CONTENTS

1. Cover
2. Title page
3. List of Tables
4. List of Maps
5. List of Illustrations
6. Series Editor’s Preface
7. Preface
8. Glossary
9. Abbreviations
10. [1] People in the Humid Tropics
    1. Benign Climate, Dangerous Environment
    2. Forests, Water, and People
    3. Why a Low but Diverse Population?
    4. Agriculture and Modern Language Families
    5. The Rice Revolution and Population Concentration
    6. The Agricultural Basis of State and Society
    7. Food and Clothes
    8. Women and Men
    9. Not China, not India
11. [2] Buddha and Shiva Below the Winds
    1. Debates about Indic States
    2. Bronze, Iron, and Earthenware in the Archaeological Record
    3. The Buddhist Ecumene and Sanskritization
    4. Shiva and Nagara in the “Charter Era,” 900–1300
    5. Austronesian Gateway Ports – the Negeri
    6. Dai Viet and the Border with China
    7. The Stateless Majority in the Charter Era
    8. Thirteenth/Fourteenth-Century Crisis
12. [3] Trade and Its Networks
    1. Land and Sea Routes
    2. Specialized Production
    3. Integration of the Asian Maritime Markets
    4. Austronesian and Indian Pioneers
    5. The East Asian Trading System of 1280–1500
    6. The Islamic Network
    7. The Europeans
13. [4] Cities and Production for the World, 1490–1640
    1. Southeast Asia’s “Age of Commerce”
    2. Crops for the World Market
    3. Ships and Traders
    4. Cities as Centers of Innovation
    5. Trade, Guns, and New State Forms
    6. Asian Commercial Organization
14. [5] Religious Revolution and Early Modernity, 1350–1630
    1. Southeast Asian Religion
    2. Theravada Cosmopolis and the Mainland States
    3. Islamic Beginnings: Traders and Mystics
    4. Polarizations of the First Global War, 1530–1610
    5. Rival Universalisms
    6. Pluralities, Religious Boundaries, and the “Highland Savage”
15. [6] Asian European Encounters, 1509–1688
    1. The Euro-Chinese Cities
    2. Women as Cultural Mediators
    3. Cultural Hybridities
    4. Islam’s “Age of Discovery”
    5. Southeast Asian Enlightenments – Makassar and Ayutthaya
    6. Gunpowder Kings as an Early Modern Form
16. [7] The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century
    1. The Great Divergence Debate
    2. Southeast Asians Lose the Profits of Long-Distance Trade
    3. Global Climate and Local Crises
    4. Political Consequences of the Crisis
17. [8] Vernacular Identities, 1660–1820
    1. Eighteenth-Century Consolidation
    2. Religious Syncretism and Localization
    3. Performance in Palace, Pagoda, and Village
    4. History, Myth, and Identity
    5. Consolidation and its Limitations
18. [9] Expansion of the Sinicized World
    1. Fifteenth-Century Revolution in Dai  Viet
    2. Viet Expansion, Nam Tien
    3. Cochin-China’s Plural Southern Frontier
    4. The Greater Viet Nam of the Nguyen
    5. The Commercial Expansion of a “Chinese Century,” 1740–1840
    6. Chinese on Southern Economic Frontiers
19. [10] Becoming a Tropical Plantation, 1780–1900
    1. Pepper and Coffee
    2. Commercialization of Staple Crops
    3. The New Monopolies: Opium and Tobacco
    4. Java’s Coerced Colonial Agriculture
