CHAPTER 7
ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF EASTERN GHATS AND ADJACENT DECCAN REGION
S. KARUPPUSAMY1 and T. PULLAIAH2
1Department of Botany, The Madura College (Autonomous),
Madurai–625011, Tamilnadu, India,
E-mail: ksamytaxonomy@gmail.com
2Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University,
Anantapur–515003, Andhra Pradesh, India,
E-mail: pullaiah.thammineni@gmail.com
CONTENTS
7.3Diversity of Ethnomedicinal plants in Eastern Ghats and Adjacent Deccan Region
7.4Indigenous Utilization of Medicinal Plants
7.5Tribes and Medicinal Plant of Eastern Ghats
ABSTRACT
Ethnomedicinal plants of Eastern Ghats and adjacent Deccan region of India was surveyed with available literature in Google search engine and various published sources. The study revealed that about 54 different ethnic tribal communities used 782 ethnomedicinal plants for their primary health care. These plants are belonging to 132 families and 384 genera. Leguminosae is a largest ethnomedicinal plant yielding family and it is contributing about 67 species of medicinal plants. The plant families like Apocynaceae, Orchidaceae, Solanaceae and Rubiaceae contribute more than 20 species are of local medicinal values. The predominant ethnomedicinal plant genera of Eastern Ghats are Cassia and Solanum (12 spp.), Acacia and Euphorbia (11 spp. each), Ficus (8 spp.), Curcuma (7), Andrographis (6), Bauhinia, Habenaria and Terminalia (5 spp. each). The habit-wise distribution of ethnomedicinal plants of Eastern Ghats showed herbs (41%), trees (24%), shrubs (22%) and climbers (13%). Some 75 plant species are endemic to this region. These plants played vital role in health care and local livelihood among the native communities of Eastern Ghats and some these plants are also contributing in codified Indian medicinal systems like Siddha, Ayurvedha and Unani. The present study aimed to compile the tribal medicinal plant wealth of Eastern Ghats for further promotion of utility, screening for clinical potential and enhancing conservation measures.
7.1INTRODUCTION
The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous mountain ranges along the east coast of Indian Peninsula running parallel to the Bay of Bengal about 1750 km from Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamilnadu and also passing in some parts of Karnataka. Some perennial rivers originated from Western Ghats and cut through Eastern Ghats ranges especially Mahanadhi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauveri, finally they flow into Bay of Bengal. The rocks of Eastern Ghats are considered Gondwana origin and made up of charnokites, granites gneiss, khondalites, metamorphic gneiss and quartzite. Several hill ranges and hillocks of Eastern Ghats locally divided into three parts viz, northern Eastern Ghats (mostly in Odisha and northern Andhra Pradesh), middle Eastern Ghats (Andhra Pradesh) and southern Eastern Ghats (Tamilnadu). The vegetation of Eastern Ghats characteristically comprised with deciduous and scrub forests interspersed with grassy open canopies.
The Eastern Ghats and adjacent Deccan region is inhabited by about 54 tribal communities, which constitute about 30% of tribal population of India. They depend mostly on various forest resources available locally for their livelihood. In Odisha, major part of the northern Eastern Ghats, many numbers of tribal communities namely Bathudi, Bhottoda, Bhumia, Bhumiji, Dharua, Gadaba, Gond, Khanda, Kandha, Gouda, Kolha, Koya, Munda, Paroja, Omanatya, Santal and Saora (Nayak and Sahoo, 2002) are found. Among them many native communities belong to primitive scheduled tribes like Birhor, Bonda, Didayi, Dogaria Kondh, Hill Kharia, Juang, Kutia Kondh, Lanjia Saora, Mankirdia, Paudi Bhuyan and Saora. The hill tribes of Andhra Pradesh in Eastern Ghats area are Chechus, Gadabas, Savaras, Konda Reddis, Koyas, Khonds, Kolamis, Nayakpods, Valmikis, Bhagatas, Jatayus, Yanadis and Yerukalas and they constitute 6.3% of total population of Andhra Pradesh (Verma, 1998). The typical aboriginal tribes are Yanadis, Chenchus, Koyas and Savaras still live with indigenous habit in Eastern Ghats (Solomon Raju and Jonathan, 2006). Tamilnadu part of Eastern Ghats is inhabited by tribal communities which include Malayalis in Chitteri hills, Kolli hills, Shervarayan hills, Kalrayan hills, Javadhu hills and Jinji hills (Xavier et al., 2011). Paliyans, a small group of scheduled tribe lives in Sirumalai hills of southernmost tip of Eastern Ghats (Karuppusamy and Pullaiah, 2006) (for more details see Chapter 2 of this volume).
