Notes

ABBREVIATIONS

CCR

Calendar of Close Rolls (London, 1900–49).

CPR

Calendar of Patent Rolls (London, 1906–66).

Froissart

Jean Froissart, Chroniques de J. Froissart, ed. Siméon Luce, Albert Mirot, Léon Mirot and Gaston Raynaud (Paris, 1869–).

Murimuth and Avesbury

Adam Murimuth and Robert of Avesbury, Adae Murimuth, Continuatio Chronicarum: Robertus de Avesbury, De Gestis Mirabilibus Regis Edwardi Tertii, ed. E. M. Thompson (Rolls ser., 1889).

Oeuvres de Froissart

Oeuvres de Froissart: chroniques: publiées avec les variantes des divers manuscrits, ed. J. B. M. C. Kervyn de Lettenhove (Brusssels, 1867–77).

TNA

The National Archives

PREFACE

1

Joan of Arc: La Pucelle, ed. Craig Taylor (Manchester, 2006), p. 240.

2

C. O. Desmichels and A. Trognon, Tableau sommaire du cours d’histoire générale (Paris, 1820), p. 28.

CHAPTER 1: THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

1

Froissart, i, part 2, p. 84.

2

Murimuth and Avesbury, p. 92.

3

Chronique et annales de Giles le Muisit, ed. Henri Lemaître (Paris, 1906), p. 111.

4

The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations, ed. Clifford J. Rogers (Woodbridge, 1999), p. 85.

5

Ibid., p. 125.

6

Oeuvres de Froissart, vol. 18, p. 171; Christopher Philpotts, ‘The French Plan of Battle during the Agincourt Campaign’, English Historical Review 99 (1984), p. 64.

7

W. Stubbs, Select Charters (9th ed., revised by H. W. C. Davis, Oxford, 1913), p. 480; Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, ed. Chris Given-Wilson et al. (Woodbridge, 2005, CD-Rom), 1343, m. 1; 1346, m. 1.

8

Guttiere Diaz de Gamez, The Unconquered Knight: A Chronicle of the Deeds of Don Pero Niño, ed. Joan Evans (London, 1928), pp. 104–5, 132–3.

CHAPTER 2: THE FIRST PHASE, 1337–45

1

Sir Thomas Gray, Scalacronica, 1272–1363, ed. Andy King (Surtees Society, 2005), p. 125.

2

Chronique de Jean Le Bel, ed. J. Viard and E. Déprez (Paris, 1904–5), i., p. 302.

3

The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, ed. Mary Lyon, Bryce Lyon and Henry S. Lucas (Brussels, 1983), p. 212.

4

Scalacronica, p. 127.

5

Murimuth and Avesbury, p. 304.

6

Oeuvres de Froissart, xviii, p. 90.

7

Murimuth and Avesbury, p. 306.

8

M. Jusselin, ‘Comment la France se préparait à la guerre de Cent ans’, Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes 73 (1912), pp. 228–32.

9

John B. Henneman, Royal Taxation in Fourteenth Century France: The Development of War Financing 1322–1356 (Princeton, NJ, 1971), pp. 116–53.

10

The Political Songs of England, ed. Thomas Wright (Camden Society, 1839), pp. 182–7.

11

Chronique de Jean le Bel, i., pp. 308–9, 318.

12

Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, ed. Chris Given-Wilson et al. (Woodbridge, 2005, CD-Rom), 1345, section 1.

13

CPR 1334–8, pp. 502–4; CCR 137–9, p. 520.

14

The Register of Ralph of Shrewsbury, bishop of Bath and Wells 1329–1363, ed. T. S. Holmes (Somerset Record Society ix, 1896), pp. 324–6.

15

The Political Songs of England, pp. 182–7.

16

CPR 1338–1340, p. 371.

CHAPTER 3: CRÉCY AND CALAIS

1

J. F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340 (Woodbridge, 1997), p. 280.

2

Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle (London, 1990), pp. 532–3; Clifford J. Rogers, War Cruel and Sharp (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 217–37.

3

The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations, ed. Clifford J. Rogers (Woodbridge, 1999), p. 260.

4

CCR 1346–9, p. 57.

5

Murimuth and Avesbury, pp. 345–6.

6

The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1333–1381, ed. V. H. Galbraith (Manchester, 1927), p. 21; The Wars of Edward III, ed. Rogers, p. 130.

7

Andrew Ayton and Philip Preston, The Battle of Crécy, 1346 (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 109–37. The location of the battle has been challenged, unconvincingly, by Michael Livingston in The Battle of Crécy: A Casebook, ed. M. Livingstone and K. DeVries (Liverpool, 2015), pp. 415–38.

8

The Battle of Crécy: A Casebook, pp. 104, 116, 168, 218, 220.

