Chapter 1. Austria-Hungary
1. P. Handel-Mazzetti, “Hermann Freiherr von Spaun,” Neue Österreichische Biographie ab 1918 15, 113–18.
2. For the STT shipyard at Trieste it was important to start building both dreadnoughts immediately after the completion of the last Radetzky-class unit. To wait a year for the financial approval would require giving notice to the hundreds of workers, endangering the existence of STT and delaying construction even more. A solution was found by arranging a loan from the mighty Creditanstalt bank to STT and declaring the ships to be built on speculation and sold abroad if not bought by the navy. In fact the shipyard, together with the Skoda and Witkowitz factories (where guns and triple turrets were ordered), belonged to the same bank. Everybody of importance knew the real situation, but no one could give any official guarantee before the parliaments gave their approval. See E. Sieche, “SMS Szent István, Hungaria’s Only and Ill-Fated Dreadnought,” Warship International, no. 2 (1991), 112–46.
Chapter 2. France
1. The classification of French cruisers often varied between 1874 and 1897 and even beyond. Documents, official and unofficial, were not always consistent in their terminology, and some warships changed classification several times. By 1914 the categories had finally become armored cruisers, protected cruisers (officially first- or second-class), and third-class cruisers. Typical of the persistent confusion, one can cite the example of Surcouf, Cosmao, Lavoisier, and D’Estrées, presented as sloops in the book Flottes de combat 1914, even though contemporary fleet lists from 1892 on classified them as third-class cruisers.
Chapter 6. Russia
1. P. E. Stogov, “Vospominaniia o Morskom General’nom Shtabe,” in S. V. Gladkii and Iu. K. Dvorzhitskii, eds., S beregov Ameriki: Iubileinyi istoricheskii sbornik o-va russkikh morskikh ofitserov v Amerikie 1923–1938 (New York: Association of Former Russian Naval Officers in America, 1939), 260.
2. V. V. Romanov, “Radiorazviedka,” Zapiski Voenno-Morskogo Istoricheskago imeni Admirala Kolchaka Kruzhka, no. 7 (January 1937), 28.
3. Telegram dated 28 February [1917?], ADM 137/4695, National Archives, Kew, London.
4. Constantine Benckendorff [Benkendorf], Half a Life: The Reminiscences of a Russian Gentleman (London: Richards, 1954), 155.
5. I. V. Zav’ialov, “Podvodnyi flot v kanun Pervoi mirovoi voiny,” Gangut, no. 51 (2009), 98.
6. R. D. Layman and Boris V. Drashpil, “Early Russian Shipboard Aviation,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 97, no. 4 (April 1971), 56.
7. Quoted in Paul G. Halpern, A Naval History of World War I (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 235.
Chapter 7. United States
1. Paolo E. Coletta, ed., American Secretaries of the Navy, vol. 2, 1913–1972 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1980), xiv.
2. Julius Augustus Furer, Administration of the Navy Department in World War Two (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, 1959), 109.
3. Ibid.
4. Timothy S. Wolters, Managing a Sea of Information: Shipboard Command and Control in the United States Navy, 1899–1945 (Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003), 84.
5. Ibid., 100–101.
6. Paul G. Halpern, A Naval History of World War I (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 359.
7. Description of Maneuver Board, Appliances, and Rules, Section 18, Admiral Fletcher’s Tactics of the Battle Line, Naval War College, Newport, R.I., 1916, 2.
8. Battle Instructions, United States Atlantic Fleet, 27 May 1916.
9. Norman Friedman, Naval Firepower (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2010), 184.
10. Annual Reports of the Navy Department for the Fiscal Year 1916 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), 22.
11. Jerry W. Jones, U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1998), 87.
12. Donald A Yerxa, Admirals and Empire: The United States Navy and the Caribbean, 1898–1945 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 47.
13. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the Fiscal Year 1918 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), 47–48.
Chapter 8. Other Navies
1. David Healy, “Admiral William B. Caperton and United States Naval Diplomacy in South America, 1917–1919,” Journal of Latin American Studies 8, no. 2 (November 1976), 316–17.
2. Sadao Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2006), 8.
3. Friedman, Naval Firepower, 228.