INDEX

 

 

 

 

Note: Page numbers followed by f, t, and m indicate figures, tables and maps respectively.

 

Absáalooke, 87

Absconding, 110–111

Adultery cases, 111

Adulthood, 112–114

Aerial sepulture, 116

Age-area hypothesis, 248

Age-graded associations, 77

Agriculture, 2, 43

intensive, animals and, 12

lack of as culture trait, 14

river corridors and, 8

sustainability of, 13

Aleuts, 25

Alexie, Sherman, 357

Algonquian language family, 33, 35m

Alibates Ruin, 31

Allotment of land, 315–316

Altithermal episode, 29

American Fur Company, 294

American Horse, 322f

American Indian Dance Theater, 182

American Indian Movement (AIM), 250, 328–329, 329f

American Indian origins, 24–26

Asian migrants and, 24–25

coastal migration hypothesis of, 25

direct historical approach and, 25–26

empty Plains theory and, 25

epicanthic fold and, 24

land bridge scenario of, 24–25

Mongoloid spot and, 24

sinodonty evidence, 24

American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978, 351

American Museum of Natural History, 15, 248

Ammunition, 146

Anheuser-Busch Corporation, 349

Animal spirits as spiritual beings, 212–214

Antelope Creek Ruins, 31

Antelope Hills, 10

Anthropological historians, 32–33

Anthropophagy, 288

Anticipatory levirate, 110

Apaches, 25, 41 (See also Jicarilla Apaches, Lipan Apaches, Kiowa Apaches, Mescalero Apaches, Plains Apaches)

dance types, 171

menstruating women and, 104

Appalachian Mountains, 2

Aquifer system, High Plains, 8, 10

Arapahos, 39

beadwork patterns of, 157

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

dance types of, 171

ear piercing and, 152–153

Ghost dancers and, 253f

graded men’s societies of, 77

music styles of, 171

sign language signs of, 298t

virginity of women and, 125

Arbuckles Mountains, 10, 9m

Archaeology studies, 19–21

Plains archaeological sites, 28m

Archaic Period, 21, 26–29

burial sites of, 26–27

ceremonies/rituals of, 27

inventions of, 26

Plains hunters of, 26

tools of, 27f

weather patterns of, 29

Arctic, 14

Arikaras, 30, 38

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

fairy tales of, 185

sign language signs of, 298t

Arkansas River, 8, 9m

Army Corps of Chaplains, 269

Arrowheads, 143–144 (See also Projectile points)

Arroyos, 4

Arthur, King, 255

Artifacts, defined, 19

Asah, Spencer, 168

Ashamamaléaxia (Crow for clan), 87

Assiniboines, 37

berdache status and, 127t

blood quantum of, 358

Horse Dance of, 87

kin term system of, 94

lacrosse and, 114

ungraded associations of, 77–78

Assistance programs and Indians, 338–339

Associations, sub-tribal level, 74–81

age-graded, 77

exceeding authority by, 76–77

fellowship and, 77

men’s, 74–78

military aspects of, 74–75

names for, 78

reason for forming, 74

religious societies and, 80–81

songs of, 75

Sun Dance gatherings and, 76

ungraded, 77–78

women’s, 78–80

Athapaskans, 25

language family of, 33–34, 35m

Atlanta Braves, 354

Auchiah, James, 168

Austin, Stephen, 144–145, 287

Avonlea points, 29

 

Babb, John, 290

Badlands, 5f, 6, 9m

Badlands National Monument, 10

Balcones Escarpment, 11, 9m

Bands

of Cheyennes, 72

of Kiowas, 72f

and tribal organization, 68–69

Basin, 13–14

Basketry, 139–140

Bates, Charles Ash, 322f

Battle of Summit Springs, 309

Beadwork, 155–158

Beans 60, 61

Bear Paw Mountains, 10, 9m

Bear’s Lodge, 198, 351

Beaver Ceremony, 259

Beecher Island Fight, 310

Belle sauvage (beautiful savage), 119

Benedict, Ruth, 228

Bent, Charles, 294

Bent, George, 295

Bent, William, 294, 295

Berdaches, 127–131

definition of, 127

Finds-Them-and- Kills-Them 127

marriage and, 128

Osh-Tisch as, 127

sexual life of, 128

tribe gender roles and, 129

tribes with, 127t

war parties and, 127

Bergmann, E. H., 282

Beringia, 24

Berlandier, Jean Louis, 141

Big Back, 106f

Big Laughing Woman, 112

Bilateral descent, 69

Bird quills, 15

Birds, 12

Birth, infancy, and childhood, 98–102

Birth control, 99

child delivery, 100

disciplinarians, 101

ear piercing, 100

favorite child custom, 101–102

games, 102

naming of child, 100

nursing and care, 101

survival rates, 99

unwanted children, 99

Bison (buffalo), 11, 13, 43–51

antiquus, 43

bonasus, 44

bones, 50–51

butchering of, 48

commercial tanning processes and, 49–50

extermination of, 49–51

horse and, 49

hunting of, 45–48, 50

importance of, 45

Indian stories/ceremonies about, 44–45

kill sites of, 28m

Late Prehistoric period and, 29

latifrons, 43

subspecies of, 43–44

types of, 43

uses for, 48, 48t

Black Elk (Lakota), 271

Black Elk Speaks (Neihardt), 271

Blackfoots, 36

beadwork of, 157

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

music styles of, 171

sign language signs of, 298t

Sun Dance and, 244

tipi painting and, 162–163

women and medicine, 121–122

Black handkerchief legerdemain, 231–232

Black Hills, 10, 9m

Black Kettle (Cheyenne), 309, 310

Black Mesa, 10, 9m

Blake, Michael, 356

Blood quantum, concept of, 358–360

Blue Eagle, Acee, 168, 197f

Blue grama grass, 2

Boarding schools, 316–321

forced recruitment in, 317–318

Indian singing/dancing in, 318–319

list of, 317t

Native names and, 318

Office of Indian Affairs and, 317

outing programs of, 318

Boas, Franz, 15, 247

Boats and rafts, 141–142

Bodmer, Karl, 57f

Body/face painting, 152

Body of Christ Independent Church, 269

Bointy, Sallie Hokeah, 1

Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons, 265, 320

Bow and arrow, 142–144

making of, 142–143

types of wood used in, 143

Bowstrings, making, 143

Braroe, Niels, 348

Brave, as stereotype, 119

Brazos River, 8, 9m

Breaks, 6

Breechclout, 150

Brideprice, 107

Bride service, 107

Bride wealth, 107

Brosius, S. M., 265

Brown, Joseph Epes, 270

Brush arbors/shades, 138

Buffalo Calf Pipe, 243

Buffalo Ceremony, 105

Buffalo Commons concept, 13

Buffalo Hump (Penateka Comanche leader), 45, 60

Buffalo runners, 59

Bull boat, 142, 142f

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 265, 314, 334

Bureau of Indian Education (BIE), 334

Burial, 116–119

aerial sepulture practice of, 116

arrangements, 116

corpse positioning and, 118

cremation as, 118

funeral tipi for, 118

funerary giveaway after, 118–119

ground, 117–118

methods of, 116–117

secondary, 117

Buried City, 31

 

