1David O. Stewart, The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution, New York: Simon & Schuster 2007, 4. Kap.
2James Madison an Thomas Jefferson, 15. Mai 1787, in: Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, hg. von James Morton Smith, 3 Bde., New York: Norton 1995, Bd. 1, S. 477.
3James Madison, «Origin of the Constitutional Convention», in: The Writings of James Madison, hg. von Gaillard Hunt, 9 Bde., New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons 1900, Bd. 2, S. 410 f.
4Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Vom Gesellschaftsvertrag [1762], hier zitiert nach folgender Ausgabe: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politische Schriften, Bd. 1, Übersetzung und Einführung von Ludwig Schmidts, Paderborn: Schöningh 1977, S. 59–208 (Zitat: S. 152).
5The Craftsmen 395 (26. Januar 1733), S. 100.
6«Letter CCXXI», 29. März 1750, in: The Letters of the Earl of Chesterton to His Son, hg. von Charles Strachey, London 1901, S. 42.
7Thomas Paine, Rights of Man: Part the First, Being an Answer to Mr. Burke’s Attack on the French Revolution [London 1791], hier zitiert nach folgender Ausgabe: ders., Die Rechte des Menschen, übersetzt von D. M. Forkel, bearbeitet von Theo Stemmler, Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp 1973, S. 86.
8Thomas Paine, Rights of Man: Part the Second, Combining Principle and Practice [London 1792], hier zitiert nach: Die Rechte des Menschen (Anm. 7), S. 221.
9«Constitution of New Hampshire», 5. Januar 1776, in: The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States, Bd. 4, S. 2452.
10Thomas Jefferson an Thomas Nelson, 16. Mai 1776, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, hg. von Julian P. Boyd et al., 60 Bde. (projektiert), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1950, Bd. 1, S. 292 f. Vgl. außerdem Francis Cogliano, «‹The Whole Object of the Present Controversy›: The Early Constitutionalism of Paine and Jefferson», in: Simon P. Newman und Peter S. Onuf (Hg.), Paine and Jefferson in the Age of Revolutions, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 2013, S. 26–48.
11Tagebucheintrag von John Adams, 2. Juni 1775, in: The Diary of John Adams, hg. von L. H. Butterfield, 4 Bde., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1962, Bd. 3, S. 352; John Adams, «Thoughts on Government», April 1776, in: The Papers of John Adams, Bd. 4, S. 92, hier zitiert nach: Angela und Willi Paul Adams (Hg.), Die Entstehung der Vereinigten Staaten und ihrer Verfassung: Dokumente 1754–1791, Münster: Lit 1995, S. 9. Vgl. außerdem Pauline Maier, Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–88, New York: Simon & Schuster 2010; Linda Colley, «Empires of Writing: Britain, America and Constitutions, 1776–1848», in: Law and History Review 32 (2014), S. 237–266.
12The Constitution of Pennsylvania – 1776, in: The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws, Bd. 5, S. 3082; «Constitution or Form of Government for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts – 1780», in: The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws, Bd. 3, S. 1888 f., hier zitiert nach: Schambeck et al. (Hg.), Dokumente zur Geschichte, «Der Massachusetts Grundrechtekatalog, 1780», S. 133–139 (Zitat: S. 133 f.).
13Fisher Ames, zitiert nach Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and Poems, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co. 1921, S. 254.
14John Adams an James Sullivan, 26. Mai 1776, in: The Papers of John Adams, Bd. 4, S. 210; hier zitiert nach: Schambeck et al. (Hg.), Dokumente zur Geschichte, «Praktische Grenzen des Prinzips der Volkssouveränität, 26. Mai 1776», S. 106–108 (Zitat: S. 107).
15«Constitution or Form of Government for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts – 1780», in: The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws, Bd. 3, S. 1893–1906; «The Constitution of Pennsylvania – 1776», in: The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws, Bd. 5, S. 3084–3090.
16Schambeck et al. (Hg.), Dokumente zur Geschichte, «Der Massachusetts Grundrechtekatalog», S. 134. Emilie Piper und David Levinson, One Minute a Free Woman: Elizabeth Freeman and the Struggle for Freedom, Salisbury, CT: Upper Housatonic Valley National Heritage Area 2010.
17Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, S. 282.
18Samuel Chase in «Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress», 12. Juli 1776, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Bd. 1, S. 320 f.; Thomas Lynch in «Notes of Debates on the Articles of Confederation, Continued», 30. Juli 1776, in: The Diary of John Adams, Bd. 2, S. 246; Benjamin Franklin in The Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, hg. von Worthington Chauncey Ford et al., 34 Bde., Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office 1906, Eintrag zum 30. Juli 1776, Bd. 6, S. 1080.
19Adam Smith, Der Wohlstand der Nationen [Kap. 1, Anm. 32], S. 61; The Journals of the Continental Congress, 28. Juni 1787, Bd. 25, S. 948 f.; The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 1, S. 444.
20Zur Vorgeschichte des Konvents und zu den Ursprüngen der Verfassung vgl. Sean Condon, Shay’s Rebellion: Authority and Distress in Post-Revolutionary America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2015.
21Jane Franklin an Benjamin Franklin, 12. Oktober 1786, PBF.
22Zitiert nach Feldman, Three Lives of James Madison, S. 82 f., S. 94.
23James Madison an Thomas Jefferson, 18. März 1786, in: Republic of Letters, Bd. 1, S. 413. Madison, «Ancient & Modern Confederacies [April–May 1786]», in: The Writings of James Madison, Bd. 2, S. 369–390.
24James Madison an Thomas Jefferson, 12. August 1786, in: Republic of Letters, Bd. 1, S. 432.
25«Proceedings of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government», 11. September 1786, in: Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States, hg. von Charles C. Tansill, Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office 1927, S. 43.
26Vgl. Jack Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress, New York: Knopf 1979.
27James Madison, «Vices of the Political System of the United States», April 1787, in: The Papers of James Madison, Bd. 9, S. 355.
28Jane Franklin an Benjamin Franklin, 22. Mai 1787, PBF.
29Benjamin Franklin an Jane Franklin, 30. Mai 1787, PBF.
30Ebenda.
31Jane Franklin an Benjamin Franklin, 22. Mai 1787, PBF; Lepore, Book of Ages, S. 221, S. 246.
32Wiencak, Imperfect God, S. 112 f.
33Zur Verherrlichung Washingtons vgl. Paul K. Longmore, The Invention of George Washington, Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press 1988, und François Furstenberg, In the Name of the Father: Washington’s Legacy, Slavery, and the Making of a Nation, New York: Penguin Press 2006.
