Notes

Full bibliographic information for books cited in the Notes can be found in the Selected Bibliography.

Note on the title

The phrase “Come On In, America” is taken from an anti-war cartoon by M. A. Kempf, published in the magazine The Masses in June 1917. The entire title is “Come On In America, the Blood’s Fine.” It shows a grim, frightening-looking man who represents war pulling three women—England, France, and Germany—into a pool of blood. The cartoon vividly shows the horrors of war, which were terrible. Many Americans supported World War I, but there were also people who opposed it, both before and after we entered.

Introduction

This page “we will not . . . at last free.” http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Wilson’s_War_Message_to_Congress (accessed February 26, 2016).

This page Death statistics. https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html (accessed February 14, 2016).

Chapter 1: War Begins in Europe

This page “Heir to . . . in a heap.” http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1914-06-29/ed-1/seq-1/ (accessed February 17, 2016).

This page “Germany endeavored . . . until today.” Carlisle, World War I, p. 25.

This page–this page “Paris went on . . . was ready.” Ibid.

This page “Hardly anyone . . . astonishment.” Englund, Beauty and the Sorrow, pp. 10–11.

Chapter 2: The United States Stays Neutral—or Does It?

This page Until 1951, the city of Plattsburgh, New York, used the spelling “Plattsburg,” as on the poster. The correct spelling now is “Plattsburgh,” used throughout this book.

This page “neutral . . . action.” Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 7.

This page–this page On U.S. percentage of world trade. Ibid, p. 10.

This page “bound together . . . purpose.” Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War, p. 22.

This page “a big dog . . . little one.” Ibid, p. 28.

This page “three days . . . and sky.” Ibid.

This page–this page “It was . . . overturned lifeboats.” Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 22.

This page Lusitania statistics. Bausum, Unraveling Freedom, p. 23.

This page “acceptance by . . . time of war.” https://as205.omeka.net/exhibits/show/tr232/item/133 (accessed March 3, 2016).

This page “In the present . . . move westward.” Nelson, Five Lieutenants, pp. 8–9.

This page “We are a committee . . . ill-considered action.” Bennett and Howlett, Antiwar Dissent, pp. 39–40.

This page “There were no bands . . . on the beholders.” http://broom02.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Woman%27s%20Peace%20Party&item_type=topic (accessed February 28, 2016).

This page–this page “As women . . . destruction.” Bennett and Howlett, Antiwar Dissent, p. 37.

This page “a peace without . . . principles.” Keene, United States and the First World War, p. 16.

This page “on the following . . . and Arizona.” https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/zimmermann/ (accessed February 26, 2016).

This page “It would seem . . . independence.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 37.

This page “How is it . . . on the brink of.” Bennett and Howlett, Antiwar Dissent, p. 77.

This page “The question is . . . for efficiency.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 43.

Chapter 3: The United States Joins the Fight

This page “Good Lord! . . . are you?” Keene, World War I, p. 11.

This page–this page Statistics for U.S. troops. http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/fall/military-service-in-world-war-one.html (accessed March 12, 2016).

This page “We men . . . pass it up.” Nelson, Five Lieutenants, p. 31.

This page “What actuated . . . at stake.” Ibid, p. 46, 78.

This page “The whole nation . . . to call him.” http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usconscription_wilson.html (accessed March 12, 2016).

This page “still strongly . . . abolished.” http://wwvets.com/MedicalCorps.html (accessed May 6, 2016).

This page “Soldiering . . . your own.” Rubin, Last of the Doughboys, p. 13.

This page Origins of “doughboy.” http://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/origindb.htm (accessed March 4, 2016).

This page Statistics on U.S. Navy. Keene, World War I, p. 125.

This page “54 degrees . . . funnels were bent.” http://www.wwvets.com/navy.html (accessed April 28, 2016).

This page–this page “We made . . . not at home.” http://www.wwvets.com/navy.html (accessed April 28, 2016).

This page–this page “very old . . . on the floor.” Nelson, Five Lieutenants, p. 67.

