Notes

Chapter 1

1Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Economically Motivated Adulteration. Public Meeting; Request for Comment (Docket No. FDA-2009-N-0166) (Electronic Version). Federal Register, 74, 15497–9. http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/pdf/E9--7843.pdf

2Lewis, J. Lead Poisoning: A Historical Perspective. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Journal, May 1985). http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/lead-poisoning-historical-perspective

3Quoted in Wilson, B. 2008. Swindled. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, p. 163.

4Ropicki, A., Larkin, S. & Adams, C. 2010. Seafood substitution and mislabeling: WTP for a locally-caught grouper labeling program in Florida. Marine Resource Economics 25: 77–92.

5National Audit Office (10 Oct 2013). Food safety and authenticity in the processed meat supply chain. The Food Standards Agency, Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, Department of Health, HC 685, Session 2013–2014: 10.

Chapter 2

1Ng, C. M. & Reuter, W. M. 2015. Application Note: Analysis of sugars in honey using the Perkin Elmer Altus HPLC system with RI detection. http://www.perkinelmer.co.uk/CMSResources/Images/44-171789APP_Analysis-of-Sugars-in-Honey-012101_01.pdf

2Di Girolamo, F., D’Amato, A. & Righetti, P. G. 2012. Assessment of the floral origin of honey via proteomic tools. Journal of Proteomics 75(12): 3688–93.

3Schievano, E., Stocchero, M., Morelato, E., Facchin, C. & Mammi, S. 2012. An NMR-based metabolomic approach to identify the botanical origin of honey. Metabolomics 8(4): 679–90.

4Ohmenhaeuser, M., Monakhova, Y. B., Kuballa, T. & Lachenmeier, D. W. 2013. Qualitative and quantitative control of honeys using NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics. ISRN Analytical Chemistry 2013: 825318.

5Beitlich, N., Koelling-Speer, I., Oelschlaegel, S. & Speer, K. 2014. Differentiation of manuka honey from kanuka honey and from jelly bush honey using HS-SPME-GC/MS and UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62: 6435–44.

6Schnell, I. B., Fraser, M., Willerslev, E. & Gilbert, M. T. P. 2010. Characterisation of insect and plant origins using DNA extracted from small volumes of bee honey. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 4: 107–16.

7Bruni, I., Galimberti, A., Caridi, L., Scaccabarozzi, D., De Mattia, F., Casiraghi, M. & Labra, M. 2015. A DNA barcoding approach to identify plant species in multiflower honey. Food Chemistry 170: 308–15.

8Schellenberg, A., Chmielus, S., Schlicht, C., Camin, F., Perini, M., Bontempo, L., Heinrich, K., Kelly, S.D., Rossmann, A., Thomas, F., Jamin, E. & Horacek, M. 2010. Multielement stable isotope ratios (H, C, N, S) of honey from different European regions. Food Chemistry 121(3): 770–7.

Chapter 3

1http://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/your_questions/our_food/does-your-food-contain-dimethylpolysiloxane.html

2Gelpí, E., Posada de la Paz, M., Terracini, B., Abaitua, I., Gómez de la Cámara, A., Kilbourne, E. M., Lahoz, C., Nemery, B., Philen, R. M., Soldevilla, L. & Tarkowski, S. (WHO/CISAT Scientific Committee for the Toxic Oil Syndrome). 2002. The Spanish toxic oil syndrome 20 years after its onset: A multidisciplinary review of scientific knowledge. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(5): 457–64.

3Posada de la Paz, M., Philen, R. M. & Abaitua Borda, I. 2001. Toxic oil syndrome: The perspective after 20 years. Epidemiologic Reviews 23(2): 231–46.

4Woodbury, S. E., Evershed, R. P., Rossell, J. B., Griffiths, R. E. & Farnell, P. 1995. Detection of vegetable oil adulteration using gas chromatography combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 67: 2685–90.

5Woodbury, S. E., Evershed, R. P. & Rossell, J. B. 1998. Purity assessments of major vegetable oils based on δ¹³C values of individual fatty acids. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 75(3): 371–9.