34The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 1, S. 18, S. 19, S. 30.
35Ebenda, S. 26; The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, Bd. 5, S. 138; The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 1, S. 48.
36The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 1, S. 133.
37The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 2, S. 201; James Madison, Federalist Nr. 57 (1788), hier zitiert nach: Zehnpfennig (Hg.), Die Federalist Papers, S. 347.
38The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 1, S. 177, S. 182, S. 199.
39Ebenda, Bd. 1, S. 486.
40Ebenda, Bd. 1, S. 134 f.
41Ebenda, Bd. 1, S. 183.
42Benjamin Franklin an Granville Sharp und an Richard Price, 9. Juni 1787, PBF.
43The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 1, S. 596, S. 587. Vgl. außerdem Margo J. Anderson, The American Census: A Social History, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 2015.
44Akhil Reed Amar, America’s Constitution: A Biography, New York: Random House 2005, S. 89–98.
45Feldman, Three Lives of James Madison, S. 156 f.
46Henry Adams, The History of the United States of America during the Administration of Thomas Jefferson, New York 1891, Bd. 2, S. 231 f., und Carl Van Doren, Das große Exempel: Der Weg zur Einigung eines Kontinents, Wien: Carl Stephenson 1949, S. 130 (zuerst: New York: Viking 1948, u.d.T. The Great Rehearsal, dort: S. 88).
47Nash, Forgotten Fifth, S. 76 f.
48The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 2, S. 364, S. 371, S. 415, S. 222 f.
49John Dickinson, «Notes for a Speech by John Dickinson (II)», in: Supplement to Max Farrand’s The Records of the Federal Conventions of 1787, hg. von James H. Hutson, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1987, S. 158 f. Vgl. außerdem David Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution: From Revolution to Ratification, New York: Hill and Wang 2009; John P. Kaminski (Hg.), A Necessary Evil? Slavery and the Debate over the Constitution, Madison, WI: Madison House 1995; François Furstenberg, «Beyond Freedom and Slavery: Autonomy, Virtue, and Resistance in Early American Political Discourse», in: Journal of American History [künftig: JAH] 89 (2003), S. 1295–1330.
50The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 2, S. 641–643.
51Ebenda, Bd. 2, S. 648.
52James Madison, Federalist Nr. 40 (1788), hier zitiert nach: Zehnpfennig (Hg.), Die Federalist Papers, S. 254, S. 256.
53The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, Bd. 2, S. 200.
54The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 2, S. 588; Thomas Jefferson an James Madison, 20. Dezember 1787, in: The Papers of James Madison, Bd. 10, S. 337.
55The Papers of John Adams, Bd. 4, S. 87; «Address by Denatus», in: Herbert J. Storing (Hg.), The Complete Anti-Federalist, 7 Bde., Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981, Bd. 5, S. 262. Patrick Henry wird hier zitiert nach: Herbert J. Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981, S. 54. Vgl. außerdem Christopher M. Duncan, The Anti-Federalists and Early American Political Thought, DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1995; Albert Furtwangler, The Authority of Publius: A Reading of the Federalist Papers, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1984; Saul Cornell, The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788–1828, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1999.
56Luther Martin, Genuine Information, vorgetragen vor dem Parlament Marylands am 29. November 1787, abgedruckt in: The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 3, S. 197. Vgl. außerdem Nash, Forgotten Fifth, S. 77.
57Madison, Federalist Nr. 54, (1788), hier zitiert nach: Zehnpfennig (Hg.), Die Federalist Papers, S. 334.
58Jane Franklin an Benjamin Franklin, 9. November 1787, PBF.
59«A Plebeian: An Address to the People of the State of New York», 17. April 1788, in: The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, Kommentare zur Verfassung, hg. von John P. Kaminski, Gaspare J. Saladino et al., 29 Bde., Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin 1995, Bd. 17, S. 149; The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, Bd. 3, S. 44.
60James Wilson, in: Pennsylvania Gazette, 9. Juli 1788. North Carolina lehnte die Verfassung im Jahr 1788 ab, ratifizierte sie aber bei einem zweiten Konvent im November 1789, und Rhode Island gab schließlich im Mai 1790 seine Zustimmung zum neuen Rahmen für das Regierungssystem, zu einem Zeitpunkt, an dem die Regierung bereits im Amt war.
61Independent Gazetteer [Philadelphia], 7. August 1788; New-Jersey Journal, 13. August 1788; Essex Journal [Newburyport, Massachusetts], 6. August 1788.
62Louis Torres, «Federal Hall Revisited», in: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 29 (1970), S. 327–338.
63The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 2, S. 653; Die Verfassung von Pennsylvania, 28. September 1776, in: The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws, Bd. 5, S. 3085. Vgl. außerdem Michael Schudson, The Rise of the Right to Know: Politics and the Culture of Transparency, 1945–1975, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2015, S. 5. Ab Mitte der 1790er Jahre standen auch die Türen des Senats offen.
64U. S. Senate Journal, 1st Cong., 1st Session, 30. April 1789, S. 18 f. Hier zitiert nach: Schambeck et al. (Hg.), Dokumente zur Geschichte, S. 214.
65Robert Darnton, George Washington’s False Teeth, New York: Norton 2003, 1. Kap., sowie Morgan, «‹To Get Quit of Negroes›», S. 421 f.
66The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 2, S. 659; Verfassungszusätze in: The Papers of James Madison, Bd. 12, S. 209. Zum allgemeinen Zusammenhang vgl. Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1998.
67Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Nr. 78 (1788), hier zitiert nach: Zehnpfennig (Hg.), Die Federalist Papers, S. 455, S. 456.
68I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909, 6 Bde., New York 1915, Bd. 1, S. 368, S. 377, S. 380.
69U. S. Senate Journal, 1st Cong., 1st Session, 12. Februar 1790, S. 157; U. S. House Journal, 1st Cong., 1st Session, 23. März 1790, S. 180.
70Vincent Carretta, Equiano, the African: Biography of a Self-Made Man, Athens: University of Georgia Press 2005, S. 231; Schama, Rough Crossings, S. 322.
71Pybus, Epic Journeys of Freedom, S. 150, S. 182; Schama, Rough Crossings, S. 310 f., S. 328, S. 390, S. 394 f.; Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles, S. 300–303.
72U. S. House Journal, 1st Cong., 1st Session, 23. März 1790, S. 180.
73Benjamin Franklin an Jane Franklin, 1. Juli 1789, PBF.
74Benjamin Franklin, «To the Editor of the Federal Gazette», 23. März 1790, in: Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin, London 1818, S. 406.