During the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants and their traditional use in different tribal communities of India. According to World Health Organization (WHO) as many as 80% of the world’s population depend on traditional medicines and in India about 65% of the population in rural areas uses traditional medicines for their primary health care. Ethnobotany deals with the relationship between human societies and plants. It has been recognized recently as a multi-disciplinary science comprising of many interesting and useful aspects of plant science, chemistry, environment, anthropology, history, culture, pharmacology and literature. It gives varied economic uses of plants among the primitive human societies, which are equally beneficial to modern man. The results of the ethnobotanical researches brought out numerous little known and unknown uses of plants (Jain, 1981).
The botanical study of folk drugs in recent years has led to the discovery of large number of new medicinal compounds having potent therapeutic activities. During the last few decades, a succession of so called “wonder drugs”, such as reserpine, ajmalicine, quinine, ephedrine, conine, cocaine, emetine, colchicine, digoxin, berberine and artimisine have been discovered from plants with rich ethnobotanical role in primitive human societies. Currently about 720 active principles isolated from higher plants are utilized in allopathy system after being validated by ethnopharmacology. About 70% of the plant derived allopathy drugs find the same therapeutic applications in original traditional medicine. Unfortunately, traditional knowledge of primitive human societies has only oral or verbal traditions without any written documents. Due to the fast changing life style by urbanization, modernization and intrusion of modern civilization among tribal communities, the traditional knowledge on useful plants acquired and accumulated through generation is gradually getting lost. Hence, documentation of traditional knowledge of wild plants has become imperative lest the vital clues they hold for the quality life of modern man would be lost forever.
7.2METHODS
In recent years, many of the methods used by ethnobiologists have been compiled into filed manuals, most notably the series titled “People and Plants Conservation Manuals” developed by the World Wildlife Fund, UNESCO and Kew Royal Botanical Gardens as part of the People and Plants Initiative (Cunningham, 2000). Prior to mid-1950s, researcher in ethnobotany was primarily descriptive. A large amount of data was collected regarding traditional names and uses of plants and animals for a number of sociolinguistic groups (for more details see Chapter 3 of this volume). Within ethnobotany, researchers were increasingly becoming concerned with understanding emic perceptions of people and plants. A detailed account of this fascinating history is provided by D’Andrade (1995). Ethnobotanists have been at the forefront of participatory methods, developing innovative strategies for training indigenous collaborators and conservation of local biological resources. Modern studies in ethnobotany are distinguishable from earlier studies of useful plants, in that modern ethno-botanical studies tend to include more information about the ethnic cultural groups that use the plants medicinally or other purposes. It includes formation about cultural beliefs surrounding illness, treatment and healing methods; human ecological relationships and the role of medicinal plants in larger societies; rituals, ceremonies and other uses of medicinal plants; the role of traditional healers, shamans or other ritual specialists who has medicinal plants to treat patients.
Usual data collection of ethnobotanical information and practice within any culture vary by geographical origin, residence, ethnicity, religion, age and gender. After an exhaustive search on ethnobotanical and ethnographical works available online (Google search engine; www.google.com) and various published literature, we compiled the plant list and their ethnomedicinal uses relevant to the Eastern Ghats ranges and Deccan region. It also includes about 782 ethnomedicinal plant species enumerated from about 150 published literature of various sources. All the information in this work therefore refers to wild plants used in medicinal purposes at least during last 50–100 years.
