Accelerated Modern Apprenticeships 73
activation measures 76
all-age unemployment 30
apprenticeship system 28, 64, 74, 112, 114–15
Ashton, David 26, 29, 38–9, 44, 47–8, 53–4, 61, 63, 78–9, 86, 93, 119, 121, 124
atypical employment 22, 69, 81, 99, 101, 106
Australian Labour Force Survey 69
Banks, M. H. 61
Beveridge 23
The Black Death 23
Blanchflower, D. G. 59, 61, 66–9
‘blind-alley jobs’ 32
Boland, T. 18
‘bottom-up’ approach 105
Bourdieu, P. 26
Brazilianization 107
British Cohort Study 39
British Household Panel Survey 120
Brooks, R. 94
buoyant labour markets 24, 53, 57
Campbell, I. 69
Carter, M. P. 34
Centre for Labour Market Studies 120
Certificate of Secondary Education 55
Changing Structure of Youth Labour Markets (CSYLM) 47, 119–21, 123
civilising offensives 9, 14–15, 24
Clark, Alan 37
Clarke, J. 45
Coalition government 78
Cockburn, C. 38
Conservative government 35, 37, 39, 73, 78
Conservative Party 36
contemporary labour market, young people in 10–14, 88–92, 117–18
Craig, R. 23
Crisp, R. 15
CSYLM see Changing Structure of Youth Labour Markets (CSYLM)
Davies, B. 45
declining labour markets 51, 55–6, 60–1, 103
‘deficit model’ 46
Denmark, social change and young people in 115–16
Department of Employment 47, 120
depressed labour markets 52–7, 59–61, 120
discouraged worker effect 31–2
Dolton, P. 39
Douglas, M. 17
dualisms, in youth labour market 49
du Bois Reymond, M. 97
Eckersley, R. 104
Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) 117
economic recession (1980), and youth labour market 29–32
economic transformations: overview 21–2
educational qualifications 53–5, 85
Elias, Norbert 10, 12–14, 16–18, 20, 22, 24, 43
employability 15, 24, 32, 45, 96, 107
employment 111–12; ‘atypical’ forms of 69, 81, 99, 101, 106; in contemporary Britain 64–77; and employee welfare 22–4; full-time permanent 4, 7, 13, 40, 50, 56, 68–9, 85–6, 88, 91, 104, 109–10, 112; and gender differences 88–91; insecurity and flexibility 79–82; and jeopardisation of labour 75–7; non-standard 40–1; and optimism 89–91, 93–4, 97, 104–6, 112; satisfaction of 88–92; status by age 85–8; trends in 69–72; and zones of insecurity (see specific types)
ESRC see Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)
European Commission 81
Evans, S. 95
Everett, G. 94
FE see further education (FE)
Federation of Claimants Unions 34
Felstead, A. 40
Fevre, R. 80
FileMaker Pro dataset 123
forced labour 84
Forced Labour Convention 84
Ford 109
Fordist employment models 93, 99–100, 106
Fuller, A. 74
full-time employment see full-time permanent employment
full-time permanent employment 4, 7, 13, 40, 48, 50, 56–7, 68–9, 81, 85–6, 88, 91, 99, 104, 109–10, 112
further education (FE) 119
General Health Questionnaire scale 93
German apprenticeships 74
Germany, social change and young people in 114–15
gig economy 105
Global Financial Crisis (GFC) see Great Recession
golden age (1960s), youth labour market in 13, 25–9, 40
Goodwin, J. 10, 18, 25, 27–8, 117
Goos, M. 66
Grayling, Chris 24
Great Depression 19
‘Great Moderation’ 69
Great Recession 9, 11, 19–20, 21–2, 41, 65, 92–5, 99, 105, 112, 115
Green, F. 88
Griffin, R. 18
Hall, S. 93
higher education 6–8, 26, 31, 39, 54, 65, 100, 112
Hughes, J. 10
industrial revolution 14–15, 23, 99
Inner London Education Authority 39
International Labour Office 84
International Monetary Fund 36
Internet 110
jeopardisation, of labour 22, 41, 75–7, 99
Job Creation Programme 32, 113
Jorens, Y. 81
Labour Force Survey 40
Lave, J. 18
legitimate peripheral participation 18
Lehman Brothers 70
liminal zone/liminality 4, 7–8, 16–18, 44–7, 50, 52–3, 83–4, 86–9, 91, 95, 100–3, 107
long-term social processes 10–14
long-term youth unemployment 44, 70–2, 75
low-paid industries 77n1
low skill equilibrium 76
Maclagan, I. 74
McJobs 100
McKie, L. 39
Maizels, J. 29
Major, John 73
Makeham, P. 31
The Making of the ‘Precariat’ project 10, 117–21
mandated workers 84
Manning, A. 66
Manpower Services Commission (MSC) 38
manufacturing industries 3–4, 18–20, 23, 25, 29–30, 36, 42, 53, 60, 64, 66, 69–70, 75, 110, 114–15
marginalised zone/marginalisation/marginality 10, 13, 38, 44–7, 49–52, 55, 77, 82–6, 88, 91, 95–6, 99, 102–3, 106, 116
Marsh, J. 13
Master and Servant Act (1823) 23
Mennell, S. 14
Mills, Wright 11
Mizen, P. 38
mobilities, and youth labour market 56–60
Modern Apprenticeships 64, 73–4, 113
Morgan, D. 37
MSC see Manpower Services Commission (MSC)
Myck, M. 75
National Child Development Study 61
National Dock Labour Scheme 99
national governments, and social change 65, 76, 111
National Insurance 34
National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) 74
NEET see not in education, employment or training (NEET)
neo-liberalism 3, 7–8, 21–2, 36, 41, 43, 62, 64, 93, 96, 103, 107, 111
neo-liberal policies 111
New Deal for Young People 73–5
New Labour 46