9

L. Lacabane, ‘De la poudre à canon et de sa introduction en France’, Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes 6 (1845), p. 36.

10

Thom Richardson, The Tower Armoury in the Fourteenth Century (Leeds, 2016), pp. 136–7.

11

Chronique de Jean le Bel, ed. J. Viard and E. Déprez (Paris, 1904–5), ii, p. 152.

12

CPR 1345–1348, pp. 563–8.

CHAPTER 4: POITIERS AND BRÉTIGNY

1

CCR 1349–1354, p. 66.

2

Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers (London, 1896–1989), i, p. 234.

3

Froissart, iv, pp. 88–97.

4

Chronique et annales de Giles le Muisit, ed. Henri Lemaître (Paris, 1906), pp. 274–9.

5

Ibid., pp. 299, 303.

6

Chronique Normande du XIVe siècle, ed. E. and A. Molinier (Paris, 1882), p. 101.

7

Knighton’s Chronicle 1337–1396, ed. G. H. Martin (Oxford, 1995), p. 127; Murimuth and Avesbury, p. 421; Clifford J. Rogers, ‘The Anglo-French Peace Negotiations of 1354–1360 revisited’, in J. S. Bothwell (ed.), The Age of Edward III (Woodbridge, 2001), pp. 195–8.

8

Oeuvres de Froissart, xviii, p. 351.

9

Murimuth and Avesbury, p. 442.

10

J. F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340 (Woodbridge,1997), p. 307.

11

Murimuth and Avesbury, pp. 464–5.

12

Henri Denifle, La guerre de cent ans et la desolation des églises, monastères et hôpitaux en France, ii (Paris, 1899), pp. 123–7; Clifford J. Rogers, War Cruel and Sharp (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 361–72.

13

Oeuvres de Froissart, xviii, p. 387.

14

Chronique Normande du XIVe siècle, p. 114.

15

Froissart, v, p. 43.

16

Oeuvres de Froissart, xviii, pp. 391–2.

17

La chronique du bon duc Loys de Bourbon, ed. A.-M. Chazaud (Paris, 1876), pp. 4–5.

18

F. Bock, ‘Some New Documents Illustrating the Early Years of the Hundred Years War’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 15 (1931), pp. 98–9.

19

Rogers, ‘The Anglo-French Peace Negotiations of 1354–1360 Reconsidered’, pp. 199–208.

20

Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, ed. Siméon Luce (Paris, 1862), p. 73.

21

Froissart, v, pp. 166.

22

The Chronicle of Jean de Venette, ed. R. A. Newhall (New York, 1953), p. 95.

23

A. Chérest, L’archiprêtre. Épisodes de la guerre de cent ans au xive siècle (Paris, 1879), p. 389.

24

The Chronicle of Jean de Venette, p. 89.

25

TNA, C62/316, m. 2; Foedera, Litterae & Acta Publica, ed. T. Rymer et al., iii (i) (London, Record Commission, 1825), pp. 415, 428.

26

Archives administratives de la ville de Reims, ed. P. Varin (Paris, 1839–48), iii, pp. 137, 141.

27

Rogers, ‘The Anglo-French Peace Negotiations of 1354–1360 Reconsidered’, pp. 209–13.

CHAPTER 5: PEACE AND WAR, 1360–77

1

Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla, i, ed. E. de Llaguno Amirola (Madrid, 1779), pp. 442–3.

2

The Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, ed. Richard Barber (London, 1979), p. 126; Chronique Normande du XIVe siècle, ed. E. and A. Molinier (Paris, 1882), p. 184.

3

Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla, i, p. 460.

4

CCR 1354–60, p. 481.

5

Froissart, viii, p. 161.

6

A. D. Carr, ‘Sais, Sir Gregory’, in H. G. C. Matthew, Brian Harrison and Lawrence Goldman (eds), The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004, online version).

7

Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, ed. Siméon Luce (Paris, 1862), p. 234.

8

Chronicon Angliae, ed. E. M. Thompson (Rolls Ser., 1874), p. 143.

CHAPTER 6: NEW KINGS, 1377–99

1

Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, ed. Chris Given-Wilson et al. (Woodbridge, 2005, CD-Rom), 1378, m. 36.

2

The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham 1377–1422, ed. J. G. Clark, trans. D. Preest (Woodbridge, 2005), p. 97.

3

Froissart, ix, pp. 136–7; The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 104.

4

E. Perroy, The Hundred Years War (London, 1965), p. 140.

5

La chronique du bon duc Loys de Bourbon, ed. A.-M. Chazaud (Paris, 1876), p. 172.

6

Knighton’s Chronicle 1337–1396, ed. G. H. Martin (Oxford, 1995), p. 325.