7.3DIVERSITY OF ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS IN EASTERN GHATS AND ADJACENT DECCAN REGION
India has a rich tradition of plant-based knowledge on healthcare since time immemorial. A large number of plants, plant products, decoctions, pastes are equally used by tribals and folklore traditions in India for treatment of several ailments. The present review thus attempt to analyze the ethnomedicinal knowledge base for treatment of all kinds of ailments, methods employed by tribal and folklore practices previously in Eastern Ghats of Peninsular India. Out of 7,500 species of medicinal plants estimated in India, about 1,800 species are known to occur in Eastern Ghats region. At least 800 medicinal and 40 aromatic plants are concentrated in this area which are used in various medicinal systems including codified and folklore. From the present review and a case study enumerated about 782 plants species includes 50 Pteridophytes and two Gymnosperm species (Table 7.1).
These 782 ethnomedicinal plants species belonging to 132 families and 384 genera were recorded from various sources and published literature. Leguminosae (67 spp.), Apocynaceae (29 spp.), Malvaceae (26 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (25 spp.), Orchidaceae (22 spp.), Solanaceae and Rubiaceae (16 spp. each), Asteraceae (15 spp.), Acanthaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae (14 spp. each), Cucurbitaceae and Zingiberaceae (13 spp. each), Rutaceae (12 spp.) and Araceae (10 spp.) were the dominant families of ethnomedicinal plants. Cassia and Solanum (12 spp.), Acacia and Euphorbia (11 spp. each), Ficus (8 spp.), Curcuma (7), Andrographis (6), Bauhinia, Habenaria and Terminalia (5 spp. each), Albizia and Dioscorea (4 spp. each) were the dominant medicinal plant genera (Table 7.1).
TABLE 7.1Ethnomedicinal Plants of Eastern Ghats and Deccan
The maximum richness and habit-wise distribution of ethnomedicinal plants of Eastern Ghats showed herbs (41%), trees (24%), shrubs (22%) and climbers (13%). About 75 species of higher plants are thought to be endemic to Eastern Ghats region of India spread across the states of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Karnataka. In Odisha forest areas confined the following species namely Cryptocarya amygdalina, Callicarpa vestita, Cerbera manghas, Aglaia cucullata, Bowenia serrulata, Hunteria zeylanica, Lasicocca comberi, Odisha cleistantha and Pomatocalpa decipiens. Similarly in Andhra Pradesh region have Andrographis nallamalayana, Cajanus cajanifolia, Dimorphocalyx glabellatus, Cycas beddomei, Shorea tumbaggaea, Boswellia ovalifoliolata, Pimpinella tirupatiensis Pterocarpus santalinus, Syzygium alternifolium and Terminalia pallida which are narrow endemic medicinal plants species. Southern Eastern Ghats of Tamilnadu have also many narrow endemic plant species which are used in ethnomedicinal systems, such as Aristolochia tagala, Curcuma nilagirica, Nervilia aragoana, Crotalaria shevaroyensis, etc.
7.4INDIGENOUS UTILIZATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Different parts of the ethnomedicinal plants were used in treatment of ailments/diseases of different body parts, such as bones, bronchitis, ears, eyes, head, kidney, intestine, joints, liver, lungs, muscles, nervous system, sex organs, skin, stomach, teeth, throat, etc. Maximum species were used for stomach problems (157 spp.), followed by skin (122 spp.), eyes (78 spp.), blood (47 spp.) and liver (61 spp.) problems (Table 7.1). Based on the review, the proportion of ethnomedicinal plant parts used by tribal communities showed that leaves are most useful part and higher proportion about 283 plant species followed by roots (133 spp.), stems (130 spp.), whole plant (45 spp.), seeds (42 spp.), fruits (35 spp.), flowers (20 spp.), resins and gums (10 spp.) and latex (10 spp.). Mode of administration of herbal drugs among tribal communities of Eastern Ghats mostly by oral administration (57%) and topical application (40%), remaining plant drugs administered by inhalation (1%) and others uses (2%). All the tribal communities in the Eastern Ghats and adjacent Deccan region are invariably use many medicinal plants for same therapeutic purposes and such plants are Achyranthes aspera, Acorus calamus, Aegle marmelos, Albizia amara, Allium cepa, Alpinia calcarata, Andrographis paniculata, Aristolochia indica, Asparagus racemosus, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cassia fistula, Centella asiatica, Costus speciosus, Curculigo orchioides, Curcuma longa, Euphorbia hirta, Gymnema sylvestre, Leucas aspera, Pergularia daemia, Phyllanthus amarus, Piper betel, Plumbago zeylanica, Ricinus communis, Solanum nigrum, Terminalia chebula, Tribulus terrestris, Vitex negundo and Zingiber officinale. This shows the cross-cultural similarities between the different human communities of the region. Some of the plants are already included in the rare, endangered and threatened list (IUCN, 2014), they used frequently by local communities for their health care, such as Artocarpus heterophyllus, Boswellia ovalifoliolata, Saraca asoca, Rauvolfia serpentina, Pterocarpus santalinus and Gardenia resinifera. In some occasions, alien or invasive species are also noted for ethnobotanical uses especially Adansonia digitata, Agerataum conyzoides, Lantana camara and Wedelia calendulacea.