75Thomas Jefferson, «A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom», in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Bd. 2, S. 545 f.; James Madison, «A Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments», ca. 20. Juni 1785, in: The Papers of James Madison, Bd. 8, S. 299.
76«The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1638–39», in: The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws, Bd. 1, S. 519; Zitat aus den Fundamental Orders hier nach: Schambeck et al. (Hg.), Dokumente zur Geschichte, S. 25. Vgl. außerdem allgemein: Frank Lambert, The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2003.
77Bauer, «The Movement Against Imprisonment for Debt», S. 90 f.
78Alexander Hamilton an John Jay, 13. November 1790, in: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, hg. von Harold C. Syrett, 27 Bde., New York: Columbia University Press 1963, Bd. 7, S. 149.
79Thomas Jefferson an Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 15. April 1811, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, hg. von J. Jefferson Looney, 14 Bde., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2006, Bd. 3, S. 560.
80James Grant Wilson, John Pintard, Founder of the New York Historical Society, New York: Printed for the Society 1902, S. 17; David L. Sterling, «William Duer, John Pintard, and the Panic of 1792», in: Joseph R. Frese und Jacob Judd (Hg.), Business Enterprise in Early New York, Tarrytown, NY: Sleepy Hollow Press 1979, S. 99–132; Robert Sobel, Panic on Wall Street: A Classic History of America’s Financial Disasters with a New Exploration of the Crash of 1987, New York: Truman Talley Books/Dutton 1988, S. 17–19, S. 28; James Ciment, «In the Light of Failure: Bankruptcy, Insolvency and Financial Failure in New York City, 1790–1860», Diss., City University of New York 1992, S. 42, S. 160.
81Page Smith, James Wilson, Founding Father, 1742–1798, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1956, Kap. 15.
82George W. Johnston, «John Pintard», Typoskript eines auf den 16. Januar 1900 datierten biografischen Essays, Pintard Papers, New-York Historical Society, Box 3 in einer Mappe mit dem Titel «Notes on John Pintard and Governor Clinton».
83The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, hg. von Philip S. Foner, 2 Bde., New York: Citadel Press 1969, Bd. 1, S. 286, S. 344, S. 404 f.; Paine, Rights of Man, hier zitiert nach: ders., Die Rechte des Menschen (Anm. 7), S. 176; John Keane, Thomas Paine: Ein Leben für die Menschenrechte, Hildesheim: Claassen 1998, S. 14.
84Donald R. Hickey, «America’s Response to the Slave Revolt in Haiti, 1791–1806», in: Journal of the Early Republic 2 (1982), S. 361–379.
85Erklärung der Menschen- und Bürgerrechte von 1789, Artikel I, hier zitiert nach: www.verfassungen.eu/f/ferklaerung89.htm.
86The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, Bd. 1, S. 464, S. 599.
87Hickey, «America’s Response to the Slave Revolt in Haiti»; Tim Matthewson, «Abraham Bishop, ‹the Rights of Black Men›, and the American Reaction to the Haitian Revolution», in: Journal of Negro History 67 (1982), S. 148–154. Vgl. außerdem C. L. R. James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, New York: Dial Press 1938 (dt. Ausgabe: ders., Die schwarzen Jakobiner: Toussaint L’Ouverture und die Unabhängigkeitsrevolution in Haiti, Köln: Pahl-Rugenstein 1984); Robin Blackburn, «Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution», in: William and Mary Quarterly 63 (2006), S. 643–674; Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2004.
88Thomas Jefferson an James Madison, 12. Februar 1799, in: Republic of Letters, Bd. 2, S. 1095.
89James Madison, Federalist Nr. 10 (1787), hier zitiert nach: Zehnpfennig (Hg.), Die Federalist Papers, S. 97 (Zitat), S. 98 f.
90James Madison, «Public Opinion», in: National Gazette, 19. Dezember 1791.
91Jeffrey L. Pasley, «The Tyranny of Printers»: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia 2001, S. 33 und Anhang 2.
92Marcus Daniel, Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy, New York: Oxford University Press 2009, S. 8.
93Connecticut Bee, 1. Oktober 1800. Vgl. außerdem Eric Burns, Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism, New York: Public Affairs 2006, S. 14.
94Thomas Jefferson an James Madison, 5. Februar 1799, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Bd. 31, S. 10.
95Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796, hier zitiert nach: Schambeck et al. (Hg.), Dokumente zur Geschichte, S. 230 f., S. 234, S. 231, S. 236, S. 240. Vgl. außerdem Matthew Spalding, «George Washington’s Farewell Address», in: Wilson Quarterly 20 (1996), S. 65–71.
96Nash, Forgotten Fifth, S. 62–65.
97Morgan, «‹To Get Quit of Negroes›», S. 403–405; Nash, Forgotten Fifth, S. 66.
98Schama, Rough Crossings, S. 390–395; Pybus, Epic Journeys, S. 202; Cassandra Pybus, «Mary Perth, Harry Washington, and Moses Wilkinson: Black Methodists Who Escaped from Slavery and Founded a Nation», in: Alfred F. Young, Gary B. Nash und Ray Raphael (Hg.), Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation, New York: Knopf 2011, S. 168; Janet Polasky, Revolutions without Borders: The Call to Liberty in the Atlantic World, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 2015, S. 109; Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles, S. 305.
99Slauter, The State as a Work of Art, S. 297–299.
1John Adams an Thomas Jefferson, 6. Dezember 1787, in: The Adams-Jefferson Letters, hg. von Lester J. Cappon, 2 Bde., Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1959, Bd. 1, S. 213 f.
2Ebenda, S. 213.
3Zitate von James E. Lewis jr., «‹What Is to Become of Our Government?›: The Revolutionary Potential of the Election of 1800», in: James J. Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis und Peter S. Onuf (Hg.), The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 2002, S. 10 f., S. 19, S. 13 f.
4John Adams, A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, 3 Bde., London 1787, Bd. 3, S. 299.
5Thomas Jefferson, «II. The Response», 12. Februar 1790, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Bd. 16, S. 179.
6Adams, A Defense of the Constitutions, Bd. 1, S. III.
7Benjamin Franklin, «Advice to a Young Tradesman», 1748, PBF.
8Adams, A Defense of the Constitutions, Bd. 1, Vorwort.
9The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Bd. 3, S. 166.
10Ebenda, Bd. 2, S. 57, S. 29.
11Zu Zahlen und zur Volkszählung vgl. Margo J. Anderson, The American Census: A Social History, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 22016 (zuerst: 1988); Hyman Alterman, Counting People: The Census in History, New York: Harcourt, Brace and World 1969; Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America, Chicago: Chicago University Press 1982. Zur zunehmenden Bedeutung von Quantifizierungen im Allgemeinen vgl. Theodore M. Porter, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1995; I. Bernard Cohen, The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life, New York: Norton 2005; und Alfred W. Crosby, The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250–1600, New York: Cambridge University Press 1997.