This page–this page “The shells . . . and exploded.” Rubin, Last of the Doughboys, pp. 22–23.

This page “The horror . . . so short a time.” Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War, p. 32.

This page–this page “I will try . . . with four men.” https://jaclynhughes.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/ww1-personal-story-peter-schaming.pdf (accessed July 6, 2016).

This page Losses at Battle of the Somme. Keene, World War I, p. 12.

This page “could only stagger . . . asleep.” Keene, United States and the First World War, p. 56.

This page “They started . . . woods, fighting.” Rubin, Last of the Doughboys, pp. 190, 192.

This page Casualties at Belleau Wood. Ibid, p. 193.

This page “On the 18th . . . three days.” Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 98.

This page “saw a sight . . . earth quake.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 193.

This page “everything is . . . 60 deaths.” Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 109.

This page “memorable day . . . FINIS LE GUERRE.” http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/fullbrowser/collection/WVHP/id/2110/rv/compoundobject/cpd/2193/rec/1 (accessed March 1, 2016).

This page “You cannot imagine . . . Star Spangled Banner.” George, World War I, p. 77.

Chapter 4: New and Improved Weapons

This page “Those who knew . . . giant artillery.” http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/draw_pdf.php?filename=Bartlett.pdf (accessed April 28, 2016).

This page Number of horses killed at Verdun. Gilbert, First World War, p. 235.

This page “in the infantry . . . to perfect him.” http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/draw_pdf.php?filename=Bartlett.pdf (accessed April 28, 2016).

This page Number of shells at Battle of the Marne. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-shock-of-war-55376701/?no-ist (accessed April 28, 2016).

This page–this page “There was a sound . . . as a small room.” Ibid.

This page “at three o’clock . . . on top of us.” Sheffield, War on the Western Front, p. 23.

This page “twenty-four . . . disturbance.” Englund, Beauty and the Sorrow, p. 486.

This page “was quite . . . line of duty.” Ibid, pp. 489–90.

This page “assigned to a . . . the trenches.” http://www.wwvets.com/MachineGunners.html (accessed May 2, 2016).

This page–this page “highly praised . . . functioned well.” Sheffield, War on the Western Front, p. 250.

This page “The defenders . . . [smoke].” Ibid, p. 212.

This page–this page “queer, greenish-yellow . . . on the spot.” http://chemicalweaponscenmag.org/when-chemicals-became-weapons-of-war/ (accessed May 9, 2016).

This page Statistics on shells filled with gas. Keene, World War I, p. 142.

This page “Gas travels . . . of the chemicals.” http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/gas.htm (accessed May 9, 2016).

This page Deaths from mustard gas. http://chemicalweapons.cenmag.org/when-chemicals-became-weapons-of-war/ (accessed May 9, 2016).

This page “Life in the . . . external armor.” http://www.wwvets.com/Tanks.html (accessed May 2, 2016).

This page “As we approached . . . nothing at all.” Sheffield, War on the Western Front, p. 260.

This page–this page “The English . . . a chance.” Englund, Beauty and the Sorrow, p. 367.

This page–this page “At 150 yards . . . into the ground.” Grant, Definitive Visual History, p. 297.

This page Statistics on bombs dropped on London. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 339–40.

This page “bunk was too small . . . damp cellar.” http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/archives/texts/uboatu9.html (accessed May 12, 2016).

Chapter 5: The War on Our Home Front

This page Statistics on trade and income. https://sites.google.com/site/wartoendallwarscom/home/industry-during-ww1 (accessed April 28, 2016).

This page–this page Statistics on employment. http://www.nber.org/digest/jan05/w10580.html (accessed April 28, 2016).

This page–this page “Go back . . . by all means.” Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 74.

This page “SAVE WHEAT . . . I’ll wait.” https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/CONSERVING-FOOD-IN-WWI-Children-in-War (accessed May 6, 2016).

This page “It has been demonstrated . . . they did fencing.” Blatch, Mobilizing Woman-Power, pp. 166–67.

This page “Guess you have . . . store closed.” George, World War I, p. 26.

