garlic, 106, 113; False, 72, 81, 89, 91, 186, 194, 382; Society, 79, 106, 386
Gelsimium sempervirens (Carolina Jasmine), 57, 211, 320, 332
Geranium, 106
Germander: Cut-leaf, 89; Dwarf, 91
Gilbert’s Flasher butterfly, 119
Gilia: Cut-leaf, 89; Needle-leaf, 91
Gilia rigidula var. acerosa (Needle-leaf Gilia), 91
Giliastrum incisum (Cut-leaf Gilia), 89
Glandularia bipinnatifida (Prairie Verbena), 79, 81, 87, 125, 147, 186, 202, 255, 271, 354, 356–357, 356, 364, 384
Glandularia canadensis (Rose Verbena), 186, 332, 384
Glasswort, Virginia, 297
Glassywing, Little (butterfly), 304
Globe Amaranth, 57, 77, 79, 83, 89, 91, 134, 173, 341, 345–346, 345, 385
Globe-Mallow, 254–255, 255; Caliche, 255; Copper, 79, 81, 195, 196, 255, 297; Lindheimer’s, 195; Scarlet, 79, 81, 89, 195, 255, 297
Glottidium vesicarium (Bagpod), 293
Glutophrissa drusilla (Florida White), 152
Glycine max (Soybean), 159, 165, 310
Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Wild Licorice), 172, 299
Gnaphalium spp., 73
Goat Bush, 123
Golden Crownbeard, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 134, 176, 177, 194, 256–257, 256, 267, 295, 356, 381
Goldeneye: Skeleton-leaf, 87, 89, 91, 125, 370, 377; Tooth-leaved, 81, 89, 91, 146, 176, 177, 297, 334, 356, 361, 369–370, 370, 382
Goldenrod, 79, 83, 85, 87, 91, 125, 141, 146, 187, 267, 345, 356, 360, 361, 382; Tall, 368, 368
Gomphrena globosa (Globe Amaranth), 57, 77, 79, 83, 89, 91, 134, 173, 341, 345–346, 345, 385
Goosefoot: Berlandier’s, 297; Slender-leaf, 203, 297; White, 165, 203, 307
Gossypium hirsutum, 31, 165, 198, 307
Grais stigmatica (Hermit Skipper), 122
Grama: Blue, 71; Hairy, 71; Sideoats, 71, 99; Slender, 298
granite mulch, 67
Grapefruit, 115, 129, 286, 375
grapes, black, 41
grasping organs, 7
Grass, 69, 70–73; Basket, 297; Blue-eyed, 37, 72, 81, 83, 89, 91; Blue-eyed, Bray, 381; Blue-eyed, Dotted, 381; Blue-eyed, Langlois’s, 381; Blue-eyed, Swordleaf, 381; Bristle, 122; Bristle, Dwarf, 297; Buffalo, 298; Buffalo Grass, 71, 72, 89; Buffel, 308; Crab, Slender, 298; Crab, Southern, 194, 298; Cut, 122; Dallis, 308; Downy Woolly, 297; Fluff, 298; Foot-hill Bear-grass, 287; Forked Panic, 298; Goose, 308; Grama, 71, 99, 298; Guinea, 69, 120, 122; Johnson, 61, 120, 308; Large Barnyard, 308; as larval food, 70; Love, Teal, 194, 298, 300; Prairie, Slender, 298; Prairie, Yellow, 71, 81, 83, 89, 279–280, 280, 298; Rice Cut, 298; Rye, Perennial, 308; St. Augustine, 61, 71, 120, 122, 194, 308; Switch, 298; Vasey, 309; Witch, Common, 297; Witch, Fall, 297
grasslands landscape plan, 80–81, 80
Greenstreak butterflies: Clench’s, 120; Good-son’s, 120; Tropical, 120
Greenthread, Fine-leaf, 298
Groundnut, 81, 83, 85, 89, 105, 172, 237–238, 238, 291
Ground-plum, 298
Groundsel: Broom, 382; Texas, 382; Thread-leaf, 79, 91, 369, 369, 382
Guajacum angustifolium (Guayacan), 125, 288
Guajillo, 377
Guamúchil, Monkeypod, 121, 125
Guatemalan Cracker butterfly, 119
Guava: Common, 162; Pineapple, 162; Strawberry, 122
gypsum, 63
habitat preservation, resources on, 404
Habranthus spp., 72
Habranthus tubispathus (Copper Lily), 81, 91
Hackberry, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 168, 169, 170, 178, 188, 224, 283; Dwarf, 288; Net-leaf, 147, 156; Spiny, 87, 88, 119, 170, 288; Sugar, 156; Western, 147, 283
Hackberry Emperor butterfly, 10, 12, 27, 40, 41, 42, 167–169, 168, 283, 288
haemolymph, 12
Hairstreak butterflies, 3, 12, 20, 26–27, 229, 233, 333; Aquamarine, 120; Banded, 282, 283, 284, 285; Coral, 219, 282, 289; Edwards’s, 284; Gray, 26, 31, 127, 196–198, 197, 229, 235, 269, 277, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 302, 306, 307, 309, 310, 328, 370; Great Blue, 187–188, 187; Great Purple, 187–188, 187, 224, 288, 370; King’s, 285; Lacey’s Scrub, 230, 287; Lantana Scrub, 120; Mallow Scrub, 289, 291, 293, 299, 300, 327; Northern Oak, 16, 284; Olive Juniper, 199–201, 200, 207, 208, 285; Poling’s, 284; Red-banded, 289; Red-crescent Scrub, 120; Red-lined Scrub, 120; Red-spotted, 120; Sandia, 287; Silver-banded, 291; Siva Juniper, 201; Soapberry, 218, 285; Striped, 219, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288; Strophius, 120; White M, 192, 192, 282, 284, 285; White Scrub, 120; Yojoa Scrub, 120
Halesia carolina (Carolina Silverbells), 82, 375
Halesia diptera (Two-winged Silverbells), 375
Hamadryas guatemalena (Guatemalan Cracker), 119
hanging baskets, 95–96
hardwoods region landscape plan, 82–83, 82
Harvester butterfly, 2–3
Havardia pallens (Tenaza), 375
Hawthorn, 179; Parsley-leaved, 83, 85, 197, 198, 228–229, 228, 288, 332, 377
Hedeoma acinoides (Annual Pennyroyal), 89
Hedge-mustard, 309
Helenium autumnale (Autumn Sneezeweed), 303
Helenium flexuosum (Purple-headed Sneeze-weed), 303
Helianthus angustifolius (Swamp Sunflower), 349, 384
Helianthus annuus (Annual Sunflower), 161, 164, 176, 177, 257, 303, 384
Helianthus debilis (Weak-stem Sunflower), 177
Helianthus maximiliani (Maximilian Sunflower), 79, 81, 331, 384
Helianthus petiolaris (Plains Sunflower), 79, 81, 303
Heliconius charithonius vazquezae (Zebra Longwing), 4, 13, 16, 18, 28, 147–148, 147, 242, 246, 291, 292
Heliconius erato petiverana (Crimson-patched Longwing), 120, 147, 242
Heliopetes laviana (Laviana White-Skipper), 252, 287, 293, 299, 300
Heliopetes macaira (Turk’s-cap White-Skipper), 123, 289, 327
Heliotrope: Common, 386; Seaside, 382
Heliotropium spp., 9
Heliotropium arborescens (Common Heliotrope), 386
Heliotropium curassavicum (Seaside Heliotrope), 382
Hemiargus ceraunus (Antillean Blue), 202
Hemiargus ceraunus astenidas (Ceraunus Blue), 240, 253, 283, 292, 293, 299, 306
Hempweed, Climbing, 83, 85, 87, 120, 125, 142, 337, 337, 349, 360, 365, 380
Herissantia crispa (Bladder-mallow), 121, 123
Hesperaloe parviflora (Red Yucca), 88, 91
Hesperia viridis (Green Skipper), 71, 297, 298, 304, 308
Hesperis matronalis (Sweet Rocket), 387
Hibiscus spp., 34
Hibiscus, Heart-leaf, 121
Hibiscus coulteri (Desert Rose-mallow), 378
Hibiscus martianus (Heart-leaf Hibiscus), 121
Hibiscus syriacus (Rose-of-Sharon), 198
Hibiscus trionum (Flower-of-an-hour), 307
Hickory, 12; Black, 283; Shag-bark, 283
Hierba del Venado, 120
high plains landscape plan, 78–79, 78
Hispid Wedelia, 77, 81, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 177, 259, 305, 347–348, 348, 356, 361, 384
Hoary Edge butterfly, 180–182, 181, 288, 295, 304, 328
Hog-peanut, Southern, 172, 180, 190, 291
Hog-plum. See Colubrina, Texas
Holly: American, 199, 283; Yaupon, 199, 288
Hollyhock, 29, 79, 81, 83, 87, 89, 91, 165, 195, 196, 309, 365
“honeydew,” 42
Honeysuckle, 34; Bush, 377; Coral, 291, 380; Mexican, 189; Yellow, 380
Hop-hornbeam, Eastern, 144, 147, 283
Horehound, Common, 386
Hornbeam, Carolina, 131, 144, 283
Horse-purslane, Desert, 203, 298
Houstonia spp., 81, 89, 186, 194, 202
Houstonia acerosa (Needle-leaf Bluet), 381
Houstonia purpurea (Summer Bluet), 200
Houstonia pusilla (Small Bluet), 381
Houstonia subviscosa (Nodding Bluet), 381
Howe, William H., v
Huisache (tree), 283
Huisache Daisy, 79, 91, 125, 174, 196, 259, 341, 348–349, 349
hummingbirds, 317
Hyacinth, Wild, 382
Hybanthus verticillatus (Green Nod-violet), 261
Hybanthus verticillatus (Whorled Nod-violet), 153
Hydrolea ovata (Blue Waterleaf), 349, 384
Hylephila phyleus (Fiery Skipper), 193–194, 193, 298, 300, 307, 308, 370
Hymenocallis liriosme (Spider Lily), 354
Hymenopappus flavescens (Fine-leaf Woolly-white), 373
Hypoxis hirsuta (Yellow Star-grass), 72, 81, 186, 384
ichneumons, 108
Icterus spurius (Orchard Orioles), 318
Ilex opaca (American Holly), 199, 283
Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon Holly), 199, 288
Indian-shot, 254
indigenous plants, definition of, 25–26. See also native plants
Indigo: Anil, 309; Blue Wild, 298; False, 79, 81, 83, 85, 88, 90, 159, 172, 179, 182, 198, 288, 327–328, 327, 334, 377; Lindheimer’s, 298; Nuttall’s Wild, 298; White Wild, 299; Wild, 299
Indigofera lindheimeriana (Lindheimer’s Indigo), 298
Indigofera miniata (Scarlet Pea), 79, 83, 85, 87, 125, 197, 300
Indigofera suffruticosa (Anil Indigo), 309
information sources, 74, 394, 404–405
insect repellent, 392
instant butterfly gardens: containers in, 94–95; dry bed construction for, 99, 101; maintenance of, 98–99; selecting and arranging plants in, 95–98; site possibilities, 93–94
instars, 3
Ipomoea spp., 37, 55, 125, 174, 193
Ipomoea cordatotriloba (Sharp-pod Morning Glory), 122, 331, 380
Ipomoea lindheimeri (Lindheimer’s Morning Glory), 331, 380
Ipomoea pandurata (Wild Potato Vine), 380
Ipomoea sagittata (Salt-marsh Morning Glory), 85, 380
Iresine rhizomatosa (Rootstock Iresine), 81, 299
iridescence, 8
Iris pseudacorus (Yellow Iris), 132, 386
Ironweed, 79, 81, 83, 89, 134, 179, 211, 256, 382; Giant, 141, 187; Missouri, 174
Itea virginica (Virginia Sweetspire), 57, 83, 85, 378
Jack-in-the-pulpit, 67
Jacobinia carnea (Flamingo Plant), 83, 87, 189, 290, 310
Jasmine: Carolina, 57, 211, 320, 332; Star, 380
Joe-Pye Weed, 83, 85, 89, 134, 135, 136, 156, 188, 270, 334, 337, 349–350, 350, 366, 372, 385
Jointvetch, Sticky, 123
Juglans microcarpa (Little Walnut), 285
Juglans nigra (Black Walnut), 285
June bug, 111
Juniper: Alligator, 90; Ashe, 88, 201, 207–208, 207, 283
Juniperus ashei (Ashe Juniper), 88, 201, 207–208, 207, 283
Juniperus deppeana var. deppeana (Alligator Juniper), 90