7

Documents relatifs au clos des galées de Rouen et aux armées de mer du roi de France de 1293 à 1418, ed. Anne Merlin-Chazelas (Paris, 1977–8), ii, p. 172.

8

The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, ed. C. Innes and T. Thomson (Edinburgh, 1844), i, p. 555.

9

Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 349.

10

La Chronique du bon duc Loys de Bourbon, p. 185.

11

J. J. N. Palmer, England, France and Christendom 1377–99 (London, 1972), pp. 142–65. For a considered assessment, see N. Saul, Richard II (London, 1997), pp. 205–34.

12

Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. L. Bellaguet (Paris, 1839–52), i, p. 68.

13

David Grummitt and Jean-François Lassalmonie, ‘Royal Public Finance (c. 1290–1523)’, in Christopher Fletcher, Jean-Philippe Genet and John Watts (eds), Government and Political Life in England and France, c. 1300–c. 1500 (Cambridge, 2015), p. 120.

14

Fernão Lopes, Crónicas de D. Pedro e D. Fernando, ed. Agostinho dos Campos (Lisbon, 1921), i, p. 205.

15

Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, October 1383, item 11.

16

Froissart, xii, p. 162.

17

A. do Paço, ‘The Battle of Aljubarrota’, Antiquity 37 (1963), pp. 264–9; Eugénia Cunha and Ana Maria Silva, ‘War Lesions from the Famous Portuguese Medieval Battle of Ajubarrota’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7 (1997), pp. 595–9.

18

Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, 1385.

19

Chronicles of the Revolution 1397–1400: The Reign of Richard II, ed. C. Given-Wilson (Manchester, 1993), p. 241.

CHAPTER 7: ENGLISH FORCES IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

1

S. Marshall, ‘The Arms of Sir Robert Salle: An Indication of Social Status?’, in J. S. Hamilton (ed.), Fourteenth Century England 8 (Woodbridge, 2014), pp. 86–7.

2

Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynbroke, ed. E. Maunde Thompson (Oxford, 1889), p. 148.

3

TNA, E 101/25/19; E 101/32/30; E 101/33/25, E 101/509/12.

4

‘Private Indentures for Life Service in Peace and War 1278–1476’, ed. M. Jones and S. Walker, Camden Miscellany XXXII (London, 1994), pp. 70–1; TNA, E 101/68/5, no. 107.

5

Laurence Minot Poems, ed. T. B. James and J. Simons (Exeter 1989), p. 79.

6

Sir Thomas Gray Scalacronica, 1272–1363, ed. Andy King (Surtees Society, 2005), p. 181.

7

Froissart, vii, p. 23.

8

Scalacronica, p. 173.

9

TNA, E 101/28/70; The Register of Edward the Black Prince, ed. M. C. B. Dawes (London, 1930–3), iv., p. 441.

10

Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, ed. Mary Lyon, Bryce Lyon and Henry S. Lucas (Brussels, 1983), pp. 326, 356.

11

CPR 1343–5, p. 516; CPR 1345–8, p. 113.

12

TNA, C 47/2/48, no. 13.

13

Kelly DeVries, ‘Catapults Are Not Atomic Bombs: Towards a Redefinition of “Effectiveness” in Premodern Military Technology’, War in History 4 (1997), pp. 460–4; Clifford J. Rogers, ‘The Efficacy of the English Longbow: A Reply to Kelly DeVries’, War in History 5 (1998), pp. 233–42.

14

CPR 1338–40, p. 124; Thom Richardson, The Tower Armoury in the Fourteenth Century (Leeds, 2016), pp. 111–12, 117.

15

Register of Edward the Black Prince, iii, p. 223; Knighton’s Chronicle 1337–1396, ed. G. H. Martin (Oxford, 1995), p. 145.

16

Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, p. 230.

17

W. Hudson, ‘Norwich Militia in the Fourteenth Century’, Norfolk Archaeology xiv (1901), pp. 303, 306–7.

18

TNA, C 47/2/58/18.

19

CCR 1360–4, p. 353.

20

CPR 1381–5, p. 457

21

Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, p. 228.

22

TNA, C47/2/29.

23

TNA, C 61/68, m. 2.

24

TNA, E 101/68/5/112; E 101/68/6/134.

25

Chronicon Galfridi le Baker, p. 146.

CHAPTER 8: FRENCH FORCES IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

1

Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. L. Bellaguet (Paris, 1839–52), i, p. 206.

2

P. Contamine, Guerre, état et societé à la fin du moyen âge (Paris, 1972).

3

Ordonnances des roys de France de la troisième race, ed. Eusèbe Laurière et al. (Paris, 1723–1849), iv, pp. 67–8.

4

Mémoires de servir de preuves à l’histoire ecclesiastique et civile de Bretagne, ed. H. Morice (Paris, 1742–6), i., cols 1469, 1482–3; ii., cols 245–65.