    5. Plantations and Haciendas
    6. Mono-crop Rice Economies of the Mainland Deltas
    7. Pre-colonial and Colonial Growth Compared
20. [11] The Last Stand of Asian Autonomies, 1820–1910
    1. Siam as “Civilized” Survivor
    2. Konbaung Burma – a Doomed Modernization
    3. High Confucian Fundamentalism – Nguyen Viet Nam
    4. “Protected” Negeri
    5. Muslim Alternatives in Sumatra
    6. Bali Apocalypse
    7. Mobile “Big Men” in the Eastern Islands
    8. The Last State Evaders
21. [12] Making States, 1824–1940
    1. European Nationalisms and Demarcations
    2. From Many to Two Polities in Nusantara
    3. Maximal Burma, Viable Siam
    4. Westphalia and the Middle Kingdom
    5. Building State Infrastructures
    6. How Many States in Indochina?
    7. Ethnic Construction in the New Sovereign Spaces
    8. States, not Nations
22. [13] Population, Peasantization, and Poverty, 1830–1940
    1. More People
    2. Involution and Peasantization
    3. Dual Economy and the Absent Bourgeoisie
    4. Subordinating Women
    5. Shared Poverty and Health Crises
23. [14] Consuming Modernity, 1850–2000
    1. Housing for a Fragile Environment
    2. The Evolution of Foods
    3. Fish, Salt, and Meat
    4. Stimulants and Drinks
    5. Cloth and Clothing
    6. Modern Dress and Identity
    7. Performance, from Festival to Film
24. [15] Progress and Modernity, 1900–1940
    1. From Despair to Hope
    2. Education and a New Elite
    3. Victory of the National Idea in the 1930s
    4. Negotiating the Maleness of Modernity
25. [16] Mid-Twentieth-Century Crisis, 1930–1954
    1. Economic Crisis
    2. Japanese Occupation
    3. 1945 – the Revolutionary Moment
    4. Independence – Revolutionary or Negotiated?
26. [17] The Military, Monarchy, and Marx: The Authoritarian Turn, 1950–1998
    1. Democracy’s Brief Springtime
    2. Guns Inherit the Revolutions
    3. Dictatorship Philippine Style
    4. Remaking “Protected” Monarchies
    5. Twilight of the Indochina Kings
    6. Reinventing a Thai Dhammaraja
    7. Communist Authoritarianism
27. [18] The Commercial Turnaround, 1965–
    1. Economic Growth at Last
    2. More Rice, Fewer Babies
    3. Opening the Command Economies
    4. Gains and Losses
    5. Darker Costs – Environmental Degradation and Corruption
28. [19] Making Nations, Making Minorities, 1945–
    1. The High Modernist Moment, 1945–1980
    2. Education and National Identity
    3. Puritan Globalism
    4. Joining an Integrated but Plural World
29. [20] The Southeast Asian Region in the World
    1. The Regional Idea
    2. Global Comparisons
30. References
31. Further Reading
    1. General Southeast Asia Histories
    2. Country Histories
    3. Chapters 1–2: Beginnings
    4. Chapters 3–6: Early Modern Trade, Religion, Hybridities
    5. Chapters 7–8: Seventeenth/Eighteenth Centuries
    6. Chapters 9–11: Pre-colonial Polities
    7. Chapters 12–13: Economic and Political Changes, Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries
    8. Chapters 14–15: Twentieth-Century Modernity
    9. Chapters 16–20: Post-colonial Transformation
32. Index
33. End User License Agreement