6Mottram, H. R., Woodbury, S. E., Rossell, J. B. & Evershed, R. P. 2003. High-resolution detection of adulteration of maize oil using multi-component compound-specific δ¹³C values of major and minor components and discriminant analysis. Rapid Communication in Mass Spectrometry 17: 706–12.

7Frankel, E. N., Mailer, R. J., Wang, S. C., Shoemaker, C. F., Guinard, J.-X., Flynn, J. D. & Sturzenberger, N. D. 2011. Report: Evaluation of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Sold in California. UC Davis Olive Centre.

8European Commission, Research & Innovation, Funding Opportunities. Call: H2020-SFS-2014-2. https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/topics/762-sfs-14a-2014.html

Chapter 4

1Tennyson, J. M., Winters, K. S. & Powell, K. 1997. A Fish by any Other Name: A Report on Species Substitution. National Marine Fisheries Service, National Seafood Inspection Laboratory. MS 39568-1207.

2Oehlenschläger, J. & Rehbein, H. 2009. Basic facts and figures. In Rehbein, H. and Oehlenschläger, J. (eds), Fishery Products: Quality, safety and authenticity. Blackwell Publishing, Vigo, Spain.

3Rehbein, H. 2003. Identification of fish species by protein- and DNA-analysis. In R. I. Pérez-Martín & C. G. Sotelo (eds), Authenticity of Species in Meat and Seafood Products. International Congress on Authenticity of Species in Meat and Seafood Products.

4Marko, P. B., Lee, S. C., Rice, A. M., Gramling, J. M., Fitzhenry, T. M., McAlister, J. S., Harper, G. R. & Moran, A. L. 2004. Mislabelling of a depleted reef fish. Nature 430: 309–10.

5Hebert, P. D. N., Ratnasingham, S. & deWaard, J. R. 2003. Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B Series 270: S96–S99.

6Wong, E. H.-K. & Hanner, R. H. 2008. DNA barcoding detects market substitution in North American seafood. Food Research International 41: 828–37.

7For a review of global seafood mislabelling, see Jacquet, J. L. & Pauly, D. 2008. Trade secrets: renaming and mislabeling of seafood. Marine Policy 32: 309–18.

8Rasmussen Hellberg, R. S., Morrissey, M. T. & Hanner, R. H. 2010. A multiplex PCR method for the identification of commercially important salmon and trout species (Oncorhynchus and Salmo) in North America. Journal of Food Science 75: C595–C606.

9Cohen, N. J., Deeds, J. R., Wong, E. S., Hanner, R. H., Yancy, H. F., White, K. D., Thompson, T. M., Wahl, M., Pham, T. D., Guichard, F. M., Huh, I., Austin, C., Dizikes, G. & Gerber, S. I. 2009. Public health response to puffer fish (tetrodotoxin) poisoning from mislabeled product. Journal of Food Protection 72(4): 810–17.

10Quote extracted from: Rentz, C. (6 Dec 2014). Seafood fraud cases plummet as NOAA cuts investigators. Baltimore Sun.

Chapter 5

1The Animal By-Products Regulations 2002. Regulatory Impact Assessment Annex A. http://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/multimedia/pdfs/RIAanimalbyproductsscot.pdf, pp. 5–6.

2Quote taken from BBC News (9 Jun 2004). Good enough to eat? BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3087011.stm

3Painter, J. A., Hoekstra, R. M., Ayers, T., Tauxe, R. V., Braden, C. R., Angulo, F. J. & Griffin, P. M. 2013. Attribution of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths to food commodities by using outbreak Data, United States, 1998–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases 19(3): 407–15.

4Quote taken from Lawrence, F. (22 Oct 2013). Horsemeat scandal: where did the 29% horse in your Tesco burger come from? Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/oct/22/horsemeat-scandal-guardian-investigation-public-secrecy

5Hsieh, Y. H. P., Woodward, B. B. & Ho, S. H. 1995. Detection of species substitution in raw and cooked meats using immunoassays. Journal of Food Protection 5: 555–9.

6Ayaz, Y., Ayaz, N. D. & Erol, I. 2006. Detection of species in meat and meat products using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Muscle Foods 17(2): 214–20.

7Greenfield, H. & Kosulwat, S. 1991. Nutrient composition of Australian fresh retail sausages and the effects of cooking on fat content. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 57: 65–75.