Caches, 64

Caddoan

dance types, 171

grass houses of, 137

horses and, 278

language family, 34, 35m

people, 31

trade language of, 296

Caesar, Julius, 154

Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians (Mooney), 184

Calgary Stampede, 335

California, 14

Calumet ceremony, 295–296, 304

Calumets (peace pipes), 158, 242

Campbell, Ben Nighthorse, 354

Camp crier, 83–84

Canadian River, 8, 9m

Canadian Sioux, Sun Dance and, 245

Cannibalism, 288–289

Cannon, T. C., 168

Canyon (recording company), 174

Carbon-14 (¹⁴C) dating, 20

Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 317

morning schedule for, 319t

Carretas, 293

Carrion, Adolphur, 269

Carrion, Marion C., 269

Casinos, 338, 343, 343t-345t, 345

Catches, Peter S., Sr., 201

Catlin, George, 45, 54–55, 59, 158, 225f, 238, 238fs, 289, 297

Catlinite, 158–159

Cedar trees, 64

Central Lowland, 2

Central Plains, 9m

defined, 2

subtradition, 30

Character motifs, narrative, 191–197

animal characters as, 194–195

creator as, 193–194

culture hero as, 193–194

trickster as, 191–193

Chardon, François (Francis A.), 294, 295

Chastity belts, 125

Chaves, Francisco Xavier, 295–296

Cherokee Commission, 315

Cheyenne Bowstring Society, 76

Cheyenne Council of Forty-Four, 84–85

Cheyenne Frontier Days, 335

Cheyenne River, 8, 9m

Cheyennes, 39

band names for, 72

beadwork of, 157

berdache status and, 127t

chastity concerns of, 124–125

Christian denominations among, 269t

dance types of, 171

divorce and, 111

ear piercing and, 152–153

foreign-born women of, 303t

hair styles of, 152

kinship terminology of, 96f

Massaum (animal festival) and, 178, 236–237

murder and, 86, 87

music styles of, 171

Native naming and, 71–72

quillwork and, 155

rape cases and, 86

Sacred Arrow renewal ceremony of, 242

shield of, 145f

sign language signs of, 298t

Sun Dance and, 244

transcendent spirits and, 215

Cheyenne Warriors Society Auxiliary, 79f

Chiefdoms, 81–82

Chiefs as society leaders, 81–84

Child delivery, 100

Childhood games, 102

Child naming, 100

Chilocco Indian Agricultural School, 317t

Chinook, 6

Chivington, John M., 310

Chiwere speakers, 34

Chokecherries, 64

Christianity, Indian, 268–270, 269t

Ciboleros (Hispanic hide hunters), 49–50

Cimarron River, 8, 9m

Circle as sacred symbol, 220

Clans

Omahas names for, 72–73, 73t

as tribal organization, 70

Clark, William, 294, 305

Clark, W P., 48, 279–280, 300

Cleveland Indians, 354

Clinton, William, 351

Clothing, 147–151

breechclout, 150

men’s shirts, 150–151

moccasins, 151

ribbon appliqué work, 149–150

star quilts, 150

war bonnet, 147–148

women’s dresses, 148–149

Clovis points, 22–23

Coalescent tradition, 30

Cobell, Elouise, 339f

Code talkers, 67–68, 325

Cody, Iron Eyes, 327

Cody, William F. “Buffalo Bill,” 205f, 335

Coffey, Wallace, 340

College education in Indian Country, 339–340

Collier, John, 323–324

Colorado River, 8, 9m

Columbian Exhibition, 15

Comancheros, 293–294

Comanches, 41

adultery and, 111–112

beadwork of, 157

dance types of, 171

divisions of, 88

hair styles of, 152

kin terms of, 91, 92–93

life cycle grading by, 98

medicine women and, 121

menstruating women and, 103

military associations of, 89

prediction methods of, 230

sign language signs of, 298t

storytelling and, 185, 186–187

tattooing and, 152

tribal organization and, 88–89

Tuu Wii (Crow Society dance) of, 178

vision quest and, 224

words of Spanish origin of, 297t

Compound bow making, 143

Conquest of plains, 305–313

Dominion of Canada and, 312–313

war in North and, 310–313

war in South and, 308–310

Contemporary issues, Plains Indian, 341–360

gaming, 342–343, 343t-345t, 345

graves protection/repatriation, 352–354

health, 345–350

identity, 357–360

land claims and natural resources, 350–351

mascots, 354–355

media imagery/cultural florescence, 355–357

religious freedom, 351

sacred sites, 351–352

tribal sovereignty, 341–342

Contemporary Plains Indian life, 332–360

Indian Country and, 332–340, 341t

Issues in, 341–360

Contrary warriors, 75

Cooper, James Fenimore, 119

Corn, 61–63, 62f

Cornaline d’Aleppo bead, 156

Corps of Discovery, 305

Cosmovision, 216–218, 219t

Big Dipper and, 218

earth and, 216

meteorites/comets and, 217

Milky Way and, 217–218

moon and, 217

North Star and, 218

stones and, 216–217

sun and, 216

Costner, Kevin, 356

Cottonwood trees, 64

Council House Fight, 307

Councils and tribal leadership, 84–85

Coup, defined, 285

Courting flute, 106

Courtship, 106–107, 106f

Cradleboard, 140

Cradles, 140–141

Crazy Horse (Sioux leader), 310, 312

Creasing, 58–59

Creator as character type, 193–194

Crees, 36

beadwork and, 157

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

scalps and, 287

tattooing and, 152

transcendent spirits and, 215

virginity of women and, 125

Cremation, 118

Crops (See also Plant Foods), 12, 20, 26–29, 120

Cross cousins, 94

Cross Timbers, 10–11, 9m

Crow bead, 156

Crow Creek, 30–31

Crowfoot Ranch, 21

Crow Indian Fair, 135, 335

Crows, 37

absconding and, 110

adult females and, 113

beadwork of, 157

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

courtship and go-betweens of, 107

derogatory clan naming by, 73

ear piercing and, 152

hair styles of, 151–152

headman/chief and, 88

kin terms of, 91, 92, 95–96, 97f

menstruating women and, 103, 104

military associations of, 87

music styles of, 171

prediction methods of, 230

sign language signs of, 298t

stars/constellations and, 219t

Sun Dance and, 244

tattooing and, 152

Tobacco Society of, 81

transcendent spirits and, 214–215

tribal organization and, 87–88

vision quest and, 224

Crowley’s Ridge site, 23, 28

Crow stitch, 157

Culture area, Great Plains, 13–17

Arctic as, 14

Basin and Plateau as, 13–14

California as, 14

definition of, 13

Northwest Coast as, 14

Plains as, 13

Southwest as, 14

Subarctic as, 14

traits of, 14–15

tribes of, 15–16, 17m

Woodlands as, 13

Culture hero as character type, 193–194

Currie, Cecil, Sr., 335

Curtis, Edward S., 53f, 55f, 95f, 142, 153f, 229f

Custer, George Armstrong, 32, 254, 281, 288, 309, 311

Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (Deloria), 330

Cypress Hills, 10, 9m

 