This page “We went direct . . . human motives” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 105.

This page “There was a . . . a few bonds.” George, World War I, p. 32.

This page “A man . . . American citizen.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 106.

This page “I have been in . . . not be helped.” Bennett and Howlett, Antiwar Dissent, p. 123.

This page “imagination . . . same way.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 55.

This page “The speech must not . . . worth fighting for.’” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4970/ (accessed March 10, 2016).

This page On CPI output. Kennedy, Over Here, p. 61.

This page–this page “THE authentic record . . . patriotic citizen.” http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.28523/pageturner?ID=pm0001001 (accessed February 25, 2016).

This page “If there should be . . .stern repression.” http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Wilson’s_War_Message_to_Congress. (accessed February 26, 2016).

This page “has all the earmarks . . . and patriotism.” Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, p. 32.

This page “Every letter . . . nonmailable.” Keene, United States and the First World War, p. 99.

This page “interfere . . . forces.” Ibid.

This page “I . . . planned . . . war and after.” Bennett and Howlett, Antiwar Dissent, p. 131.

This page “any disloyal . . . the Constitution.” Keene, United States and the First World War, p. 99.

This page “The working class . . . does both.” Bennett and Howlett, Antiwar Dissent, pp. 92–93.

This page “material . . . Espionage Act.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 65.

This page Number of foreign-born in U.S. armed forces. Keene, United States and the First World War, p. 60.

This page–this page “It is our earnest . . . give like service.” Bennett and Howlett, Antiwar Dissent, pp. 74–75.

This page On number of strikers. Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 117.

This page “the IWW agitators . . . the United States.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 73.

This page “Two sons . . . those early days.” https://www.loc.gov/resource/wpalh3.33020106/?sp=6 (accessed May 11, 1016).

This page “It is still a question . . . your decision.” George, World War I, p. 45.

This page–this page “Those who opposed . . . German submarines.” Bennett and Howlett, Antiwar Dissent, p. 126.

This page “I am not seeking . . . the same end—war.” Roger Baldwin quoted in Ibid, pp. 190–91.

This page “punished . . . for three days.” Ibid, p. 197.

Chapter 6: African Americans at War and at Home

This page “Young negro men . . . we get nothing.” Bennett and Howlett, Antiwar Dissent, p. 173.

This page “Negro enlistment was discouraged.” Rubin, Last of the Doughboys, p. 261.

This page “arrogant . . . community.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 159.

This page “Let us not . . . to the hills.” Zieger, America’s Great War, pp. 130–31.

This page “though we carried . . . of the procession.” Osborne, Miles to Go for Freedom, p. 80.

This page “felt that I . . . of Democracy.” http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-world-war-i.html (accessed April 19, 2016).

This page “I remember the day . . . November 1917.” Horace Pippin, lightly edited for readability, at http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/viewer/horace-pippin-memoir-his-experiences-world-war-i-7434 (accessed April 26, 2016), p. 1. (Page numbers indicate the page in Pippin’s handwritten manuscript where quotes are found.)

This page–this page “laid about five hundred . . . go to bed wet.” Ibid, pp. 3–4.

This page “I remember . . . went to bed wet.” Ibid, p. 7.

This page “gave us shell fire . . . their shells.” Ibid, pp. 11-12.

This page “must not eat . . . white Americans.” http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/african-american-soldiers-world-war-i-92nd-and-93rddivisions (accessed April 26, 2016).

This page “There were . . . day after tomorrow.” http://forloveofliberty.org/overview/Harlem_Hellfighters.html (accessed April 28, 2016).

This page “Stones, dirt . . . near you.” Ibid.

This page–this page “While on night . . . until they retreated.” https://www.army.mil/medalofhonor/johnson/ (accessed May 11, 2016).

This page “I cannot commend . . . dangerous work.” http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/african-american-soldiers-world-war-i-92nd-and-93rddivisions (accessed April 26, 2016).

This page “That day, the sun . . . New York Infantry.” http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/01/294913379/the-harlemhellfighters-fighting-racism-in-the-trenches-of-wwi (accessed May 11, 2016).

