Ecotoxicology Essentials, Environmental Contaminants and Their Biological Effects on Animals and Plants by Sparling, Donald W. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Section I: Basic Principles and Tools of Ecotoxicology

Chapter 1. An Introduction to Ecotoxicology

Abstract Introduction Characteristics of Chemicals That Affect Their Presence in the Natural Environment Environmental Factors That Affect Contaminants Basics of Assessing Toxicity Study Questions References

Chapter 2. Basics of Toxicity Testing

Abstract Introduction and Terms of the Tradecraft Toxicity Testing: Historical Perspectives and Its Role as One Tool in the Ecotoxicology Toolbox Opening the Ecotoxicology Toolbox: Common Elements of Toxicity Tests Good Laboratory Practices Focus—GLPs in Operation Study Questions References

Chapter 3. Bioindicators of Contaminant Exposure

Abstract Introduction Types of Bioindicators Oxidative Stress Plasma Enzymes Other Blood Components Evidence of Endocrine Disruption Genetic and Chromosomal Damage Histology Genomics and Proteomics Reproductive and Developmental Bioindicators Study Questions References

Section II: Chemistry and Effect of Major Families of Contaminants

Chapter 4. Organochlorine Pesticides

Abstract Introduction Sources and Use General Chemical Characteristics Examples of OCP Concentrations in Environmental Sources Concentrations of OCPS in Animals Biological Effects of Organochlorine Pesticides Focus—Eggshell Thinning Study Questions References

Chapter 5. Current Use Pesticides

Abstract Introduction What Is a Current Use Pesticide? Economics of Current Use Pesticides A Brief History of Pesticide Use Types of Pesticides Other Inorganic and Biologic Pesticides Focus—Examples of Pesticide Use Study Questions References

Chapter 6. Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Abstract Introduction Introduction to Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polybrominated Biphenyls Focus—In Situ Testing with Tree Swallows Study Questions References

Chapter 7. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Abstract Introduction Chemical Characterististics of PAHs Sources and Uses of PAHs Persistence Remediation of PAH-Contaminated Soils and Sediments Environmental Concentrations Some Examples of Biological Concentrations Biological Effects of PAHs Focus—Oil Spills and Wildlife Study Questions References

Chapter 8. Metals

Abstract Introduction Sources of Metals in the Environment Biological Effects of Metals Characteristics of Selected Metals Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Lead Mercury Zinc Focus—Avian Mortality Due to Lead Shot, Bullets, and Weights Study Questions References

Chapter 9. Other Contaminants

Abstract Introduction Plastics Munitions Acid Deposition Pharmaceuticals Nanoparticles Study Questions References

Section III: Identifying and Evaluating Large Scale Contaminant Hazards

Abstract Introduction: Working Beyond Individual Organisms Spatiotemporal Scales in Ecology and Ecotoxicology Population Ecotoxicology Life Table Analysis Stochasticity and Uncertainty Study Questions References

Chapter 11. Community-Level and Ecosystem-Level Effects of Environmental Chemicals

Abstract Introduction Communities, Ecosystems, and Spatiotemporal Scales Scientific Support for Community Effects From Contaminants Biological Assessments Communities and Ecosystems: Exposures and Effects Study Questions References

Chapter 12. Modeling in Ecotoxicology

Abstract Introduction Different Models, Different Realizations Brief Explanations of Some Common Models in Ecotoxicology Mathematical Tools and Ecotoxicology Beyond Mathematical and Statistical Models: Uncertainty and Its Role in Modeling Focus—PCBs and Crab Orchard Lake Study Questions References

Chapter 13. Chemical Stressors and Ecological Risk

Abstract Introduction Terms of the Tradecraft Historical Perspectives on Chemical Stressors and Ecological Risks Generalized Process for Evaluating Environmental Risks Exposure Models and Food-Chain Analysis for Birds and Mammals Estimating Risks Using Simple Ratio Estimators Cause-and-Effect Relationships, Multiple Stressors, Uncertainty, and Risks Cause-and-Effect Analysis Study Questions References

Chapter 14. Contaminant Considerations in Humans

Abstract Introduction How Are Humans Exposed to Contaminants? Some Effects of Environmental Contaminants on Humans Focus—Examples of Major Contaminant—Human Disasters Study Questions References

Chapter 15. Regulation of Environmental Chemicals and Damage Assessment

Abstract Introduction International Authorities National Regulation of Contaminants Study Questions References

Chapter 16. Wrap Up

Abstract Introduction Where Are We Now? What Remains to be Done? Needs and Suggestions for the Future of Risk Assessment and Regulation Acknowledgments References

Index