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Index
Cover
Series
Title page
Copyright
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
“World Christianity” and Its Alternatives
Organization of the Volume
A “Word-Cloud” Analysis of the Text
Ten Themes in the Essays
Notes
Bibliography
I. Historical Section
A. The Roots (50-1750 CE)
CHAPTER 2 Jewish and Hellenic Worlds and Christian Origins
The Greek Bible
Translating Deities
New Philosophical Concepts
Natural Theology
The Immortality of the Soul
The Common Ethic
The Limits of Assimilation
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 3 The “Triumph” of Hellenization in Early Christianity
Hellenization of Post-Exilic Judaism
Hellenization of Early Christianity
Hellenization and Contextual Theology
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 4 Ancient Eastern Christianity
Earliest Asian Christianity
India
Early Theologies and Theologians in Asia
Religious Pressures and Persecutions: Zoroastrian and Muslim
Earliest Chinese Christianity
Bibliography
CHAPTER 5 Christianity and the European Conversions
Bibliography
CHAPTER 6 Byzantium and Islam in the Mediterranean World
Early Contacts, 632–842
Byzantine Response, 842–1025
Seljuk and Ottoman Turks, 1071–1453
Political Contacts
Polemics
Conclusions
Bibliography
CHAPTER 7 The Medieval Synthesis
Carolingian Christendom: The First Medieval Synthesis
Ninth–Early Tenth Centuries: Disintegration of the First Europe
Late Tenth–Eleventh Centuries: From Apocalypse to a New Synthesis
Twelfth–Thirteenth Centuries: The Third Medieval Synthesis
Fourteenth–Fifteenth Centuries: The Return of the Apocalypse and Later Medieval Spirituality
Bibliography
CHAPTER 8 Early Modern Missions and Maritime Expansion
Africa
Asia
The Americas
Bibliography
CHAPTER 9 Bibles, Printing, Books, Churches
Before the Reformation
Print and Protestantism
The Authorized Bible and Its Rivals
The Afterlife of the KJV
Conclusion
Bibliography
CHAPTER 10 The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Reformation
Contrasts and Similarities
Bibliography
B. Issues in the Modern Period (1750-2000 CE)
CHAPTER 11 The Legacy of Christendom
The Rise of Christendom
The Nightmare of Christendom
Europe as Christendom
Christendom Endures
A Next Christendom?
Bibliography
CHAPTER 12 Slavery, Antislavery, and Christianity
Bibliography
CHAPTER 13 Medicine, Agriculture, and Technology in the Missionary Enterprise
General Considerations
Historical aspects
Missiological Issues
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 14 Schools and Education in the Missionary Enterprise
Bibliography
CHAPTER 15 Conversion, Converts, and National Identity
Conversion, Converts, and Community
Conversion in History
Conversion and Evangelicalism
Biblical Conversion
Conversion and Pentecostal/Charismatic Identity
Conversion, Christendom, and National Identity
Modern Evangelicalism
Conversion, Identity, and Primal Cultures
Conversion, Rewards, and Contemporary Pentecostalism
Conclusion
Bibliography
CHAPTER 16 Church and State Relations in the Colonial Period
Bibliography
CHAPTER 17 Ideologies, the Quest for a Just Society, and Christian Responses
Introduction
Conflicts between Christianity and Ideology: A General Typology
Deepening Our Understanding of Ideologies: The (Often Ill-Conceived) Quest for a Better World
Christian Responses to the Challenge of Ideologies
The Future of Ideology
Bibliography
CHAPTER 18 The Ecumenical Movement: Why Violence, Why Not Peace?