8Cawthorn, D.-M., Steinman, H. A. & Hoffman, L. C. 2013. A high incidence of species substitution and mislabelling detected in meat products sold in South Africa. Food Control 32(2): 440–9.

9FSA. Study into Injection Powders Used as Water Retaining Agents in Frozen Chicken Breast Products. http://www.eurocarne.com/daal?a1=informes&a2=reportchickenstudy.pdf

10D’Amato, M. E., Alechine, E., Cloete, K. W., Davison, S. & Corach, D. 2013. Where is the game? Wild meat products authentication in South Africa: a case study. Investigative Genetics 4: 6.

11Quote taken from Malthus, T. R. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population. Chapter 1. J. Johnson, in St. Paul’s Church-yard, London.

Chapter 6

1Evershed, R. P., Payne, S., Sherratt, A. G., Copley, M. S., Coolidge, J., Urem-Kotsu, D., Kotsakis, K., Özdoğan, M., Özdoğan, A., Nieuwenhuyse, O., Akkermans, P. M. M. G., Bailey, D., Andeescu, R.-R., Campbell, S., Farid, S., Hodder, I., Yalman, N., Özbaşaran, M., Biçakci, E., Garkinfel, Y., Levy, T. & Burton, M. M. 2008. Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding. Nature 455: 528–31.

2Vigne, J.-D. & Helmer, D. 2007. Was milk a ‘secondary product’ in the Old World Neolithisation process? Its role in the domestication of cattle sheep and goats. Anthropozoologica 42: 9–40.

3Curry, A. 2013. Archaeology: The milk revolution. Nature 500: 20–2.

4Salque, M., Bogucki, P. I., Pyzel, J., Sobkowiak-Tabaka, I., Grygiel, R., Szmyt, M. & Evershed, R. P. 2013. Earliest evidence for cheese making in the sixth millennium BC in northern Europe. Nature 493: 522–5.

5Sansoucy, R. Livestock – a driving force for food security and sustainable development. FAO Corporate Document Repository. http://www.fao.org/docrep/v8180t/v8180t07.htm

6Ulberth, F. 2003. Milk and dairy products. In Food Authenticity and Traceability (ed. Michele Lees). Chapter 16. Woodhead Publishing Ltd & CRC Press LCC, Cambridge and Boca Raton, Florida.

7Mottram, H., Woodbury, S. E. & Evershed, R. P. 1997. Identification of triacylglycerol positional isomers present in vegetable oils by high performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 11: 1240–52.

8Mottram, H. R. & Evershed, R. P. 2001. Elucidation of the composition of bovine milk fat triacylglycerols using high-performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 926: 239–53.

9Mottram, H. R., Crossman, Z. M. & Evershed, R. P. 2001. Regiospecific characterisation of the triacylglycerols in animal fats using high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Analyst 126: 1018–24.

10Bradley, H. W. Improvement in compounds for culinary use. US patent No. 110,626. January 3, 1871. http://www.google.com/patents/US110626

11Raney, M. Method of producing finely-divided nickel. US patent No. 1,628,190. 10 May 1927. http://www.google.co.uk/patents/US1628190

12Mozaffarian, D., Katan, M. B., Stampfer, M. J. & Willett, W. C. 2006. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 345: 1601–13.

13Derewiaka, D., Sosińska, E., Obiedziński, M., Krogulec, A. & Czaplicki, S. 2011. Determination of the adulteration of butter. Journal of Lipid Research and Metabolism 113: 1005–11.

14http://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/there-cheese-fraud-epidemic

15http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-08-26/swiss-combat-counterfeit-cheese-with-dna-fingerprinting

16Branigan, T. (2 Dec 2008). Chinese figures show fivefold rise in babies sick from contaminated milk. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/02/china

17Tyan, Y.-C., Yang, M.-H., Jong, S.-B., Wang, C.-K. & Shiea, J. 2009. Melamine contamination. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 395:729–35.

18http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7720404.stm.

19http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_56_03.html

Chapter 7

1Curl, C. L. & Fenwick, G. R. 1983. On the determination of papaya seed adulteration of black pepper. Food Chemistry 12: 241–7.

