Abdominal X-Rays for Medical Students, for Medical Students by Clarke, Christopher -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Series page Title page Copyright page Preface Acknowledgements Learning objectives checklist Part 1

About X-rays

What are X-rays? How are X-rays produced? How do X-rays make an image? How are X-ray images (radiographs) stored? Radiation hazards The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations In women of reproductive age

Indications for an abdominal X-ray Abdominal X-ray views

AP Supine abdominal X-ray Other views

Radiograph quality

Inclusion Exposure

Normal anatomy on an abdominal X-ray

Right and left (Figure 7) Quadrants and regions (Figure 8) Abdominal viscera 1 (Figure 9) Abdominal viscera 2 (Figure 10) Skeletal structures (Figure 11) Pelvis (Figure 12) Lung bases (may be visualised at the top of the abdomen) (Figure 13) Bowel 1 (Figure 14) Bowel 2 (Figure 15)

Presenting an abdominal radiograph

Be systematic!

Part 2

Overview of the ABCDE of abdominal radiographs

A – Air in the wrong place B – Bowel C – Calcification D – Disability (bones and solid organs) E – Everything else

Pneumoperitoneum (gas in the peritoneal cavity) Pneumoretroperitoneum (gas in the retroperitoneal space) Pneumobilia (gas in the biliary tree) Portal venous gas (gas in the portal vein)

Dilated small bowel Dilated large bowel Volvulus Dilated stomach Hernia Bowel wall inflammation Faecal loading Faecal impaction

Gallstones in the gallbladder (cholelithiasis) Renal stones (urolithiasis) Bladder stones Nephrocalcinosis Pancreatic calcification Adrenal calcification Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) calcification Fetus Calcified structures of little clinical significance

Pelvic fractures – 3 Polo rings test Sclerotic and lucent bone lesions Spine pathology Solid organ enlargement

Medical and surgical objects (iatrogenic) Foreign bodies Lung bases

Self-assessment questions Self-assessment answers Glossary Index End User License Agreement