Dakota Rendezvous trade center, 291, 292f

Dakota system of kin terms, 94

Dalles Rendezvous, 292

Dance, Plains, 177–182

animal festivals and, 177–178

contest dancing as, 174, 180–181

Fancy War as, 171, 179

Grass Dance and, 178, 179f

Hethushka Society dance and, 178

intertribal sharing of, 178

Jingle Dress Dance as, 180

origins of, 177–178

Straight Dance as, 171, 179

War Dance as, 178–180

women’s War Dance as, 180

Dances with Wolves (movie), 356

Datura weed, 258

Dävéko (Apache ritualist), 232

Dawes Severalty Act, 315

De Anza, Juan Bautista, 49

Death, 116

Decorative arts, 155–169

painting and drawing, 159–169

quillwork and beadwork, 155–158

wood and stone carving, 158–159

De Coronado, Francisco Vázquez, 32

De La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, 294

Delawares beadwork, 157

Del Hierro, Camisa, 296

Deloria, Philip, 269–270

Deloria, Vine, Jr., 26, 330, 340, 357

Deloria, Vine, Sr., 269

Department of Housing and Urban Development, 328

Deserted Children as story type, 189–191

De Vaca, Cabeza, 44

Devil’s Lake, 208

Dhegiha speakers, 34

Dice, 114

Diffusion

definition of, 247

study of Sun Dance, 247–249

Direct historical approach of Archaeology, 25–26

Disciplinarian roles for children, 101

Divorce, 111–112

Documentary evidence studies, 32–33

Dodge, Henry, 306–307

Dodge, Richard I., 44, 57, 144, 280, 282

Dogs, 54–55

Dog Soldiers, 76

Dominion of Canada, 312–313

Dorsey, George A., 248

Double Woman (painting), 196f

Double Woman Dreamers, 130

Dragoon Expedition, 306–307

Draws, 4

Dresses, 148–149

Driver, Harold E., 15–16

Drums and Plains music, 176–177

Dryness, 10

as weather characteristic, 7

wildfires and, 7

Dual religious participation, 270–272

Dull Knife (Cheyenne), 310

Durkheim, Emile, 202

Dwarfs as spiritual beings, 209

Dwellings, 132–139

brush arbors/shades, 138

earth lodge, 135–137

grass lodge, 137

modern day, 139

sweat lodge, 138

tipi, 132–135

wigwam, 137–138

 

Early reservation life, 313–321

allotment, 315–316

boarding schools, 316–321

Canadian government departments overseeing, 315ts

Office of Indian Affairs, 314–315

population decline among tribes, 314t

Ear piercing, infant, 100, 152–153

Ear rings, 152–153

Earth-Diver as story type, 189

Earth lodge, 135–137

construction plans/techniques for, 136

interior of, 136–137

life span of, 135–136

Pawnee example of, 136f

Echo-Hawk, Roger C., 183

Ecofacts, 20

Economic picture for Indian Country, 337–340

Edwards Plateau, 11, 9m

Emhoolah, Tina, 359

Empty Plains theory, 25

Environment, Plains Indian culture and, 1

Eskimos, 25

Ethnic identity and religion, 272–273

Ethnographic analogy, 33

Ethnographic present, 33

Ethnography, defined, 33

Ethnohistorians, 32–33

Ethnology, 33

Ethnonyms, 71

Ewers, John, 168, 290

Exploits of Sun Boy (pictographic biography), 164–165, 164f-166f, 166–167, 167fs

External relations for Plains Indians, 275–304

trade and diplomacy, 291–304

warfare, 275–290

Eye-Juggler as story type, 189

 

Face painting, 152

Face work, Plains Indian, 336

Facial hair, 152

Faithfulness after marriage and, 125

Family, 97–98

Fancy Shawl Dance, 180

Fancy War Dance, 171

Farming, abandoning as solution to depopulation, 13

Farnell, Brenda, 299

Farrer, Claire, 217

Favorite child custom, 101–102

Fetterman Massacre, 310

Fire, 7, 12

Firearms, 146

Fish, 12, 14

Flandreau Indian School, 317t

Flathead tribe, 350

Fletcher, Alice, 205, 248

Flint Hills, 10, 9m

Flores, Dan, 50

Florida State University, 354

Flute and Plains music, 177

Folktale, narrative form of, 184

Folsom points, 21–22, 22f

Fools Crow, Frank, 256

Footwear, 151

Foraging, 43

Forbs, 2

Ford, John, 355, 356

Fort Laramie Treaty (first), 308

Fort Laramie Treaty (second), 310, 311f, 351

Fort Sill Indian School, 317ts

Fossil, defined, 19

Fossil bones, 208–209

Fossil fuel production, 323, 326–327

Frantz, Klaus, 337

Freud, Sigmund, 127

Frey, Rodney, 232

Frijolillos, 258

Funeral tipi burial, 118

Funerary giveaway, 118–119

 

Gall (Sioux leader), 310

Gallatin, Albert, 15

Game animals, 51–52

Gaming

casinos, 343, 343t-345t, 345

tribal bingo, 342–343

Garden tools, 139

Gardner, Alexander, 302f

Garnett, Billy, 322f

Gender

roles and relations, 120–123

stereotypes, 119–120

Generational kin relations, 94

Genoa Indian Industrial School, 317t

Geometric painting, 163

German silver, 154

Ghost dance, 251, 253–256

origins of religion and, 255–256

as religious movement, 255

tribes participating in, 253–254

U.S. Army and, 253

Wounded Knee massacre and, 254

Ghosts as spiritual beings, 209–212

Giants as spiritual beings, 208–209

Gill, Sam D., 216

Ginsberg, Allen, 266

Gladstone, Fred, 335

Glyphs, 20

Goddard, Pliny Earl, 15

Goffman, Erving, 336

Goldstein, Marcus, 290

Goodnight, Charles, 145

Grant, Ulysses S., 315

Grass lodge, 137

Great Bend, 31

Great Plains

culture area, 13–17

defined, 2

landscape of, 1–13

Great Plains, The (Webb), 2

Great Raft, 8

Great Spirit, 219–220

Gregg, Josiah, 8, 10, 12

Grinnell, George Bird, 248

Gros Ventres, 37

Christian denominations among, 269t

kin term systems of, 94

sign language signs of, 298ts

Sun Dance trait counts of, 249

Ground burial, 117–118

Group rituals, 235–273

dual religious participation in, 270–272

ethnic identity and, 272–273

ghost dance as, 251, 253–256

Indian Christianity and, 268–270, 269t

Massaum as, 236–237

medicine bundle renewals and, 239–243

Okipa ceremony as, 237–239

peyotism and, 258–268

Sun Dance as, 243–251

yuwipi as, 256–258

Guadalupe River, 8, 9m

Gulches, 4

 