5

M. Jones, ‘Breton Soldiers from the Battle of the Thirty (26 March 1351) to Nicopolis (25 September 1396)’, in Adrian R. Bell and Anne Curry (eds), The Soldier Experience in the Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge, 2011), pp. 165–6.

6

Documents relatifs au clos des galées de Rouen et aux armées de mer du roi de France de 1293 à 1418, ed. Anne Merlin-Chazelas (Paris, 1977–8), ii, pp. 170–1.

7

Ordonnances des roys de France, iv., pp. 658–61.

8

Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denis, p. 212.

9

L. Delisle, Histoire du château et des sires de Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte (Valognes, 1867), pp. 195, 209; ibid., pieces justificatifs, pp. 187–8.

10

Documents relatifs au clos des galées de Rouen, ii, pp. 157–8.

11

Michel Hébert, ‘L’armée provençale en 1374’, Annales du Midi 91 (1979), pp. 5–27.

CHAPTER 9: THE LOGISTICS OF WAR

1

Murimuth and Avesbury, pp. 371–2; K. Fowler, ‘News from the Front in the Fourteenth Century’, in P. Contamine, C. Giry-Deloison and M. H. Keen (eds), Guerre et Société en France, en Angleterre, et en Bourgogne xive–xve siècle (Villeneuve d’Ascq, 1991), p. 84.

2

TNA, C 47/2/31; CPR 1350–1354, p. 420.

3

The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, ed. Mary Lyon, Bryce Lyon and Henry S. Lucas (Brussels, 1983), pp. 363–86.

4

CCR 1339–41, p. 196; CCR 1341–3, p. 263; CPR 1348–50, p. 322.

5

TNA, E 101/26/25.

6

Y. N. Harari, ‘Strategy and Supply in Fourteenth-Century Western European Invasion Campaigns’, Journal of Military History 64 (2000), pp. 302–3; Documents relatifs au clos des galées de Rouen et aux armées de mer du roi de France de 1293 à 1418, ed. Anne Merlin-Chazelas (Paris, 1977–8), ii, p. 144.

7

TNA, C 47/2/29; TNA, E 101/20/4; E 101/569/9.

8

TNA, C 47/2/31, no. 2.

9

CCR 1349–54, p. 290.

10

Statutes of the Realm (London, 1810–28), i, p. 288.

11

TNA, E 101/21/38; The 1341 Royal Inquest in Lincolnshire, ed. B. W. McLane (Woodbridge, 1988), p. 42; TNA, E 101/569/9; CPR 1345–48, p. 535; Calendar of Fine Rolls 1347–56 (London, 1921), pp. 273–7, 288–91.

12

Foedera, Litterae & Acta Publica, ed. T. Rymer et al. (London, Record Commission, 1825), iii (i), p. 448; CCR 1349–54, p. 293; CCR 1354–60, pp. 604, 647; S. J. Burley, ‘The Victualling of Calais’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 31 (1958), pp. 53–4.

13

TNA, C 61/68, m. 6; CCR 1354–60, p. 402.

14

Statutes of the Realm, i. p. 371.

15

A. le Moigne de la Borderie, Histoire de Bretagne (Paris and Rennes, 1898–1915), iii, p. 474.

16

M. Jusselin, ‘Comment la France se preparait à la guerre de Cent ans’, Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes 73 (1912), pp. 220–1; Les Journaux du trésor de Philippe VI de Valois, ed. J. Viard (Paris, 1899), pp. 216, 218; Ordonnances des roys de France, de la troisième race, ed. Eusèbe Laurière et al. (Paris, 1723–1849), ii, p. 567–70.

17

Chronique du religieux du Saint-Denis, ed. L. Bellaguet (Paris, 1839–52), i., pp. 264, 532.

18

Harari, ‘Strategy and Supply in Fourteenth-Century Western European Invasion Campaigns’, p. 314.

19

Knighton’s Chronicle 1337–1396, ed. G. H. Martin (Oxford, 1995), p. 137.

20

Murimuth and Avesbury, pp. 203, 212–13.

21

Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynbroke, ed. E. Maunde Thompson (Oxford, 1889), pp. 129, 134.

22

Archives administratives de la ville de Reims, ed. P. Varin (Paris, 1839–48), iii, pp. 151–2.

23

Sir Thomas Gray Scalacronica, 1272–1363, ed. Andy King (Surtees Society, 2005), pp. 175, 183, 185, 188 (my translation).

24

R. Boutrouche, La Crise d’un société. Seigneurs et paysans du Bordelais pendant la Guerre de Cent Ans (Paris, 1947), p. 174.

25

Froissart, viii, pp. 163–4.

26

The Chronicle of Jean de Venette, ed. R. A. Newhall (New York, 1953), p. 131.