Juniperus virginiana (Eastern Red Cedar), 79, 80, 82, 201, 208, 285
Junonia coenia (Common Buckeye), 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 28, 40, 166–167, 167, 243, 249, 267, 272, 274, 275, 278, 279, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 310, 350
Junonia evarete (Tropical Buckeye), 275, 278, 302, 303
Jupiter’s Beard, 386
Justicia spp., 119
Justicia americana (Water-willow), 145, 189, 305
Justicia brandegeana (Shrimp Plant), 85, 87, 89, 118, 118, 120, 125, 145, 167, 189, 310, 319, 387
Justicia ovata var. lanceolata (Lance-leaved Water-willow), 120, 121, 189
Justicia pilosella (Downy Water-willow), 121, 145, 250–251, 250, 305
Justicia runyonii (Runyon’s Water-willow), 120, 121, 125, 145, 251
Justicia spicigera (Mexican Honeysuckle), 189
Justicia suberecta (King’s Crown), 189
kamana, xi
Karwinskia humboldtiana (Coyotillo), 119, 125
Kidneywood, Texas, 87, 88, 91, 159, 180, 231–232, 231, 235, 288, 354, 361, 377
King’s Crown, 189
Kosteletzkya virginica (Salt-marsh Mallow), 334, 349, 359–360, 359, 365, 382
Kricogonia lyside (Lyside Sulphur), 15, 288
lacewings, green, 109
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, 395
ladybug/lady beetle/lady bird, 109, 110
Lady butterflies: American, 27, 73, 96, 164, 165–166, 165, 268, 295, 296, 301, 310; Painted, 12, 13, 15, 26, 31, 42, 162, 163–165, 164, 273, 283, 288, 301, 303, 304, 306, 307, 309, 310, 350; West Coast, 309
landscape plans, 77, 78–91; coastal prairies/marshes/beaches, 84–85, 84; Edwards Plateau, 88–89, 88; grasslands/prairies/savannahs, 80–81, 80; high plains/rolling plains, 78–79, 78; pine/hardwood, 82–83, 82; Rio Grande Valley, 86–87, 86; special South Texas garden, 124–125, 124; Trans-Pecos, 90–91, 91
Lantana, 32, 53, 57, 59, 96, 129, 134, 135, 136, 141, 145, 149, 154, 173, 174, 180, 196, 235, 266, 319, 327; Desert, 86, 88, 198, 288, 377; Texas, 197, 288, 377; Trailing, 25, 79, 81, 83, 89, 125, 147, 255, 256–257, 276, 290, 331, 335–336, 335, 379; West Indian, 81, 87, 120, 121, 290, 339, 379
Lantana spp., 32, 53, 57, 59, 96, 129, 134, 135, 136, 141, 145, 149, 154, 173, 174, 180, 196, 235, 266–267, 319, 327
Lantana achyranthifolia (Desert Lantana), 86, 288, 377
Lantana camara (Desert Lantana), 88, 198
Lantana camara (West Indian Lantana), 81, 87, 120, 121, 290, 339, 379
Lantana montevidensis (Trailing Lantana), 25, 79, 81, 83, 89, 125, 147, 255, 256–257, 276, 290, 331, 335–336, 335, 379
Lantana urticoides (Texas Lantana), 197–198, 288, 377
larval food plants: grasses as, 70; maintaining, 28–29; plants used as, 26–28, 205–313; shortage of, in Rio Grande Valley, 117–118; for specific butterflies, 119–123; weeds as, 73
Lasaia sula (Blue Metalmark), 2, 120
lateral basking, 10
Lathyrus latifolius (Perennial Sweet Pea), 380
Lathyrus odoratus (Annual Sweet Pea), 292, 380
Lavatera trimestris (Rose Mallow), 386
Lavender, 386
Lavendula latifolia (Lavender), 386
Lead Tree, Golden-ball, 88, 90, 374
“leaf honey,” 42
leaf mulch, 66
Leafwing butterflies: Angled, 120, 151; Crinkled, 151; Goatweed, 10, 18, 40, 40, 41, 44–45, 73, 150–151, 150, 269, 295; Pale-spotted, 120, 151; Tropical, 151
Lechuguilla, 288
Leersia spp., 122
Leersia oryzoides (Rice Cut Grass), 298
legumes, nitrogen from, 105
Lemon-mint, 37
Lenophyllum texanum (Texas Stonecrop), 125
Lepidium alyssoides (Peppergrass; Western Peppergrass), 89, 91, 255, 271, 275–276, 276, 301, 341, 354, 383
Lepidium densiflorum (Prairie Peppergrass), 186, 301
Lepidium lasiocarpum (Woolly-fruit Peppergrass), 186
Lepidium virginicum (Virginia Peppergrass), 152, 175, 186, 301
Lepidoptera, 1
Leptochloa dubia (Sprangletop), 303
Leptotes cassius cassidula (Cassius Blue), 220, 234, 282, 287, 291, 295, 300, 301, 306, 319
Leptotes marina (Marine Blue), 234, 283, 287, 292, 296, 299, 300, 301, 306
Lerodea arabus (Olive-clouded Skipper), 122
Lespedeza capitata (Round-head Bush-clover), 172, 197, 295
Lespedeza hirta (Downy Bush-clover), 182, 197, 295
Lespedeza texana (Texas Bush-clover), 182
Lesquerella gracilis (Slender Bladder-pod), 294
Leucaena retusa (Golden-ball Lead Tree), 88, 90, 374
Leucophyllum candidum (Violet Silver-leaf), 185
Leucophyllum frutescens (Cenizo; Texas Silver-leaf), 84, 86, 88, 90, 125, 185, 222–223, 222, 287, 373
Leucophyllum minus (Big Bend Silverleaf), 90, 185, 289
Liatris: Dense, 386; Kansas, 266; Narrow-leaf, 174, 382; Prairie, 355–356, 355, 382; Rough, 382
Liatris spp., 59, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 134, 136, 256, 339, 361, 386
Liatris aspera (Rough Liatris), 382
Liatris punctata var. mucronata (Narrow-leaf Liatris), 174, 382
Liatris pycnostachya (Kansas Liatris), 266
Liatris pycnostachya (Prairie Liatris), 355–356, 355, 382
Liatris scariosa (Liatris), 386
Liatris spicata (Dense Liatris), 386
Libytheana carinenta (Snout butterfly), 13, 42, 177–178, 177, 283, 288
life cycle, 1–4
lightning bug, 109–110
Ligustrum sinense (Chinese Privet), 379
Lilac, 34, 55, 130, 179; Fragrant, 79, 81, 83, 131, 290, 328–329, 329, 379
Lily: Blue Funnel, 72; Copper, 81, 91; Funnel, 89; Prairie Rain, 81, 89, 91; Spider, 354
lime, in pest control, 113
Limenitis archippus (Viceroy), 15, 27, 142–143, 142, 209, 219, 282, 285, 286, 320
Limenitis archippus obsoleta (Viceroy), 143
Limenitis archippus watsonii (Viceroy), 143
Limenitis arthemis (Red-spotted Purple), 15, 21, 27, 40, 142, 143–144, 143, 209, 219, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288
Limenitis arthemis arizonensis (Red-spotted Purple), 144
Limenitis arthemis astyanax (Red-spotted Purple), 144
Limoncillo, 91
d-limonene, 115
Linaria spp., 167
Linaria vulgaris (Butter-and-eggs), 295
Lindera benzoin (Spicebush), 28, 56–57, 83, 88, 131, 137, 224, 230–231, 230, 289
Linné, Carl von (Linnaeus), 162
Linum spp., 26, 79, 81, 83, 89, 91, 153
Linum berlandieri (Berlandier’s Flax), 296
Linum berlandieri (Berlandier’s Flax; Stiff-stem Flax), 270–271, 270, 296
Linum lewisii (Blue-flowered Flax; Lewis Flax; Prairie Flax), 91, 296
Linum medium var. texana (Texas Flax), 297
Linum pratense (Prairie Flax), 297
Linum rigidum (Stiff-stem Flax), 297
Linum rupestre (Rock Flax), 297
Linum sulcatum (Grooved Flax), 296
Linum usitatissimum (Common Flax), 106
Lippia: Scented, 121, 160, 377; White-flowered, 121, 160, 377
Lippia alba (White-flowered Lippia), 121, 160, 377
Lippia graveolens (Scented Lippia), 121, 160, 377
Liriodendron tulipifera (Tulip Tree), 56, 82, 131, 137, 285
Little-mallow, Alkali, 164, 195, 299
Lizard’s Tail, 354
Lobelia, Blue, 267
Lobelia cardinalis (Cardinal Flower), 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 91, 154, 156, 211, 270, 331, 337, 344–345, 344, 349, 354, 366, 381
Lobelia siphilitia (Blue Lobelia), 267
Loblolly Pine, 285
Lobularia maritima (Sweet Alyssum), 53, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 96, 175, 306, 353, 358, 364, 385
Lobularia saxatile (Alyssum), 385
Locust: Black, 78, 80, 82, 86, 172, 208, 208, 286; Bristly, 172, 290; New Mexico, 91, 288
Logic Fire Ant Bait, 115
Lolium perenne (Perennial Rye Grass), 120, 122, 308
long-distance flights, 13
Longtail butterflies: Brown, 120; Dorantes (Lilac-banded), 173–174, 173, 291, 292, 294, 301, 304, 306; Mottled, 120; Proteus, 244, 283, 291, 292, 301, 304, 306, 307, 309; Teleus, 120; White-striped, 240, 292, 294, 303, 304
Longwing butterflies, 12, 17; Banded, 120; Crimson-patched, 120, 147, 242; Isabella’s, 120; Julia, 13, 19, 28, 148, 242, 246, 291, 292, 370; Zebra, 4, 13, 16, 18, 28, 147–148, 147, 242, 246, 291, 292
Lonicera spp., 34
Lonicera albiflora (Bush Honeysuckle), 377
Lonicera flava (Yellow Honeysuckle), 380
Lonicera sempervirens (Coral Honeysuckle), 291, 380
Lotus unifoliatus (Single-leaf Deer-vetch), 296
Lupinus harvardii (Big Bend Bluebonnet), 294
Lupinus texensis (Texas Bluebonnet), 294
Lychnis chalcedonica (Maltese Cross), 386
Lycorea cleobaea (Tiger Mimic-queen), 121
Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (Tahoka Daisy), 79, 89, 91, 256, 361, 367, 367, 382
Macroptilium atropurpureum (Purple Bush-bean), 87, 122, 174, 294
Magnolia virginiana (Sweet-bay), 82, 84, 131, 133, 137, 285
Mahonia trifoliolata (Agarita), 78, 88, 200, 202, 326, 354, 376
Malachite butterfly, 116, 118, 120, 144–145, 144, 251, 275, 302, 310, 325
Malachra capitata (Malva de Caballo), 122
Malacosoma americanum (tent caterpillar), 219
male butterflies, pheromones and fragrance of, 8–9, 131
Male Mujer, 145
Mallow, 197; Common, 165, 195, 198, 309; False, Rio Grande, 299; False, Three-lobe, 121, 123, 125, 195, 299; False, Wright’s, 85, 299; High, 309; Mexican, 195, 196; Mexican, Slender-stalked, 299; Poppy, Tall, 195; Round-leaf, 197; Salt-marsh, 334, 349, 359–360, 359, 365, 382; Small-flowered, 164, 197, 309; Velvet-leaf, 299. See also Globe-Mallow
Malpighia glabra (Barbados Cherry), 84, 86, 88, 120, 121, 125, 145, 220, 220, 275, 287, 376
Maltese Cross, 386
Malus pumila (Apple), 131, 135, 143, 144, 286, 375
Malva de Caballo, 122
Malva neglecta (Common Mallow), 165, 195, 198, 309
Malva parviflora (Small-flowered Mallow), 164, 197, 309
Malva rotundifolia (Round-leaf Mallow), 197
Malvastrum americanum (Rio Grande False Mallow), 299
Malvastrum aurantiacum (Wright’s False Mallow), 85, 299
Malvastrum coromandelianum (Three-lobe False-mallow), 121, 123, 125, 195, 299
Malva sylvestris (High Mallow), 309
Malvaviscus arboreus (Drummond’s Wax-mallow), 86