2Naseema, B. S., Ambily, P., Thomas, G., Biju, M. T., Pratheesh, K. N., George, X., Pradeep, K. G. T., Rajith, R., Prathibha, R. K. & Visal, K. S. 2014. Pesticide residues in soils under cardamom cultivation in Kerala, India. Pesticide Research Journal 26(1): 35–41.

3Priyadarshini, S. 2014. Himalayas losing prized spice to climate change, poor science. Nature India: 10.1038/nindia.2014.162

Chapter 8

1Jefferson’s visit to Bordeaux is given in the history of Château Lafite: http://www.lafite.com/en/chateau-lafite-rothschild/history

2Liu, L., Cozzolino, D., Cynkar, W. U., Gishen, M. & Colby, C. B. 2006. Geographic classification of Spanish and Australian tempranillo red wines by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54(18): 6754–9.

3Cozzolino, D., Smyth, H. E. & Gishen, M. 2003. Feasibility study on the use of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy together with chemometrics to discriminate between commercial white wines of different varietal origins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51(26): 7703–8.

4Doner, L. W., Ajie, H. O., Sternberg, L. d S. L., Milburn, J. M., De Niro, M. J. & Hicks, K. B. 1987. Detecting sugar beet syrups in orange juice by D/H and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O analysis of sucrose. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 35: 610–12.

5Le Gall, G., Puaud, M. & Colquhoun, I. J. 2001. Discrimination between orange juice and pulp wash by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: identification of marker compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49(2): 580–8.

6Wu, M.-T., Wu, C.-F., Wu, J.-R., Chen, B.-H., Chen, E. K., Chao, M.-C., Liu, C.-K. & Ho, C.-K. 2012. The public health threat of phthalate-tainted foodstuffs in Taiwan: The policies the government implemented and the lessons we learned. Environmental International 44: 75–9.

Chapter 9

1Zhang, Z., Kong, F., Vardhanabhuti, B., Mustapha, A. & Lin, M. 2012. Detection of engineered silver nanoparticle contamination in pears. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60(43): 10762–7.

2Spink, J. & Moyer, D. C. 2011. Backgrounder: Defining the Public Health Threat of Food Fraud. Anti-Counterfeiting and Product Protection Program, Michigan State University.

3Furia, E., Naccarato, A., Sindona, G., Stabile, G. & Tagarelli, A. 2011. Multielement fingerprinting as a tool in origin authentication of PGI food products: Tropea red onion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59: 8450–7.

4European Food Safety Authority. 2014. The 2012 European Union Report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA Journal, 12(12): 3942.

5Vallverdú-Queralt, A., Medina-Remón, A., Casals-Ribes, I., Amat, M. & Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. 2011. A metabolomic approach differentiates between conventional and organic ketchups. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59: 11703–10.

6Bateman, A. S., Kelly, S. D. & Woolfe, M. 2007. Nitrogen isotope composition of organically and conventionally grown crops. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55: 2664–70.

7Hohmann, M., Christoph, N., Wachter, H. & Holzgrabe, U. 2014. ¹H NMR profiling as an approach to differentiate conventionally and organically grown tomatoes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62: 8530–40.

Chapter 10

1On Smell is a short essay by Lewis Thomas, published in the book The Bedford Reader. 1985. St Martin’s Press, New York.

2Laska, M., Seibt, A. & Weber, A. 2000. ‘Microsmatic’ primates revisited: olfactory sensitivity in the squirrel monkey. Chemical Senses 25: 47–53.

3Shepherd, G. M. 2004. The human sense of smell: are we better than we think? PLoS Biology 2(5): e146.

4Deibler, K. D. & Delwiche, J. (eds) 2004. Handbook of Flavor Characterization: Sensory Analysis, Chemistry, and Physiology. Marcel Dekker, Inc., Monticello, New York, p. 187.

5Olsson, M. J., Lundström, J. N., Kimball, B. A., Gordon, A.R., Karshikoff, B., Hosseini, N., Sorjonen, K., Höglund, C.O., Solares, C., Soop, A., Axelsson, J. & Lekander, M. 2014. The scent of disease: human body odor contains an early chemosensory cue of sickness. Psychological Science: 0956797613515681.