Ethnomedicobotany of certain ethnically distinct primitive human societies from the Eastern Ghats explored by many investigators; Yanadis of Andhra Pradesh (Sudarsanam and Siva Prasad, 1995; Sudarsanam and Balaji Rao, 1994; Jeevanram and Venkataraju, 2001; Vedavathy and Mrudula, 1996; Karthikeyani, 2003), Chenchus of Andhra Pradesh (Vijayalakshmi, 1993; Reddy et al., 1988; Rao et al., 1995; Ramachandra Reddy et al., 2003; Padma Rao et al., 2007), Sugalis of Andhra Pradesh (Jeevan Ram, 2002), Gonds of Karimnagar ditrict (Reddy et al., 2003), Konda Reddis of Andhra Pradesh (Raju et al., 2011), Khonds of Visakhapatnam (Rao et al., 2006), Khonds of Karimnagar district (Reddy et al., 2003), Bagata of Visakhapatnam (Sandhya Sri and Seetharami Reddi, 2011), Irulas of Javadhu hills (Dhatchanamoorthy et al., 2013), Didahi tribes of Malakangiri (Pattanaik et al., 2008), Malayali tribes of Yercaud hills (Muruganandam et al., 2012; Senthilkumar et al., 2013; Rekha and Senthilkumar, 2014), Juang, Koha and Munda tribes of Odisha (Satpathy, 2008), Malayali’s of North Arcot district of Tamilandu (Viswanathan, 1997), Paliyar tribes of Sirumalai hills (Karuppusamy, 2002; Maruthapandian et al., 2011), Sugali tribes of Yerramalais (Basha et al., 2011), Kond Dora tribes of Araku valley (Padal et al., 2013a), Dongaria Kandha of Odisha (Kumar et al., 2012), Bondo tribes of Odisha (Aminuddin and Girach, 1991), Paudi Bhunya tribes of Odisha (Aminuddin and Girach, 1996), Kandha tribes of Odisha (Girach, 1992; Das and Misra, 1998; Behera and Misra, 2005), Bonda’s of Koraput district (Misra, 1992; Prusti, 2007), Kondha and Gond tribes of Odisha (Mohapatra and Sahoo, 2008)and Gadabas of Visakhapatnam (Koteswara Rao et al., 2011) have been studies so far.