12Gazette of the United States, 15. Dezember 1796.
13John Adams an Elbridge Gerry, 6. Dezember 1777, in: The Papers of John Adams, Bd. 5, S. 346.
14«Resolutions Adopted by the Kentucky General Assembly», 10. November 1798, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Bd. 30, S. 554.
15Thomas Pickering an Rufus King, 12. März 1799, in: The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, hg. von Charles R. King, 6 Bde., New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons 1895, Bd. 2, S. 557; Timothy Dwight, «Triumph of Democracy», 1. Januar 1801, in: James G. Basker (Hg.), Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems About Slavery, 1660–1810, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 2002, S. 488.
16«Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq., President of the United States», 24. Oktober 1800, in: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Bd. 25, S. 186, S. 190.
17Carolina Gazette, 14. August 1800.
18Edward J. Larson, A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, New York: Free Press 2007, S. 185, S. 171 f.; Federal Observer [Portsmouth, New Hampshire], 1. Mai 1800; Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, London 1787, S. 265, hier zitiert nach folgender Ausgabe: Betrachtungen über den Staat Virginia, Zürich: Manesse 1989, S. 331. Vgl. außerdem Susan Dunn, Jefferson’s Second Revolution: The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism, Boston: Houghton Mifflin 2004, sowie John Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, New York: Oxford University Press 2004.
19Aurora, 14. Oktober 1800.
20Larson, A Magnificent Catastrophe, S. 134 f.
21Spencer Albright, The American Ballot, Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs 1942, S. 16; Charles Gross, «The Early History of the Ballot in England», in: American Historical Review 3 (April 1898), S. 456–463. Vgl. außerdem Robert J. Dinkin, Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689–1776, Westport, CT: Greenwood 1977, 6. Kap.
22Andrew Robertson und Phil Lampi, «The Election of 1800 Revisited», Diskussionspapier für das Annual Meeting der American Historical Association, Chicago, Illinois, 9. Januar 2000.
23Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States, New York: Basic Books 2000, S. 24 und Tab. A.1 und A.2.
24Alexander Hamilton an James A. Bayard, 16. Januar 1801, in: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Bd. 25, S. 319.
25Zitiert nach Arthur M. Schlesinger jr. (Hg.), History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968, 4 Bde., New York: Chelsea House 1971, Bd. 1, S. 111.
26Schlesinger (Hg.), History of the American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968, Bd. 1, S. 129 f.
27Garry Wills, «Negro President»: Jefferson and the Slave Power, Boston: Houghton Mifflin 2003, S. 1 (John Quincy Adams wird zitiert).
28John Adams an Thomas Jefferson, 20. Februar 1801, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Bd. 33, S. 23.
29The Mercury and New-England Palladium [Boston, Massachusetts], 20. Januar 1801.
30Zitiert nach Larson, A Magnificent Catastrophe, S. 274. Zitate aus Jeffersons Erster Inaugurationsrede nach Schambeck et al. (Hg.), Dokumente zur Geschichte, S. 248, S. 249.
31«Causes of the American Discontents before 1768», London Chronicle, 5.–7. Januar 1768, PBF.
32John Adams, Thoughts on Government: Applicable to the Present State of the American Colonies. In a Letter from a Gentleman to His Friend, Philadelphia 1776, in: The Papers of John Adams, Bd. 4, S. 91.
33Jed Handelsman Shugerman, The People’s Courts: Pursuing Judicial Independence in America, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2012, Kap. 1 und 2.
34«Brutus, Essay 11», in: New York Journal, 31. Januar 1788. Vgl. außerdem Shugerman, The People’s Court, S. 25 f.
35Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Nr. 78 (1788), hier zitiert nach: Zehnpfennig (Hg.), Die Federalist Papers, S. 455, S. 456.
36Zitiert nach Suzy Maroon und Fred J. Maroon, The Supreme Court of the United States, New York: Thomasson-Grant and Lickle 1996, S. 110.
37Zitiert nach Clare Cushman, Courtwatchers: Eyewitness Accounts in Supreme Court History, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield 2011, S. 2, S. 5 f.
38Zitiert nach Cushman, Courtwatchers, S. 10.
39Maroon, Supreme Court, S. 173, S. 20; Cushman, Courtwatchers, S. 16.
40Zitiert nach Alexandra K. Wigdor, The Personal Papers of Supreme Court Justices, New York: Garland Publishing 1986, S. 9.
41Marbury v. Madison, 5 U. S. 137 (1803), hier zitiert nach: Schambeck et al. (Hg.), Dokumente zur Geschichte, S. 258.
42Jefferson, Betrachtungen über den Staat Virginia, S. 342. Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (London 1798), hier zitiert nach folgender Ausgabe: ders., Das Bevölkerungsgesetz, München: dtv 1977, S. 150. Zu Jefferson und zum Jeffersonianismus vgl. Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jacksonian America, New York: Norton 1980; Gordon Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815, New York: Oxford University Press 2009; Annette Gordon-Reed und Peter S. Onuf, «Most Blessed of the Patriarchs»: Thomas Jefferson and the Empire of the Imagination, New York: Liveright 2016.
43Joyce Appleby, Die unbarmherzige Revolution (s. Kap. 1, Anm. 32), 5. Kap.
44Thomas Jefferson an Wilson Cary Nicholas, 7. September 1803, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Bd. 41, S. 347. Vgl. außerdem Steven Hahn, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830–1910, New York: Viking 2016.
45Thomas Jefferson an Thomas Cooper, 24. Februar 1804, und an Benjamin Chambers, 28. Dezember 1805, zitiert nach Drew McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press 1980, S. 194, S. 203.
46Thomas Jefferson an John Adams, 21. Januar 1812, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Bd. 4, S. 428; Thomas Jefferson an James Jay, 7. April 1809, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, Bd. 1, S. 110 f.
47Thomas Jefferson an James Maury, 16. Juni 1815, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, Bd. 8, S. 544. Zum Thema Baumwolle vgl. Sven Beckert, King Cotton: Eine globale Geschichte des Kapitalismus, München: C.H.Beck 2014.
48The Constitution of the United States together with An Account of Its Travels Since September 17, 1787, zusammengestellt von David C. Mearns und Verner W. Clapp, Washington, DC: Library of Congress 1958, S. 1–17.
49[Sereno Edwards Dwight], Slave Representation by Boreas, Awake! O Spirit of the North, New Haven, CT 1812, S. 1.
