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Index
Foreword
Preface
ONE
Earliest Known History of Deaf People
Deaf People in Ancient Times
Deaf People in Biblical Times (700 B.C.–A.D. 400)
Deaf People in the Middle Ages (A.D. 400–1400)
Deaf People in the Renaissance (A.D. 1400–1600)
First Learning Opportunities (1600–1700)
Expansion of Deaf Education in Europe (1700–1800)
IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND
IN GERMANY
IN FRANCE
TWO
Origins of Deaf Learning in America
Earliest Deaf Americans
MARTHA’S VINEYARD
Comparable Findings
Earliest Attempts at Mainstream Education
Pioneers in Signing Deaf Education
THOMAS HOPKINS GALLAUDET
LAURENT CLERC
ALICE COGSWELL
Origins of Education in Washington, D.C.
AMOS KENDALL
EDWARD MINER GALLAUDET
Sophia Fowler
LIKE FATHER, LIKE SON
Pioneers in Oral Deaf Education
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
THREE
Historical Issues in Education
Relationship Between Edward Miner Gallaudet and Alexander Graham Bell
1880: When All Hell Broke Loose
Post-Milan Attitudes
THE AUTHORS’ EARLIEST EXPERIENCES
Segregation
A BLACK DEAF AMERICAN’S OLD-TIME EXPERIENCE
Home Sweet Second Home
Going Down in History: Deaf Rights
PERCEPTION OF STIGMA/DISCRIMINATION
FAITH HEALER
EUGENICS IN THE AMERICAN DEAF COMMUNITY
AUDISM
DEAFHOOD
Attitudes: Recognizing the Past
Traditional and Pioneering Views
Trends in Education of the Deaf
FOUR
Life in Deaf Communities
American Deaf Community
Deaf? Hard of Hearing? Hearing Impaired?
DEAF
HARD OF HEARING
HEARING IMPAIRED
From the 1800s to the Present
The Community and the Deaf Community
DEAF CLUBS
RELIGION
NATIONAL FRATERNAL SOCIETY OF THE DEAF
THE WORLD WARS
POST-WAR DOLDRUMS
ATHLETICS
THE VANISHING “DEAF CLUB”
LIFE AFTER CLUBS
UTOPIA AND DEAF PEOPLE
Post-Secondary Educational Opportunities
The Deaf Community
Recognition of Deaf Culture
DEAF IDENTITY
ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DEAF CULTURE
Values (Beliefs)
Rules of Behavior
Traditions
Norms
PERSONALIZED NAME SIGNS
THREE-FINGERED SALUTE
VIEWPOINTS ON DEAF CULTURE
DIVERSITY IN DEAF CULTURE
Evolution of the Deaf Community
FIVE
Recognition of ASL as a Language
From Gestures to Sign Language
VISUAL-GESTURAL LANGUAGE
SPOKEN AND SIGNED LANGUAGES
Sign Language Engraved in Deaf History
LANGUAGE AND SIGN LANGUAGE
LEARNING IN OLD SCHOOLS
EARLIER BOOKS ON SIGN LANGUAGE
Birth of ASL Research
EARLY FINDINGS
THE SALK INSTITUTE
What, Exactly, Is ASL?
How ASL Builds Signs: Selected Studies on ASL Phonology
How ASL Changes Meanings: Selected Studies on ASL Morphology
How ASL Arranges Sign Order: Selected Studies on Syntax
In Retrospect
SIX
Expansion of Visual Languages
Historical Influences on Some ASL Signs
GENERATIONAL GAPS
Proliferation of Sign Systems
Visual and Artificial Sign Systems
ROCHESTER METHOD
COMBINED METHOD
Artificial Sign Communication Systems
SIMULTANEOUS COMMUNICATION (SIMCOM)
TOTAL COMMUNICATION
CURRENT LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES
Transitions in Signs
INITIALIZATION OF SIGNS
Variations in Signing
TECHNICALLY MOTIVATED SIGNS
History of Fingerspelling
MODERN MANUAL ALPHABET
Sharing Our Visual Language
INCREASING DEMAND FOR ASL
Signing Hearing Infants and Children
CHILDREN OF DEAF ADULTS (CODA)
SIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETERS
PHONE INTERPRETING
International Signs
Gestuno
In Closing
SEVEN
Emergence of Colorful Communication
Folklore Through Signs, Words, and Art
Deaf Storytelling Genre
DEAF EXPERIENCE STORIES
DEAF EXPERIENCE STORY ONE
DEAF EXPERIENCE STORY TWO
FICTIONAL ORIGINAL STORIES
CREATIVE STORIES
DEAF LAUGHS
JOKES/HUMOR
TRADITIONAL JOKES
FAMILY ANTHOLOGY OF HUMOR
DEAF RIDDLES
INTERPRETER JOKES
CARTOONS
ASL/English Genre
WRITTEN POETRY
SIGNED ASL POETRY
Deaf-Related Art Genre
MATT DAIGLE (B. 1970)
MAUREEN KLUSZA (B. 1970)
BETTY MILLER (B. 1934)
RUTH PETERSON (B. 1926)
HERIBERTO QUINONES (B. 1965)
SHAWN RICHARDSON (B. 1969)
ANN SILVER (B. 1949)
Deaf Contributions to Performing Arts
DEAF STAGE PERFORMERS GENRE
NATIONAL THEATRE OF THE DEAF
HOLLYWOOD THEN AND NOW
DAZZLING DEAF PERFORMERS IN FILM, TELEVISION, AND THEATRE
Deaf Music Genre
Deaf Photographers and Filmmakers
SELECTED DEAF PHOTOGRAPHERS
FILMMAKING BY DEAF PERSONS
DEAF MOSAIC
In Closing
EIGHT
Enlightenment of Independence
Enhanced Quality of Life: Technology
MEDICAL PERSPECTIVES AND HEARING AIDS
AUDITORY ENHANCEMENT
VISUAL/TACTILE ALERTING DEVICES
COMMUNICATION ACCESS
ACCESS FOR DEAF-BLIND PEOPLE
BORROWED VOICES
CAPTIONED MOVIES
CAPTIONED TELEVISION PROGRAMS
CAPTIONING SPIN-OFFS
IN-THEATER CAPTIONING
PRINTED TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION
TTY RELAY SERVICE
VIDEOPHONES (SIGNED COMMUNICATION VIDEO)
VIDEO RELAY SERVICES
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
NINE
Personalities Through the Years
Profiles of Deaf Leaders
Networking by Deaf People
Some Prominent Deaf Leaders
FORGOTTEN DEAF CONTRIBUTORS
SOME DEAF FIRSTS
NOTABLE DEAF WRITERS
NOTEWORTHY ENTREPRENEURS
DEAF WAX MUSEUM
EXCEPTIONAL DEAF PEOPLE
Art
Athletics
Aviation
Business
Education
Entertainment
Inventions
Law
Media
Medicine
Movies and TV
Science
Service
Sports
The Football Huddle
EPILOGUE
Today and Beyond
Notes
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine
Epilogue
Bibliography
List of Names and Terms
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