Ethnomedicobotanical survey of any specific geographical and political province may have one or more ethnic groups. Such studies were also carried out in Eastern Ghats ranges and adjacent Deccan region are Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh (Sudarsanam, 1987; Vedavathy et al., 1997), Srikakulam district (Harasreeramulu, 1980; Ramachandra Naidu and Seetharami Reddi, 2005), Adilabad district (Ravishankar and Henry, 1992), Anantapur district (Reddy et al., 1989), Kurnool district (Goud, 1995), Guntur district (Rao and Pullaiah, 2001), Kadapa district (Basi Reddy et al., 1989), Khammam district (Reddy, 2002; Raju and Reddy, 2005), Karimnagar distirct (Kaplan and Kapoor, 1980), Mahabubnagar district (Kumar, 1997), Ranga Reddy district (Padma Rao and Reddy, 1999; Ramachandra Reddy and Padma Rao, 2002), Boudh district of Odisha (Sahu et al., 2013), Bargarh district of Odhisa (Sen and Behera, 2003), Bhadrak district of Odisha (Girach et al., 1997 and 1998), Kandhamal district of Odisha (Behera et al., 2006), Koraput district of Odisha (Das and Misra, 1987, 1988, 1996; Pattanaik et al., 2006; Dhal et al., 2011), Kalahandi district of Odisha (Nayak et al., 2004; Sarangi and Sahu, 2004; Panda, 2007; Panda et al., 2008), Malakangiri district of Odisha (Pattanaik et al., 2008), Mayrubhnaj district of Odisha (Mudgal and Pal, 1980; Saxena et al., 1988; Sarkar et al., 1995; Rout et al., 2009), Phulbani district of Odisha (Subudhi and Chaudhury, 1985; Sahoo and Mudgal, 1995), Sunargarh district of Odisha (Mukherjee and Namhata, 1990; Satpathy, 1992; Satparhy and Panda,1992; Singh et al., 2010)and Nawarangpur district of Odisha (Dhal et al., 2014), Adilabad district (Murthy, 2012; Ramakrishna and Saidulu, 2014)and Kancheepuram district of Tamilandu (Muthu et al., 2006). A few studies have revealed the ethnomedicinal plants of entire state of Odisha (Saxena and Dutta, 1975; Chaudhuri et al., 1975; Das et al., 2003). These studies compiled the information regarding the traditional medicinal plant resources of the particular geographical ranges. Many ethnobotanical studies confined only the small areas of Ghat ranges especially in single Ghat areas of Javadhu hills (David and Sudarsanam, 2011; Ranganathan et al., 2012), Paderu division (Padal et al., 2012), Seshachalam hills (Savithramma and Sudharshanamma, 2006), Nallamalais (Jeevanram and Venkataraju, 2001; Ramana Naidu et al., 2012), Gundlabrahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary (Ventakataratnam and Venkataraju, 2004), Mahendragiri hills of Odisha (Giarch, 2001), Pachamalai hills (Kolar and Bhasha, 2013; Anandakumar et al., 2014), Araku valley (Banerjee, 1977; Gupta et al., 1997; Padal et al., 2013a, b, c), Paderu of Visakhapatnam (Rao et al., 2010), Kalrayan hills (Manikandan and Alagu Lakshmanan, 2014), Talakona (Basha et al., 2014), Kolli hills (Dwarakan and Ansari, 1992, 1996; Ranjithakani et al., 1992; Rajendran and Manian, 2011;Ramanathan et al., 2014; Suneela and Jyothi, 2014; Kadirvelmurugan et al., 2014), Pichavaram mangrove areas of Tamilandu (Ravindran et al., 2005), Gandhamardhan hills of Odisha (Misra, 2004) and Simlipal Biosphere Reserve (Pandey and Rout, 2006; Rout and Pandey, 2007), Penchalakona forest (Savithramma et al., 2012) and Warangal north forest division (Suthari et al., 2014).
Many ethnobotanical investigations have been undertaken based on utility in particular ailments. It is for specific purposes, such as skin diseases (Jeevan Ram et al., 1999, 2004; Venkata Subbaiah and Savithramma, 2012; Kumar et al., 2012), antidotes (Sudarsanam and Siva Prasad, 1995; Reddy et al., 1996; Ramakrishna and Saidulu, 2014), antidiabetic medicinal plants (Basha et al., 2011; Elavarasi and Saravanan, 2012), diabetes (Prasanthi et al., 2014), gynecological and abortive medicinal plants of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh (Nagalakshmi, 2001), gynecological and veneral diseases curing medicinal plants from Odisha (Sarangi and Sahu, 2004), snake bites and scorpion sting (Savithramma et al., 2013), antidiarrheal plants (Panda et al., 2012) and for cuts and wounds (Koteswara Rao et al., 2014). Ethnobotany has also been made with particular plant groups and families as the focus. Ethnomedicinal uses of genus Phyllanthus in Eastern Ghats areas have been studied by Lakshmi Narasimhudu (2013). Ethnomedicine of families like Cucurbitaceae of Eastern Ghats (Sri Ramamurthy et al. 2013) have been compiled. Sudhakar Reddy et al. (2006) and Rao and Pullaiah (2007) have made the investigation on ethnobotanical values of rare and endemic ethnomedicinal plants of Eastern Ghats. Naidu et al. (2012) described herbal remedies for rheumatoid arthritis used by the tribes of Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh.