Malvaviscus drummondii (Drummond’s Wax-mallow; Turk’s Cap), 79, 85, 88, 122, 123, 125, 154, 158, 289, 319, 326–327, 326, 378
Malvella leprosa (Alkali Little-mallow), 164, 195, 299
Manfreda spp., 120
Manfreda maculosa (Spotted Tuberose), 304
Manfreda variegata (Variegated Tuberose), 304
Marble, Olympia (butterfly), 294, 302, 303, 309
Marigold, 57, 58, 164, 265; Desert, 91, 383; Mexican Mint, 106; Single, 386
Marjoram, 386
Marpensia chiron (Many-banded Dagger-wing), 119
Marpesia petreus (Ruddy Daggerwing), 13, 119
Marrubium vulgare (Common Horehound), 386
Marsh-fleabane, Purple, 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 91, 125, 337, 358–359, 358, 383
marsh landscape plan, 84–85, 84
Matelea reticulata (Net-leaf Milkvine), 141
Maurandya antirrhiniflora (Snapdragon Vine), 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 167, 242–243, 242, 292, 373
Mayaca aubletii (Bogmoss), 355
Mayapple, 67
meat, raw, 42
Medic: Black, 309; Toothed, 309
Medicago lupulina (Black Medic), 309
Medicago polymorpha (Bur-clover), 194, 196
Medicago polymorpha (Toothed Bur-clover), 306
Medicago polymorpha (Toothed Medic), 309
Medicago sativa (Alfalfa), 31, 159, 165, 198, 306
Melampodium leucanthum (Black-foot Daisy), 313
melanin, 7–8
Melanis pixe (Red-bordered Pixie), 121
Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), 375
Melilotus albus (White Sweet-clover), 194, 197, 198, 310, 386
Melilotus indicus (Yellow Sour-clover), 310
Melilotus officinalis (Yellow Sweet-clover), 310, 386
Mellana, Common (butterfly), 120
Memphis glycerium (Angled Leafwing; Crinkled Leafwing), 120, 151
Memphis pithyusa (Pale-spotted Leafwing), 120, 151
Mentha arvensis (Wild Mint), 383
Merremia dissecta (Alamo Vine), 85, 380
Mesquite, Honey, 78, 80, 86, 88, 90, 188, 224, 283, 374
Mesquite, Screwbean, 120
Mestra amymone (Amymone), 13, 182–183, 182
Mestra (Amymone) butterfly, 13, 182–183, 182
Metalmark butterflies, 3, 325; Blue, 2, 120; Chisos, 27; Curve-winged, 121; Falcate, 121; Fatal, 201, 201, 237, 292; Little, 304; Palmer’s, 283; Rawson’s, 289, 300; Red-bordered, 288; Rounded, 288, 296, 325
metal pots, 94
Mexican-hat, 313
Mexican-mallow, Slender-stalked, 299
Mexican Mint-marigold, 106
Mexican Olive. See Anacahuita
Meximalva filipes (Mexican-mallow), 195, 196, 299
mice, 14
migration, 13
Mikania scandens (Climbing Hempweed), 83, 85, 87, 120, 125, 142, 337, 337, 349, 360, 365, 380
Milfoil, 165
Milk-pea, Downy, 291
Milk-vetch: Bent-pod, 299; Canadian, 299; Lotus, 299; Nuttall’s, 299; Woolly, 299; Wooton’s, 299
Milkvine, Net-leaf, 141
Milkweed, 106, 140–141, 146, 156, 179, 194, 197, 200, 270; Antelope-horns, 141, 246–247, 247, 299, 383; Blunt-leaf, 299; Broad-leaf, 299; as caterpillar food, 30; Common, 344; in first-year gardens, 59; Green, 83, 141, 300; Lance-leaf, 270; poisonous compounds in, 21; Prairie, 141, 300; Purple, 344, 383; Red-flowered, 270; Showy, 79, 387; Swamp, 83, 85, 89, 270, 300, 334, 344, 345, 349, 366, 366, 383; Texas, 91, 300; Tropical, 59, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 97–98, 125, 141, 266, 309, 344, 366, 387; White-flowered, 344
Milkweed Vine: Climbing, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 122, 125, 141, 235–236, 236, 291, 380; Wavy-leaf, 291
Mimosa: Black, 122; Cat’s-claw, 90, 377; Flowering, 55, 78, 80, 82, 84, 88, 286, 316–318, 317, 375; Fragrant, 377; Softleaf, 125; Velvet-pod, 377; Vine, 125
Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera (Cat’s-claw Mimosa), 90, 377
Mimosa borealis (Fragrant Mimosa), 377
Mimosa dysocarpa (Velvet-pod Mimosa), 377
Mimosa malacophylla (Softleaf Mimosa; Vine Mimosa), 125
Mimosa pigra (Black Mimosa), 122
Mimosa strigillosa (Powderpuff), 81, 83, 85, 87, 125, 190, 265, 265, 301
Ministreak butterflies: Clytie, 289; Leda, 283
Mint, 39, 62; Catmint, 385; Lemon-mint, 37; Mexican Mint-marigold, 106; Mountain, 83, 142, 279, 383; Rosemary-mint, Woolly, 378; Wild, 383
Mirabilis jalapa (Four-o’clock), 106
Mistflower, 156, 174, 180, 255, 256, 266, 279, 349, 360, 361; Betony-leaf, 85, 87, 125, 325, 383; Blue, 83, 85, 135, 141, 211, 383; Gregg’s (Palm-leaf), 79, 87, 89, 91, 125, 147, 300, 339, 345, 347, 347, 353, 383
Mistletoe, 187; Christmas, 188, 223–224, 223, 288; Oak, 188; Rough, 188
Mock-orange, 379
Modiola caroliniana (Carolina Modiola), 195
Monarch butterfly, 9, 12, 16, 17, 20–21, 41, 102, 106, 112, 139–142, 140, 236, 247, 291, 295, 296, 299, 300, 309, 333, 344, 350, 351, 368, 370
Monarda citriodora (Lemon Beebalm), 37, 85, 91, 381
Monarda didyma (Showy Bergamot), 59, 79, 154, 362–363, 362, 385
Monarda fistulosa (Wild Bergamot), 85, 89, 134
Monarda lindheimeri (Lindheimer’s Bergamot), 381
Monarda punctata (Spotted Beebalm), 91, 381
Monca crispinus (Violet-patched Skipper), 122
Morella cerifera (Southern Wax-myrtle), 289
Morning Glory, 37, 55, 125, 174, 193; Lindheimer’s, 331, 380; Salt-marsh, 85, 380; Sharp-pod, 122, 331, 380
Morus spp., 168
Morus microphylla (Little-leaf Mulberry), 78, 80, 90, 284
Morus rubra (Red Mulberry), 78, 82, 84, 147, 284
moths, butterflies vs., 1
Mountain-mint, 142, 279; Slender-leaf, 83, 383
Mourning Cloak butterfly, 11, 12, 16, 28, 40, 41, 42, 44, 145–147, 146, 209, 282, 283, 285, 286
mowing, 69–70
Mulberry, 168; Little-leaf, 78, 80, 90, 284; Red, 78, 82, 84, 147, 284
Musa spp., 40
Muskflower, Scarlet, 354
Mustard, Field, 175
Mustard family, 30, 31, 152, 176, 186
Myscelia ethusa (Mexican Bluewing), 119
Nastra julia (Julia’s Skipper), 10, 308
Nasturtium, 29, 79, 81, 83, 87, 96, 106, 112, 152, 309
Nathalis iole (Dainty Sulphur), 13, 296, 300, 302, 303
native plants: advantages of, 60, 67–68; definition of, 25–26; grass lawns, 71–73, 72; information sources on, 74, 404–405; organizations, societies, and publications for, 74, 399–400, 402–403; places of interest on, 401–402; planting native seeds, 68–71, 68, 70; soil requirements for, 62; sources of plants and seeds, 68–71, 73–76, 395–397; wildflower meadows, 68
Native Plant Society newsletter, 74
natural insecticidal controls, 110–113. See also pest control
nature photography publications, 395
nectar: composition of, 33–35; discovery of, 31; evolution of, 32; in floral nectaries, 32; plants used for, 32–36, 313–387; scent of, 39
Nemastylis geminiflora (Celestials; Prairie Celestials), 72, 89
Nemastylis tenuis (Slender Shellflower; Southwestern Pleatleaf), 91
Nepeta cataria (Catnip), 385
Nepeta mussinii (Catmint), 385
Nettle, 106, 111–112, 162; Bull, 145; Dwarf Stinging, 303; False, 156, 163, 300; Heart-leaf Stinging, 73, 111–112, 156, 163, 257–258, 257, 303; Slim Stinging, 303
New Jersey Tea, 57, 83, 85, 194, 227–228, 227, 289, 378
newspaper mulch, 67
Nicotiana spp., 111
Nisoniades rubescens (Purplish-black Skipper), 122
Nod-violet: Green, 261; Whorled, 153
Nolina erumpens (Foot-hill Bear-grass), 287
nonnative plants, definition of, 26
Noseburn, Catnip, 121, 182, 300
Nothoscordum bivalve (False Garlic), 72, 81, 89, 91, 186, 194, 382
nuptial nectaries, 32
Nutgrass: Purple, 61; Yellow, 61, 309
Nuttallanthus, 28
Nuttallanthus canadensis (Old-field Toad-flax), 274
Nuttallanthus texanus (Texas Toadflax), 89, 273–274, 274, 304
Nyctaginia capitata (Scarlet Muskflower), 354
Nyctelius nyctelius (Violet-banded Skipper), 122
Nymphaea spp., 355
Nymphalis antiopa (Mourning Cloak), 11, 12, 16, 28, 40, 41, 42, 44, 145–147, 146, 209, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286
Nymphoides aquatica (Floating-heart), 355
Oak, 12, 82, 84, 90, 138, 188, 193, 224; Black, 284; Black-jack, 284; Bur, 78, 139, 284; Chinquapin, 78, 80, 284; Emory, 139, 284; Gambel, 139, 284; Laurel-leaf, 284; Live, 88, 193, 284; Live, Plateau, 139; Post, 193, 284; Shumard Red, 193, 217; Southern Red, 80, 284; Spanish, 88, 216–217, 216, 284; Texas Red, 217; Water, 193, 284; White, 193, 278, 285; Willow, 285
Oat, 309
Odocoileus spp., 108
Oenomaus ortygnus (Aquamarine Hair-streak), 120
Oenothera speciosa (Showy Evening Primrose), 313
Olive, Wild, 161
Olympia Marble butterfly, 294, 302, 303, 309
On Butterflies and Moths (Howe), v
One-seeded Croton, 151, 198, 295
Onion, Yellow-flowered, 91. See also Wild Onion
Oplismenus hirtellus (Basket Grass), 297
opossums, 14
Orange, 84, 86, 115, 125; Mexican, 91, 377; Sour, 286; Sweet, 129–130, 286, 375; Trifoliate, 79, 83, 85, 290
Orange butterflies: Sleepy, 260, 263, 300, 302, 309, 310, 370; Tailed, 289, 302
Orangetip butterfly, Falcate, 11, 20, 72, 127, 185–186, 186, 261, 270, 294, 301, 302, 309
Orchid Tree: Anacacho, 88; Mexican, 88, 119, 125, 318–319, 318, 360
Oregano, Mexican, 87, 89, 125, 319, 327, 387
organic matter, 62–63
Origanum vulgare (Marjoram), 386
Orioles, Orchard, 318
Oryza sativa (Rice, Cultivated), 310
osmeteria, 16
Osmorhiza longistylis (Anise-root), 136, 293
Ostrya virginiana (Eastern Hop-hornbeam), 144, 147, 283
overabundance, as defense, 15
Paintbrush, 28, 79, 81, 89, 91, 183, 184; Downy, 184, 249–250, 249, 300, 373; Purple, 184, 300; Tall, 184; Texas, 184, 250, 300; Woolly, 184
Painted Lady butterfly, 12, 13, 15, 17, 26, 31, 41, 42, 162, 163–165, 164, 273, 283, 288, 301, 303, 304, 306, 307, 309, 310, 350
Palafoxiam, Rose, 341
Palafoxia rosea (Rose Palafoxia), 341
Palo Verde, 374
Panicum capillare (Common Witch Grass), 297
Panicum dichotomum (Forked Panic Grass), 298
Panicum maximum (Guinea Grass), 69, 120, 122
Panicum virgatum (Switch Grass), 298
Panoquina lucas (Purple-washed Skipper), 122