This page–this page “There is no advancement . . . make good.” Grossman, Chance to Make Good, pp. 104–5.

This page On number of African Americans in Great Migration. Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 128.

This page “Because Negroes . . . long one.” George, World War I, p. 56.

This page “that had no water . . . flooded.” Ibid, p. 129.

This page “Negroes were coming . . . closer and closer.” George, World War I, p. 59.

This page–this page Statistics on lynching. Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 128.

This page “lynching is . . . of this kind.” Ibid.

This page–this page “Optimism . . . will not happen.” Bennett and Howlett, Antiwar Dissent, p. 183.

This page “I had a nice uniform . . . down the streets here.” Reisman, I Feel So Good, p. 34.

This page “You know now . . . real American men.” Keene, United States and the First World War, p. 63.

This page “We return . . . the reason why.” Dailey, Age of Jim Crow, pp. 128–29.

Chapter 7: Women, Suffrage, and Service

This page–this page “inspire, encourage . . . critical hour.” Keene, World War I, pp. 113–14.

This page “Rise up, women . . . goes marching on.” http://thesuffragettes.org/resources/anthems/ (accessed May 12, 2016).

This page–this page On the arrest of women picketers. Carlisle, World War I, p. 233.

This page “As long as . . . go to jail.” http://www.novahistory.org/Lorton_Womens_Suffrage.htm (accessed May 12, 2016).

This page “announced . . . the nose.” Ibid.

This page “is vital . . . the war.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 284.

This page “We are making . . . housework.” Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 145.

This page “got the telegram . . . right away.” Rubin, Last of the Doughboys, p. 389.

This page “had built . . . open space.” Ibid, p. 392.

This page “The same patriotism . . . after the war.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 285.

This page On number of women in U.S. armed forces. Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 142.

This page “I’ve got the greatest . . . Marine!” George, World War I, p. 68.

This page “What’ll I say . . . second floor.” Ibid, p. 69.

This page “I felt sick . . . were 72.” http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/WVHP/id/2193/rec/21 (accessed April 12, 2016).

This page–this page “Imagine having . . . cemetery fast.” Keene, World War I, p. 116.

This page “For days I was . . . German soldiers.” Ibid, pp. 118–19.

This page “The fact that prejudice . . . sacred service.” George, World War I, p. 72.

This page “The American made . . . made in France.” http://archives.library.illinois.edu/blog/red-cross/ (accessed April 12, 2016).

This page “In a world . . . cigarettes.” Ibid.

This page “a story transcribed . . . ever known.” http://www.gwpda.org/wwi-www/Clarke/Clarke00TC.htm (accessed April 14, 2016).

Chapter 8: Peace with Victory and a Price

This page “What we demand . . . done to us.” http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp (accessed March 2, 2016).

This page “must be evacuated . . . free nations.” Ibid.

This page “A general association . . . states alike.” Ibid.

This page “We have no jealousy . . . fair dealing.” Ibid.

This page “The Allied and Associated Governments affirm . . . the allies.” Ibid.

This page–this page “The Allied and Associated Governments affirm . . . her belligerency.” Ibid.

This page “The impression . . . depression.” Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 183.

This page “In order to promote . . . League of Nations.” http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/parti.asp (accessed March 2, 2016).

This page “Go forward . . . nowhere else.” Zieger, America’s Great War, pp. 184–85.

This page “The Members . . . shall be fulfilled.” http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/parti.asp (accessed March 2, 2016).

This page “The United States assumes . . . so provide.” Zieger, America’s Great War, p. 221.

Chapter 9: War’s Legacy

This page “have sought to prepare . . . way to liberty.” Kennedy, Over Here, p. 383.

This page “a single sustainable . . . in every society.” Ibid, pp. 389–90.

This page “Just as we stood . . . the twenty-first century.” https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/foreign-policy/cross-cutting-issues (accessed March 30, 2016).

This page “We’re people of faith . . . common heritage.” https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/foreign-policy#section-middle-east-andnorth-africa (accessed July 6, 2016).