50Slave Representation, S. 1. Alan Taylor, The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies, New York: Knopf 2010; Matthew Mason, «‹Nothing Is Better Calculated to Excite Divisions›: Federalist Agitation against Slave Representation during the War 1812», in: New England Quarterly 75 (2002), S. 531–561.
51Jefferson, Betrachtungen über den Staat Virginia, S. 337, S. 338. Vgl. außerdem Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello.
52Thomas Jefferson an John Norvell, 11. Juni 1807, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Bd. 11, S. 222.
53Thomas Jefferson an Elbridge Gerry, 29. März 1801, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Bd. 33, S. 491.
54James Thomas Callender, «The President, Again», in: Richmond Recorder, 1. September 1802.
55Thomas Jefferson an Francis C. Gray, 4. März 1815, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, Bd. 8, S. 311. Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello, S. 599 f.
56American Colonization Society, The Tenth Annual Report of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour of the United States, Washington, DC 1827, S. 79.
57Josiah Quincy, Memoir of the Life of John Quincy Adams, Boston 1859, S. 115.
5815 Annals of Cong. 1204 (16. Februar 1819).
59James Madison an Robert Walsh, 27. November 1819, in: The Papers of James Madison, Retirement Series, S. 557.
6016 Annals of Cong. 228 (20. Januar 1820).
61Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, S. 246. Vgl. auch Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello, S. 557–560.
62Daniel Raymond, Thoughts on Political Economy, Baltimore 1820, S. 456; Daniel Raymond, The Missouri Question, Baltimore 1819, S. 6 f.
6316 Annals of Cong. 428 (1. Februar 1820); Raymond, The Missouri Question, S. 10.
64John Quincy Adams, Tagebucheintrag, 10. Januar 1810, in: The Diaries of John Quincy Adams: A Digital Collection, 51 Bde., Massachusetts Historical Society, Bd. 31, S. 245.
65John Adams an John Quincy Adams, 23. April 1794, in: The Adams Family Correspondence, hg. von Margaret A. Hogan et al., 13 Bde., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2011, Bd. 10, S. 151.
66The National Journal, Washington, DC, 28. April 1824.
67Der Verfassungsrechtler Alexander Bickel erklärte einmal: «Der populistische Gedanke, der in der amerikanischen politischen Tradition mit Andrew Jackson und seitdem in gewissem Umfang auch mit allen anderen Akteuren verbunden wird, beinhaltet, dass die Missstände der Gesellschaft und ihres Regierungssystems behoben werden, indem man eine stärkere und sicherere Führung der Staatsgeschäfte mit einer Mehrheit der Wählerschaft verbindet» (Bickel, «Is Electoral Reform the Answer?», in: Commentary, Dezember 1968, S. 41). Zum Populismus im Allgemeinen vgl. Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History, New York: Basic Books 1995, sowie Charles Postel, The Populist Vision, New York: Oxford University Press 2007.
68John Quincy Adams, Tagebucheintrag, 18. Juni 1833, in: The Diaries of John Quincy Adams, Bd. 39, S. 98.
69Thomas Jefferson, zitiert nach Daniel Webster, Dezember 1824, in: The Private Correspondence of Daniel Webster, hg. von Fletcher Webster, Boston: Little, Brown 1857, S. 371.
70Robert L. Brunhouse (Hg.), «David Ramsay, 1749–1815: Selections from His Writings», in: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 55 (1965), S. 27; Frank J. Owsley jr., «Editor’s Introduction» zu John Reid und John Henry Eaton, The Life of Andrew Jackson, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press [1974] 2007, S. V–VII; John Eaton, The Life of Andrew Jackson: Major General in the Service of the United States, Philadelphia: M. Carey and Son 1817; Margaret Bayard Smith, 1828, hier zitiert nach Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia 2000, S. 200.
71John Eaton, The Life of Andrew Jackson, Philadelphia: S. F. Bradford 1824; Owsley, «Editor’s Introduction», in: The Life of Andrew Jackson, S. X (Owsleys kommentierte Ausgabe kennzeichnet die Unterschiede zwischen den Ausgaben von 1817 und 1824). Zu Wahlkampfabzeichen: M. J. Heale, The Presidential Quest: Candidates and Images in American Political Culture, 1787–1852, London: Longman 1982, S. 50. Zu Wahlkämpfen im Allgemeinen: Robert J. Dinkin, Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices, New York: Greenwood 1989, S. 42. Ich erörtere Jacksons Wahlkampf-Biografie und den von ihr ausgehenden Einfluss auch in The Story of America, Kap. 10.
72Benjamin Austen, Constitutional Republicanism, in Opposition to Fallacious Federalism, Boston 1803, S. 87.
73Zur wachsenden Bedeutung des Nominierungskonvents: James S. Chase, Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention, 1789–1832, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press 1973; National Party Conventions, 1831–1984, Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc. 41987; Stan M. Haynes, The First American Political Conventions: Transforming Presidential Nominations, 1832–1872, Jefferson, NC: McFarland 2012.
74James Kent, zitiert nach den Reports of the Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of 1821, Assembled for the Purpose of Amending the Constitution of the State of New-York, Albany 1821, S. 221.
75Zitiert nach David McCullough, John Adams, New York: Simon & Schuster 2001, S. 639 f.
76Zitiert nach The Proceedings and Debates of the Virginia State Convention of 1829–30, Richmond 1830, S. 316. Vgl. außerdem Daniel Rodgers, Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence, New York: Basic Books 1987, S. 80–11.
77George Bancroft, «The Office of the People in Art, Government, and Religion», An Oration Delivered before the Adelphi Society of Williamstown College in August 1835, in: Thomas Breed et al. (Hg.), Modern Eloquence, 15 Bde., Philadelphia: John D. Morris and Company 1900, Bd. 7, S. 79; George Bancroft, Oration Delivered on the Fourth of July, 1826, at Northampton, Massachusetts, Northampton 1826, S. 20.
78Connecticut Herald, 11. Juli 1826.
79Joseph Ellis, Sie schufen Amerika: Die Gründergeneration von John Adams bis George Washington, München: C.H.Beck 2002, S. 332 f.; Gordon-Reed, Hemingses of Monticello, S. 655 f., S. 661 f.
80Joseph Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson, New York: Knopf 1997, S. 287–290; McCullough, John Adams, S. 644–647.
81John Randolph an John Brockenbrough, 12. Januar 1829, in: The Collected Letters of John Randolph of Roanoke to Dr. John Brockenbrough, hg. von Kenneth Shorey [1988], New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books 2015, S. 317.
82Alexandra Gazette, 4. März 1829.
