CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgements

1INTRODUCTION – WHAT IS DUNG?

Paying lip service to food

You are what you eat

Rights and wrongs of passage

The long and the short of it

What goes in one end…

2CLEANLINESS IS NEXT TO FASTIDIOUSNESS – THE HUMAN OBSESSION WITH SEWAGE

Don’t touch that!

No mere flush in the pan

Just add water?

What goes in must come out

A test for purity, or at least potability

The yeuch factor

3WASTE NOT – DUNG AS A HUMAN RESOURCE

What will they think of next?

Throwing it all away

From dung heap to hill of beans

Dung worth fighting over

4IT’S WORTH FIGHTING OVER – DUNG AS A VALUABLE ECOLOGICAL RESOURCE

The mad scramble for possession

First find your dung – and be quick about it

Not putting all your eggs in one basket… of dung

What is the point of horns?

Major and minor leagues — mine’s bigger than yours

The downside of having horns

Battling the elements too

Minority dung uses

5DUNG COMMUNITIES – INTERACTIONS AND CONFLICTS

A model of good dung behaviour

Make way for the dung masters

Carving up the dung pie – three feeding and nesting strategies

Dwellers – at home in the middle of it all

Tunnellers – in a hole in the ground there lived a beetle

Rollers – divine inspiration was just about right

Thievery – possession is nine-tenths of the nest

A cuckoo in the nest

Predators – who eats whom?

Parasites and parasitoids – the enemies within

6THE EVOLUTION OF DUNG FEEDING – WHERE DID IT ALL BEGIN?

The great bowel shift

A beetle in the nest is worth two in the leaf litter

Walking with dinosaur dung?

Once a dung beetle, always a dung beetle?

7A CLOSER LOOK – WHO LIVES IN DUNG?

Now wash your hands

The English scarab – not so sacred

An insect to be proud of

Flies – the good, the bad and the bugly

The not quite so scenic route

The mystery of the deep

8CROSS SECTION OF A DUNG PAT – A SLICE OF COPROPHAGOUS LIFE

Swimming in the stuff – soft centres

The soil horizon

9THE AGEING PROCESS – TIME LINE OF A DUNG PAT

Newly minted, going on mature

The well-developed community

This place is falling to pieces

Very little left now

10DUNG PROBLEMS – THE END OF WORLD ORDURE AS WE KNOW IT

A fly in the bush is a pain in the eye

Beetles to the rescue

An impending ecological disaster of our own making

Megafauna and microfauna extinctions

11DUNG TYPES – AN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE

12DUNG INHABITANTS AND DUNG FEEDERS – A ROGUES’ GALLERY

Diptera – flies

Coleoptera – beetles

Lepidoptera – butterflies and moths

Dictyoptera – termites and cockroaches

Hymenoptera – wasps and ants

Other invertebrates

Other animals

13DUNG IS A FOUR-LETTER WORD – A SCATOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

References

Index