Pansy, 53, 79, 153, 261; Field, 300; Garden, 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 153, 309, 364
Papaya, 121
Paper-flower, Woolly, 79, 89, 91, 259, 271, 373, 373, 383
Papilio anchisiades (Ruby-spotted Swallowtail), 123
Papilio astyalus (Broad-banded Swallowtail), 123, 130
Papilio cresphontes (Giant Swallowtail), xi, xiv, 18, 19, 20, 129–130, 129, 212, 233, 285, 286, 289, 310
Papilio glaucus (Eastern Tiger Swallowtail), 15, 18, 21, 28, 130–131, 130, 133, 216, 219, 231, 233, 282, 285, 286, 289, 320, 392
Papilio multicaudata (Two-tailed Tiger Swallowtail), 15, 131, 219, 233, 282, 289
Papilio ornythion (Ornythion Swallowtail), 123, 130
Papilio palamedes (Palamedes Swallowtail), i, xii, 8, 15, 18, 131–133, 132, 213, 216, 229, 282, 285, 286
Papilio pilumnus (Three-tailed Tiger Swallowtail), 131
Papilio polyxenes (Black Swallowtail), 11, 21, 29, 96, 106, 293, 294, 296, 300, 301, 302, 305, 307, 309, 310
Papilio polyxenes asterius (Eastern Black Swallowtail), 92, 127, 133, 134–136, 135, 262
Papilio rutulus (Western Tiger Swallowtail), 131
Papilio thoas (Thoas Swallowtail), 123, 130
parasitic wasps, 108
parasitism, of caterpillars, 14
Parietaria floridana (Florida Pellitory), 163, 300
Parietaria pensylvanica (Pennsylvania Pellitory), 264–265, 264, 300
Parkinsonia aculeata (Retama), 86, 88, 90, 120, 374
Parkinsonia texana (Palo Verde), 374
Parrhasius m-album (White M Hairstreak), 192, 192, 282, 284, 285
Parsley, 26, 29, 96, 106, 136, 309; Garden, 228; Prairie, Nuttall’s, 136; Prairie, Texas, 262, 383
Partridge-pea, 17, 73, 83, 87, 89, 155, 190, 262–264, 263, 300; Ferny-leaved, 17, 73
Paspalum: Fringe-leaf, 120; Thin, 300
Paspalum spp., 122
Paspalum dilatatum (Dallis Grass), 308
Paspalum setaceum (Thin Paspalum), 300
Paspalum setaceum var. ciliatifolia (Fringe-leaf Paspalum), 120
Paspalum urvillei (Vasey Grass), 309
Passiflora spp., 28, 55, 97, 97, 120, 149, 153
Passiflora affinis (Bracted Passionflower), 148, 291
Passiflora caerulea (Blue Passionflower), 149, 153, 292
Passiflora coccinea (Scarlet Passionflower), 292
Passiflora foetida (Red-fruited Passionflower), 81, 85, 87, 89, 120, 125, 148, 153, 241–242, 241, 291
Passiflora incarnata (Purple Passionflower), 81, 83, 85, 89, 148, 153, 240–241, 240, 291
Passiflora lutea (Yellow Passionflower), 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 148, 245–246, 246, 292
Passiflora suberosa (Corky-stemmed Passionflower), 121, 148
Passiflora tenuiloba (Slender-lobed Passionflower), 87, 89, 91, 148, 292
Passionflower, 28, 29, 30, 55, 57, 77, 97, 97, 120, 149, 153; Blue, 149, 153, 292; Bracted, 148, 291; Corky-stemmed, 121, 148; Purple, 81, 83, 85, 89, 148, 153, 240–241, 240, 291; Red-fruited, 81, 85, 87, 89, 120, 125, 148, 153, 241–242, 241, 291; Scarlet, 292; Slender-lobed, 87, 89, 91, 148, 292; Yellow, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 148, 245–246, 246, 292
Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), 136
Patch butterflies: Banded, 121, 287; Bordered, 15, 18, 176–177, 176, 256–257, 289, 294, 295, 297, 301, 303, 305, 310, 348, 351, 370, 372; Definite, 303; Janais, iv, v, x, 2, 3, 15, 17, 160–161, 160, 226, 287, 388; Rosita, 121, 250, 296, 305
patrolling behavior, 7
Pawpaw, 27, 57; Dwarf (Small-flowered), 138, 224–225, 225, 288; Tall, 83, 138, 288, 332
Pea: Garden, 198, 309; Scarlet, 79, 83, 85, 87, 125, 198, 300
Peach, 40, 41, 131, 135, 156, 168, 178, 187, 286, 375
Peacock butterflies: Banded, 121, 248, 251, 275, 302, 310; White, 159–160, 159, 272, 275, 297, 302, 305, 310, 325, 400
Peanut, 198
Pear, 41, 143, 144, 147, 156, 168, 286
Pearly-eye butterflies: Creole, 295; Southern, 295
Pecan, 285
Pectis angustifolia (Limoncillo), 91
Pelargonium spp., 106
Pellicia, Glazed (butterfly), 121
Pellicia arina (Glazed Pellicia), 121
Pellitory: Florida, 163, 300; Pennsylvania, 264–265, 264, 300
Pennisetum ciliare (Buffel Grass), 308
Pennycress, Field, 175
Pennyroyal, Annual, 89
Penstemon albidus (White-flowered Beard-tongue), 294
Penstemon cobaea (Cobaea Beard-tongue), 294
Pentas, 36, 59, 85, 87, 89, 96, 125, 154, 266, 351–353, 352, 356, 364, 387
Pentas lanceolata, 36, 59, 83, 85, 87, 89, 96, 125, 154, 266, 351–353, 352, 364, 387
Pepper-bush, Sweet, 377
Peppergrass, 79, 83, 89, 91, 255, 271, 275–276, 276, 341, 354; Prairie, 186, 301; Virginia, 152, 175, 186, 301; Western, 89, 91, 255, 271, 275–276, 276, 301, 341, 354, 383; Woolly-fruit, 186
Pepper-vine, 380
perching behavior, 7
perennials, in first-year gardens, 58–59
Perovskia atriplicifolia (Russian Sage), 89
Persea americana (Avocado), 133, 286
Persea borbonia (Red Bay), 57, 82, 84, 88, 132–133, 137, 212–213, 213, 224, 282
Persimmon, 41, 168; Texas, 199, 289
pest control, 103–115; chemical pesticides, 113–114; companion plants as, 105; of fire ants, 114–115; natural insecticidal controls, 110–113; physical controls, 107–108; plant health and, 103–105; repellent plants, 105–107
Petrophyton caespitosum (Rock-spirea), 289
Petroselinum crispum (Parsley), 26, 29, 96, 106, 136, 228, 309
Petunia, 31, 34, 53, 55; Old-fashioned, 34, 55, 58, 79, 83, 173, 265, 267, 387
Petunia spp., 31, 34, 53, 55, 106, 107, 313
Petunia axillaris (Old-fashioned Petunia), 34, 55, 58, 79, 83, 173, 265, 267, 387
Phacelia, 174, 196, 202, 353–354, 353, 373, 383
Phacelia congesta (Phacelia), 174, 196, 202, 353–354, 353, 373, 383
Phaeostrymon alcestis alcestis (Soapberry Hairstreak), 218, 285
Phaseolus coccineus (Scarlet Runner Bean), 380
Phaseolus filiformis (Wright’s Bean), 180
Phaseolus lunatus (Lima Bean), 174, 198, 306
Phaseolus polystachios (Thicket Bean), 172
Phaseolus vulgaris (Garden Bean), 29, 105, 165, 174, 198, 306
Philadelphus spp., 379
Phlox: Downy, 383; Golden-eye, 72; Moss, 332, 365; Prairie, 332; Smooth, 387; Summer, 36, 55, 59, 79, 81, 89, 91, 132, 134, 135, 136, 173, 174, 256, 319, 339, 345, 353, 356, 360, 364–365, 364, 387
Phlox glaberrima (Smooth Phlox), 387
Phlox maculata, 365
Phlox paniculata, 36
Phlox paniculata (Summer Phlox), 55, 59, 79, 81, 89, 91, 132, 134, 135, 136, 173, 174, 256, 319, 339, 345, 353, 356, 360, 364–365, 364, 387
Phlox pilosa (Downy Phlox; Prairie Phlox), 332, 383
Phlox roemeriana (Golden-eye Phlox), 72
Phlox subulata (Moss Phlox), 332, 365
Phocides polybius lilea (Guava Skipper), 2, 3, 122, 161–162, 161
Phoebis philea (Orange-barred Sulphur), 260, 302
Phoebis sennae (Cloudless Sulphur), 13, 17, 17, 19, 73, 153–155, 154, 264, 300, 302, 310
Phoradendron spp., 187
Phoradendron hawksworthii (Rough Mistletoe), 188
Phoradendron tomentosum (Christmas Mistletoe), 188, 223–224, 223, 288
Phoradendron villosum (Oak Mistletoe), 188
photographing butterflies, 389–395; cameras, 389; clothing and gear for, 391–392; equipment sources, 394; field techniques, 389–392; gardening tips for, 393–394; information sources, 394; publications on, 394; time of day for, 392
Phycoides graphica vesta (Vesta Crescent), 250
Phycoides phaon phaon (Phaon Crescent), 272, 297
Phycoides tharos tharos (Pearl Crescent), 11, 191–192, 191, 259, 293, 370
Phyla spp., 37, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 167, 188, 194, 196, 202, 271, 382
Phyla nodiflora (Texas Frogfruit), 160, 271–272, 271
Phyla strigulosa (Diamond-leaf Frogfruit), 160
Pickerel Weed, 85, 132, 270, 337, 345, 354–355, 354, 366, 385
Picramnia pentandra (Bitterbush), 123
Picrasma excelsa (Quassia), 112
Pieris rapae (Cabbage White), 2, 15, 31, 112, 175–176, 301, 302, 305, 306, 307, 309
Pigeonberry, 85, 87, 89, 91, 120, 125
Pigeon-wings, 81, 83, 174, 180, 301; Asian, 85, 292
Pimpernel, Yellow, 136
Pimpinella anisum (Anise), 106
Pine, 44, 82, 84; Loblolly, 285; Long-leaf, 285; Short-leaf, 285; Slash, 285
Pineapple Guava, 162
pine/hardwood region landscape plan, 82–83, 82
Pink, Old-fashioned, 387
Pinus echinata (Short-leaf Pine), 285
Pinus elliottii var. elliottii (Slash Pine), 285
Pinus palustris (Long-leaf Pine), 285
Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine), 285
Pipevine, 26, 29, 30, 97, 292; Elegant, 134; Erect, 26, 29, 73; Fringed, 79, 81, 83, 87, 134, 309; Net-leaved, 301; Upright, 87, 89, 125, 301; Virginia, 301; Woolly, 57, 81, 83, 85, 244–245, 244, 292
Pisum sativum (Garden Pea), 198, 309
Pithecellobium dulce (Monkeypod Guamúchil), 121, 125
Pixie, Red-bordered (butterfly), 121
Plantago hookeriana (Hooker’s Plantain), 145
Plantago lanceolata (Narrow-leaved Plantain), 301
Plantago rhodosperma (Red-seeded plantain), 145
Plantago virginica (Virginia Plantain), 145
Plantain, 28; Hooker’s, 145; Narrow-leaved, 301; Red-seeded, 145; Virginia, 145
plant choice: buying from nurseries, 58–60, 395–397; companion plants, 105; for container gardens, 95–98; for first-year gardens, 58–59; flowering periods and, 59; as larval food sources, 70, 73, 205–313; as nectar sources, 32–36, 313–387; plant sources, 68–71, 73–76, 395–397; repellent plants, 105–107
planting gardens, 47–91; decisions to be made, 50–51; designing the garden, 51–57, 51, 53, 55, 56; instant butterfly gardens, 93–99, 101; landscape plan examples, 77, 78–91; mulch, 65–67, 66, 97; native plants for, 25–26, 60, 62, 67–68; planting native grass lawns, 71–73, 72; planting native seeds, 68–71, 68, 70; preparing beds, 61–62; seed and plant sources, 68–71, 73–76, 395–397; soil, 35–36, 58, 62–63, 96, 101; studying and sketching area, 47–50; supplies for, 403; water sources in, 63–65; weeds in, 73. See also plant choice