83Margaret Bayard Smith an Jane Bayard Kirkpatrick, 11. März 1829, in: The First Forty Years of Washington Society Portrayed by the Family Letters of Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith (Margaret Bayard), hg. von Gaillard Hunt, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons 1906, S. 290–294; Andrew Jackson, «First Annual Message», 8. Dezember 1829, in: The American Presidency Project (online), zusammengestellt von John T. Woolley und Gerhard Peters; Joseph Story an Mrs. Joseph Story (Sarah Waldo Wetmore), 7. März 1829, in: The Life and Letters of Joseph Story, hg. von William M. Story, 2 Bde., Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown 1851, Bd. 1, S. 563.
84Bayard Smith an Bayard Kirkpatrick, 11. März 1829.
1Maria W. Stewart, «Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality, The Sure Foundation on Which We Must Build», Oktober 1831, in: Maria W. Stewart: America’s First Black Woman Political Writer, hg. von Marilyn Richardson, Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1987, S. 40.
2Richardson (Hg.), Maria W. Stewart, S. 29, S. 38. Garrisons Eindrücke von Stewart sind in einem Brief festgehalten, den er später zur Unterstützung ihres Antrags auf eine Witwenrente schrieb: William Lloyd Garrison an Maria W. Stewart, 4. April 1879, ebenda, S. 89 f.
3Zum Second Great Awakening vgl. besonders Mary P. Ryan, The Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida Country, New York, 1790–1865, New York: Cambridge University Press 1981, und Daniel Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, New York: Oxford University Press 2007.
4Zitiert nach Paul Johnson, A Shopkeeper’s Millenium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815–1837, 1. überarbeitete Auflage, New York: Hill and Wang 2004, S. 5.
5Ebenda, S. 3.
6Maria W. Stewart, «Mrs. Stewarts Farewell Address to Her Friends in the City of Boston», in: Richardson (Hg.), Maria W. Stewart, S. 70.
7Thomas Jefferson an William Ludlow, 6. September 1824, in: The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, hg. von Andrew A. Lipscomb und Albert Ellery Bergh, 20 Bde., Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States 1903–1907, Bd. 16, S. 74–76.
8Jacob Bigelow, The Useful Arts, 3 Bde., New York: Harper and Brothers 1855, Bd. 1, S. 18 f.
9Jeanne Boydston, Home and Work: Housework, Wages, and the Ideology of Labor in the Early Republic, New York: Oxford University Press 1990. Vgl. außerdem Alan Dawley, Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1976.
10George B. Ellenberg, Mule South to Tractor South: Mules, Machines, and the Transformation of the Cotton South, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 2007, S. 146.
11Walter Isaacson, The Innovators: Die Vordenker der digitalen Revolution von Ada Lovelace bis Steve Jobs, München: C. Bertelsmann 2018, 1. Kap.
12Zur Geschichte des Unternehmens vgl. Robert Dalzell, Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1987.
13Howe, What Hath God Wrought, S. 216 f.
14Johnson, A Shopkeeper’s Millennium, S. 18, S. 42.
15Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class, S. 146 f., S. 155–158.
16Vgl. Kathryn Kish Sklar, Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1973.
17Charles Grandison Finney, Memoirs of Rev. Charles G. Finney, New York: A. S. Barnes & Company 1876, S. 20; Johnson, A Shopkeeper’s Millennium, S. 108, S. 122.
18Ruth Cowan, A Social History of American Technology, New York: Oxford University Press 1997, S. 138, S. 210. Zum technologischen Determinismus in der amerikanischen Politik und Kultur im Allgemeinen vgl. David Nye, American Technological Sublime, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1994; Robert Friedel, A Culture of Improvement: Technology and the Western Millennium, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2008; Robert L. Heilbroner, «Do Machines Make History?», in: Technology and Culture 8 (1967), S. 335–345; Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America, New York: Oxford University Press 1964.
19Jacob Bigelow, Elements of Technology, Boston 1829; Jacob Bigelow, An Address on the Limits of Education Read before the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston: E. P. Dutton & Company 1865, S. 4. Vgl. außerdem Thomas Misa, Leonardo to the Internet: Technology and Culture from the Renaissance to the Present, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2004, S. 204; Leo Marx, «The Idea of ‹Technology› and Postmodern Pessimism», in: Yaron Ezrahi, Everett Mendelsohn und Howard Segal (Hg.), Technology, Pessimism and Postmodernism, Dordrecht: Kluwer 1994, S. 11–28; Howard P. Segal, Technological Utopianism in American Culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1985, S. 180 f.
20Thomas Carlyle, «Signs of the Times», in: Edinburgh Review 49 (Juni 1829), S. 457.
21Timothy Walker, «A Defense of Mechanical Philosophy», in: North American Review 33 (Juli 1831), S. 122–127.
22Zitiert nach Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln, New York: Norton 2005, S. 425.
23Bancroft, zitiert nach Russel Nye, George Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel, New York: Knopf 1944, S. 100; Sullivan wird hier zitiert nach: New York Morning News, 27. Februar 1845.
24Stewart, «Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality», Oktober 1831, in: Richardson (Hg.), Maria W. Stewart, S. 39.
25Zitiert nach Valerie C. Cooper, Word, Like Fire: Maria Stewart, the Bible, and the Rights of African Americans, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 2012, S. 4.
26Zitiert nach Richardson, Einleitung zu Maria W. Stewart, S. 14.
27Benjamin Rush an John Adams, 15. Juni 1789, in: The Letters of Benjamin Rush, hg. von L. H. Butterfield, 2 Bde., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1951, Bd. 1, S. 516.
28James Madison an die General Assembly des Commonwealth of Virginia, «A Memorial and Remonstrance», ca. 20. Juni 1785, in: The Papers of James Madison, Congressional Series, hg. von J. C. A. Stagg et al., 17 Bde., Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 2010, Bd. 8, S. 301.
29Artikel 11, Friedens- und Freundschaftsvertrag, unterzeichnet in Tripolis am 4. November 1796, in: Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, hg. von Hunter Miller, 8 Bde., Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1931–1948, Bd. 2, S. 365.
30Stewart, «Cause for Encouragement», in: Richardson (Hg.), Maria W. Stewart, S. 43.
31Lyman Beecher, «Lecture VII: The Republican Elements of the Old Testament», in: Lectures on Political Atheism and Kindred Subjects, Boston 1852, S. 189.
32Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1989, S. 4.
33Thomas Jefferson an Samuel Kercheval, 12. Juli 1816, in: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, Bd. 10, S. 226.
34William Lloyd Garrison, «Address to the Colonization Society», 4. Juli 1829, in: Selections from the Writings and Speeches of William Lloyd Garrison, Boston: R. F. Wallcut 1852, S. 53.