7.5TRIBES AND MEDICINAL PLANT OF EASTERN GHATS
Santals, Kols and Kharias of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha used about 58 plant species belonging to 34 families and some medicinal information recorded particularly for Aristolochia indica, Ficus racemosa, Hygrophila auriculata, Morinda citrifolia, Puraria tuberosa, Soymida febrifuga and Syzygium cerasoides are unique and different from other communities of Eastern Ghats (Rout et al., 2009). Similarly Paroja, Saora, Bhumia, Godaba, Dogaria and Kondha communities in Koraput district of Odisha used many plants for their liver complaints, such as Caryota urens, Curcuma montana, Sansevieria roxburghiana, Sesbania grandiflora and Elephantopus scaber
(Smita et al., 2012). Bonda, Didayi, Koya, Bhatoda and Kondh communities of Malakangiri district of Odisha used 34 plant species ethnomedici-nally for various ailments includes Plumbago zeylanica for abortifacient, Barleria prionitis for cough, Semecarpus anacardium for wound healing, Pterocarpus marsupium for diabetes, Bauhinia vahlii for dysentery, Ricinus communis for head ache and Cassia fistula for leprosy (Pattanaik et al., 2007). Tribal communities in Similipal Biosphere Reserve employed about 77 plant species for treating diarrhea alone such plants are Bombax ceiba, Buchanania lanzan, Butea superba, Coccinia grandis, Curculigo orchioides, Eleutherine bulbosa, Flemingia nana, Helicteres isora, Lannea coromandelica, Mesua ferrea and Smilax zeylanica (Rout and Pandey, 2007). Baidyas of Similipal area have several guarded knowledge on medicinal plants and also have some unique medicinal plant uses for treating malaria and other diseases such plants are Rauvolfia serpentina, Oroxylum indicum, Kalanchoe pinnata, Clausena excavata, Curcuma angustifolia, Spondias pinnata, Shorea robusta, Solanum surattense, etc. (Mohanta et al., 2006). Eastern Ghats of Odisha has a potential ethnomedicinal resources for treating various human diseases particularly rheumatism for about 62 genera with 78 plant species includes Acanthus ilicifolius, Thunbergia fragrans, Cerbera odollum, Guizotia abyssinica, Derris scandens, Flacourtia indica, Pandanus fascicularis, Sesamum indicum and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Panda et al., 2014).
Tribals of Rayalaseema region of Eastern Ghats are using about 54 plant species belonging to 50 genera and 34 families for treating asthma alone (Anjaneyulu and Sudarsanam, 2013). The tribal areas Rayalaseema have reported about 70 medicinal plants species for gynecological and abortive properties (Nagalakshmi, 2001). Gonds of Andhra Pradesh utilized several medicinal plants for their health care especially Acacia arabica for antidote, Albizia odoratissima for poisonous bites, Atalantia monophylla for treating rheumatism, Cayratia pedata for uterine relaxes, Convolvulus sepiaria for improving fertility, Cyanotis tuberosa for treating cough, Litsea glutinosa for wound healing, Putranjiva roxburghii for impotency, Sterculia urens for treating male sterility and Xylia xylocarpa for skin eruptions (Murthy, 2012). Konda doras, Kotias and Konds of Visakhapatnam district have vast knowledge on medicinal plant lore about treating diseases like wounds with Annona squamosa, rheumatism by Polyalthia longifolia, stomachic by Cissampelos pariera, dystentery by Nelumbo nucifera, diarrhea by Brassica juncea, asthma by Ziziphus xylopyrus, eczema by Pterocarpus marsupium, etc. (Padal et al., 2013b). Konda doras alone used about 68 medicinal plants for their medicinal purposes (Padal et al., 2013a). Bagata tibes of Paduru forest division in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh are using 30 species of plants for their health care.