Hair pipe, 154

Hair styles, 73, 74f, 151–152

Hale, William K., 323

Hamilton, Wilma Blackowl, 101

Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, 317

Handbook of North American Indians (Sturtevant), 16

Hand game, 114

Handsome Lake, 255

Hanson, Jeffrey, 240

Hard-soled moccasin, 151

Harrell points, 29

Harris, Fred R., 330

Harris, LaDonna, 330

Haskell Indian Nations University, 317t

Headdress. See War bonnet

Headman as chief, 82

Health care, Plains Indian and, 345–350

alcoholism and, 347–349

health problems of, 346

substance abuse and, 347, 349–350

Hebrew Messiah, 255

Heider, Dave and Valerie, 51

Hensley, Sonny, 355f

Hethushka Society dance, 178

Heyoka (spirit), 206–207

Heyoka contrary warriors, 75

Heyoka Kaga (Clown Making), 206

Hidatsas, 30, 37

Christian denominations among, 269t

female gender roles of, 120

male gender roles of, 120

tattooing and, 152

transcendent spirits and, 215

High Plains aquifer system, 8, 10

Historical particularism, 248

Historic Period, 32–42. See also Tribes of Historic Period

definition of, 32

documentary evidence and, 32–33

epidemics during, 32

ethnography and, 33

French/English fur trade and, 32

language families of, 33–34, 35m

Hobbes, Thomas, 119

Hoebel, E. Adamson Ad, 60, 111

Hokeah, Jack, 168

Homestake Mine, 4

Homo sapiens, 21

Homosexuality, 126–131

Honor beats, 171

Hoodoos (eroded sandstone), 160

Hopewellian people, 29

Horizontal kin relations, 94

Horn bows, 143

Horse, 52–60

bison (buffalo) and, 49

as culture influence, 59–60

history of, 52–54

hunting with, 59–60

Indian capture techniques of, 58–59

Indian horsemanship and, 57–59

Indian names for, 55–56

Horse Capture, George, 328

Horse Indians, 19

Horticulture, 43

House Made of Dawn (Momaday), 330

Houston, Sam, 45, 60, 307

Howard, James H., 16, 181

Howe, Oscar, 168, 169, 196f

Hudson, Charles, 101

Hueco Tanks, 160

Hultkrantz, Åke, 202

Human sacrifice, 240–241

Humid line, 2

Hunting gear, 142–147

bow and arrow, 142–144

firearms, 146

knives in scabbards, 146

Huxley, Aldous, 266

Hypodescent, 358

Incest, 126

Indian Arts and Crafts Board, 324

Indian boarding schools, 317t

Indian Christianity, 268–270, 269t

Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, 327

Indian Claims Commission, 325, 328

Indian Country, 332–340, 341t

college education in, 339–340

economic picture for, 337–340

landscape of, 332–334

social relations in, 335–337

work and play in, 334–335

Indian diplomats, 299–302

Indian games, 114

Indian horsemanship, 57–59

Indian House (recording company), 174

Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), 323–324

Indian-run colleges on Plains, 341t

Indian Sounds (recording company), 174

Indigenization, 270

Infanticide, 99

Insufficient rainfall, as plains environment characteristic, 2

Intertribal Bison Cooperative, 51

Intertribalism, 182, 326

Intertribal marriage, 303–304

Iowas, 39–40

beadwork, 157

berdache status and, 127t

blood quantum and, 359

termination and, 326

Iron Cloud, Paul, 351

Irrigation

alfalfa growth and, 12

High Plains aquifer system and, 8, 10

 

Jackson, William Henry, 292f

Jerome Commission, 315, 316

Jicarilla Apaches, 34

Jim, Post Oak, 217

Jimson weed, 258

Jingle Dress Dance, 180

Joan of Arc, 255

Johnson, Britt, 355

Johnson, Lyndon B., 327

Johnson-O’Malley Act of 1934, 324, 334

Jones, David E., 212

Jumper (dress style), 148

Jump-kills, 23, 46

 

Kael, Pauline, 356

Kansas (tribe), 40

berdache status and, 127t

bullboat and, 141

Christian denominations among, 269t

as patrilineal clan society, 70

wigwam and, 137

Kansas River, 8, 9m

Kardiner, Abram, 127

Kennedy, John F., 327

Keyser, James, 160, 161t-162t, 162

Kinnikinick, 64

Kinship, 91–97

Kin terms, 91–93

Kin term systems, 93–97

horizontal vs. vertical, 94

Kiowa Apaches, 34, 78, 124 (See also Plain Apaches)

Kiowa Five, 168–169, 322

Kiowa Flag Song, 175

Kiowa Gomda Dawgyah, 1

Kiowas, 41

association songs of, 75

bands of, 72f

beadwork and, 157

calendars of, 165–166

dance types of, 171

hair styles of, 152

Kiowa Flag Song, 175

sign language signs of, 298t

Sun Dance and, 244

tattooing and, 152

tipi painting and, 162–163

Kiowa Skunkberry Society, 180–181

Kiowa-Tanoan language family, 34, 35m

Kitsais, 41

Klassen, Michael, 160, 161t-162t, 162

Knives, 146

Kosechata, Ralph, 75, 272–273

Kroeber, Alfred, 15, 25, 157, 173, 248

 