Nilsen, A. 14
not in education, employment or training (NEET) 101
NVQ see National Vocational Qualification (NVQ)
OECD see Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
oil crisis (1973), and youth labour market 29–32
On the Process of Civilisation (Elias) 14
OPEC see Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
optimism, and employment 89–91, 93–4, 97, 104–6, 112
Ordinance of Labour (1349) 23
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 67–8, 110
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 29
Osgerby, B. 32
part-time employment/jobs 6, 19–20, 40–1, 52, 68–9, 80–1, 85, 92
permanent full-time jobs see full-time permanent employment
Plug, W. 97
post-liminal labour market: changes affecting young people 100–3; overview 98–100; and well-being 88, 93, 104–5
post-Second World War era 23, 99
Powell, R. 15
precariat/precarity 9–13, 18–20, 29, 48, 79, 81, 83, 85–8, 93, 99–100, 106
The Precariat (Standing) 48
property owning democracy 36
prosperous labour markets 52–9, 63
punitive turn 35, 44–7, 63n2, 72, 102, 107, 113
qualification inflation 66, 68, 85
race/ethnicity, and youth labour market 124–5
recessions 112
Roberts, S. 25, 44, 47, 49, 51, 55, 61, 95
Rowntree, Seebohm 99
Rutter, M. 62
Ryan, P. 37
Ryanair 81
scarring effects 59
Schooling Ordinary Kids (Brown) 51
SDAI see Secondary Data Analysis Initiative (SDAI)
SDP see Social Democratic Party (SDP)
Secondary Data Analysis Initiative (SDAI) 9, 117
Sennett, R. 80
service sectors 4, 20, 42, 52–3, 57, 62, 64, 66, 70, 74, 76, 110, 114–16
Sissons, P. 67
Smith, D. J. 62
social change, and young people: in contemporary labour market 88–92; in Denmark 115–16; in Germany 114–15; globalisation 109–11; national governments 65, 76, 111; overview 109; in United Kingdom 111–14
Social Democratic Party (SDP) 44, 63n1
‘social partnership’ approach 114
sociogenesis: of precarious working 18–20; and youth labour market 10–14
Special Employment Measures 37
Sports Direct 81
Standing, Guy 11, 48, 81–2, 85, 92, 99, 106
Thatcher, Margaret 24, 35–6, 42, 62, 64
‘time-related underemployment’ 69
Trades Union Congress (TUC) 37–8, 67
traditional zone 44–7, 49–52, 55, 62, 85–9, 102–3
Training Opportunities Programme (1972) 73
transition system 27, 32, 62, 86, 99, 115
TUC see Trades Union Congress (TUC)
Tyler, I. 46
UK Data Archive 120
UK Data Service 120
UK Economic and Social Research Council 9
UK Household Longitudinal Study see Understanding Society
UK Skills and Employment Surveys 85
Ullah, P. 61
underemployment 44, 64, 68–70, 80–1, 86, 98
Understanding Society 9, 48, 79, 82, 118, 120–1
unemployment 9, 25, 30–5, 79, 88, 95, 102, 113, 115–16; consequences of 72–5; in contemporary Britain 64–77; long-term youth 70–2, 75; and punitive turn 44–7; trends in 69–72; and zones of insecurity during 1980s 47–51
unemployment benefit regulations 34, 45, 58, 63n3, 74
United Kingdom: social change and young people in 111–14; work and unemployment in 64–77
Unwin, L. 74
Warr, P. 88
The Webbs 23
Weber, Max 81
well-being, and labour market 60–2, 66, 88, 93, 104–5
Wenger, E. 18
‘white heat of technology’ speech 31
Williams, Shirley 44
World Trade Organisation 110
YA see Young Adults in the Labour Market (YA)
YOP see Youth Opportunities Programme (YOP)
Young Adults in the Labour Market (YA) 119–21, 123
Young Adults project 47
youth labour market 88–92; unemployment; and analytical ‘retreat’ 10–14; buoyant labour markets 24, 53, 57; and civilising offences 14–15; and contemporary labour market 10–14, 88–92, 117–18; declining labour markets 51, 55–6, 60–1, 103; in Denmark 115–16; depressed labour markets 52–7, 59–61, 120; dualisms in 49; and economic recession (1980) 29–32; and educational qualifications 53–5, 85; in Germany 114–15; globalisation 109–11; during golden age (1960s) 25–9, 40; and liminal zone 4, 7–8, 50, 52–3, 83–4, 86–9, 91, 95, 100–3, 107; and long-term social processes 10–14; and marginalised zone 10, 13, 38, 49–52, 55, 77, 82–6, 88, 91, 95–6, 99, 102–3, 106, 116; and mobilities 56–60; national governments 65, 76, 111; and non-standard employment 40–1; and oil crisis (1973) 29–32; overview 9–10, 109; and political right 35–7; practical issues and concerns 122–4; prosperous labour markets 52–9, 63; and punitive turn 35, 44–7, 63n2, 72, 102, 107, 113; race and ethnicity in 1980s 124–5; racism and discrimination 46; and sociogenesis 10–14; and traditional zone 49–52, 55, 62, 85–9, 102–3; types, and insecurity zones 52–6; in United Kingdom 111–14; and well-being 60–2, 66, 88, 93, 104–5; and youth schemes 32–5; and youth training schemes 37–40; see also employment
Youth Opportunities Programme (YOP) 33–5, 73, 113
Youth Task Group Report 38
Youth Training Scheme (YTS) 37–40, 45, 57–9, 113
YT see Youth Training (YT)
zones of insecurity see liminal zone; marginalised zone; traditional zone