plants: as larval food sources, 70, 73, 205–313; as nectar sources, 32–36, 313–387; organizations, societies, and publications, 399–400; places of interest on, 401–402; sources for plants and seeds, 68–71, 73–76, 395–397. See also native plants
plant terminology, 24–26
Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore), 188
Pleatleaf, Southwestern, 91
Pluchea odorata (Purple Marsh-fleabane), 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 91, 125, 337, 358–359, 358, 383
Plum, 197; American, 41, 178, 286, 375; Chickasaw, 79, 289, 377; Creek, 377; Havard’s, 27; Mexican, 80, 82, 84, 88, 131, 187, 200, 285, 319–320, 319, 374; Oklahoma, 378
Plumbago, White-flowered, 87, 89, 125, 142, 145, 147, 233–234, 234, 255, 275, 301, 339, 353, 356, 365, 378
Plumbago auriculata (White-flowered Plumbago), 142
Plumbago scandens (White-flowered Plumbago), 87, 89, 125, 145, 147, 233–234, 234, 255, 275, 301, 339, 353, 356, 365, 378
Podophyllum peltatum (Mayapple), 67
Polanisia dodecandra (Clammyweed), 87, 152, 175, 295
Poliomintha incana (Woolly Rosemary-mint), 378
Poliomintha longiflora (Mexican Oregano), 87, 89, 125, 319, 327, 387
Polygala alba (White Milkwort), 89, 91
Polygonia spp., 18
Polygonia comma (Eastern Comma), 11, 283, 300
Polygonia interrogationis (Question Mark), 11, 12, 17, 27, 40, 41, 155–156, 155, 283, 300
Polytaenia nuttallii (Nuttall’s Prairie Parsley), 136, 261–262, 262, 301, 383
Polytaenia texana (Texas Prairie Parsley), 262, 383
Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate Orange), 79, 83, 85, 290
Pontederia cordata (Pickerel Weed), 85, 132, 270, 337, 345, 354–355, 354, 366, 385
Pontia protodice (Checkered White), 13, 31, 174–175, 175, 276, 295, 301, 302, 303, 306, 307
Poplar, Silver-leaf, 143, 144, 147, 286
Poppy-mallow, Tall, 195
Populus alba (Silver-leaf Poplar), 143, 144, 147, 286
Populus deltoides (Cottonwood), 21, 78, 131, 143, 144, 146, 188, 223, 282
Populus fremontii (Arizona Cottonwood), 146
Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen), 282
Porterweed, 89
Portulaca grandiflora (Moss Rose), 341, 387
Portulaca umbraticola (Purslane), 153
Possumhaw, 289
Potato, Irish, 109
Potato Bush, Blue, 122
potatoes, in pest control, 108
Powderpuff, 81, 83, 85, 87, 125, 190, 265, 265, 301
Prairie Grass: Slender, 298; Yellow (Indian Grass), 71, 81, 83, 89, 279–280, 280, 300
prairie landscape plan, 80–81, 80
Prairie Parsley: Nuttall’s, 136, 261–262, 262, 301, 383; Texas, 262, 383
Prairie Rose, 378
predation, of caterpillars and chrysalides, 13–14
Prickly Ash: Downy, 81, 85, 88, 129, 289; Hercules’-club, 56, 80, 82, 129, 211–212, 212, 285; Lime, 85, 88, 121, 123, 125, 129, 180, 289
Primrose, Showy Evening, 313
Priva lappulacea (Common Velvet-bur), 122
Privet, Chinese, 379
Proboscidea louisianica var. fragrans, 37, 38
Pro-Drone, 115
Prosopis glandulosa (Honey Mesquite), 78, 80, 86, 88, 90, 188, 224, 283, 374
Prosopis reptans (Screwbean Mesquite), 85, 120, 289
protective coloration, 17–18, 20, 20
Proteides mercurius (Mercurial Skipper), 122, 244
Prunella vulgaris (Selfheal), 186, 384
pruning, in container gardens, 98, 99
Prunus spp., 26, 40, 156, 168, 197
Prunus americana (Plum; American Plum), 41, 178, 187, 286, 375
Prunus angustifolia (Chickasaw Plum), 79, 289, 377
Prunus gracilis (Oklahoma Plum), 378
Prunus havardii, 27
Prunus mexicana (Mexican Plum), 80, 82, 84, 88, 131, 187, 200, 285, 319–320, 319, 374
Prunus persica (Peach), 131, 135, 178, 187, 286, 375
Prunus rivularis (Creek Plum), 377
Prunus serotina (Wild Black Cherry), 27, 80, 82, 84, 88, 131, 143, 144, 216–217, 217, 282, 374
Prunus serotina var. eximia (Wild Black Cherry), 219
Prunus serotina var. serotina (Wild Black Cherry), 219
Prunus serotina var. virens (Wild Black Cherry), 219
Prunus virginiana (Choke Cherry), 90, 131, 144, 282
Pseudognaphalium canescens (Gray False Cudweed), 166
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (Fragrant False Cudweed), 166, 295
Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican Flame Vine), 79, 81, 87, 89, 125, 319, 337–339, 338, 380
Psidium cattlelanum (Strawberry Guava), 122
Psidium guajava (Common Guava; Guava), 122, 162
Psilostrophe tagetina (Woolly Paperflower), 79, 89, 91, 259, 271, 373, 373, 383
Psilostrophe villosa (Paper-Daisy), 79, 383
Ptelea trifoliata (Wafer-ash), 28, 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 91, 129, 131, 232–233, 233, 289
pterines, 8
Pterourus troilus (Spicebush Swallowtail), 12, 15, 21, 28, 133, 135, 136–137, 136, 213, 216, 231
Ptilimnium capillaceum (Thread-leaf Mock Bishop’s-weed), 136, 300
Ptilimnium costatum (Ribbed Mock Bishop’s-weed), 136
Ptilimnium nuttallii (Nuttall’s Mock Bishop’s-weed), 136, 300
publications, 397–398, 402–403
Pueraria montana var. lobata (Kudzu), 172, 292
pupa. See chrysalis
Purple, Red-spotted (butterfly), 15, 21, 27, 40, 142, 143–144, 143, 209, 219, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288
Purplewing, Dingy (butterfly), 121
Purple Wings, 119
Purslane, 153
Pycnanthemum incanum (Mountain-mint), 142, 279
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium (Slender-leaf Mountain-mint), 83, 383
pyrethrin, 114
Pyrgus albescens (White Checkered-Skipper), 195
Pyrgus communis (Common Checkered-Skipper), 194–195, 195, 248, 255, 293, 297, 300, 302, 303, 307, 309
Pyrgus oileus (Tropical Checkered-Skipper), 195, 248, 299, 300, 302, 309
Pyrgus philetas (Desert Checkered-Skipper), 195, 303
Pyrgus scriptura (Small Checkered-Skipper), 255
Pyrisitia dina (Dina Yellow), 123
Pyrisitia lisa lisa (Little Yellow), 13, 189–190, 190, 263, 265
Pyrisitia nise nelphe (Mimosa Yellow), 265, 301
Pyrus communis (Pear), 143, 144, 147, 156, 168, 286
Quasimellana eulogius (Common Mellana), 120
Quassia, 112
Queen Anne’s Lace, 136
Queen butterfly, 16, 20–21, 106, 112, 141, 142, 236, 247, 291, 295, 299, 300, 309, 344, 347, 351
Queen’s Wreath (Coral Vine), 55, 85, 87, 89, 125, 145, 319, 339, 339, 360, 365, 380
Quercus spp., 12, 82, 84, 90, 138, 188, 193, 224, 278
Quercus alba (White Oak), 193, 278, 285
Quercus buckleyi (Spanish Oak), 88, 216–217, 216, 284
Quercus emoryi (Emory Oak), 139, 284
Quercus falcata (Southern Red Oak), 80, 284
Quercus gambelii (Gambel Oak), 139, 284
Quercus laurifolia (Laurel-leaf Oak), 284
Quercus macrocarpa (Bur Oak), 78, 139, 284
Quercus marilandica (Black-jack Oak), 284
Quercus muhlenbergii (Chinquapin Oak), 78, 80, 284
Quercus nigra (Water Oak), 193, 284
Quercus phellos (Willow Oak), 285
Quercus shumardii (Shumard Red Oak), 193, 217
Quercus stellata (Post Oak), 193, 284
Quercus texana (Texas Red Oak), 217
Quercus velutina (Black Oak), 284
Quercus virginiana (Live Oak), 88, 193, 284
Quercus virginiana var. fusiformis (Plateau Live Oak), 139
Question Mark butterfly, 11, 12, 17, 27, 40, 41, 155–156, 155, 283, 300
Rabbit-brush, Southwest, 378
rabbits, 108
Rabbit-tobacco, Silver, 301
raccoons, 14
rain barrels, 63
Rain Lily, Prairie, 81, 89, 91
raised beds, 61
Randia rhagocarpa (Crucillo), 121
range, 128
Raphanus sativus (Radish), 152, 175
Rapistrum rugosum (Bastard Cabbage), 306
Ratibida columnifera (Mexican-hat), 313
Rattle-bush: Drummond’s, 301; Showy, 290
Rattlesnake Weed, 136
Reakirt’s Blue butterfly, 221, 253, 265, 277, 283, 286, 287, 288, 293, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 306, 307, 310, 346
Red Admiral butterfly, 11, 12, 15, 18, 27, 44, 73, 106, 162–163, 163, 257, 258, 265, 300, 303, 350, 351
Red Bay, 57, 82, 84, 88, 132–133, 137, 212–213, 213, 224, 282
Redbud, 56, 78, 80, 82, 84, 88, 90, 187, 200, 211, 214–215, 214, 285, 374; Eastern, 199, 214, 320; Mexican, 199, 214; Texas, 199, 214, 320
Redroot, 81, 88, 228, 289, 378
red wasps, 14
regional landscape plans: Region 1, 78–79, 78; Region 2, 80–81, 80; Region 3, 82–83, 82; Region 4, 84–85, 84; Region 5, 86–87, 86; Region 6, 88–89, 88; Region 7, 90–91, 91
repellent plants, 105–107
resting period (diapause), 12
Rhododendron spp., 57, 82, 84, 130, 132, 134, 165, 179, 211, 379
Rhododendron canescens (Piedmont Azalea), 224, 331–333, 331, 376
Rhus spp., 83
Rhus aromatica (Fragrant Sumac), 79, 289
Rhus copallina (Flame-leaf Sumac), 81, 85, 289
Rhynchosia minima (Least Snoutbean), 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 122, 125, 239–240, 239, 292
Rhynchosia senna var. texana (Texas Snout-bean), 91, 292
Rhynchosia tomentosa (Woolly Snoutbean), 292
Rice, Cultivated, 310
Rio Grande Valley: landscape plans for, 86–87, 86; uncommon butterflies in, 117–119, 119–123
Rivina humilis (Pigeonberry), 85, 87, 89, 91, 120, 125
Roadside Skipper butterflies: Bell’s, 305, 308; Bronze, 305; Celia’s, 294, 305, 308; Common, 305, 308; Lace-winged, 295; Nysa, 297, 308; Orange-headed, 294; Simius, 298
Robin, 224
Robinia spp., 173
Robinia hispida (Bristly Locust), 172, 290
Robinia neomexicana (New Mexico Locust), 91, 288
Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust), 78, 80, 82, 86, 172, 208, 208, 286
Rockcress: Balcones, 302; Brazos, 186; Sickle-pod, 302
Rocket, Sweet, 387
Rocket-mustard, 302
rock mulch, 67
Rock-spirea, 289
rolling plains landscape plan, 78–79, 78
Roosevelt-weed, 378
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Water-cress), 305
Rorippa teres (Southern Marsh Yellowcress), 152
Rosa spp., 9
Rosa carolina (Carolina Rose), 378
Rosa setigera (Prairie Rose), 378