Chenchu’s of Nallamalai hills used many plants for treating liver diseases, such as Andrographis echioides, Andrographis paniculata, Boerhavia diffusa, Canavalia gladiata, Phyllanthus amarus, Physalis minima and Tephrosia purpurea (Sabjan et al., 2014). Chenchu’s are the good source of medicinal plant knowledge since long back and they have been treating about 67 diseases known to cure by using 69 medicinal plants includes Cocculus hirsutus, Abutilon indicum, Sida acuta, Urena lobata, Melochia corchorifolia, Grewia flavescens, Chloroxylon swietenia, Careya arborea, Lepidagathis cristata, Aerva lanata, Glochidion ellipticum and Pouzolzia zeylanica (Ravi Prasad Rao and Sunita, 2011). Yerukalas and Sugalis of Nallamala region have practiced of about 93 genera with 54 families of plants species as medicinal remedies mostly for gastrointestinal disorder, parasitic infections and external injuries. The plant species like Acacia caesia, Anogeissus latifolia, Alternanthera sessilis, Bacopa monnieri, Boswellia ovalifoliolata, Carissa spinarum, Cleome viscosa, Eclipta prostrata, Linociera zeylanica, Spermacoce articularis, Trichurus monsoniae and Waltheria indica are used for medicinal purposes (Ramana Naidu et al., 2012). Sugalis of Erramalai’s used Alangium salvifolium, Ammannia baccifera, Cassia occiendentalis, Habenaria roxburghii, Lantana indica, Strychnos nux-vomica and Wattakaka volubilis for treating snake bite (Basha and Sudarsanam, 2012). Stem barks of Albizia procera, Butea monosperma, Eugenia jombos, Gmelina arborea, Madhuca indica, Soymida febrifuga, Sterculia urens and Wrightia tinctoria are used for various medicinal utilizations by Gondu tribes of Adilabad district (Suman Kumar et al., 2013) (Plates 7.1–7.4).
PLATE 1
PLATE 2
PLATE 3
PLATE 4
Irulas of Tamilnadu have been using 57 medicinal plant species for treating the health problems who are residing in Javadhu hills of Eastern Ghats (Mohamed Tariq et al., 2012). Dhatchanamoorthy et al. (2013) have reported that Irulas of Javadhu hills used some unique medicinal plants species for their local ailments, such as Achyranthes bidentata, Blepharis maderaspatensis, Caralluma attenuata, Cymbopogon citratus, Datura innoxia, Hedyotis puberula, Ocimum americanum, Solanum virginianum and Vernonia cinerea. Malayali’s of Jawadhu hills used about 150 plants species for their health maintanence (Senthilkumar et al., 2014a) and the Yelagiri hills of Eastern Ghats reported a total of 175 ethnomedicinal species belonging to 147 genera and 56 families (Senthilkuamr et al., 2014b). Some primitive plant groups are ethnomedicinal importance in Kolli hills of Eastern Ghat ranges, it was reported about 30 species of Pteridophytes used for treating various ailments by Malayali tribes and important Pteridophytes species are Actiniopteris radiata, Adiantum lunulatum, Ceratopteris thal-ictroides, Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Hemionities arifolia, Pityrogramma cal-omelanos, Pteris biaurita, Pteris vittata and Vateria elongata (Karthik et al., 2011). Malayali tribes of Kolli hills used about 250 species of higher plants for their healthcare system include the species like Naravelia zeylanica (skin disease), Michelia champaca (scorpion sting), Tinospora sinensis (rheumatism), Nymphaea nouchali (urinary problem), Helicteres isora (diarrhea), Impatiens balsamina (snake bite), Toddalia asiatica (fever), Cissus setosa (worms), Lepisanthes tetraphylla (cold), Mimosa pudica (blood purifier), Spermacoce hispida (diarrhea), Heliotropium indicum (wound healing), Solanum eriantum (dysentery), Polygonum hydropiper (stimulant) and Rumex nepalensis (purgative) (Vaidyanathan et al., 2013; Xavier et al., 2011). Kolli hills is a rich biodiversity area of Eastern Ghats and there has been reported large number of medicinal plants for poisonous bites include 34 plant species for snake bite, 25 species for scorpion sting, 12 species for dog bites used by local tribes (Prabu and Kumuthakalavalli, 2012). Fifteen species of threatened medicinal plants used for disease like ulcers, diarrhea, indigestion, hemorrhage, stomach problems, skin diseases, heart problems and the plant species like Acorus calamus, Aegle marmelos, Cayratia pedata, Celastrus paniculatus, Cycas circinalis, Decalepis hamiltonii, Gloriosa superba, Hildegardia populifolia, Maduca longifolia, Piper nigrum, Pseudarthria viscida, Santalum album, Smilax zeylanica and Terminalia arjuna are medicinal plant species used to treat by ethnic communities of Pachamaial hills of Eastern Ghats (Gritto et al., 2012). Kolar and Bhasha (2013) reported 190 medicinal plants spread over 158 genera and 67 families which include Hiptage benghalensis, Hugonia mystax, Mallotus philippensis, Solanum erianthum, Rubus cordifolia and Wrightia tinctoria.