27

The Register of Edward the Black Prince, ed. M. C. B. Dawes (London, 1930–3), iii, pp. 331, 350.

28

CCR 1354–60, p. 601.

29

Thom Richardson, The Tower Armoury in the Fourteenth Century (Leeds, 2016), pp. 198–9; TNA E 372/198, rot. 34 d.

30

Froissart, v, p. 200.

CHAPTER 10: AGINCOURT

1

Froissart, x, p. 254.

2

Chronique du religieux de Saint Denis, ed. L. Bellaguet (Paris, 1839–52), i, p. 564.

3

Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris, ed. A. Tuetey (Paris, 1881), p. 53.

4

Quoted by P. S. Lewis, ‘War Propaganda and Historiography in Fifteenth-Century France and England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 15 (1965), p. 6.

5

G. Pepin, ‘The French Offensives of 1404–1407 against Anglo-Gascon Aquitaine’, Journal of Medieval Military History ix (2011), pp. 1–40.

6

Chronique du religieux de Saint Denis, iii, pp. 224.

7

Guttiere Diaz de Gamez, The Unconquered Knight: A Chronicle of the Deeds of Don Pero Niño, ed. J. Evans (London, 1928), pp. 112–30 (quotation on p. 127).

8

M. G. A. Vale, English Gascony 1399–1453 (Oxford, 1970), pp. 72–3.

9

The Battle of Agincourt: Sources and Interpretations, ed. A. Curry (Woodbridge, 2000), p. 445.

10

Chronique du religieux de Saint Denis, v., p. 536.

11

‘Le procés de Maître Jean Fusoris, chanoine de Notre Dame de Paris (1415–1416)’, ed. L. Mirot, Mémoires de la société de l’histoire de Paris et de l’Ile de France 27 (1900), pp. 140, 208.

12

Gesta Henrici Quinti, ed. Frank Taylor and John S. Roskell (Oxford, 1975), p. 59.

13

Ibid., p. 61.

14

A. Curry, Agincourt: A New History (Stroud, 2005), p. 110; Clifford J. Rogers, ‘Henry V’s Military Strategy in 1415’, in L. J. Andrew Villalon and D. J. Kagay (eds), The Hundred Years War (Part III): A Wider Focus (Leiden, 2005), p. 422.

15

Gesta Henrici Quinti, p. 75.

16

Christopher Phillpotts, ‘The French Plan of Battle during the Agincourt Campaign’, English Historical Review 99 (1984), p. 66.

17

Curry, Agincourt: A New History, pp. 113–31; Clifford J. Rogers, ‘The Battle of Agincourt’, in L. J. Andrew Villalon and D. J. Kagay (eds), The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus (Leiden, 2005), Part II, pp. 114–21.

18

Curry, Agincourt: A New History, pp. 185–7; Rogers, ‘The Battle of Agincourt’, pp. 57–63.

19

The Battle of Agincourt, ed. Curry, pp. 105, 115, 154.

20

Ibid., pp. 181–2.

21

Ibid., p. 164.

22

Ibid., p. 134.

23

Ibid., p. 132.

24

Ibid., p. 155.

25

Ibid., p. 348.

26

Oeuvres de Ghillebert de Lannoy, ed. C. Potvin (Louvain, 1878), p. 460.

27

Rémy Ambühl, Prisoners of War in the Hundred Years War: Ransom Culture in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2013), p. 74.

28

Oeuvres de Ghillebert de Lannoy, p. 50.

CHAPTER 11: THE CONQUEST OF NORMANDY

1

Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council, ed. N. H. Nicolas (London, 1834–7). ii, p. 196; CPR 1416–22, pp. 7–8.

2

The Brut, or The Chronicles of England, ed. Friedrich W. D. Brie (Early English Text Society, 1906), ii, p. 400.

3

Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council, ii, p. 314.

4

R. A. Newhall, The English Conquest of Normandy (New Haven, CT, 1924), p. 263.

5

Thomae Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley (Rolls ser., 1863–4), ii, p. 327.

6

Original Letters illustrative of English History, ed. H. Ellis (London, 1824–46), i, pp. 69–70.

7

David Grummitt and Jean-François Lassalmonie, ‘Royal Public Finance (c. 1290–1523)’, in Christopher Fletcher, Jean-Philippe Genet and John Watts (eds), Government and Political Life in England and France c. 1300–c. 1500 (Cambridge, 2015), p. 120.

8

Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, ed. C. Given-Wilson et al. (Woodbridge, 2005, CD-ROM), 1420, no 25.

9

Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris, ed. A. Tuetey (Paris, 1881), p. 136.

10

Histoire de Charles VI, cited by R. Ambühl, ‘Henry V and the administration of justice: the surrender of Meaux (May 1422)’, Journal of Medieval History 43 (2017), p. 87.

