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Index
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Foreword
Chapter 1: The Origins of Chikungunya and Zika Viruses—History of the Discoveries
Abstract
The Beginnings of Arboviral Discovery
Earliest Description of Chikungunya Virus Emergence
The Earliest Description of ZIKAV Emergence
Were These Really the Earliest Emergence Events?
History Repeating Itself (Current Emergence Events)
Chapter 2: Chikungunya Virus and Zika Virus Transmission Cycles
Abstract
Introduction
Transmission of Arboviruses Between Vectors and Vertebrates
Transmission Cycles of CHIKV
Transmission Cycles of ZIKV
Laboratory Studies
Coinfection of Mosquitoes With CHIKV and ZIKV
Control of CHIKV and ZIKV by Targeting Mosquitoes
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Chikungunya and Zika Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Chikungunya
Treatment
Prognosis
Zika Syndromes
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis
Management
Chapter 4: Emergences of Chikungunya and Zika in Africa
Abstract
Introduction
Geographic Distribution of the Emergence of Chikungunya and Zika Viruses in Humans
Mosquito and Other Vectors
Other Vertebrate Hosts
Phylogeny
Transmission Cycle
Surveillance
Prevention and Control
Perspectives
Chapter 5: Chikungunya and Zika Virus in Asia
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Chikungunya Virus in Asia
Zika Virus in Asia
Chapter 6: Chikungunya Virus and Zika Virus in Europe
Abstract
Chikungunya Epidemiology in Europe
ZIKA Epidemiology in Europe
Vector Distribution for CHIKV and ZIKV
Chapter 7: The Emergence of Chikungunya and Zika Viruses in the Americas
Abstract
Emergence of Infectious Disease in the Americas
Chikungunya in the Caribbean and South America
CHIKV Emergence in the United States
Emergence of ZIKA Virus
Chapter 8: Viral Genetics of Chikungunya Virus and Zika Virus and Its Influence in Their Emergence and Application for Public Health Control Strategies
Abstract
Introduction
Genetics and Evolution of Arboviruses and the Importance to Public Health
Molecular Biology and Intracellular Life Cycle of CHIKV
Genetic Lineages of CHIKV
Re-emergence of CHIKV ECSA Genotype in Kenya and the Epidemics in the Indian Ocean
Dispersal of CHIKV to Europe and Southeast Asia
Viral Genetics of CHIKV and Molecular Mechanisms Determining Vector Competence
Deliberate Attenuation of CHIKV by Genetic Mutations
ZIKV and Its Molecular Biology
Phylogenetics of ZIKV and Genetic Mutations Associated With Emerging Strains
Manipulation of Viral Genetics to Generate Vaccine Candidates for ZIKV
Conclusions
Chapter 9: Diagnostics and Laboratory Techniques
Abstract
Introduction
Chikungunya Virus
ZIKA Virus
Chapter 10: Animal Models for Chikungunya Virus and Zika Virus
Abstract
Chikungunya Virus
Zika Virus
Summary
Chapter 11: Chikungunya and Zika Virus Vaccines
Abstract
Introduction
CHIKV Whole Virus Formulations
ZIKV Whole-Virus Formulations
CHIKV Live-Attenuated Virus Vaccines
ZIKV Live-Attenuated Virus Vaccines
Chimeric Virus and Viral Vectored CHIKV Vaccines
Chimeric Virus and Viral Vectored ZIKV Vaccines
CHIKV Nucleic Acid Vaccines
ZIKV Nucleic Acid Vaccines
CHIKV Subunit and Virus-Like Particle Vaccines
ZIKV Subunit Vaccine Development
Challenges and Future Outlook for CHIKV and ZIKV Vaccines
Chapter 12: Chikungunya and Zika: The Future
Abstract
Future Trends in the Western Hemisphere
Viral Virulence, Vectorial Capacity, and Evolution
Role of Animal Species in Maintenance and Transmission
Immune Enhancement, Crossprotection
Vaccines and Antivirals
Index
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