Page numbers followed by a “b,” “f,” or “t” indicate boxes, figures, or tables, respectively.
Action on Salt, 106
Addiction. See Salt “addict”
Adequate Intake. See also under Sodium intake
of potassium, 168
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), 142
African Americans, 62
hypertension among, 30b, 34, 47, 62, 148
Alderman, Michael H., xvi, 88, 96
affiliations and positions held by, xvi, 88, 96
funding from salt industry, 96, 97
inconsistent statements about and by, 96
Graham MacGregor and, xv–xvi, 96–97
publications, xvi, 58, 64, 66–67, 96–97
Salt Institute and, 88, 92, 96, 97
on sodium intake, xvi, 57, 58, 61, 64–66, 74, 97
sodium research and, 61, 64–67, 75–77, 92, 97
American Bakers Association, 135–136, 138
American College of Cardiology, 51, 52
American Heart Association (AHA), xv, 68, 69, 87, 119, 133, 134b, 140
funding from, 99
hypertension and, 7, 30b, 30f, 52, 89
potassium and, 52
research and, 47, 62, 68, 69, 72
as salt hero, 134b
American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), 85
American Medical Association (AMA), 119, 125, 141
American Public Health Association (APHA), 125, 140
Angell, Sonia Y., 76
Appel, Lawrence J., 37, 75–77, 196–197
Argentina, 104t
Asbestos, 77–78
Australia, 104t
Axe, Josh, 187
Babjak, Patricia, 89
Balentine, Doug, 159
Ball, Con O. T., 25
Beech-Nut, 114
Bloating, sodium intake and, 54
Blood pressure (BP), 28–30b. See also Hypertension
health and economic benefits of lowering, 43, 45–46
studies on, 43–45
people with normal, 61
sodium intake in, 30b, 35–36, 42, 51, 60–61, 80
salt and
in children, 37–39
early research on, 22–23, 25–27, 31
Blood pressure categories, 30f
Bomm, Norbert, 158
Boor, Brian, 165–166
Brandstetter, Deanne, 158
Bread, 2, 15t, 17, 18t, 133, 134, 176, 178–179, 189t, 190t, 192b
taste of low-salt, 176
in various countries, 104–105t, 134
Breslin, Martin, 157
Briss, Peter A., 45
Britain. See United Kingdom (UK)
Buzzwords, 180
and hypertension, 97, 120, 121
kidneys and, 53
Calcium-containing ingredients used in place of sodium-containing counterparts, 151
Calorie intake of people with sedentary lifestyle, 8, 8t
Calorie labeling on menus, 9, 148
Campbell, Norm R. C., 71–72
Campbell Soup Company, 119, 145, 152t, 166
lessons from, 160–164
research and development (R&D), 161–162
Campbell soups
condensed, 12, 13t, 156, 161, 162, 165
sodium content, 12, 13t, 133, 147, 151, 152t, 161–162, 165, 178
Cancer, stomach, 54
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 167–168. See also Coronary heart disease; Heart disease; specific topics
epidemiology, 24b
sodium intake and, 24b, 167–168
J- or U-shaped relationship between, ix–x, 66–68, 67f, 70–71
studies suggesting low-sodium diets promote CVD, 64–72, 67f
Castillo, Carmen, 109
Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF), 199–200
Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), x, 77, 115, 183b
directors and staff, 18, 115, 138, 144, 146, 188
GMA and, 198
lawsuit against USDA, 113b, 147
lobbying, x–xi
petitions to and lawsuits against FDA, x–xi, 112–113b, 115–117, 120, 121, 130, 131, 133, 135, 138, 166, 201
potassium chloride and, 166
Salt Institute and, 84
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 66
Institute of Medicine (IOM) and, 127
and lowering sodium intake, xv, 65, 86, 127, 129, 172
research, 9–11, 38, 54, 129 (see also National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys)
Salt Institute and, 86
Sentinel Foods Surveillance Program, 155
Tom Frieden and, 45, 66, 81, 102, 125, 130
Chemophobia and sodium chloride replacements, 166
Chicken, 3, 13t, 15t, 16, 159–160, 179, 185
Children, salt intake and blood pressure in, 37–39
Chile, xi, 104t, 108–110, 109f, 136, 171, 173, 187
Chips, 4, 12, 16, 17, 18t, 27, 104–105t, 117–118, 121, 131, 151, 153t, 157–158, 161, 165, 179, 189t
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 47–48, 167, 168, 185. See also Kidney disease
Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC), 48
Claiborne, Craig, 184
“Clean label” movement, 165–166
“Clean label” problem, 166
Cognitive decline, blood pressure and, 49–50
