Agamben, Giorgio, xxxiii, xxxvi, xli, 78, 124–125, 127–128, 144. See also Biopolitics; Thanatopolitics
AIDS, 34, 43. See also HIV/AIDS corpse
Alderwoods, 114. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
American funeral industry, xxxvii, xli, 48, 49. See also National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA)
Anatomical displays, 74
Anderson, Martha W., 95
Barnes, Carl Lewis, 1, 14–17, 25–29, 78–79, 123, 169n45. See also Bisga Man
Barnes, Thornton H., 1
Becker, Ernest, 36
Beckett, Samuel, xxviii
Biomaterials (human), 95–120
Biomedical Tissue Services (BTS), 99–104. See also Mastromarino, Michael
Biopolitics, xli, 86, 123–136, 146, 147, 190n1. See also Necropolitics; Thanatopolitics
Bio-Thanato-Necro relationship, 128, 130, 136, 190n1
Bisga Embalming Fluid, 1, 170n48
Bisga Man, 2, 8, 25–29, 80, 123, 141, 170n46
Bittner, Jennifer, 111
Black Lives Matter, 43
Blank, Robert H., 143–144
Body Worlds, xxxviii, 73–92, 98, 141. See also Von Hagens, Gunther
Cycle of Life (Der Zyklus des Lebens), xxxviii, 74, 77
dead body technology, 92
Body Worlds (cont.)
and mythological creatures, xxxviii, 73, 89
and ontology, 88
plastination, xxxviii, 73–92, 123
post-mortal citizenship, 91
postmortem sex, 80–81
in science and natural history museums, 76, 180n9
sexual labor, 85
Brain transplantation, 144–145
Burke, William, 98
Burns, Stanley, 6, 166n10, 166n13
Butler, Judith, 65
California Natural Death Act (1976), 38
Camp space, 127–129. See also Agamben, Giorgio
Auschwitz, 127–128
US prisoner of war or enemy combatant camps, 129, 141, 191n15
Carney, Scott, 182–183n2
Carter, Jimmy, 38
Casket, 1–2
Center for Bioethics at the University of Minnesota (US), 129
Centre for Death and Society at the University of Bath (UK), 34, 36, 149–151
Certeau, Michel de, 89
Chakrabarty, Ananda, 142–143
Charo, Alta, xxxiv–xxxv
Cold War, 56
Control of death, 131
Cooke, Alistair, 101–102
Cooke Kittredge, Susan, 101–102
Corpse. See Dead body; Human corpse
Craft of Dying: The Modern Face of Death (1978/2019), xxxviii, 34–44. See also Lofland, Lyn
Dead body. See also Human corpse
as consumer product, 2
definition of, xxxi–xxxii, xxxvii, 165n7
embalming, 1–29
having sex, 4–5
human biovalue, 97
hyperstimulated corpse, 25–29
as mythological creature, xxxviii, 73, 89
National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA), 112, 171n1
necroeconomics, 123
necroeconomies, 97–99, 102, 105, 111, 119–120
necrotechnical tools and repurposing, 97–98, 109, 131
necrotechnologies, 98
necrovalue, 97–98
and photography, 5–19
politics, 123–136
postmortem biomaterials, 95–96, 112, 120
postmortem commodity values, 97
postmortem economy, 95
postmortem ownership, 97
postmortem subject, 3–5
subject/object relation, 95
transcontinental railroad shipping, 3, 21–25
Death. See also Happy Death Movement
bios, 124–125
as a choice about life, 147
denaturing death, 88–89
determination of, xxxi
dying, 33
and the internet, 133–134
and living forever, 147
nekros, 125
social media technologies, 133–134
social movements, xxxviii, 33–44, 36, 37
taboo, 40–42
thanatos, 125
turned into a man-made invention, 143
Death acceptance movement, 38
Death activism, 33
Death awareness movement, 33
Death cafes, 33
Death of death, 145
Deathless bodies, 134
Death movement intellectuals, 41. See also Happy Death Movement
Death prevention technologies, xli, 139–147
Death taboo, 40–42
Defining Death: A Report on the Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death (1981), 38
Deleuze, Gilles, 132, 135–136, 141
Department of Labor (US), 60
Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1981), 142, 195–196n9
Digital death technologies, 133–134, 164–165n6
Director, The, 50–53, 55, 59, 60, 62, 65–66, 68, 116. See also National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA)
Dismal death movement, 44. See also Happy Death Movement
Dodge Chemical Company, 62
Embalmed vision, xxxvii, 17–19
Embalming. See also Technologies of the human corpse
Bisga Man, 2, 8, 25–29, 80, 123, 141
creating a “natural” or “normal” looking dead body, 17, 27
embalming machines, xli, 12–19
Embalming (cont.)
history of, Jan–30
hygienic marketing of, 14–19
hyperstimulated corpse, 25–29
photography and embalming relationship, 5–19
postmortem circulation and fluidity, 19–25, 29
postmortem vitality, 28
rail transport rules, 21–23, 169n38
religious concerns, 168n29
Environmental movement, 37
Fluid man, 20–21. See also Embalming
Foucault, Michel, xli, 54, 57–58, 61, 67, 82–83, 86, 126–127, 132, 146, 147
biopolitics, 126–127
cadaveric time, 83
human technologies, 57
technologies of the self, 58
Francis, Ara, 34
Funeral directors (US), xxxviii, 47–70, 95–120
Funeral planning, 149–151, 153–159
Gilligan, T. Scott, xxxvi. See also Stueve, Thomas F. H.
Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts, 95–120
American funeral industry, 111
global North-global South divide, 119
handling fee, 103
Mastromarino, Michael, 99–104, 108, 111
National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA), 112, 171n1
necroeconomics, 123
necroeconomies, 97–99, 102, 105, 111, 119–120
necrotechnical tools and repurposing, 97–98, 109, 131
necrotechnologies, 98
necrovalue, 97–98
Nelson, Ernest, 104–106
postmortem biomaterials, 95–96, 112, 120
postmortem commodity values, 97
postmortem economy, 95
postmortem ownership, 97
predatory business practices, 118
processing fee, 103
Reid, Henry, 104–106
Service Corporation International (SCI), 113–116
UCLA Medical School, 104–106, 109
Gunning, Tom, 5–7. See also Postmortem photography
Guyett, Philip, 106–108. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Habenstein, Robert, 12, 20–21, 25. See also Lamers, William
Happy Death Movement, xxxviii, 33–44, 141
Craft of Dying: The Modern Face of Death (1978/2019), xxxviii, 34–44
death acceptance movement, 38
death activism, 33
death awareness movement, 33
death cafes, 33
death movement intellectuals, 41
death taboo, 40–42
dismal death movement, 44
Francis, Ara, 34
natural death movement, 38
right-to-die movement, 38
Hare, William, 98
Harr, Jonathan, 113
Hearn, Michael, 65–66
Heidegger, Martin, 136
Herrera, Vidal, 108
HIV/AIDS corpse, xxxix, 47–70, 85, 97–98, 117, 123, 141
as abnormal dead body, 62
and the American funeral industry, 47–70
as epidemiological threat, 53
as a “highly radioactive” body, 55–57, 174n19, 174–175n20
and intravenous drug users, 48
legal right to the dead body, 66–67, 177n40
as monstrous body, 62
as the Other, 54
postmortem conditions, 58
and Queer politics, 64–68
and the temporality of HIV/AIDS, 68–70
as a “transformable” self, 63
Homo sapiens, xlii, 42, 78–80, 87–89, 91, 119–120, 124, 130, 136
Homosexuality, 48, 62. See also HIV/AIDS corpse
Hughes, James J., 145
Human-animal hybrids, 140
Human corpse, xxxi–xxxii, xxxvii
Human life extension ethics, 134
Huntington, Richard, 95
Hyperstimulated corpse, 25–29
Infectious/Contagious Disease Committee of the Funeral Directors Services Association of Greater Chicago (1992), 68, 172–173n6. See also HIV/AIDS corpse
Institute for Plastination, 90. See also Von Hagens, Gunther
Intravenous drug users, 48. See also HIV/AIDS corpse
Kasket, Elaine, 194n28
Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, xxxviii, 34, 36
Kurzweil, Ray, 133
LaCourt, Jody, 50, 172n5, 177–178n47
Lamers, William, 12, 20–21, 25. See also Habenstein, Robert
Life, 124–125. See also Agamben, Giorgio
bios, 125
form-of-life, 125
naked life, 125
zoe, 124
Linnaeus, Carl, 78–80. See also Taxonomy
Loewen Group, 113–115, 187–188n51. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Lykins, Brian, 110–111
Mastromarino, Michael, 99–104, 108, 111. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Mayer, Robert, 53, 55, 59, 60, 63
Metcalf, Peter, 95
Miles, Steven H., 129
Mitchell, Robert, 96–98, 119. See also Waldby, Catherine
Morbid Anatomy Museum, 39
Müller, Heiner, 139
National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA), 1, 47, 50, 47–70, 112, 171n1
National General Baggage Agents’ Association, 21
National Health Service Organ Donor Register (UK), 118
National Organ Transplant Act (US), 95
National Public Radio, xxxviii, 73
Natural death movement, 38
Necroeconomics, 123. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Necroeconomies, 97–99, 102, 105, 111, 119–120. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Necropolitical technologies, 128
Necropolitics, xli, 147, 163n20, 190n1. See also Biopolitics; Thanatopolitics
dead bodies without death, 128
politics of dead bodies, 123–136
Necrotechnical tools and repurposing, 97–98, 109, 131. See also Technologies of the human corpse
Necrotechnologies, 98. See also Technologies of the human corpse
Necrovalue, 97–98. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Nelson, Ernest, 104–106. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Newman, Stewart, 139–140
Nixon, Richard, 38
Nuffield Council on Bioethics (UK), 118
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 60
O’Connell, Mark, 133
O’Keefe, Jeremiah, 114
Olson, Todd, 108–109
Ontology of the human corpse, 4–5, 27, 29, 88
Overlord of Death, xv, xvii, xxviii, 152