7.6CONCLUSION
According to the review, 54 tribal communities mentioned for the areas of Eastern Ghats, ethnobotanical documentation available only for 40 tribal communities and remaining are living in remote areas and safe guard-ing their knowledge secretly themselves which are the main problems of lacunae in documentation. Studies exist on the documentation of herbal drugs used among various societies of Eastern Ghats (Rama Rao, 2006). However, Eastern Ghats region of Peninsular India mostly occupied by hill tribes namely Bathudi, Bhottoda, Bhumia, Bhumiji, Dharua, Gadaba, Gond, Khanda, Kandha, Gouda, Kolha, Koya, Munda, Paroja, Omanatya, Santal, Saora, Chechus, Savaras, Konda Reddis, Khonds, Kolamis, Nayakpods, Valmikis, Bhagatas, Jatayus, Yanadis, Yerukalas, Irulars, Malayalis and Paliyans. Yet they sustained a good wealth of traditional knowledge on preparation of herbal drugs for their primary healthcare (Nayak and Sahoo, 2002). They are sole custodians of the wild genetic resources of this area, and still practice traditional agriculture and they live close vicinity and utility of the wild vegetation. The documentation of the traditional knowledge on medicinal plants sporadically recorded in the past and there is still ample knowledge with primitive societies living in the hilly tracts that are needed to be documented. Most of these traditional knowledge and practices are only on folklore system (Solomon Raju and Jonathan, 2006).
Native communities of Eastern Ghats depend on plants for their health care and diseases curing system. Maximum numbers of plants were used for curing stomach problems, cold, cough and fever, and skin diseases. It was also found that a single plant species may be used for curing many ailments, such as Andrographis paniculata is used against jaundice, worms and to treat snake bite. Majority of tribes believed traditional superstition and they have strong faith in tree-spirit, evil eye and magics. The worship was possibly the earliest and the most prevalent form of religion. Almost all tribes are basically religious hence trees are treated by them as Gods. At the same time the tree fulfill their life requirements, such as medicine. It can be evidenced that most of the tribal communities used sacred plants of generaFicus, Acacia, Albizia, Alangium, Ocimum, Vitex, etc. and all the plants are used for treating various ailments. There was an overlapping of many medicinal plant species in nearly all categories, which reflects the cross-cultural similarities among the tribes of Eastern Ghats.
Many numbers of plants that are used by tribes of Eastern Ghats are mentioned in ancient literature, such as Siddha, Ayurrvedha and Unani. The use of medicinal plant species treating a particular ailment is also fairly common among different communities of tribes. The present review evidenced that medicinal plants continue to play an important role in the health care system of traditional communities.
Due to constant association with the forest environment, ethnic communities have evolved knowledge by trial and error and have developed their own way of diagnosis and treatment for different ailments. The ethnic drug formulations need clinical tests to prove their efficacy and also to develop new herbal drugs for the effective treatment. This data provides basic source for further studies aimed at conservation, cultivation, improvement of ethnic traditional medicine and economic welfare of rural and tribal population of the region. The traditional botanical knowledge will provide secure livelihood to the native tribes that minimize the resource depletion, environmental degradation, cultural disruption and social instability. The medico-botanical survey of the area revealed that the people of the area possessing good knowledge of herbal drugs but as the people are in progressive exposure to modernization, their knowledge of traditional uses of plants may be lost in due course. So it is important to study and record the uses of plants by different tribes and sub-tribes for future study. Such studies may also provide some information to biochemists and pharmacologists in screening of individual species and in rapid assessing of phytoconstituents for the treatment of various diseases.
KEYWORDS
•Eastern Ghats
•Ethnobotany
•Ethnomedicine
•Medicinal Plants
•Tribal Medicine
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