11

Paris pendant la domination Anglaise (1420–1436), ed. A. Lognon (Paris, 1878), pp. 142–3.

12

Recueuil des croniques et istoires anciennes de la Grant Bretagne, a present nome Engleterre, par Jehan de Waurin, ed. W. Hardy (Rolls ser., 1864–91), iii, p. 109.

13

Actes de la chancellerie d’Henri VI concernant la Normandie sous la domination anglaise (1422–1435), ed. P. le Cacheux (Rouen, 1907–8), i., p. 174.

14

Newhall, The English Conquest of Normandy, p. 320.

15

Histoires des règnes de Charles VII et de Louis XI par Thomas Basin, ed. J. Quicherat (Paris, 1855–9), i., p. 52.

16

‘Journal du siege d’Orléans’, Procès de condemnation et de rehabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc dite la Pucelle, ed. J. Quicherat (Paris, 1841–9), iv., p. 100.

CHAPTER 12: THE MAID AND THE ENGLISH COLLAPSE

1

Joan of Arc: La Pucelle, ed. Craig Taylor (Manchester, 2006), pp. 148–9.

2

Recueuil des croniques et istoires anciennes de la Grant Bretagne, a present nome Engleterre, par Jehan de Waurin, ed. W. Hardy (Rolls ser., 1864–91), iii, p. 301.

3

Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris, ed. A. Tuetey (Paris, 1881), pp. 244, 246.

4

Procès de condamnation et de rehabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc, ed. J. Quicherat (Paris, 1841–9), iii., p. 85.

5

Joan of Arc: La Pucelle, p. 310.

6

Procès de condamnation et de rehabilitation, iii, p. 212.

7

Joan of Arc: La Pucelle, p. 113.

8

Procès de condamnation et de rehabilitation, iii, p. 130.

9

Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris, p. 279.

10

Ibid., pp. 280, 283, 286.

11

The Brut, or The Chronicles of England, ed. Friedrich W. D. Brie (Early English Text Society, 1906), ii, p. 571.

12

Sir John Fortescue, The Governance of England, ed. C. Plummer (2nd edn, Oxford, 1926), p. 141.

13

L. de La Trémoille, Les La Trémoille pendant cinque siècles (Nantes, 1890), i, p.195.

14

Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris, p. 375.

15

Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars in France during the reign of King Henry VI of England, ed. J. Stevenson (Rolls Ser., 1861–4), ii, part 2, pp. 575–96.

16

Kelly DeVries, ‘Calculating Profits and Losses during the Hundred Years War’, in L. Armstrong, I. Elbl and M. M. Elbl (eds), Money, Markets and Trade in Later Medieval Europe: Essays in Honour of John H. A. Munro (Leiden, 2007), pp. 199, 202, 207.

17

P. Champion, Guillaume de Flavy, capitaine de Compiègne (Paris, 1906), p. 155.

18

Chronique d’Arthur de Richemont, connétable de France, duc de Bretagne (1393–1458), ed. G. Gruel (Paris, 1890), p. 260.

19

Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris, p. 363.

20

Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars in France, ii., part 2, pp. 605–6.

21

Ibid., i, pp. 216, 219–20.

22

Chronique du Mont-Saint-Michel, ed. S. Luce (Paris, 1879), ii, p. 93.

23

P. Contamine, La France au XIVe et XVe siècles: Hommes, mentalités, guerre et paix (London 1981), p. 267.

24

‘Le livre des trahisons de France envers la maison de Bourgogne’, in Kervyn de Lettenhove (ed.), Chroniques relative à l’histoire de Belgique (Brussels, 1873), pp. 215–6.

25

Chronique de Mont-Saint-Michel, i, p. 133.

26

Actes de la chancellerie d’Henri VI concernant la Normandie, ed. Paul le Cacheux (Rouen, 1907–8), ii, pp. 258–60.

27

Ibid., ii, pp. 114–6.

28

Chronique de Mont-Saint-Michel, i, pp. 300–1.

29

Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars in France, i, pp. 503–8.

30

Chronique de Charles VII par Jean Chartier, ed. A. Vallet de Viriville (Paris, 1858), ii, pp. 237–8.

31

La Cronique de Mathieu d’Escouchy, ed. G. du Fresne de Beaucourt (Paris, 1863–4), i, pp. 281–4.

32

Ibid., iii, p. 387.

33

Memorials of the Reign of Henry VI: Official Correspondence of Thomas Beckyngton, ed. G. Williams (Rolls ser., 1872), ii, p. 214.

34

Chronique de Charles VII par Jean Chartier, ii, pp. 254–91.

35

M. G. A. Vale, ‘The Last Years of English Gascony’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 19 (1969): 219–38.

