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Index
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Inside Front Cover
Copyright page
Authors
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Part One: Basic Concepts for Earth System Science
Chapter 1: Introduction: Biogeochemical Cycles as Fundamental Constructs for Studying Earth System Science and Global Change
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History
1.3 Evidence for the Coupled Nature of the Earth System
1.4 Philosophy of Using the Cycle Approach to Describe Natural Systems on Earth
1.5 Reservoir Models and Cycles – Some Definitions
1.6 The Philosophy of Integration as a Basis for Understanding the Earth System
1.7 The Limitations and Challenges of Understanding Earth Systems
Chapter 2: The Origin and Early Evolution of the Earth
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pre-Solar Evolution: The Origin of the Elements
2.3 The Origin of the Solar System
2.4 Condensation
2.5 Accretion of the Planets
2.6 Early Evolution of the Earth
2.7 Earth and the Development of Life
Chapter 3: Evolution and the Biosphere
3.1 The Origin of Life on Earth
3.2 The Machinery of Life
3.3 Evolutionary Mechanisms
3.4 The Diversity of Living Organisms
3.5 The Ecological Organization of the Living World
3.6 The Impact of Life on Biogeochemical Cycles
3.7 How Biogeochemical Cycles Affect Life
Chapter 4: Modeling Biogeochemical Cycles
4.1 Introductory Remarks
4.2 Time Scales and Single Reservoir Systems
4.3 Coupled Reservoirs
4.4 Fluxes Influenced by the Receiving Reservoir
4.5 Coupled Cycles
4.6 Forward and Inverse Modeling
4.7 High-Resolution Models
4.8 Transport Processes
4.9 Time Scales of Mixing in the Atmosphere and Oceans
Acknowledgement.
Chapter 5: Equilibrium, Rate, and Natural Systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Thermodynamics
5.3 Oxidation and Reduction
5.4 Chemical Kinetics
5.5 Non-Equilibrium Natural Systems
5.6 Summary
Part Two: Properties of and Transfers between the Key Reservoirs
Chapter 6: Water and the Hydrosphere
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Global Water Balance
6.3 Hydrologic Variability
6.4 Water and Climate
6.5 Water and Biogeochemical Cycles
6.6 Water and the Tectonic Cycles
6.7 Anthropogenic Influences
6.8 Conclusion
Chapter 7: The Atmosphere
7.1 Definition
7.2 The Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere
7.3 Vertical Motions, Relative Humidity, and Clouds
7.4 The Ozone Layer and the Stratosphere
7.5 Horizontal Motions, Atmospheric Transport, and Dispersion
7.6 Composition
7.7 Atmospheric Water and Cloud Microphysics
7.8 Trace Atmospheric Constituents
7.9 Chemical Interactions of Trace Atmospheric Constituents
7.10 Physical Transformations of Trace Substances in the Atmosphere
7.11 Influence of Atmospheric Composition on Climate
7.12 Chemical Processes and Exchanges at the Lower and Upper Boundaries of the Atmosphere
Chapter 8: Soils, Watershed Processes, and Marine Sediments
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Weathering
8.3 Soils
8.4 Watershed Processes
8.5 Marine Sediments
8.6 Soils, Weathering, and Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Questions
Chapter 9: Tectonic Processes and Erosion
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Erosion, a Capsule Summary
9.3 Soils and the Local Weathering Environment
9.4 Slope Processes and the Susceptibility of Lithologies to Erosion
9.5 Landforms, Tectonism, Sea Level, and Erosion
9.6 Erosion in Tectonically Active Areas
9.7 Erosion of the Cratons
9.8 The Effects of Transients: Continental Ice Sheets and Human Technology
9.9 Conclusion
Questions
Chapter 10: The Oceans
10.1 What is the Ocean?
10.2 Ocean Circulation
10.3 Biological Processes
10.4 Chemistry of the Oceans
Questions
Part Three: Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Trace Metals
Chapter 11: The Global Carbon Cycle
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Isotopes of Carbon
11.3 The Major Reservoirs of Carbon
11.4 Fluxes of Carbon between Reservoirs
11.5 Models of the Carbon Cycle
11.6 Trends in the Carbon Cycle
Chapter 12: The Nitrogen Cycle
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Chemistry
12.3 Biological Transformations of Nitrogen
12.4 Anthropogenic Nitrogen Fixation
12.5 Atmospheric Chemistry
12.6 The Global Nitrogen Cycle
12.7 Human Impacts
Chapter 13: The Sulfur Cycle
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Oxidation States of Sulfur
13.3 Sulfur Reservoirs
13.4 The Atmospheric Cycle of Sulfur
13.5 Hydrospheric Part of the Cycle of Sulfur
Chapter 14: The Phosphorus Cycle
14.1 Occurrence of Phosphorus
14.2 Sub-Global Phosphorus Transfers
14.3 The Global Phosphorus Cycle
Chapter 15: Trace Metals
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Metals and Geochemistry
15.3 An Overview of Metal Ion Chemistry
15.4 Observations on Metals in Natural Systems
15.5 Examples of Global Metal Cycling
15.6 Summary
Questions
Part Four: Integration
Chapter 16: The Acid—Base and Oxidation—Reduction Balances of the Earth
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A Hierarchy of Acid-Base Balances
16.3 Oxidation-Reduction Balances of the Earth System
16.4 Conclusion
Chapter 17: The Coupling of Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate: Forcings, Feedbacks, and Responses
17.1 The Climate System
17.2 The Dynamics of the Climate System: Forcings, Feedbacks, and Responses
17.3 Forcings of Climate
17.4 Feedbacks
17.5 Climatic States and Responses
Chapter 18: Ice Sheets and the Ice-Core Record of Climate Change
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Quaternary Climate Change
18.3 Ice Sheets as Paleoclimate Archives
18.4 Some Lessons in Environmental History
Chapter 19: Human Modification of the Earth System: Global Change
19.1 Global Climate Change
19.2 Acid Precipitation
19.3 Food Production
19.4 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
19.5 Large-scale Eutrophication
19.6 Oxidative Capacity of the Global Troposphere
19.7 Life and Biogeochemical Cycles
19.8 Conclusion
Answers
Index
International Geophysics Series
Inside Back Cover
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