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Index
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Contributors
Chapter 1: Ecotoxicity Test Methods for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.2 REGULATORY CONCERNS
1.3 INVERTEBRATES
1.4 VERTEBRATES
1.5 TESTING SCHEMES FOR EDCS
REFERENCE
Chapter 2: Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife
2.1 BACKGROUND TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
2.2 EFFECTS OF EDCS ON WILDLIFE
2.3 WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE AND ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ED EFFECTS
2.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR EFFECT ASSESSMENT AND TOXICITY TESTING
2.5 NEED FOR MORE FIELD STUDIES AND AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
2.6 CONCLUDING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 3: The Regulatory Need for Tests to Detect EDCs and Assess Their Hazards to Wildlife
3.1 EMERGING CONCERNS AND POLICY RESPONSES: FOCUSING ON EDCS AS A LARGE PSEUDO-UNIFORM GROUP OF SUBSTANCES
3.2 GENERAL APPROACHES IN SUBSTANCE-RELATED REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS (EU)
3.3 HOW TO MAKE EDC DEFINITIONS OPERATIONAL FOR SUBSTANCE-RELATED REGULATORY WORK
3.4 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
3.5 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 4: Techniques for Measuring Endocrine Disruption in Insects
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 METHODS
4.3 DISCUSSION
4.4 CONCLUSION
4.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 5: Crustaceans
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 BACKGROUND TO CRUSTACEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY
5.3 STATE OF THE ART: WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION IN CRUSTACEANS?
5.4 AVAILABLE SUBCHRONIC/CHRONIC STANDARD TEST PROTOCOLS
5.5 COMPLEMENTARY TOOLS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
5.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 6: Endocrine Disruption in Molluscs
6.1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION
6.2 WHAT CONSTITUTES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN MOLLUSCS?
6.3 END POINTS AND BIOMARKERS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
6.4 CURRENT TEST METHODS USING MOLLUSCS
6.5 PROPOSED TEST METHODS
6.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 7: Using Fish to Detect Endocrine Disrupters and Assess Their Potential Environmental Hazards
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO STANDARDIZE FISH-BASED METHODS FOR SCREENING AND TESTING ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS
7.3 FISH-BASED SCREENS DEVELOPED BY OECD FOR ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS
7.4 PROGRESS WITH DEVELOPING FISH PARTIAL LIFE CYCLE TESTS FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS
7.5 PROSPECTS FOR THE STANDARDIZATION OF FISH FULL LIFE CYCLE AND MULTIGENERATION TESTS
7.6 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF A HAZARD EVALUATION STRATEGY BASED PARTLY ON AVAILABLE AND PROPOSED FISH SCREENS AND TESTS
7.7 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 8: Screening and Testing for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Amphibian Models
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 POTENTIAL USES OF AMPHIBIANS IN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER SCREENING AND TESTING PROGRAMS
8.3 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
8.4 HATCHING
8.5 LARVAL DEVELOPMENT
8.6 HIGHER-TIER TESTS WITH AMPHIBIANS
8.7 OTHER AND EMERGING TEST METHODS
8.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 9: Endocrine Disruption and Reptiles
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 APPROACHES TO EXAMINE EFFECTS OF EDCS
9.3 INDUCTION OF SEX REVERSAL IN OVO
9.4 ANALYSIS OF SEX-REVERSED ANIMALS
9.5 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 10: Birds
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BIRDS AND MAMMALS AND AMONG BIRD SPECIES
10.3 IN VITRO TECHNIQUES
10.4 STUDIES WITH EMBRYOS
10.5 IN VIVO TECHNIQUES
10.6 EXAMPLES OF EDC EFFECTS FROM FIELD STUDIES
10.7 PROPOSED TWO-GENERATION TEST
10.8 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 11: Mammalian Methods for Detecting and Assessing Endocrine-Active Compounds
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 MAMMALIAN TIER 1 SCREENING ASSAYS
11.3 TIER 2 TESTS
11.4 HUMAN AND WILDLIFE RELEVANCE OF ESTROGEN, ANDROGEN, AND THYROID SCREENING ASSAYS
11.5 POTENTIAL FUTURE ASSAYS FOR ENDOCRINE SCREENING
REFERENCES
Chapter 12: Application of the OECD Conceptual Framework for Assessing the Human Health and Ecological Effects of Endocrine Disrupters
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 OVERVIEW OF THE OECD REVISED CF
12.3 APPLICATION OF THE KLIMISCH CRITERIA TO THE EE2 AND VIN CASE STUDIES
12.4 CASE STUDY: DATA EXAMPLES FOR 17α-ETHYNYLESTRADIOL
12.5 CASE STUDY: DATA EXAMPLES FOR VINCLOZOLIN
12.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 13: The Prospects for Routine Testing of Chemicals for Endocrine-Disrupting Properties and Potential Ecological Impacts
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 ARE THERE GAPS IN THE TEST SUITE FOR EDCS?
13.3 “NEW” MODES OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING ACTION
13.4 HOW SHOULD TESTS FOR EDCS BE DEPLOYED IN AN INTEGRATED FASHION?
13.5 USE OF WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE WHEN ASSESSING POSSIBLE EDCS
13.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Index
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