35Richardson (Hg.), Maria W. Stewart, Einleitung.
36Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 221; Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2013, S. 41 f., S. 152–154; Sven Beckert, King Cotton: Eine globale Geschichte des Kapitalismus, Kap. 5.
37Douglas R. Egerton und Robert L. Paquette (Hg.), The Denmark Vesey Affair: A Documentary History, Gainesville: University Press of Florida 2017. Vgl. außerdem Michael P. Johnson, «Denmark Vesey and His Co-Conspirators», in: William and Mary Quarterly 58 (2001), S. 915–976.
38Henry Highland Garnet, Walker’s Appeal, New York: J. H. Tobitt 1848, S. VI.
39Freedom’s Journal, 16. März 1827.
40David Walker, Walker’s Appeal in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America, 28. September 1829 (Boston 1829), S. 73 f., S. 18, S. 66, S. 55, S. 47, S. 28, S. 21, S. 27. Vgl. außerdem David Walker’s Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, hg. von Peter P. Hinks, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press 2000, Einleitung. Zur Vorstellung vom «farbigen Bürger» («colored citizen») vgl. Stephen Kantrowitz, More Than Freedom: Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic, 1829–1889, New York: Penguin Press 2012, S. 28–40.
41David Walker’s Appeal, hg. von Hinks, S. XIV–XXV.
42Ebenda, S. XXXIX–XL; The Liberator [Boston, Massachusetts], 1. Januar 1831, hier zitiert nach: Schambeck et al. (Hg.), Dokumente zur Geschichte, S. 314.
43The Confessions of Nat Turner with Related Documents [1831], hg. von Kenneth S. Greenberg, Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s 22017, S. 44; James M’Dowell jr. Speech of James M’Dowell Jr. (of Rockbridge) in the House of Delegates of Virginia, on the Slave Question, Richmond: Thomas W. White 1832, S. 29.
44Alexis de Tocqueville, De la démocratie en Amérique, 2 Bde., Paris 1835, 1840, hier zitiert nach folgender Ausgabe: Über die Demokratie in Amerika, Stuttgart: DVA 1962, Bd. 2, S. 275.
45Zitiert nach Stefan M. Wheelock, Barbaric Culture and Black Critique: Black Antislavery Writers, Religion, and the Slaveholding Atlantic, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 2015, Kap. 4.
46William Lloyd Garrison, «Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Convention, December 6, 1833», in: Selections from the Writings and Speeches of Charles Lloyd Garrison, S. 70. Mit der Wendung vom «ewiglichen Fels» wird auf Jesaja 26,4 angespielt (Anm. d. Übersetzers).
47Catharine Beecher, An Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, with Reference to the Duty of American Females, Philadelphia: Henry Perkins 1837, S. 121.
48Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 356 f., S. 419 f.; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, S. 539 f.
49Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 283; Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846, New York: Oxford University Press 1991, S. 238.
50Zitiert nach Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past: The Forces That Shaped Modern America [1959], überarbeitete Ausgabe, New York: Harper and Row 1970, S. 275 f.
51Zitiert nach Carl Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780–1860, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2011, S. 80.
52Zitiert nach Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience, New York: Random House 1973, S. 257.
53Samuel F. B. Morse, Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States through Foreign Immigration, New York 1835, S. 28. Zu Morse vgl. Jill Lepore, A is for American: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States, New York: Knopf 2002, Kap. 6.
54Zitiert nach Daniel J. Czitrom, Media and the American Mind: From Morse to McLuhan, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1982, S. 11 f.
55Barnet Schecter, The Devil’s Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America, New York: Walker & Company 2005, S. 78.
56Zur Common-School-Bewegung vgl. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic; Ira Katznelson und Margaret Weir, Schooling for All: Class, Race, and the Decline of the Democratic Ideal, New York: Basic Books 1983.
57Zitiert nach Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic, S. 163, S. 139.
58Ebenda, S. 176, S. 179.
59Christopher B. Daly, Covering America: A Narrative History of a Nation’s Journalism, Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press 2012, S. 59–63; Michael Schudson, Origins of the Ideal of Objectivity in the Professions: Studies in the History of American Journalism and American Law, 1830–1940 [Diss., 1976], New York: Garland 1990, S. 36–40.
60Tocqueville, Über die Demokratie in Amerika, Bd. 2, S. 53.
61Joseph Story an Richter Fay, 18. Februar 1834, in: The Life and Letters of Joseph Story, Bd. 2, S. 154. Senator Asher Robbins wird zitiert nach Michael G. Kammen, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: The Constitution in American Culture [1986], New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers 2006, S. 50.
62Joseph Story, A Discourse Pronounced at the Request of the Essex Historical Society on the 18th of September, 1828, in Commemoration of the First Settlement of Salem, Boston: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins 1828, S. 74 f. Zur Zwangsumsiedlung von Indianern vgl. Ronald N. Satz, American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1975; Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians, New York: Hill and Wang 1993; Theda Perdue, The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears, New York: Viking 2007.
63«Instructions to a Deputation of Our Warriors … to Proceed On and Visit Our Father the President of the United States», Fortville, Cherokee Nation, 19. September 1817, in: Walter Lowrie und Walter S. Franklin (Hg.), American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, Washington, DC: Gale and Seaton 1834, S. 145.
64Zitiert nach Althea Bass, Cherokee Messenger, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1996, S. 31.
65Zu den Cherokee in dieser Ära vgl. William G. McLoughlin, Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1986. Zu Sequoyah vgl. Lepore, A is for American, Kap. 3.
66Response of the Cherokee Council to U. S. Commissioners Duncan G. Campbell and James Meriwether, 20. Oktober 1823, in: American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, Indian Affairs, 2 Bde., Washington, DC: Ales and Seaton 1834, Bd. 2, S. 469; U. S. Commissioners to the Cherokee Chiefs, 9. Dezember 1824, in: American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Bd. 2, S. 570; und Cherokee Council to U. S. Commissioners, 11. Februar 1824, in: American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Bd. 2, S. 474.
67John Howard Payne, «The Cherokee Cause» [1835], Wiederabdruck in: Journal of Cherokee Studies 1 (1976), S. 19.
68Rede von Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen, 7.–9. April 1830, in: Speeches of the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of Indians, Delivered in the Congress of the United States, April and May, 1830, Boston: Perkins and Marvin 1830, S. 8.
69Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U. S. 1 (1831), hier zitiert nach: Schambeck et al. (Hg.), Dokumente zur Geschichte, S. 306, S. 308, und Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U. S. 515 (1832).