LaBarre, Weston, 256, 258

Lacrosse, 114

LaFlesche, Francis, 205, 265, 318, 353

Lakota

peyote ritual and, 263f

Sacred Pipe and, 242–243

transcendent spirits and, 215

vision quest and, 224

winktes and, 130

woman and virginity, 125

Lamar, Mirabeau, 307

Lances, 146–147

Landscape, Great Plains, 1–13, 9m

agriculture and, 12–13

boundaries of, 2

characteristics of, 2

grasses of, 2

High Plains aquifer system and, 8, 10

low mountains of, 10

mesas of, 10

rivers of, 8

soils of, 2–4

temperatures of, 7

tornados and, 6–7

wild animals of, 11–12

winds and, 6

Landscape of Indian Country, 332–334

Language

of Plains Indians, 33–34, 35m

as sacred symbol, 222–223

of tribe members, 67–68

Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 119

The Last Race (painting), 238f

Late Prehistoric period, 21, 29–32

bow and arrow crafting during, 29

burial sites of, 29

Caddoans and, 31

Crow Creek and, 30–31

Plains cultural life during, 29–30

Plains Village Period of, 30

Plains Woodland segment of, 30

pottery and, 29

Law and order for Plains tribes, 85–87

interpersonal relations and, 85–86

murder and, 86–87

rape cases and, 86

theft and, 85

Leadership, tribal organization and, 81–85

chiefs, 81–84

councils, 84–85

Leary, Timothy, 266

Leatherwork, as male activity role, 120–121

Ledger art, 164–168

Legends, narrative form of, 184

Lehmann, Herman, 47, 289, 290

LeMay, Alan, 355

Leupp, Francis, 318

Leveling mechanisms, 337–338

Level surface, as plains environment characteristic, 2

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 189

Lewis, Meriwether, 294, 305

Life cycle, 98–119

absconding and divorce, 110–112

adulthood, 112–114

birth, infancy, and childhood, 98–102

Comanche grading of, 98

courtship and marriage, 106–110

death and burial, 116–119

old age, 114–115

puberty, 102–106

Lincoln, Abraham, 310

Lineages as tribal organization, 69–70

Lineal descendency, 358

Lindenmeier site, 23

Linguistics, 33

Lipan Apaches, 41–42

berdache status and, 127t

cannibalism and, 289

peyote ritual and, 259

Little Big Horn, Battle of, 254, 311, 312f

Little Big Man (western), 131, 356

Little Wolf (Cheyenne), 310

Little Wound, 229

Llano Estacado, 11

Lomawaima, K. Tsianina, 319

Lone Man, 206

Lone Ranger, 119

Looking Elk, Sheryl, 104

Looking Horse, Arval, 242–243

Looking Horse, Lucy, 242–243

Lowie, Robert, 81, 93, 202, 227, 248, 275

 

Mackenzie, Ranald, 309

Maize, 20, 61

Major League Baseball, 354

Man Called Horse, A (movie), 356

Mandan Bull Society, 178

Mandans, 30, 37–38

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

Okipa ceremony of, 237–239

sign language signs of, 298t

Manly hearted women, 129

Mano, 29

Marcy, Randolph B., 57

Marrett, Robert, 202

Marriage, 107–110

age and, 109

elopement cases of, 107

gifts, 108

polyandry and, 108–109

polygamy and, 108–109

polygyny and, 108–109

wife sharing and, 110

Martin, Paul S., 23

Mason, Otis T., 15

Massaum group ritual, 236–237

origin/meaning of, 236

thematic activities of, 236, 237t

women and, 236

Material culture, 132–154

clothing as, 147–151

dwellings as, 132–139

personel adornment as, 151–154

tools and weapons as, 139–147

Matrilineal descent, 69–70

Matrilocal residence, 107

May, Karl, 356

McBeth, Sally, 319–320

McJunkin, George, 21

Means, Russell, 328, 329–330

Medicine Bluffs, 352

Medicine bundle, defined, 239

Medicine bundle renewals, 239–243

defined, 239–240

sacred arrows/pipes ceremonies for, 242–243

Skidi Pawnee morning star ritual of, 240–242

Medicine Lodge Treaty, 308–309

Medicine men/women, 228–234

black handkerchief legerdemain and, 231–232

curing ability and, 231

forecasting the future and, 230

Little Wound description of, 229

payment for, 233

as priests, 230

shaman and, 229–230

sucking cure and, 232

supernatural powers of, 231

witchcraft/sorcery and, 232–233

Medicine Mounds, 352

Medicine women, 121. See also Medicine men/women

Memorate (narrative type), 184

Menard, Nellie Zelda Star Boy, 103–104, 105

Men’s associations, 74–78

age-graded, 77

exceeding authority by, 76–77

fellowship and, 77

military aspects of, 74–75

names for, 78

songs of, 75

Sun Dance gatherings and, 76

ungraded, 77–78

Menstruation, 102–105

Merriam Report, 321–322

Mescal beans, 258

Mescalero Apaches, 42, 160

Messianic movement, ghost dance as, 255

Metalwork and jewelry making, 154

Metate, 29

Michelson, Truman, 265

Middens, 19

Middle Missouri subtradition, 30

Millenarian movement, ghost dance as, 255

Mississippi River, 2, 3m, 9m

Missourias, 40

beadwork and, 157

as patrilineal clan society, 70

wigwams and, 137

Missouri Plateau, 10, 9m

Missouri River, 8, 9m

Moccasins, 151

Moieties as tribal organization, 71

Momaday, N. Scott, 330, 330f, 357

Mooney, James, 72f, 184, 253f, 255, 265, 288, 290, 296

Moore, John, 303

Mopope, Stephen, 168

Morgan, Lewis Henry, 25

Motif-Index of Folk-Literature (Thompson), 189

Mount Rushmore, 352

Murdock, George Peter, 15

Music, 170–177

commercial tapes of, 174

drum contests and, 180

drum rhythm and, 171, 176–177

English lyrics in, 176

flutes used in, 177

incomplete repetition pattern of, 172

Indian singers and, 174

instruments used for, 176

motivations for participation in, 173–174

Northern plains style of, 170–171

rattles/rasps used in, 177

song origination and ownership of, 173

Southern Plains style of, 171

style characteristics of, 170

sub-styles of, 171

tonal and rhythmic subtleties of, 172

vocables and, 175

women’s singing roles and, 172–173, 174–175

Mystic Lake Casino, 346f

Myth, folklorists’ definition of, 184

 

Na-Dene, 25

Naipi (female teenager), 102

Naraya (Ghost Dance), 175–176, 251

Narcotics, Native North American, 258–259

Narrative

character motifs, 191–197

Comanche, 186–187

motifs, 188–189

performance of, as communicative act, 188

techniques of, 188

types of, 184–185, 189 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), 354

National Congress of American Indians, 330

National Football League, 354

National Museum of the American Indian, 328

Native American Church, 267

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 353

Native naming

Cheyennes and, 71–72

clan names and, 72–73

Crows and derogatory, 73

Omaha Elk Clan and, 73, 73t

totemic naming, 72–73

tribal organization and, 71–74

Native Peoples (magazine), 357

Nativistic movement, ghost dance as, 255

Nauni, Haddon, 337

Navajos, 25

metalwork and, 154

peyotism and, 260

witchcraft and, 233

Necklaces, 153–154

Neighbors, Robert S., 118

Neihardt, John Jacob, 271

Niobrara River, 8, 9m

Nixon, Richard M., 328

Nocona, Peta, 289

Non-kin association, 68. See also Associations, sub-tribal level

North, Frank, 281

North American Indian Days, 171f

North American tribes, classification of, 15

Northeastern State (Oklahoma) University, 354

Northers, 6

Northwest Coast, 14

Northwest Rebellion, 313

Numbers as sacred symbols, 220–222

Numina (our people), 88

 