36

P. S. Lewis, ‘War Propaganda and Historiography’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 15 (1965), pp. 2–3; Craig Taylor, ‘War, Propaganda and Diplomacy in Fifteenth-Century France and England’, in C. Allmand (ed.), War, Government and Power in Late Medieval France (Liverpool, 2000), pp. 70–91.

37

Gesta Henrici Quinti, ed. Frank Taylor and John S. Roskell (Oxford, 1975), p. 94.

38

Chronique du Mont-Saint-Michel, p. 98.

39

Lewis, ‘War Propaganda and Historiography’, p. 6.

CHAPTER 13: ARMIES IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

1

David Grummitt, The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558 (Woodbridge, 2008), pp. 84, 190.

2

Chronique du Mont-Saint-Michel, ed. S. Luce (Paris, 1879), p. 84.

3

Adrian R. Bell, Anne Curry, Andy King and David Simpkin, The Soldier in Later Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2013), pp. 38–9, 42.

4

A. Goodman, ‘Responses to Requests in Yorkshire for Military Service under Henry V’, Northern History 17 (1981), pp. 240–52.

5

P. Coss, The Knight in Medieval England 1000–1400 (Woodbridge, 1993), pp. 133–4.

6

Robert Hardy, quoted in Bell, Curry, King and Simpkin, The Soldier in Later Medieval England, p. 143.

7

Recueil des croniques et istoires anciennes de la Grant Bretagne, a present nome Engleterre, par Jehan de Waurin, ed. W. Hardy (Rolls ser., 1864–91), iii, p. 173.

8

Anne Curry, ‘The Military Ordinances of Henry V: Texts and Contexts’, in Chris Given-Wilson, Ann Kettle and Len Scales (eds), War, Government and Aristocracy in the British Isles c. 1150–1500: Essays in Honour of Michael Prestwich (Woodbridge, 2008), pp. 214–49.

9

R. A. Newhall, The English Conquest of Normandy (New Haven, CT, 1924), p. 233–6.

10

Chronique du Mont-Saint-Michel, i, pp. 137, 145.

11

Ordonnances des roys de France de la troisième race, ed. Eusèbe Laurière et al. (Paris, 1723–1849), iii., pp. 306–11.

12

Chronique d’Arthur de Richemont, connétable de France, duc de Bretagne (1393–1458), ed. G. Gruel (Paris, 1890), pp. 188–9.

13

Chronique de Charles VII par Jean Chartier, ed. A. Vallet de Viriville (Paris, 1858), ii., pp. 235–6.

14

Thom Richardson, ‘Armour in Henry V’s Great Wardrobe’, Arms and Armour 12 (2015): 22–9.

15

Chronique de Charles VII par Jean Chartier, ii, pp. 25–6.

16

J. R. Hale, Renaissance War Studies (London, 1983), pp. 1–29; J. Mesqui, Châteaux et enceintes de la France médiévale: De la défense à la residence (Paris, 1991), i, pp. 89–92.

17

Actes de la chancellerie d’Henri VI concernant la Normandie, ed. Paul le Cacheux (Rouen, 1907–8), i, pp. 82–7.

CHAPTER 14: PROFIT AND LOSS

1

Gutierre Diaz de Gamez, The Unconquered Knight: A Chronicle of the Deeds of Don Pero Niño, ed. J. Evans (London, 1928), p. 13.

2

Sir Thomas Gray Scalacronica, 1272–1363, ed. Andy King (Surtees Society, 2005), p. 153.

3

The Chronicle of Jean de Venette, ed. R. A. Newhall (New York, 1953), p. 104.

4

Froissart, vi, p. 159.

5

Le livre de la description des pays de Gilles le Bouvier, dit Berry, ed. E.-T. Hamy (Paris, 1908), p. 120.

6

CPR 1345–1348, pp. 226, 438, 546; M. Jones, ‘Audley, Sir James’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).

7

A. J. Pollard, John Talbot and the War in France 1427–1453 (2nd. edn, Barnsley, 2005), p. 17.

8

De La Trémoille, Les La Trémoille pendant cinque siècles (Nantes, 1894), i, p. 165.

9

The Battle of Crécy: A Casebook, ed. Michael Livingston and Kelly DeVries (Liverpool, 2015), p. 104 (my translation).

10

Registre criminel du Châtelet de Paris, du 6 septembre 1389 au 18 Mai 1392, ed. H. Duplès-Agier (Paris, 1861–4), i, p. 383.

11

Oeuvres de Froissart, xviii, pp. 484, 555.

12

L’abbé Galabert, Désastres causes par la guerre de cent ans au pays de Verdun-sur-Garonne (Paris, 1894), p. 10.

13

J. Quicherat, Vie de Rodrigue de Villandrando (Paris, 1879), p. 316.

14

Thomae Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley (London, 1864), i., p 272.