Rose: Carolina, 378; Moss, 341, 387; Prairie, 378
Rosemary-mint, Woolly, 378
Rose-of-Sharon, 198
rotenone, 114
Rubus trivialis (Southern Dewberry), 377
Rudbeckia hirta (Brown-eyed Susan), 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 177, 266, 294, 342, 342, 356, 364, 381
Rudbeckia subtomentosa (Sweet Coneflower), 386
Rue: Fringed, 130, 136, 310; Garden, 106, 130, 136, 310
Ruellia: Mexican, 189, 310; Runyon’s, 119, 120; Violet, 81, 83, 85, 89, 145, 160, 167, 274–275, 275, 302; Western, 160, 302
Ruellia brittoniana (Mexican Ruellia), 189, 310
Ruellia nudiflora (Violet Ruellia), 81, 83, 85, 89, 145, 167, 274–275, 275, 302
Ruellia nudiflora var. runyonii (Runyon’s Ruellia), 119, 120
Ruellia occidentalis (Western Ruellia), 160, 302
Rumex crispus (Curly Dock), 296
Rumex obtusifolius (Bitter Dock), 296
Rumex triangulivalvis (Mexican Dock), 296
Russian Thistle, Prickly, 203
Ruta spp., 106
Ruta chalapensis (Fringed Rue), 130, 136, 310
Ruta graveolens (Garden Rue), 106, 130, 136, 310
Rye Grass, 120, 122, 308; Canada Wild, 302; Perennial, 308
Ryonia, 113
Saccharum officinarum (Sugar Cane), 122, 194, 307
Sage, 112; Cedar, 77, 89, 91, 383; Cherry, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 275, 354, 371, 378; Mealy, 81, 89, 91, 383; Russian, 89; Shrubby Blue, 125, 378; Tropical, 79, 87, 91, 125, 145, 154, 326, 371, 371, 383; White, 164
Sagittaria spp., 354
Sagittarias, 354
Sailor, Blue-eyed (butterfly), 28, 120
Salicornia virginica (Virginia Glasswort), 297
Salix spp., 21, 27, 28, 80, 188, 224
Salix amygdaloides (Peach-leaved Willow), 285
Salix babylonica (Weeping Willow), 143, 147, 209, 286
Salix caroliniana (Carolina Willow), 143, 146
Salix exigua (Sandbar Willow), 143, 146, 285
Salix nigra (Black Willow), 143, 146, 209, 209, 285
Salsola tragus (Prickly Russian Thistle), 203
Saltbush: Australian, 203; Four-wing, 91, 203, 302
Saltwort, 151–152
Salvia spp., 37, 158, 193, 256, 267, 279, 360
Salvia, Gregg’s, 77
Salvia ballotiflora (Shrubby Blue Sage), 125, 378
Salvia coccinea (Tropical Sage), 79, 87, 91, 125, 145, 154, 326, 371, 371, 383
Salvia farinacea (Mealy Sage), 81, 89, 91, 383
Salvia greggii (Cherry Sage; Gregg’s Mist-flower), 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 275, 354, 371, 378
Salvia officinalis (sage), 112
Salvia roemeriana (Cedar Sage), 77, 89, 91, 383
Sambucus nigra var. canadensis (Common Elderberry), 112
sand beds, 42–43
Sand-verbena, 91, 147; Amelia’s, 340–341, 340, 384; Sweet, 79, 384
Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii (Western Soapberry), 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90, 217–218, 217, 285
sapsucker, yellow-bellied, 146
Sarcocornia utahensis (Utah Swampfire), 203
Sassafras, 28, 56, 80, 82, 84, 131, 133, 137, 215–216, 215, 224, 285
Sassafras albidum (Sassafras), 28, 56, 80, 82, 84, 131, 133, 137, 215–216, 215, 224, 285
Satyr butterflies: body basking, 11; Carolina, 297, 308; food for, 40; Gemmed, 12, 305, 308; Little Wood, 308; Red Satyr, 308, 309
Satyrium favonius ontario, 16
Satyrium liparops (Striped Hairstreak), 219, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288
Satyrium titus (Coral Hairstreak), 219, 282, 289
Saururus cernuus (Lizard’s Tail), 354
savannah landscape plan, 80–81, 80
sawdust mulch, 65–66
scale insects, 109
scales: characteristics of, 1, 6; coloration of, 7–8; scent, 8–9, 10
Scale-seed: Forked, 136; Spreading, 136, 302
Scallopwing butterflies: Hayhurst’s, 299, 300, 308; Mazans, 293, 307, 310
Scarlet Runner Bean, 380
scent: aging and, 39; in butterfly gardens, 39; garden plans and, 55; locating egg-laying areas by, 26; of nectar, 33; scent guns, 16; scent marks, 39; scent scales, 8–9, 10
Schizachyrium scoparium (Little Bluestem), 71, 294
scientific names, 127–128, 206
Scirpus cyperinus (Woolly-grass Bulrush), 294
scything, 70
Sea-purslane, Winged, 203, 302
Sedum spectabile (Sedum), 360–361, 361, 387
Seepweed, Alkali, 203
Seep-willow, 378
Senecio ampullaceus (Texas Groundsel), 382
Senecio confusus. See Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides
Senecio flaccidus (Thread-leaf Groundsel), 79, 91, 369, 369, 382
Senecio riddellii (Broom Groundsel), 382
Senna: Argentina, 80, 84, 86, 120, 125, 155, 290; Candle-stick, 125, 155, 290; Christmas, 120, 123, 125, 155; Coffee, 120, 155, 190, 290, 310; Lindheimer’s, 123, 125, 259–260, 259, 302, 361, 384; Maryland, 155, 190, 302; Sickle-pod, 155, 310; Two-leaved, 79, 81, 89, 91, 155, 302, 356; Wislizenus, 378
Senna spp., 119, 121, 122, 123
Senna alata (Candle-stick Senna), 125, 155, 290
Senna corymbosa (Argentina Senna), 80, 84, 86, 120, 125, 155, 290
Senna lindheimeriana (Lindheimer’s Senna), 123, 125, 259–260, 259, 302, 361, 384
Senna marilandica (Maryland Senna), 155, 190, 302
Senna obtusifolia (Sickle-pod Senna), 155, 310
Senna occidentalis (Coffee Senna), 120, 155, 190, 290, 310
Senna pendula (Christmas Senna), 120, 123, 125, 155
Senna roemeriana (Two-leaved Senna), 79, 81, 89, 91, 155, 302, 356
Senna wislizeni (Wislizenus Senna), 378
Sensitive-pea: Delicate, 155, 190, 302; Texas, 302
Serjania brachycarpa (Little-fruit Supple-jack), 119, 121, 125
Serviceberry, Downy, 374
Sesbania, Drummond’s, 302
Sesbania drummondii (Drummond’s Rattle-bush; Drummond’s Sesbania), 301, 302
Sesbania punicea (Showy Rattle-bush), 290
Sesuvium verrucosum (Winged Sea-purslane), 203, 302
Setaria spp., 122
Setaria pumila (Dwarf Bristle Grass), 297
Setaria scheelei (Southwestern Bristle Grass), 71
Shellflower, Slender, 91
Shepherd’s-needle, 58, 302, 387
Shepherd’s-purse, 152, 175, 302
shivering, 27
Shrimp Plant, 85, 87, 89, 118, 118, 120, 125, 145, 167, 189, 310, 319, 387; Green, 310
Sialia sialis (Bluebird), 224
Sida: Arrow-leaf, 195, 247–248, 247, 302; Lindheimer’s, 195, 303; Prickly, 195, 303; Spreading, 85, 195, 303, 384
Sida abutifolia (Spreading Sida), 85, 195, 303, 384
Sida lindheimeri (Lindheimer’s Sida), 195, 303
Sida rhombifolia (Arrow-leaf Sida), 195, 247–248, 247, 302
Sida spinosa (Prickly Sida), 195, 303
Sideroxylon celastrina (Bumelia), 178, 374
Sideroxylon lanuginosum (Gum Bumelia), 374
Silverbells: American, 378; Carolina, 82, 375; Two-winged, 375
Silverdrop, Broken (butterfly), 120
Silverleaf: Big Bend, 90, 185, 289; Texas (See Cenizo); Violet, 185
Silverspot, Mexican (butterfly), 120, 242, 292
Simsia calva (Awnless Bush-sunflower; Bush Sunflower), 87, 125, 177, 222, 258, 381
Sinapis arvensis (Field Mustard), 175
Siproeta stelenes biplagiata (Malachite), 116, 118, 120, 144–145, 144, 251, 275, 302, 310, 325
Sister butterflies: Arizona, 20, 138–139, 139, 284; Band-celled, 120
Sisymbrium altissimum (Tumble-mustard), 175
Sisymbrium irio (Rocket-mustard), 302
Sisymbrium officinale (Hedge-mustard), 309
Sisyrinchium spp., 37, 72, 81, 83, 89, 91
Sisyrinchium dimorphum (Bray Blue-eyed Grass), 381
Sisyrinchium ensigerum (Swordleaf Blue-eyed Grass), 381
Sisyrinchium langloisii (Langlois’s Blue-eyed Grass), 381
Sisyrinchium pruinosum (Dotted Blue-eyed Grass), 381
site possibilities, 93–94
Sium suave (Water Parsnip), 136
sketching garden area, 47–50
Skipper butterflies, 1, 11, 12, 39, 70–71, 73, 229, 233, 331; Acacia, 253, 293; Apache, 295; Arogos, 294; Brazilian, 172–173, 172, 254, 303, 307; Broad-winged, 301; Brown-banded, 120, 220, 287; Checkered, Common, 194–195, 195, 248, 255, 293, 297, 299, 300, 302, 303, 307, 309; Checkered, Desert, 195, 303; Checkered, Small, 255; Checkered, Tropical, 195, 248, 299, 300, 302, 309; Checkered, White, 195; Chisos Streaky, 196; Clouded, 298, 300, 307, 308; Coahuila Giant, 288; Cobweb, 294; Crossline, 294, 304; Delaware, 294, 298; Dion, 294, 295; Dotted, 297, 298, 304; Double-dotted, 122; Duke’s, 295; Dun, 304, 309; Dusted, 294; Eufala, 307, 308; Falcate, 122; Fawn-spotted, 122; Fiery, 193–194, 193, 298, 307, 308, 309, 370; Glassy-winged, 122, 289, 327; Golden Banded, 178, 179–180, 181, 291, 301, 303; Green, 71, 297, 298, 304, 308; Guava, 2, 3, 122, 161–162, 161; Hermit, 122; Julia’s, 10, 308; Laviana White, 252, 287, 293, 299, 300; Least, 11, 298; Malicious, 122; Mallow Scrub, 299; Manfreda Giant, 120, 304; Mary’s Giant, 288; Mercurial, 122, 244; Meske’s, 294, 304; Mimosa, 122; Obscure, 307, 308; Ocola, 310; Olive-clouded, 122; Orange, 308; Orange Giant, 287; Ottoe, 294, 298; Outis, 253, 293; Pahaska, 298; Pale-rayed, 122; Pepper and Salt, 280, 298, 305; Potrillo, 122; Purple-washed, 122; Purplish-black, 122; Roadside, Bell’s, 305, 308; Roadside, Bronze, 305; Roadside, Celia’s, 294, 305, 308; Roadside, Common, 305, 308; Roadside, Lace-winged, 295; Roadside, Nysa, 297, 308; Roadside, Orange-headed, 294; Roadside, Simius, 298; Sickle-winged, 179, 180, 289, 325; Silver-spotted, 170–172, 171, 181, 208, 238, 239, 286, 288, 291, 292, 295, 299, 300, 304, 306, 328; Starred, 122; Streaky, Common, 195–196, 196, 252, 293, 297, 299, 300, 305, 309; Streaky, Scarce, 252, 293, 299, 300, 305; Swarthy, 294; Tawny-edged, 298; Texas Powdered, 252, 287, 293, 299, 300, 305; Turk’s-cap White, 123, 289, 327; Umber, 308; Uncas, 298; Violet-banded, 122; Violet-patched, 122; White-patched, 220, 287; Yucca Giant, 289; Zabulon, 302
Skipperling butterflies: Orange, 298, 303; Southern, 308
Slender Wood-oats, 305
slugs and snails, 107–108, 110, 112, 113
Snakeroot: Havana, 88, 176, 289, 330–331, 330, 334, 378; Wright’s, 81, 89, 91, 331, 334, 360, 361, 378
snakes, green, 14
Snakewood, Texas, 378