Ochre, 27

Oglalas

girl’s puberty rite of, 105–106

oral culture of, 185

Sun Dance and, 245

tree burial of, 117f

women and menstruation, 103

Ohunkanan (story telling genre), 185

Okipa ceremony, 237–239

Catlin, George account of, 238–239, 238f

cutting scene of, 239

Old age, 114–115

Olsen-Chubbuck bison kill site, 46, 25m

Omahas, 39

adult females and, 113

beadwork and, 157

berdache status and, 127t

boys haircuts of, 73, 74f

clan names for, 72–73

Elk clan names of, 73t

gender roles of, 121

kin term system of, 96–97

Shell Society of, 80–81

Tobacco Society of, 81

Omaha Sacred Pole, 353

Omaha Shell Society, 80–81

O’Nell, Theresa, 350

Oneota subtradition, 30

Oral traditions, 183–199

character motifs and, 191–197

Comanche storytelling and, 186–187

common beliefs of, 188

cultural significance of stories and, 187–188

female characters in, 195

genre schemes of, 185

historical value of, 184, 198

interlinear translation of, 185–186

jokes and riddles as, 198–199

narrative motifs and, 188–189

narrative types of, 184–185, 189

prayer as, 198

Osage Mission, 317t

Osage Reign of Terror, 323

Osages, 40

beadwork and, 157

berdache status and, 127t

boys haircuts of, 73, 74f

Christian denominations among, 269t

sign language signs of, 298t

Otoes, 40

beadwork and, 157

berdache status and, 127t

Ottipoby, James, 269

Owl Woman, 295

 

Painting and drawing, 159–169

geometric painting, 163

ledger art, 164–168

robe art, 163

rock art, 159–160, 161t–162t, 162

scapula drawings, 162

tipi painting, 162–163

Paleoindian Period, 21–32

big game hunting and, 23

Clovis points and, 22–23

Folsom discovery and, 21–22, 22f

origins of early Americans and, 24–26

Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis and, 23–24

Paleontology, 19

Paleo points, 23

Pan-Indianism concept, 181, 326

Parallel cousins, 94

Parker, Cynthia Ann, 289, 355

Parker, Quanah, 112, 259, 260, 289

Parkman, Frances, 275

Parks, Douglas, 71, 184

Paruasemena (Ten Bears), 300–301, 302f

Pastoralism, 43

Pastoralists, defined, 60

Patrilineal descent, 69–70

Pawnees, 26, 30, 39

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

dance types of, 171

gender roles of, 120–121

hair styles of, 152

medicine bundle practices of, 240

sign language signs of, 298t

Skidi Morning Star Ceremony and, 240–242

Peabody Museum, 15

Peace chiefs, 82–83

Peace pipes, 158

Pebble Society, 81

Pecans, 64

Pecos River, 8, 9m

Personel adornment, 151–154

body/face painting as, 152

ear rings as, 152–153

hair and, 151–152

hair pipe as, 154

jewelry making and, 154

necklaces as, 153–154

tattoos as, 152

Petroglyph, 159

Peyote

defined, 258–259

jewelry, 154

ritual, 260–264, 263f

Peyoteros, 267, 268

Peyotism, 258–268

Native American Church and, 267

origins of, 258–260

peyote ritual for, 260–264, 263f

peyote trade and, 267–268

politics and law of, 265–267

symbolism of, 265

Phi coefficient, 15–16

Philbrook Museum, 169

Phratries as tribal organization, 70–71

Pictograph, 159

Pierre Indian School, 317t

Pipe making, 158–159

Pipestone National Monument, 158–159

Piskun, 47

Plains

archaeological sites, 28m

defined, 13

Indian lands, 307m

Plains Apaches, 32, 34, 160, 268, 360 (See also Kiowa Apaches)

Plains Ojibwas, 36–37

Plains prehistory, 19–42

archaeological record of, 19–21

Archaic period of, 26–29

historic tribes of, 36–42

Late Prehistoric period of, 29–32

origins and antiquity of, 24–26

Paleoindians and, 21–24

Plains Village Period, 30

Plains Woodland, 30

Plant foods, 60–65

beans 60, 61

berries as, 64

caches and, 64

corn as, 61–63, 62f

family plots of, 63

roots and tubers as, 65

squash as, 61

Plateau, 13–14

Platt River, 8, 8f, 9m

Playas, 11

Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis, 23–24

Plenty Coups (Crow chief), 226, 227, 228, 286

Plenty Wolf, George, 233–234, 256

Pocahontas, 119

Polyandry, 108–109, 110

Polygamy, 108–109

Polygyny, 108–109

Poncas, 39

beadwork and, 157

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

Sun Dance and, 245

Pontiac, 255

Pony beads, 156

Poor Boy as story type, 189

Popé, 255

Popper, Deborah, 13

Popper, Frank, 13

Porcupine quills, 155

Post Oak Jim (Comanche elder), 60

Pottery, 30, 140

Power, 203–205

animals of, 212–214

medicine as meaning of, 203

as religious fundamental, 203–205

Powers, William K., 130, 171, 204, 221, 222, 233, 270–271

Prairie, 2

Pratt, Richard Henry, 317

Pregoneros, 84

Prehistoric periods, 21

Presbyterian Mission, 317t

Projectile points (See also Arrowheads)

Avonlea, 29

Clovis, 22

Eden, 23

Folsom, 23

Frio, 27

Harrell, 29

Paleo, 23

Perdiz, 29

Plainview, 102

Scallorn, 29

Scottsbluff, 23

Pronghorn, 11, 51

Protohistoric Period, 32

Puberty, 102–106

Pueblo-Plains exchange, 31

Pukutsi contrary warriors, 75

 

Quaker Policy, 315

Quapaws, 40

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

Quicksand, 8

Quillwork, 155

Quirts, 158

Quivers (arrow), 144

 