15

TNA, E 101/354/2.

16

Murimuth and Avesbury, p. 465.

17

Knighton’s Chronicle 1337–1396, ed. G. H. Martin (Oxford, 1995), p. 165.

18

Chronicles of England, France, Spain … by Sir John Froissart, trans. Thomas Johnes (London, 1839), ii, p. 450. For Mérigot, see H. Moranvillé, ‘La fin de Mérigot Marchès’, Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes 53 (1892), pp. 77–84.

19

J.-L. Lemaitre, ‘Miracles de guerre, miracles de paix en Limousin d’aprés les miracles de saint Martial (1388)’, in Michel Sot (ed.), Médiation, paix et guerre au Moyen Âge (Paris, 2012), pp. 63–73.

20

Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 164.

21

CPR 1441–46, p. 315.

22

Froissart Chronicles, ed. and trans. G. Brereton (Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 288.

23

K. B. McFarlane, ‘War, the Economy and Social Change: England and the Hundred Years War’, Past & Present 22 (1962), pp. 3–13; M. M. Postan, ‘The Costs of the Hundred Years War’, Past & Present 24 (1964), pp. 34–53; P. Contamine, ‘La Guerre de Cent Ans en France: un Approche Économique’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 47 (1974), pp. 125–49.

24

Alain Chartier, Le quadrilogue invectif, ed. E. Droz (Paris, 1923), p. 30.

25

A. Tuetey, Les écorcheurs sous Charles VII (Paris, 1874), ii, p. 403.

26

The Libelle of Englyshe Polycye, ed. George Warner (Oxford, 1926), p. 21.

27

Chartier, Le quadrilogue invectif, pp. 18–19.

CHAPTER 15: CHIVALRY AND WAR

1

The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny, ed. R. W. Kaeuper and E. Kennedy (Philadelphia, 1996), p. 98 (my translation).

2

Cited by Malcolm Vale, War and Chivalry (London, 1981), p. 15.

3

Oeuvres de Froissart, xviii, p. 507.

4

D’A. J. D. Boulton, The Knights of the Crown (Woodbridge, 1987), p. 185.

5

Guttiere Diaz de Gamez, The Unconquered Knight: A Chronicle of the Deeds of Don Pero Niño, ed. J. Evans (London, 1928), p. 11.

6

T. Guard, Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade: The English Experience in the Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge, 2013), pp. 10, 37.

7

La chronique du bon duc Loys de Bourbon, ed. A.-M. Chazaud (Paris, 1876), p. 238.

8

Anonimalle Chronicle, 1333 to 1381, ed. V. H. Galbraith (Manchester, 1927), p. 22.

9

The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny, pp. 95, 193.

10

Laurence Minot Poems, ed. T. B. James and J. Simons (Exeter, 1989), p. 75; Froissart, v, p. 166; Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, ed. Siméon Luce (Paris, 1861), pp. 230–1.

11

Chronique de Jean le Bel, ed. Jules Viard and Eugène Déprez (Paris, 1862), i, p. 83.

12

Froissart, viii, pp. 159–60.

13

Monstrelet, cited by A. J. Pollard, John Talbot and the War in France 1427–1453 (2nd edn, Barnsley, 2005), p. 126.

14

Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, ed. J. Stevenson (London, 1861), ii, p. 580.

15

D. Lalande, Jean II le Meingre, dit Boucicaut (1360–1421) (Geneva, 1988), p. 94.

16

Mort Artu, http://everything2.com/title/Mort+Artu+1 (accessed 17 March 2017).

17

R. W. Kaeuper, Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe (Oxford, 1999), pp. 228–9.

18

Honoré Bonet, L’arbre des batailles, ed. E. Nys (Brussels, 1883), pp. 121, 141.

19

Nigel Saul, Chivalry in Medieval England (Cambridge, MA, 2011), pp. 128–34. I have modernized the quotation given on p. 130.

20

Jules Quicherat, Vie de Rodrigue de Villandrando (Paris, 1879), pp. 209–10.

21

Richard Vaughan, Philip the Good (Woodbridge, 2002), pp. 144–9, 160–3.

22

P-M. Vicomte du Breil de Pontbriand, ‘Maurice de Trésguidi’, Revue Historique de l’Ouest 15 (1899), pp. 372–8.

CONCLUSION

1

E. Perroy, The Hundred Years War (London, 1951), p. xxviii.

2

A. Ayton, ‘Hastings, Sir Hugh’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004); Original Letters illustrative of English History, ed. H. Ellis (London, 1827), 2nd series, i, p. 78; Letters and Papers Illustrative of the English Wars in France, ed. J. Stevenson (London, 1861), i, p. 421; CPR 1441–46, p. 170.