Snapdragon, 167
Snapdragon Vine, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 167, 242–243, 242, 292, 373
Sneezeweed: Autumn, 303; Purple-headed, 303
Snoutbean: Least, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 122, 125, 239–240, 239, 292; Texas, 91, 292; Woolly, 292
Snout butterfly, 13, 42, 177–178, 177, 283, 288
soaker hoses, 64–65
soap, in pest control, 112, 115
Soapberry, Western, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90, 217–218, 217, 285
Soapberry Borer, 218
soil: in container gardens, 96; in dry beds, 101; in first-year gardens, 58, 62–63; nectar production and, 35–36; organic matter in, 62–63
soil tests, 63
Solanum rantonnatii (Blue Potato Bush), 122
Solanum tuberosum (Irish potato), 109
Soldier butterfly, 122, 141, 236, 291, 325
Solenopsis invicta (Fire Ant), 13, 114–115
Solidago spp., 79, 83, 85, 87, 91, 125, 141, 146, 187, 267, 345, 356, 360, 361, 382
Solidago altissima (Tall Goldenrod), 368, 368
Sootywing butterflies: Common, 293, 297, 306, 307, 310; Mexican, 293; Saltbush, 302
Sorghastrum elliottii (Slender Prairie Grass), 298
Sorghastrum nutans (Indian Grass; Yellow Prairie Grass), 71, 81, 83, 89, 279–280, 280, 298
Sorghum halepense (Johnson Grass), 61, 120, 308
Sour-clover, Yellow, 310
Soursop, 120
Spathilepia clonius (Falcate Skipper), 122
Spectacle-fruit, 175
Spectacle Pod, 89
Speedwell, Water, 303
Spermolepis divaricata (Forked Scale-seed), 136
Spermolepis inermis (Spreading Scale-seed), 136, 302
Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Copper Globe-mallow), 79, 81, 195, 196, 255, 297
Sphaeralcea coccinea (Globe-mallow), 79, 81, 89, 195, 254–255, 255, 297
Sphaeralcea coccinea var. coccinea (Scarlet Globe-mallow), 255
Sphaeralcea coccinea var. elata (Caliche Globe-mallow), 255
Sphaeralcea lindheimeri (Lindheimer’s Globe-mallow), 195
sphagnum moss, 94, 96, 97, 101
Sphyrapicus varius (yellow-bellied sapsucker), 146
Spicebush, 28, 56–57, 83, 88, 131, 137, 224, 230–231, 230, 289
Spider-flower, Rocky Mountain, 175
Spiderling: Erect, 153, 303; Scarlet, 153, 303; Spreading, 153
spiders: as pests, 108; predation by, 14
Spiraea spp., 9
Spiraea japonica, 379
spp., meaning of, 119
Sprangletop, 303
Spring Beauty, 37, 72, 81, 89, 186, 194, 384
Spring/Summer Azure butterfly, 26, 211, 219, 228, 238, 282, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 295, 297, 310, 372
Stachytarpheta spp., 89
Stallingsia maculosus (Manfreda Giant-Skipper), 120, 304
Star-grass, Yellow, 72, 81, 186, 384
Star Jasmine, 380
Star-violet, 384; Fine-leaf, 196
Stemodia, Woolly, 77, 85, 89, 277–278, 277, 303
Stemodia lanata (Woolly Stemodia), 77, 85, 89, 277–278, 277, 303
Stenandrium barbatum (Shaggy Stenandrium), 303, 384
Stenaria nigricans (Fine-leaf Star-violet; Star-violet), 196, 384
Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine Grass), 61, 71, 120, 122, 194, 308
Stinging Nettle: Dwarf, 303; Heart-leaf, 73, 111–112, 156, 163, 257–258, 257, 303; Slim, 303
stink bugs, 108
Stokesia laevis (Stokes Aster), 363–364, 363
Stonecrop, Texas, 125
Stripe-streak, Creamy (butterfly), 122
Strophostyles leiosperma (Slick-seed Wild Bean), 291
Strymon albata (White Scrub-Hairstreak), 120
Strymon alea (Lacey’s Scrub-Hairstreak), 230, 287
Strymon bazochii (Lantana Scrub-Hair-streak), 120
Strymon bebrychia (Red-lined Scrub-Hair-streak), 120
Strymon istapa istapa (Mallow Scrub-Hair-streak), 289, 291, 293, 300, 327
Strymon melinus franki (Gray Hairstreak), 26, 31, 127, 196–198, 197, 229, 235, 269, 277, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 302, 306, 307, 309, 310, 328, 370
Strymon rufofusca (Red-crescent Scrub-Hair-streak), 120
Strymon yojoa (Yojoa Scrub-Hairstreak), 120
Stylisma aquatica (Purple Stylisma), 180, 303
Styrax americana (American Silverbells), 378
Styrax americanus (American Snowbells), 131, 289
Suaeda monquinii (Seepweed), 203
sugaring, 40
Sulphur butterflies, 8, 10, 12, 350, 351; Clouded, 2, 158, 208, 263, 277, 286, 300, 306, 309, 310; Cloudless, 13, 17, 17, 19, 73, 153–155, 154, 264, 300, 302, 310; Dainty, 13, 296, 298, 302, 303; Large Orange, 282; Lyside, 15, 288; Orange, 31, 277, 295, 298, 299, 300, 304, 306, 307, 309, 310, 370; Orange-barred, 260, 302; Statira, 122; Yellow Angled, 13, 119, 123
Sumac, 83; Flame-leaf, 81, 85, 289; Fragrant, 79, 289
Sunflower: Annual, 161, 164, 176, 177, 257, 303, 384; Bush, 177, 331, 356; Bush, Awnless, 87, 125, 381; Maximilian, 79, 81, 331, 384; Mexican, 58, 59, 79, 81, 83, 87, 89, 91, 125, 134, 141, 149, 164, 310, 319, 350–351, 351, 365, 372, 387; Plains, 79, 81, 303; Swamp, 349, 384; Weak-stem, 177. See also Bush-sunflower
sunlight: nectar production and, 35; in planting plan, 49, 52, 53
Supplejack, Little-fruit, 119, 121, 125
Swallowtail butterflies, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 39, 73, 229, 330, 333, 350, 351; Black, 11, 21, 29, 96, 106, 293, 294, 296, 300, 301, 302, 305, 307, 309, 310; Broad-banded, 123, 130; Eastern Black, 92, 127, 133, 134–136, 135, 262; Eastern Tiger, 15, 18, 21, 28, 130–131, 130, 133, 216, 219, 231, 233, 282, 285, 286, 289, 320, 392; Giant, xi, xiv, 18, 19, 20, 129–130, 129, 212, 233, 285, 286, 289, 310; Ornythion, 123, 130; Palamedes, i, xii, 8, 15, 18, 131–133, 132, 213, 216, 229, 282, 285, 286; Pipevine, ii, 2, 3, 8, 8, 16, 20–21, 73, 97, 130, 133–134, 133, 135, 137, 142, 143, 144, 245, 292, 301, 309; Polydamas, 20, 73, 292, 309; Ruby-spotted, 123; Spicebush, 12, 15, 21, 28, 133, 135, 136–137, 136, 213, 216, 231, 282, 285, 286, 289; Thoas, 123, 130; Three-tailed Tiger, 131; Two-tailed Tiger, 15, 131, 219, 233, 282, 289; Western Tiger, 131; Zebra, 8, 18, 27, 43, 77, 100, 137–138, 137, 225, 229, 288, 395
Swampfire, Utah, 203
Sweet Alyssum, 53, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 96, 175, 306, 353, 358, 364, 385
Sweet-bay, 82, 84, 131, 133, 137, 285
Sweetleaf, 285
Sweet Orange. See Orange
Sweet Pea: Annual, 292, 380; Perennial, 380
Sweetspire, Virginia, 57, 83, 85, 378
Sycamore, 188
Symphyotrichum spp., 79, 91, 146, 165, 187, 191, 200, 202, 267, 331
Symphyotrichum drummondii var. texana (Texas Aster), 192, 293, 361, 381
Symphyotrichum dumosum (Bushy Aster), 192
Symphyotrichum ericoides (Heath Aster), 79, 81, 125, 258–259, 258, 293
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (Calico Aster), 192
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (New England Aster), 192, 194, 202, 259, 339, 361, 365, 373
Symphyotrichum oblongifolia (Fall Purple Aster), 385
Symphyotrichum praealtum (Tall Blue Aster; Willow-leaf Aster), 87, 192, 293, 381
Symplocos tinctoria (Sweetleaf), 285
Synapte malitiosa (Malicious Skipper), 122
Synthlipsis greggii (Gregg’s Keelpod), 125, 175
Syringa spp., 34, 55, 130, 179
Syringa vulgaris (Fragrant Lilac), 79, 81, 83, 131, 290, 328–329, 329, 379
Systasea pulverulenta (Texas Powdered-Skipper), 252, 287, 293, 300, 305
systemic pesticides, 114
Taenidia integerrima (Yellow Pimpernel), 136
Tagetes spp., 57, 58, 164, 265
Tagetes lucida (Mexican Mint-marigold), 106
Tagetes patula (Single Marigold), 386
Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy), 106
Tansy, 106
Tansy-mustard: Sophia, 175; Western, 175, 303
Tecoma stans (Yellow Bells), 79, 87, 89, 91, 234–235, 235, 378
temperature control, 9–11
Tenaza, 375
tent caterpillar, 219
Tephrosia, Lindheimer’s, 85, 89, 125, 303
Tephrosia lindheimeri (Lindheimer’s Tephrosia), 85, 89, 125, 303
terracing, 54
Teucrium cubense var. laevigatum (Cut-leaf Germander), 89
Teucrium lacinatum (Dwarf Germander), 91
The Texas Garden Resource Book (Simpson and McHargue), 395
Texola elada ulrica (Elada Checkerspot), 226, 250, 287, 305
Thalia, Powdery, 85, 173, 303, 354, 366
Thalia dealbata (Native Powdery Thalia; Powdery Thalia), 85, 173, 303, 354, 366
Thamnosma texana (Texas Dutchman’s-breeches), 81, 89, 136, 296
Thelesperma filifolium (Fine-leaf Green-thread), 298
Thessalia theona (Theona Checkerspot), viii, 15, 126
Thistle, 26, 135, 149, 156, 164, 187; Globe, 365, 387; Horrid, 164, 303; Prickly Russian, 203; Texas, 164, 174, 197, 204, 272–273, 273, 304, 384; Wavy-leaf, 164
Thistle Butterfly. See Painted Lady butterfly
Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress), 175
Thorybes bathyllus (Southern Cloudywing), 238, 291, 292, 295, 299, 301, 304
Thorybes pylades (Northern Cloudywing), 277, 292, 295, 299, 304, 306
Three-awn, Purplish, 304
Thymophylla spp., 79
Thymophylla acerosa (Prickle-leaf Dogweed), 89, 91, 382
Thymophylla pentachaeta (Common Dog-weed), 87, 91, 125, 296
Thymophylla tenuiloba (Bristle-leaf Dog-weed), 296
Tick-clover, 172, 182, 304; Bare-stem, 182; Canadian, 182; Little-leaved, 182, 304; Maryland, 304; Panicled, 182, 304; Round-leaved, 304; Trailing, 182, 304; Woolly, 304
Tiger Mimic-queen butterfly, 121
Tilia americana var. caroliniana (Carolina Basswood), 80, 82, 84, 88, 146, 282, 374
Timochares ruptifasciatus (Brown-banded Skipper), 120, 220, 287
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mexican Sunflower), 58, 59, 79, 81, 83, 87, 89, 91, 125, 134, 141, 149, 164, 310, 319, 350–351, 351, 365, 372, 387
Tmolus echion (Red-spotted Hairstreak), 120
Toadflax, 28; Old-field, 274; Texas, 89, 273–274, 274, 304
toads, 110
tobacco, chewing, 111
Trachelospermum jasminoides (Star Jasmine), 380
Tragia spp., 106
Tragia ramosa (Catnip Noseburn), 121, 183, 300