Missionary Roots
Social Concerns
Christian Unity
New Beginnings: The World Council of Churches
A Growing Movement
Mission
Faith and Order
Life and Work
Church Unity
Ecumenical Movement without Borders
Bibliography
CHAPTER 19 Vatican II
Terms and Theology
Key Areas of Renewal and Inculturation in the Post-Vatican II Era
Vatican II’s Renewal and Inculturation: An Unfinished Project
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 20 Christian Revival and Renewal Movements
The Evangelical Awakening in Britain and the Great Awakening in America
The Second Great Awakening in North America, 1790s–1840s
The Transatlantic Holiness Movement of the Nineteenth Century
Revivals in the Pacific Islands, Wales, and Korea, 1800–1910
North America: Early Pentecostalism, 1901–1940
North America: The Latter Rain Revival, 1940s, and Charismatic Renewal, 1960s–1970s
North America: The “Third Wave” of the Holy Spirit, 1980s–1990s
Twentieth-Century Revivals in Africa
Twentieth-Century Revivals in China and Korea
Twentieth-Century Revivals in Indonesia
Conclusion
Bibliography
II. Thematic Section
CHAPTER 21 Bible Translation, Culture, and Religion
Missionary Awakening
Indigenizing Theology
Indigenous Liberation
Encounter and Reciprocity
Function of Translation
Renewal and the Cultural Impetus
Assessment
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 22 Christianity and Interreligious Encounters
Introduction
The New Testament and the Church Fathers
Later Catholic and Protestant Encounters: Catholic Encounters
Later Catholic and Protestant Encounters: Protestant Encounters
Bibliography
CHAPTER 23 Women in Church, State, and Society
Early Christianity through Fourth Century
Fifth through Ninth Centuries
Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries
European Expansion and the Reformation
Eighteenth to Twenty-First Centuries: Women Align for Social Reform
Negotiating Boundaries: Social Change and Domesticity
Ordination/Pastorship as the Last Liturgical Frontier
Conclusion: Women, Patterns of Ambiguity, and New Options
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 24 Worship, Liturgy, Sacraments
Worship
Liturgy
Sacraments
Bibliography
CHAPTER 25 Freedom, Persecution, and the Status of Christian Minorities
Religious Human Rights in the Dickensian Era
Religious Freedom and International Law
What Are Religious Rights?
Freedom and Persecution of Christian Minorities: The Situation on the Ground
Religious Rights as Human Rights
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 26 Christianity and “Western Classical” Music (1700–2000)
Bibliography
CHAPTER 27 Music in the New Churches
Music
Creativity
Africa
Asia
The Americas
Summary of Factors Influencing Indigenous Creativity
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 28 Visual Arts in World Christianity
Towards a Theoretical Framework
Christian Art in Asia
Christian Art in Africa
Christian Art in Latin America
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 29 Church Architecture Worldwide since 1800
Temple and Meetinghouse
Scholarly Approaches to Church Architecture
Reform Movements in Christian Worship
Classical Tradition
Gothic Revival
Intentional Contextualization
Modernism and Contextualization
Monumental Mega-Churches
Bibliography
CHAPTER 30 Charismatic Gifts
Was There a Twentieth-Century “Revival” of Charismatic Gifts?
The Practices of Divine Healing
The Gift of Tongues
The Gift of Prophecy
Exorcism or Deliverance from Evil Spirits
Conclusion: On Spiritual Improvisation
Bibliography
CHAPTER 31 Changing Uses of Old and New Media in World Christianity
Introduction: Outline and Definitions
Histories
Productions
Receptions
Conclusion: Media Innovations and World Christianity
Bibliography
CHAPTER 32 Global Evangelical and Pentecostal Politics
The Globalization of Christianity
Global Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism
Christianity and Islam: Law, Territory, and Power
Political Dimensions of Proselytization and Conversion
Southern Christianity and Violence
A New Christendom?
Christian Zionism in the Third World?
Protestantism in the Global South and Democracy
Bibliography
III. Christianity since 1800 An Analysis by Region and Traditions
CHAPTER 33 The Middle East and North Africa, I
Arab conquest of North Africa
Copts under Muslim rulers
Christianity in the Modern Era
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 34 The Middle East and North Africa, II
Bibliography
CHAPTER 35 African Christianity
Introduction
Turning Point
Catholic Missions in West and East Africa
New Beginning: Protestant Initiatives in West Africa
Antislavery Movements and Return of Former Slaves to Africa
Eighteenth-Century African Christian Leaders
Missions and African Rights in South Africa
Mission Reframed: African Recovery
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 36 Christianity in Western Europe
Historical Introduction
Bodies of Christ: Models of the Church
Secularization: From Cathedrals to Cults?
Beyond the Secular? Transformations of Christianity in the West
Christianity as Heritage?
Away from the State?
Conversion and Charisma?
A New Mission Field?
Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
CHAPTER 37 Russia and Eastern Europe
Historical Experience
Russia
Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
Theology and Spiritualit
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 38 Latin America and the Caribbean
Colonial Origins
The Challenges of Independence and Liberalism
Twentieth-Century Changes in Catholicism
Protestant and Pentecostal Growth in Latin America
Conclusion
Bibliography
CHAPTER 39 North America
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 40 South Asia
Syrian and Roman Catholic Integration
Protestants, Textuality, and Knowledge
Bibliography
CHAPTER 41 China
Protestant Beginnings, 1800–1860
Institution-Building and Local Conflict, 1860–1900
The Precommunist “Golden Age” of Christianity in China, 1900–1925
Multiple Challenges, 1925–1950
The Church 1950–1978: Control and Coercion
Bibliography
CHAPTER 42 Korea, Japan, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
The Philippines
Japan
Korea
Conclusion
Bibliography
CHAPTER 43 Christianity in Australia and Oceania (ca. 1800–2000)
Introduction
Origins
Colonial Constructions
Consolidating “Christian” Countries
The Experience of Christianity by Indigenous Peoples
Wars and Depression
The 1950s
Pentecostal and Charismatic Developments
The Resurgence of Conservative Evangelicalism
The Recovery of a Christian Social Conscience
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 44 The Historical Development of Christianity in Oceania
Introduction to the Region
The Dawn of a New Era: The Advent of Christianity and Mission Work in the Pacific
Polynesia: Early Phases of Christianization (ca. 1800s)
Micronesia: The Micro-Island Atoll States
Melanesia: Late Beginnings (ca. 1830s)
Colonialism, Resistance, and the Church
Developments since World War II
Ecumenism and Contextual Theologies
The Church in Post-Independence Politics
Globalization and the Re-shaping of Christianity (1960s–present)
Outlook
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 45 Roman Catholicism since 1800
Vatican I: 1869–1870
Modernism
Currents of Renewa
Vatican II: 1962–1965
A World Church
Pope John Paul II: 1978–2005
Pope Benedict XVI: 2005–2013
Pope Francis: 2013–
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 46 Orthodoxy and Eastern Christianity
The Origin of the Term Orthodoxy
Families of Orthodox Churches
The Non-Chalcedonian Orthodox Churches
The Orthodox Churches and “The Unia”
The Organization of the Ancient Eastern Church in Patriarchates
The three autonomous orthodox churches
Bibliography
CHAPTER 47 Anglicanism
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 48 Protestantism
The Historical Origins of Protestantism
The First Phase of the Reformation: Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin
The Second Phase of the Reformation: Confessionalization
The English Reformation: Anglicanism
The European Wars of Religion
Protestantism in America
Beyond the West: Protestant Missionary Movements
The Two Basic Ideas of Protestantism
Bibliography
CHAPTER 49 Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity
Defining Pentecostalism
Pentecostalism in the Global South
Pentecostalism in the North
Pentecostalism as an Attraction to Global Communities
Notes
Bibliography
CHAPTER 50 Indigenous and Vernacular Christianity
Independent Initiatives
Indigenous and Vernacular Christianity in Africa
Typology
Brief history by geographical region
Indigenous and Vernacular Christianity in Latin America
Indigenous and Vernacular Christianity in Asia
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
IV. Expansion and Secularization A Demographic and Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER 51 The Transmission of Christian Faith: A Reflection
Islam Compared to Christianity: Progressive versus Serial Expansion
Christianity’s Shifting Center of Gravity
Christendom Encounters the New World
Christianity without Christendom
Bibliography
CHAPTER 52 The Demographics and Dynamics of the World Christian Movement
The 2,000-year View
Documenting the Statistical Center of Gravity of Christianity
Following the Trajectory
Early Christian Expansion, AD 33–AD 600
Christianity Moves Decidedly North and West, AD 600–AD 1500
Christianity Begins to Move to the South, AD 1500–AD 1970
2,000 Years of North and South
The 100-year View
Features of the Present Southeastern Trajectory
Theological Implications of the Trajectory
Translation as a Central Feature
Whom Shall We Send?
Features of World Christianity
Conclusion
Note
Bibliography
CHAPTER 53 Christianity in Europe and North America
Historical Patterns
Revolutions and Migrations
Differences and Contrasts
Secularization
Overview
Bibliography
Index
EULA
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