70An Indian’s Appeal to the White Men of Massachusetts, Wiederabdruck in: William Apess, On Our Own Ground: The Writings of William Apess, a Pequot, hg. von Barry O’Connell, Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press 1992, S. 205. Vgl. dazu auch meine Erörterung des umfassenderen kulturellen und politischen Kontextes für die Ansprüche der Mashpee und Penobscot in The Name of War, Kap. 7.
71Edward Everett, An address delivered at Bloody Brook, in South Deerfield, September 30, 1835, Boston: Russell, Shattuck, & Williams 1835, S. 8, S. 10 f. Vgl. außerdem Edward Everett, «The Cherokee Case», in: North American Review 33 (1831), S. 136–153.
72Andrew Jackson, «First Annual Message», 8. Dezember 1829.
73Jon Meacham, American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House, New York: Random House 2008, S. 204.
74Perdue, The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears, 139 f. General Winfield Scott, «Extracts from General Orders, or the Address to the Troops», 17. Mai 1838, in: Memoirs of Lieut.-General Winfield Scott, hg. von Timothy D. Johnson, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press 2015, S. 166.
75Harriet Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel, 3 Bde., London: Saunders and Otley 1838, Bd. 1, S. 147.
76Zitiert nach Kerry S. Walters, Explosion on the Potomac: The 1844 Calamity Aboard the USS Princeton, Charleston, SC: The History Press 2013, S. 85.
77Johnson, River of Dark Dreams, Kap. 10.
78Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 319–322.
79Memoirs of General Andrew Jackson Seventh President of the United States, Auburn, NY: James C. Derby & Co. 1845, S. 202, S. 208.
80Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 387, S. 430.
81James S. Chase, Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention, 1789–1832, Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1973, S. 27–34.
82Stan M. Haynes, The First American Political Conventions: Transforming Presidential Nominations, 1832–1872, Jefferson, NC: McFarland 2012, S. 29.
83Zur Panik von 1837 und zum Bankkrieg vgl. Reginald Charles McGrane, The Panic of 1837: Some Financial Problems of the Jacksonian Era, New York: Russell and Russell Inc. 1924, 1965; Marc Shell, Money, Language and Thought: Literary and Philosophic Economies from the Medieval to the Modern Era, Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press 1982; Alasdair Roberts, America’s First Great Depression: Economic Crisis and Political Disorder after the Panic of 1837, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 2012.
84Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 365.
85The Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle, hg. von Reginald C. McGrane, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company 1919, S. 93; Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 361.
86Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 368, S. 372.
87U. S. Senate Journal, 22nd Cong., 1st Sess., 10. Juli 1832.
88Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 398.
89Robert Sobel, Panic on Wall Street: A Classic History of America’s Financial Disasters [1968], Washington, DC: Beard Books 1999, S. 38–40, S. 47.
90Andrew Jackson, «Fourth Annual Message», 4. Dezember 1832.
91Speech of Mr. Kennedy, of Indiana, on the Oregon Question Delivered in the House of Representatives, 10. Januar 1846, Washington 1846, S. 7. Das Zitat findet sich auch in Donald William Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Bd. 2: Continental America, 1800–1867, 4 Bde., New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1993, Bd. 2, S. 222.
92Meinig, The Shaping of America, Bd. 2, S. 135; Hahn, A Nation Without Borders, S. 12. Zum Krieg mit Mexiko vgl. Rachel St. John, Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U. S.-Mexico Border, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2011. Vgl. außerdem Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West, New York: Norton 2006, Kap. 7.
93Zitiert nach Walter R. Borneman, Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America, New York: Random House 2008, S. 73.
94Donald J. Ratcliffe, «Thomas Morris», in: American National Biography Online; Thomas Morris, Speech in Reply to the Speech of Henry Clay, 9. Februar 1839, New York 1839.
95Haynes, The First American Political Conventions, S. 1; Chase, Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention, S. 40.
96Frank E. Hagen und Elmo Scott Watson, «The Origin of Ruckerize», in: Cambridge [MA] Sentinel, 12. September 1936.
97Sobel, Panic on Wall Street, S. 51, S. 67.
98Bauer, «The Movement Against Imprisonment for Debt». Vgl. außerdem Charles Warren, Bankruptcy in United States History, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1935; James Ciment, «In the Light of Failure: Bankruptcy, Insolvency and Financial Failure in New York City, 1790–1860»; Edward J. Balleisen, Navigating Failure: Bankruptcy and Commercial Society in Antebellum America, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2001. Tocqueville, Über die Demokratie in Amerika, Bd. 2, S. 256.
99Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 492 f.
100[Richard Hildreth], The People’s Presidential Candidate; or The Life of William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, Boston 1839, S. 14–16, S. 194. Robert Gray Gunderson, The Log Cabin Campaign, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press 1957, S. 73–79, S. 129–133.
101Zitiert nach Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, S. 547. Vgl. außerdem Milton C. Sernett, North Star Country: Upstate New York and the Crusade for African American Freedom, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press 2002, S. 115.
102Mary P. Ryan, Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825–1880, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1990, S. 134; vgl. außerdem Jo Freeman, A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield 2000.
103Dinkin, Campaigning in America, S. 33.
104Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson, hg. von A. W. Plumstead, Harrison Hayford et al., 16 Bde., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1969, Bd. 7, S. 482. Zu Morses Nachricht vgl. 4. Mose 23,23 (Anm. d. Übersetzers).
105«The Telegraph», New York Sun, 6. November 1847, in Morses Notizbuch, Samuel Morse Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
106Daly, Covering America, S. 77; Daniel Webster, «Opening of the Northern Railroad to Lebanon, N. H.» [1847], in: Works of Daniel Webster, 6 Bde., Boston: Little Brown 111858, Bd. 2, S. 419.
107Karl Marx, «Die entfremdete Arbeit» [1844], in: ders., Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte, hg. von Barbara Zehnpfennig, Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag 2005, S. 54–70 (Zitat: S. 56, Hervorhebung im Original).
108Ralph Waldo Emerson: Updated Edition, hg. von Harold Bloom, New York: Chelsea House 2007, S. 127.
109Zitiert nach James D. Hart, «They All Were Born in Log Cabins», in: American Heritage 7 (1956), S. 32.
110Henry David Thoreau, Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston: Ticknor and Fields 1854; hier zitiert nach folgender Ausgabe: Walden oder Leben in den Wäldern, Zürich: Diogenes 1971, S. 114 f., S. 58, S. 61, S. 101, S. 114, S. 62 f.
111Thoreau, Walden, S. 164, S. 320. Rezension zu Walden, in: The New York Churchman, 2. September 1854.
112Thoreau, Walden, S. 61.