Patenting death, xli, 143–147, 196n10
Patenting life, 142–143
Photography and embalming relationship, 5–19
Plastination, xxxviii, 73–92, 123. See also Von Hagens, Gunther
Politics
Posthumanists, 133–134
Postmortem circulation and fluidity, 19–25, 29. See also Embalming
Postmortem conditions, xxxvii, 3–5, 58, 119, 123, 141
Postmortem objectification, 80
Postmortem photography, xli. See also Technologies of the human corpse
Burns, Stanley, 6
photographic technologies, 2, 7–11, 29
Ruby, Jay, 7–11
social class, 8
Southworth and Hawes, 9–12
spirit photography, 5–7
Van Der Zee, James, 166n10, 167n17
Postmortem self, 58, 64. See also HIV/AIDS corpse
Postmortem sex, 80–81
Postmortem subject, 3–5
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical Behavioral Research (1979), xxxi, 38
President’s Council on Bioethics, 38, 133–134, 192–193n23
Program of Mortuary Science at the University of Minnesota, 50, 173n7
Queer politics, xxxviii, 64–68. See also HIV/AIDS corpse
Quinlan, Karen Ann, 38
Rabinow, Paul, 54
Reagan, Ronald, 38
Reid, Henry, 104–106. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Rifkin, Jeremy, 142
Right-to-die movement, 38. See also Happy Death Movement
Roach, Mary, 115
Ruby, Jay, 7–11. See also Postmortem photography
Sanders, Dalton, 60
Schapiro, Renie, 95
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 182–183n2
Schiavo, Terri, 194n30
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 23–24
Schumer, Chuck, 108–109
Service Corporation International (SCI), 113–116. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Social media technologies, 133–134. See also Technologies of the human corpse
Sovereign power
and the HIV/AIDS corpse, 69
ignoring death, 127
to make die and let live, 126
to make live and let die, 126
to make the living body dead without death, 130
Spinoza, Benedict de, 123
Spirit photography, 5–7. See also Postmortem photography
Strub, Clarence, 54
Stueve, Thomas F. H., xxxvi. See also Gilligan, T. Scott
Superfold, 132, 135–136, 141. See also Deleuze, Gilles
Taxonomy, xxxviii, 87–89, 180n15, 181n26. See also Linnaeus, Carl
Technological determinism, xlii
Technologies of the human corpse
Body Worlds, xxxviii, 73–92, 98, 141
brain transplantation, 144–145
challenged by the HIV/AIDS corpse, 57–59, 63, 70
death of death, 145
death prevention technologies, xli, 131, 139–147
digital death technologies, 133–134, 164–165n6
embalming, 12–19
life support, xxxi
mechanical embalming, 1–30, 29
necrotechnical tools and repurposing, 97–98, 109, 131
necrotechnologies, 98
nineteenth century preservation, xxxvii
patenting death, xli, 143–147, 196n10
photographic technologies, 2, 7–11, 29
photography and embalming relationship, 5–19
plastination, xxxviii, 73–92, 123
postmortem conditions, xxxvii, 3–5, 58, 119, 123, 141
social media technologies, 133–134
tagging dead bodies, 59
technologies defined, xxxviii
technologies of the self, 58
transcontinental railroad shipping, 3, 21–25
Thanatological chic, 36, 39. See also Happy Death Movement
Thanatopolitics, xli, 123–136, 147, 190n1. See also Biopolitics; Necropolitics
Tissue economies, 96–97. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Total control of death, 135
Transhumanists, 133–134, 193–194n25
Troyer, Jean, xi–xxvi
Troyer, Julie, xi–xxvi, 42, 149–151
UCLA Medical School, 104–106, 109. See also Global trade in death, dying, and human body parts
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (US), 95
Uniform Determination of Death Act (US), xxxv
United States Food and Drug Administration, 100, 119
United States Patent Application No. 20030079240, 139–140
United States Supreme Court, 142–143, 195–196n9
Universal precautions, 60, 61. See also HIV/AIDS corpse
Van Der Zee, James, 166n10, 167n17. See also Postmortem photography
Von Hagens, Gunther, xxxviii, 73–92, 81–86, 98, 123. See also Body Worlds; Plastination
Waldby, Catherine, xxxviii, 51, 64, 68, 96–98, 119. See also Mitchell, Robert
Walter, Tony, 37, 39, 179–180n8
War on Cancer (1971), 38
Watching My Sister Die (poetry series), xv
Watching My Sister Die, xxix–xxx
City of Lakes/City of Death, xliii
#21. Julie Post, 30–31
Fly Faster, 45–46
#19. Julie’s Funeral, 71–72
10 Minutes/10 Days, 93
Watching My Sister Die (poetry series) (cont.)
Gate 11, 121
Airports, 137
Today Is My Birthday, 148
The Last Page, 160
Weston, Kath, 67
Women’s movement, 37