Radiocarbon dating, 20

Ranching, 12

Rapid City Indian School, 317t

Raton Mesa, 10, 9m

Rattles/rasps and Plains music, 177

Red Cloud, 310

Red Cloud Indian School, 317t

Red Cloud’s War, 310

Red Earth (exposition), 182

Red Power movement, 328

Red River, 8, 9ms

Red River War, 309

Reed, Roland, 133f

Reins, 58

Reeves, Tom, 335

Reform, period of, 321–324

citizenship and, 321

fossil fuel production and, 323

Great Depression and, 323

Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) and, 323–324

Merriam Report and, 321–322

U.S. military participation and, 321

Release of the Wild Animals as story type, 189

Relief archaeology, 21

Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 1993, 266

Religious fundamentals, 201–234

medicine men/women and, 228–234

power and, 203–205

sacred symbols of, 220–223

spiritual beings and, 206–220

vision quest and, 223–228

Religious societies, 80–81

Remington, Frederic, 246f

Rendezvous on the Green River (painting), 292t

Republican River, 8, 9m

Revitalization movement, ghost dance as, 255

Ribbon appliqué work, 149–150

Riddles, Emily, 185–186

Rides at the Door, Darrel, 349

Riggs, Stephen, 204, 220, 357

Riney, Scott, 321

Rio Grande, 8, 3m, 9m

River Basin Surveys, 30

Riverside Indian School, 317t

Roach (headpiece), 148

Robe art, 163

Robe Quillers, 80

Rock, 2

outcrops, 12

paintings, 20

volcanic, 10

Rock art, 159–160, 162

classification of, 160

traditions of, 161t–162t

Rocky Mountains, 2

Rollers, 6

Roman Nose (Northern Cheyenne), 310

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 323

Roosevelt, Theodore, 351

Roots and tubers, 65

Rose-Bear, Robert, 159

Round Dance songs, 175

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 119

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), 342

Ruiz, José Francisco, 115, 290

Running Eagle, 130

 

Sacajawea, 119

Sacred arrows/pipes ceremonies, 242–243

Sacred Pipe, The (Brown), 271

Sacred symbols, 220–223

circle as, 220

language as, 222–223

numbers as, 220–222

Saddles, 58, 192, 360

Sage, Sherman, 114

Salvage archaeology, 21

Sanapia (Comanche medicine woman), 229, 231, 233

Sand Creek (Colorado) Massacre, 310

Sand plums, 64

Santees, 38

allotment and, 316

Christian denominations among, 269t

kin term systems of, 94

Lacrosse and, 114

scalping and, 287

Sarcee Indian Rodeo, 335

Sarcees, 36

Saskatchewan-Qu’Appelle-Assiniboine system, 8

Saupitty, Carney, Sr., 252

Scalped Man (ghost character), 210

Scalping, 286–287

Scalp shirts, 150

Scapula drawings, 162

Schlesier, Karl, 236, 249

Scott, Hugh L., 248, 254–255

Searchers, The (movie), 355–356

Secondary burial, 117

Self-bow, 143

Self-determination, period of, 327–330

American Indian Movement (AIM) and, 328–329, 329f

environmentalist movement and, 327

Red Power movement of, 328

social change and, 327

War on Poverty funding and, 328

Seton, Ernest Thompson, 44

Sexuality, 123–131

faithfulness after marriage and, 125

homosexuality and, 126–131

incest and, 126

men and, 125–126

shyness and, 123

stereotypes of, 119–120

women and, 123–125

Shafer, Murray, 206

Shaman and medicine men/women, 229–230

Shangreaux, Lily, 340

Shawls, 150

Sheridan, Phil, 50

Sherman, William T., 309, 311f, 318

Shields, 144–146, 145f

Shinny, 114

Shirts (men’s), 150–151

Short grass, 2

Shoshones

berdache status and, 127t

Naraya (Ghost Dance song) of, 175–176

Sun Dance of, 252f

Sign language, 297–299, 298t

Signals and Signs, 281–283

Silverhorn, George, 154

painted buckskin by, 207fs

Siouan language family, 34, 35m

Sioux

beadwork and, 156–157

Ghost Dance and, 254

music styles of, 171

Sacred Pipe ceremony of, 243

sign language signs of, 298t

Sioux War, 310

Sitting Bull, 254, 310, 312

Ska-wa-cer–s home, 138f

Skidi Pawnee morning star ritual, 240–242

Sleepcrawling, 123

Smithsonian Institution, 15

Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, 265

Smoke Lodge, 115

Smoke-signaling, 281–282

Smoke Signals (film), 357

Smoky, Lois, 168

Social life, 91–131. See also individual factors

family, 97–98

gender and sexuality, 119–131

kinship, 91–97

life cycle, 98–119

Social relations in Indian Country, 335–337

Soft-soled moccasin, 151

Soils, 2–4

Soldier Blue (western), 356

Southern Siouans, 34

dance types of, 171

tattooing and, 152

Southwest, 14

Spier, Leslie, 248, 249

Spiritual beings, 206–220

animal spirits as, 212–214

cosmovision and, 216–218, 219ts

dwarfs and, 209

fossils and, 208–209

ghosts and, 209–212

giants and, 208–209

Great Spirit as, 219–220

thunder as, 206–207

transcendent, 214–216

water monsters as, 208

Spotted Tail (Sioux leader), 310

Spring

tornados, 6–7

wheat, 12

Squash, 61

Squaw, as stereotype, 119, 354, 355

Staked Plain(s), 11

Standing Bear, Luther, 317, 318, 319, 320

Merriam Report, 321–322

Stanley, Henry M., 308

Star Husband as story type, 189

Star quilts, 150

Stedman, Raymond William, 119

Stewart, Omer, 267

Stirrups, 58

Stomp Dance songs, 172

Stone carving, 158–159

Stone Road Prairie Chief, Mary Lou, 270

Stoneys, 36

Christian denominations among, 269t

Story types, Plains, 189

Straight Dance (war dance type), 171

Stratigraphic dating, 19–20

Strong, William Duncan, 25–26

Subarctic, 14

Subsistence practices, 43

Sucking cure, 232

Summer

temperatures, 7

tornados, 6–7

Summerlee Foundation, 352

Sun Dance, 45, 76, 100, 121, 243–251, 252f

body piercing during, 245, 246f, 247

classifications of, 250

dancers in, 245

diffusion studies on, 247–249

meanings and teachings of, 247

original tribal names for, 244

self-torture during, 245

survival/revival of, 249–251

traits of, 248–249

Survival rates of children, 99

Sweat lodge, 138

Sweet Medicine, 242

Sword, George, 203–204, 205fs, 214, 215, 222, 247

Symbol, defined, 220

Synopsis of Indian Tribes (Gallatin), 15

 