Trans-Pecos landscape plan, 90–91, 91
transplanting, 76
traps, 108
tree sap, 40
Trianthema portulacastrum (Desert Horsepurslane), 203, 298
trichogrammatids, 108
Tridens: Purpletop, 157, 304; Slim, 304
Tridens flavus (Purpletop Tridens), 157, 304
Tridens muticus (Slim Tridens), 304
Trifolium reflexum (Buffalo Clover), 295
Trifolium repens (White Clover), 105, 159, 198, 276–277, 277, 307, 386
Trillium spp., 67
Tropaeolum majus (Nasturtium), 29, 79, 81, 83, 87, 96, 106, 112, 152, 309
Tuberose: Spotted, 304; Variegated, 304
Tube-tongue. See Water-willow, Downy
Tulbaghia violacea (Society Garlic), 79, 106, 386
Tulip Tree, 56, 82, 131, 137, 285
Tumble-mustard, 175
Turdus migratorius (Robin), 224
Turk’s Cap. See Wax-mallow, Drummond’s
Turnera diffusa (Hierba del Venado), 120
Typhedanus undulatus (Mottled Longtail), 120
Ulmus spp., 27, 78, 82, 84, 188, 224
Ulmus alata (Winged Elm), 156, 283
Ulmus americana (American Elm), 78, 80, 147, 156, 164, 283
Ulmus crassifola (Cedar Elm), 86, 88, 156, 283
Ulmus pumila (Siberian Elm), 147, 156
Ulmus rubra (Slippery Elm), 147, 156, 283
ultraviolet spectrum, 5, 7, 36, 37
Ungnadia speciosa (Mexican Buckeye), 81, 88, 90, 199, 226–227, 227, 287, 320, 376
Urbanus dorantes dorantes (Dorantes Long-tail; Lilac-banded Longtail), 173–174, 173, 291, 292, 294, 301, 304, 306
Urbanus procne (Brown Longtail), 120
Urbanus proteus (Proteus Longtail), 244, 283, 291, 292, 301, 304, 306, 307, 309
Urbanus teleus (Teleus Longtail), 120
Urtica chamaedryoides (Heart-leaf Stinging-nettle), 73, 111–112, 156, 163, 257–258, 257, 303
Urtica dioica (Slim Stinging-nettle), 303
Urtica urens (Dwarf Stinging-nettle), 303
Urvillea, 119
Urvillea ulmacea (Urvillea), 119
Vaccinium spp., 278–279
Vaccinium arboreum (Huckleberry), 199, 278, 288
Vaccinium corymbosum (Highbush Blueberry), 83, 199, 278–279, 287
Vaccinium stamineum (Deerberry), 83, 144, 279, 288
Vanessa atalanta rubria (Red Admiral), 11, 12, 15, 18, 27, 44, 73, 106, 162–163, 163, 257, 258, 265, 300, 303, 350, 351
Vanessa cardui (Painted Lady), 12, 13, 15, 26, 31, 42, 162, 163–165, 164, 273, 283, 288, 301, 303, 304, 306, 307, 309, 310, 350
Vanessa virginiensis (American Lady), xvi, 27, 73, 96, 164, 165–166, 165, 268, 295, 296, 297, 301, 310
Vascular Plants of Texas (Jones, Wipff, and Montgomery), 206
Velvet-bur, Common, 122
Verbena, 34, 37, 39, 55, 59, 196, 197; Argentina, 79, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 132, 334, 339, 341–342, 341, 387; Prairie, 77, 79, 81, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 147, 186, 202, 255, 271, 354, 356–357, 356, 364, 384; Rose, 186, 332, 384; Sweet Almond, 55, 81, 85, 87, 88, 139, 333–334, 333, 360, 365, 379; Wright’s, 91
Verbena spp., 9, 32, 96, 96, 134, 141, 145, 149, 174, 194, 267, 331, 358, 361, 373
Verbena bipinnatifidai (Prairie Verbena), 85, 87, 89, 91
Verbena bonariensis (Argentina Verbena), 79, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 132, 334, 339, 341–342, 341, 387
Verbena wrightii (Wright’s Verbena), 91
Verbena xutha (Gulf Vervain), 85, 384
Verbesina spp., 125
Verbesina encelioides (Golden Crownbeard), 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 134, 176, 177, 194, 196, 256–257, 256, 267, 295, 356, 381
Verbesina helianthoides (Gravel-weed Crown-beard), 295
Verbesina microptera (Frostweed), 125, 146
Verbesina nana (Dwarf Crownbeard), 87, 271, 381
Verbesina virginica (Virginia Frostweed), 81, 83, 85, 87, 141, 156, 161, 177, 187, 297, 382
Vernonia spp., 79, 81, 83, 89, 134, 179, 211, 256, 382
Vernonia gigantea (Giant Ironweed), 141, 187
Vernonia missurica (Missouri Ironweed), 174
Veronica anagallis-aquatica (Water Speedwell), 303
Vervain, Dakota. See Verbena, Prairie
vesper warming, 11
Vetch: Common, 304; Crown, 310; Crown, Purple, 307; Louisiana, 304; Woolly-pod, 305
Viburnum nudum (Possumhaw), 289
Viburnum rufidulum (Rusty Blackhaw), 80, 374
Viceroy butterfly, 15, 21, 27, 142–143, 142, 209, 219, 282, 285, 286, 320
Vicia ludoviciana (Louisiana Vetch), 304
Vicia sativa (Common Vetch), 304
Vicia villosa (Woolly-pod Vetch), 305
Vidius perigenes (Pale-rayed Skipper), 122
Vigna luteola (Wild Cow-pea), 85, 122, 243–244, 243, 291
Viguiera dentata (Tooth-leaved Goldeneye), 81, 89, 91, 146, 176, 177, 297, 334, 356, 361, 369–370, 370, 382
Viguiera stenoloba (Skeleton-leaf Goldeneye), 87, 89, 91, 125, 370, 377
Viola spp., 9, 32, 37, 53, 83, 85, 153, 186, 194, 261, 384
Viola bicolor (Field Pansy), 300
Viola lanceolata (Lance-leaved Violet), 305
Viola nudiflora (Violet Ruellia), 160
Viola primulifolia (Primrose-leaved Violet), 305
Viola sororia (Bayou Violet), 79, 89, 305
Viola sororia var. missouriensis (Missouri Violet), 260–261, 261
Viola x wittrockiana (Garden Pansy), 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 153, 309, 364
Violet, 85, 153, 186, 194, 261; Bayou, 79, 89, 305; Lance-leaved, 305; Missouri, 260–261, 261; Primrose-leaved, 305; Wild, 384
Virgin’s Bower, Drummond’s (Texas), 79, 85, 87, 89, 91, 121, 125, 202, 236–237, 237, 292
Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste Tree), 59, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 119, 125, 197, 314–315, 315, 375
Vitis spp., 41
Vitis vulpine (Fox Grape), 380
Wafer-ash, 28, 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 91, 129, 131, 232–233, 233, 289
Wallflower, Plains, 384
Walnut: Black, 285; Little, 285
water: for container gardens, 96, 99; for dry beds, 101; for puddling, 42, 43, 54; watering systems, 63–65
Water-cress, 305
Water-hemlock, Spotted, 136, 305
Water-hyssop, Coastal, 160, 248, 248, 305
Water-lily, 355
Watermelon, 41
Water-willow, 119, 145, 189; American, 145, 189, 305; Downy, 121, 145, 250–251, 250, 305; Lance-leaved, 120, 121, 189; Runyon’s, 120, 121, 125, 145, 251
Wax-mallow, Drummond’s (Turk’s Cap), 79, 85, 86, 88, 122, 123, 125, 154, 158, 289, 319, 326–327, 326, 378
Wax-myrtle, 83, 85; Southern, 289
Wedelia acapulcensis var. hispida (Hisipid Wedelia), 77, 81, 85, 87, 89, 91, 125, 177, 259, 305, 347–348, 348, 356, 361, 384
weeds, cultivating, 73
West Coast Lady butterfly, 309
wet areas, 54
Whirlabout butterfly, 300, 308, 309
White, John, 131
White butterflies, 12; Cabbage, 2, 15, 31, 112, 175–176, 301, 302, 305, 306, 307, 309; Checkered, 13, 31, 174–176, 175, 276, 295, 301, 302, 303, 306, 307; Florida, 152; Giant, 123, 152; Great Southern, 10, 13, 112, 151–152, 151, 301, 302, 306, 307, 309
white fly, 112
white scales, 8
wildflower meadows, 68. See also native plants
Wild Indigo, 299; Blue, 298; Nuttall’s, 298; White, 299
Wild Onion, 72, 81, 91, 186, 187, 196, 200, 202; Drummond’s, 89, 383; Nodding, 383; Yellow-flowered, 91, 383
Wild Petunia. See Ruellia, Violet
wild plants, definition of, 25. See also native plants
Wild Potato Vine, 380
Wild Rice, Southern, 301
Willow, 21, 27, 28, 80, 188, 224; Black, 143, 146, 209, 209, 285; Carolina, 143, 146; Desert, 37, 78, 86, 88, 90, 125, 235, 316, 316, 375; Peach-leaved, 285; Sandbar, 143, 146, 285; Weeping, 143, 147, 209, 286
wind: in garden plan, 49, 54; nectar production and, 34
Wislizenia refracta (Spectacle-fruit), 175
Wissadula, False, 89, 91, 196, 251–252, 251, 305
Wissadula amplissima (Velvet-leaf Mallow), 299
Wisteria, 77, 81, 83, 85, 89, 211, 320; Chinese, 87, 173, 292, 380; Japanese, 172, 292; Kentucky, 172, 238–239, 239, 292
Wisteria floribunda (Japanese Wisteria), 173, 292
Wisteria frutescens (Kentucky Wisteria), 172, 238–239, 239, 292
Wisteria sinensis (Chinese Wisteria), 87, 173, 292, 380
Witch Grass, Common, 298
wood ashes, 108
wooden pots, 94
woodlands: in garden plans, 56–57, 59; native plants and, 67
Wood-Nymph, Large (Common), 10, 40, 156–157, 157, 294, 304, 309
Wood-oats: Broad-leaf, 71, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 305, 326; Slender, 305
woolly aphids, 3
Woolly-white, Fine-leaf, 373
Wormseed, 310
Wormwood, 106, 112; Common, 106, 310
Xenophanes tryxus (Glassy-winged Skipper), 122, 289, 327
Yellow Bells, 79, 87, 89, 91, 234–235, 235, 378
Yellow butterflies, 12; Barred, 123, 277; Boisduval’s, 123, 260, 302; coloring of, 8; Dina, 123; Little, 13, 189–190, 190, 263, 265, 294, 300, 301, 302, 304, 310; Mexican, 253, 288, 293; Mimosa, 265, 301
Yellowcress, Southern Marsh, 152
Yucca: Arkansas, 80, 289; Buckley’s, 290; Louisiana, 290; Red, 88, 91; Smooth, 79, 91, 290
Yucca arkansana (Arkansas Yucca), 80, 289
Yucca constricta (Buckley’s Yucca), 290
Yucca flaccida (Louisiana Yucca), 290
Yucca glauca (Smooth Yucca), 79, 91, 290
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis (Hercules’-club Prickly-ash), 56, 80, 82, 129, 211–212, 212, 285
Zanthoxylum fagara (Colima; Lime Prickly Ash), 85, 88, 121, 123, 125, 129, 180, 289
Zanthoxylum hirsutum (Downy Prickly-ash), 81, 85, 88, 129, 289
Zea mays (Corn), 307
Zephyranthes spp., 72
Zephyranthes longifolia, 91
Zerene cesonia (Southern Dogface), 157–158, 157, 221, 232, 277, 288, 296, 304, 306, 307, 310, 328, 399
Zinnia, 58, 59, 100, 135, 149, 154, 164, 202, 256, 265, 266, 313; Classic, 387; Desert, 91, 125, 385; Mexican, 387; Plains, 79, 89, 91, 361, 385
Zinnia spp., 36, 53, 100, 135, 149, 154, 164, 194
Zinnia acerosa (Desert Zinnia), 91, 125, 385
Zinnia angustifolia (Mexican Zinnia), 387
Zinnia grandiflora (Plains Zinnia), 79, 89, 91, 361, 385
Zinnia linearis (Classic Zinnia), 387
Zizanopsis miliacea (Southern Wild Rice), 301
Zizula cyna (Cyna Blue), 202
Zoysia spp., 71