List of Tables

1. Chapter 03
   1. Table 3.1 Frequency of seaborne official “tribute” missions to China (main figures) and of trade missions from Ryukyu (in brackets).
2. Chapter 04
   1. Table 4.1 Estimated growth of two key Southeast Asian long-distance exports.
3. Chapter 07
   1. Table 7.1 Pepper and clove exports by quantity and value at European (Amsterdam) and Southeast Asian (entrepôt) prices, in thousand Spanish dollars.
   2. Table 7.2 Chinese junks arriving Nagasaki from Southeast Asian ports (in brackets ships arriving Manila; from Chaunu 1960).
4. Chapter 13
   1. Table 13.1 Southeast Asia population estimates, in millions, 1900–2000.
5. Chapter 16
   1. Table 16.1 GDP per capita by country, 1913–1980, in 1990 Geary-Khamis dollars.
6. Chapter 18
   1. Table 18.1 GDP per capita by country, 1970–2010, decennial averages.
   2. Table 18.2 Female life expectancy by country, 1980–2010. Note that male life expectancy is on average five years less.
7. Chapter 19
   1. Table 19.1 Mobile phone use in Southeast Asia, 2000–2012. Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people, with India and China as comparison.

List of Illustrations

1. Chapter 01
   1. Map 1.1 Climate and rainfall.
   2. Map 1.2 Hazards of the “ring of fire.”
   3. Map 1.3 Southeast Asian language groups.
   4. Figure 1.1 Dress of a Thai woman, as sketched in the 1680s.
   5. Figure 1.2 Notables of Banten, as sketched by a Danish trader in the 1670s. Indian Muslim (l) and Chinese (r) traders engage a Javanese aristocrat.
   6. Figure 1.3 Bronze statue of a female weaver and child, sixth–seventh century CE, found in Flores but possibly of Borneo manufacture. 25.8 × 22.8 × 15.2 cm.
2. Chapter 02
   1. Figure 2.1 Buddha-like faces on the Bayon, perhaps intended also to represent its patron, Jayavarman VII, the most powerful and most Buddhist of Angkor’s kings (1181–1218).
   2. Map 2.1 Irrigated rice and the rise of polities, 700–1300.
3. Chapter 03
   1. Map 3.1 Trade routes, by sea, river, and land.
4. Chapter 04
   1. Figure 4.1 Vessels of the Java coast, as sketched by the first Dutch expedition, 1596. Clockwise from left: Javanese junk, small Javanese trading vessel, Chinese junk, local fishing boat.
   2. Map 4.1 Urban populations at their sixteenth- to seventeenth-century peak.
5. Chapter 05
   1. Map 5.1 Muslim and Christian expansion.
   2. Figure 5.1 Ifugao rice terraces in highland Luzon.
6. Chapter 06
   1. Figure 6.1 Makassar in 1638, as drawn by van der Hem for the “Secret Atlas of the VOC.” The citadel at right contains: the Sultan’s palace (B) on wooden pillars, the former palace (C), royal warehouses (D), and royal mosque (E). The channel to its left was newly dug as an outlet to the Jeneberang River, with Portuguese (F) and Gujarati (G) quarters beside it. To left of the channel are the Portuguese church, Market (M), English (L) and Dutch (K) lodges.
7. Chapter 08
   1. Figure 8.1 Seventeenth-century grave of a Sufi saint at Tembayat, Central Java.
8. Chapter 09
   1. Map 9.1 Viet expansion southward.
9. Chapter 10
   1. Map 10.1 Export-driven plantation agriculture in the 1920s.
10. Chapter 11
    1. Figure 11.1 King Mindon’s capital at Amerapura, as sketched by a member of Henry Yule’s British mission in 1855. A section of the palace and a revered white elephant.
    2. Figure 11.2 The Nguyen emperor Minh Mang (r.1820–41), as sketched by a member of John Crawfurd’s British mission in 1827.
    3. Figure 11.3 The Badung puputan of 1906, as dramatized in Le Petit Journal of Paris.
11. Chapter 12
    1. Map 12.1 The two Burmas: nationalist and “scheduled,” 1930s.
12. Chapter 14
    1. Figure 14.1 King Chulalongkorn of Siam, pictured with eleven of his 33 sons at Eton College, England, 1907.
13. Chapter 16
    1. Figure 16.1 The Destruction of Manila in the US reconquest, February 1945.
    2. Map 16.1 Thailand’s wartime expansion.
    3. Figure 16.2 The Greater East Asia Co-prosperity sphere leaders’ conference in Tokyo, November 5–6, 1943. Participants left to right: Dr Ba Maw (Burma), Zhang Jinghui (Manchukuo), Wang Jingwei (China), Hideki Tōjō (Japan), Wan Waithayakon (Thailand), José P. Laurel (Philippines), Subhas Chandra Bose (India).
    4. Map 16.2 Allied and Japanese control at the August 1945 surrender.
    5. Figure 16.3 The independence proclamations of 1945: (a) Sukarno (reading) and Hatta proclaim Indonesia’s independence in Admiral Maeda’s house, Jakarta, August 17, 1945; (b) Ho Chi Minh declares independence in Hanoi, with armed guards prepared for trouble, September 2, 1945. Both scenes were much used and doctored as the proclamations became mythologized in subsequent years.
    6. Figure 16.4 Aung San and family in 1947, shortly before his assassination. The later illness and death of his widow Daw Khin Kyi (left) in 1989 brought daughter Suu Kyi (here center as a two-year-old) back from Oxford to Rangoon and a meteoric but unexpected political career.
    7. Figure 16.5 Pridi Banomyong as Thai Prime Minister in 1946.
    8. Map 16.3 Federal and Republican Indonesia in 1948.
14. Chapter 17
    1. Figure 17.1 Anti-Malaysia demonstration, Jakarta, 1963. Demonstrators are standing on the roof of the British Ambassador’s car, having pushed it out of the Embassy grounds.
    2. Figure 17.2 President Sukarno and General Suharto in February 1967.
    3. Figure 17.3 Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai visits North Viet Nam President Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, 1960. Zhou had played a key role in the Geneva peace talks of 1954, dividing Viet Nam at the 17th parallel.
15. Chapter 19
    1. Figure 19.1 1980s Singapore. The new high-rise apartments and offices ousting the older shop-houses.
16. Chapter 20
    1. Figure 20.1 a) The five original members of ASEAN at Foreign Ministers’ signing meeting Bangkok, August 1967. From left: Narciso Ramos (Philippines), Adam Malik (Indonesia), Thanat Khoman (Thailand), Abdul Razak (Malaysia), Sinnapah Rajaratnam (Singapore); b) Southeast Asia’s warring countries at last united in ASEAN, minus Cambodia. The 1997 Kuala Lumpur summit.

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