Tabepekat (“sun-killing”) ritual, 86

The Talk (photo), 53fs

Tallchief, Maria, 327

Tall–grass, 2, 5f, 12

Tapa Wankayeyapi (Throwing of the Ball Ceremony), 105

Tattoos, 152

Tecumseh, 255

Tekwawapi, 83, 84

Teonanacatl (“divine mushroom”), 258

Termination, period of, 324–327

economic growth during, 326–327

government assistance and, 325–326

Indian relocation programs and, 326

World War II and, 324–325

Tetons, 38–39

association song of, 75

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

female virginity and, 124

yuwipi ritual of, 256–258

Three Persons, Tom, 335

Thunder as spiritual being, 206–207

Timbo, Ned, 129–130

Tinker, Clarence L., 325

Tipi, 132–135

Blackfoot tribe painted, 133f

construction of, 134

etiquette and, 135

interior of, 134–135

modern development and, 135

painting of, 162–163

size of, 132

tripod vs. four-pole foundation, 134

Tipi crawling, 123

Tipi rings, 27

Tlataleros, 84

Tobacco, 64

as narcotic, 258

Tobacco Society, 81

Tomahawks, 147

Tonkawas, 42

cannibalism and, 288

dance types of, 171

language family of, 34

Tonto, 119

Tools and weapons, 139–147

basketry and pottery, 139–140

boats and rafts, 141–142

cradles, 140–141

garden tools, 139

war and hunting gear, 142–147

Tornado alley, 6–7

Totemic naming, 72–73

Trade and diplomacy, 291–304

calumet ceremony and, 295–296

centers for, 292

Comancheros and, 293

fur trade and, 294

Indian diplomats of, 299–302

intertribal marriage and, 303–304

sign language and, 297–299

trade languages of, 296–297

Trade beads, 156

Trade languages, 296–297

Transcendent spiritual beings, 214–216

Trees, 7–8, 64

Tribal names, 71

Tribal organization, 66–90

associations with, 74–81

bands and, 68–69

Comanches and, 88–89

Crows and, 87–88

law and order in, 85–87

leadership and, 81–85

lineages/clans and, 69–70

Native naming and, 71–74

phratries/moieties and, 70–71

tribe and, 66–68

Tribal sovereignty, 341–342

Tribe

geographic continuity and, 68

language and members of, 67–68

leadership and political unity, 68

notion of, 66–68

uses of word, 66–67

Tribes of Historic Period, 36–42

Arapahos, 39

Arikaras, 38

Assiniboines, 37

Blackfoots, 36

Cheyennes, 39

Comanches, 41

Crows, 37

Gros Ventres, 37

Hidatsas, 37

Iowas, 39–40

Kansas, 40

Kiowas, 41

Kitsais, 41

Lipan Apaches, 41–42

Mandans, 37–38

Missourias, 40

Omahas, 39

Osages, 40

Otoes, 40

Pawnees, 39

Plains Apaches, 41

Plains Crees, 36

Plains Ojibwas, 36–37

Poncas, 39

Quapaws, 40

Santees, 38

Sarcees, 36

Stoneys, 36

Tetons, 38–39

Tonkawas, 42

Wichitas, 41

Yankton-Yanktonais, 38

Trickster as character type, 191–193

Tsatoke, Monroe, 168

Tuibitsi (boy teenager), 102

Turtle Mountain, 10, 9m

Twentieth century, 305–330

conquest of plains, 305–313

early reservation life, 313–321

Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), 323–324

period of reform, 321–324

period of self-determination, 327–330

period of termination, 324–327

Tylor, Edward, 202

Tyon, Thomas, 213

 

Unemployment, reservation, 338

Unforested, as plains environment characteristic, 2

Ungraded associations, 77–78

Unilineal descent, 69

U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs Indian Arts and Crafts Board, 169

University of North Dakota, 354

Unwanted children, 99

Upstreaming, 33

Uto-Aztecan language family, 34, 35m

Uxorilocal residence, 107

 

Van Dorn, Earl, 308

Van Gennep, Arnold, 105

Vegetation, 10

prairie and, 12

preserved areas of, 13

Vertical kin relations, 94

Vial, Pedro, 295–296, 300

Vision quest, 223–228

Arapaho and, 226–227

bodily injury and, 227

defined, 223–224

dreams and, 228

failure of, 227

Plenty-coups, chief, 226

sacred man role in, 227

Teton and, 229f

visionary role in, 227–228

Vocables and music, 175

 

Walker, James, 208

Wallace, Anthony, 234, 235

Wapiti, 11

War and hunting gear, 142–147

bow and arrow, 142–144

clubs and tomahawks, 147

firearms, 146

knives, 146

lances, 146–147

shields, 144–146, 145f

War bonnet, 147–148

War chiefs, 82

War clubs, 147

War Dance, 178–180

competitions, 180

women’s, 180

Warfare, 275–290

cannibalism and, 288–289

captives, 289–290

coup and scalping, 285–288

Indian battle, 283–285

in North, 310–313

scouting and trailing, 279–281

in South, 308–310

types of Plains, 277

women and, 277–278

War on Poverty, 327

War paint, 152

Warren Wagon Train fight, 309

War shirts, 150

War whips, 158

War whistle, 177

Washington Redskins, 354

Washita River Phase, 31

Water, 4, 7

Plains riverbed and, 8

table, 10

underground, 8, 10

Water monsters as spiritual beings, 208

Wayne, John, 355

Weather, 6

in Archaic times, 29

dryness and, 7

Webb, Walter Prescott, 2, 282

West, Dick, 168

West Texas High School, 354

Wheat, 12

White Bird (Northern Cheyenne), 312f

White Buffalo Calf Woman, 45, 51

White buffalos, 45

Whitewolf, Jim, 124, 126

Wichitas, 10, 30, 41

hair styles of, 152

sign language signs of, 298t

tattooing and, 152

Wichita Mountains, 9–10, 17, 35, 216, 244, 307

Wicooyake (story telling genre), 185

Wife-absconding, 110–111

Wife sharing, 110

Wigwam, 137–138

Wilbarger, Josiah, 287

Wild animals, 11–12

Williamson, Ray, 217

Willow trees, 64

Wilson, Jack, 251

Wind, 1, 3–4, 6

Windstorms, 6–7

Windy Boy, Jonathan, 174

Winter, 6, 7

wheat, 12

Wissler, Clark, 1, 15, 25, 52, 241, 248

Witchcraft/sorcery, medicine men/women and, 232–233

Wolves, 11

Woman Chief, 129, 130

Women

in battles, 120, 277–278

dresses and, 148–149

Fancy Shawl Dance of, 180

hair styles of, 151

Hidatsa and, 120

Massaum and, 236

in medicine, 121–122, 229

menstruating, peyote ritual and, 261

political/legal power of, 122

pottery making and, 121

promiscuity and, 125

as robe quillers, 121

roles of, 120–123

singing roles of, 172–173, 174–175

as spiritual mediators, 122

tanning of white buffalos and, 121

War Dance of, 180

Women’s Medicine Society, 130

Women’s sub-tribal associations, 78–80

Wood carving, 158–159

Woodlands, 13

Wood Mountain, 10, 9m

Woo-see Indians, 130

Work and play in Indian Country, 334–335

World Bucking Horse Championship, 335

Worldview, explained, 1

Wounded Knee massacre, 254, 312

Wovoka (Cutter), 251, 253, 255

Writing-on-Stone, 160

 

Yankton-Yanktonais, 38

berdache status and, 127t

Christian denominations among, 269t

peyote song of, 175

Yellow Smoke, 353

Yellowstone River, 8, 9m

Yoke (dress component), 148–149

Young, Gloria, 81

Yuwipi, 256–258