Cohen, Hillel W., 64–65
Coignard, Sophie, 91
Comité des Salines de France (Salt Association of France), 91–93
Compass Group, 158
ConAgra Foods, 13, 98, 138, 142, 151, 152t, 159
Conant, Douglas R., 161
Congestive heart failure (CHF), 62
Congress, 140
lobbying, xi, xvi–xvii, 119, 134b, 144
Conscious Cuisine (Neff), 185
Consensus Action on Salt and Health, 106
Consumer Brands Association. See Grocery Manufacturers Association
Cooking, tips for lower-salt, 182b
Cook’s Illustrated, 187
Coronary heart disease (CHD), 21, 31, 36, 137. See also Cardiovascular disease; Heart attacks; Heart disease
Craig Claiborne’s Gourmet Diet, 184
Culinary Institute of America (CIA), 156, 186
Cyclamate, 116–117
Daily value
of potassium, 168
Dallas school district, meals in, 148
DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), 33, 35
eating plan based on, 188–193, 190t
low-sodium version, 34
DASH-sodium intervention trial, 32–33, 35
findings, 33–35, 34f, 47, 50, 54
Data Quality Act, 199
Dawson-Hughes, Bess, 53
Decker, Eric, 10
Deli meats, 179. See also Meat
Dement, John, 199
Dementia, blood pressure and, 49–50
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 44, 79, 112b, 132. See also Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Institute of Medicine (IOM) and, 127
Salt Institute and, 87
Diamond Crystal Kosher Salt, 157, 182b
healthy eating plan for a 2,100-calorie, 188–193, 190t
vegetarian and related diets, 33, 188–193, 190b
Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk (National Research Council), 60
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. See DASH diet
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (USDA), 183, 188, 196
criticisms of, 87
overview, 114–115
Salt Institute and, 87
school meals based on, 146–147
sodium intake limits, 6–7, 8t, 62, 87, 115, 132, 134b
updated editions, 115
Drewnowski, Adam, 73–74
Drinking water, 16–17
Drugs, pharmaceutical. See also Hypertension drugs
sodium content, 17
Edema, sodium intake and, 54
Egilman, David, 77–78
Elliot, Paul, 197–198
ENaC (epithelial sodium channel), 163–164
“Enhanced” meat, 3
Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), 163–164
Erectile dysfunction (ED), hypertension and, 50
Evolution and diet, 51. See also Paleolithic diet
Eyesight, blood pressure and, 48–49
“Eye stroke,” 49
Fast-food restaurants, 9, 12, 18, 108, 153–154t, 155, 192b. See also Subway
Finland, 73, 76, 80, 102, 104t
Flavor enhancers, 168–169. See also Monosodium glutamate; Sodium enhancers
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), xiii, xiv, 112–113b, 118–123, 128, 138–139, 172. See also Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status; Gottlieb, Scott; Hayes, Arthur Hull
awakening, 129–131
conflicts of interest, 121
2013 cost–benefit analysis, 143
CSPI petitions to and lawsuits against, x–xi, 112–113b, 115–117, 120, 121, 130, 131, 133, 135, 138, 166, 201
definitions of sodium-related terms on food labels, 178b
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and, 130, 138, 142
food industry and, 117–121, 136, 138, 173
food labels and, 52, 88, 112b, 115, 116, 119, 120
hypertension and, 119, 120, 122
Institute of Medicine (IOM) and, 37, 113b, 128, 129, 139, 173
Michael Landa and, 130, 139–141
National Academy of Medicine (NAM) and, 135, 140
NuTek Food Science and, 165, 166
packaged food and, 130
potassium chloride (potassium salt) and, 165–168, 174
revolving door between food and drug industries and, 121
Salt Institute and, 88, 122, 129, 134, 166, 246n43
sodium-reduction plan, 197
target time at, 131–134
flaws in the ointment, 136–137
industry, trade, and food giants respond to targets, 134–136
new White House, new scrutiny, 137–138
United Kingdom (UK) and, 132–134, 136, 140
voluntary (vs. mandatory) sodium targets, 105b, 113b, 118–120, 122, 128–141, 171–173 (see also Voluntary (vs. mandatory) salt reduction policy)
White House and, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143
FoodData Central, 179–180
Food industry. See also National Restaurant Association
begins to awaken, 151, 154–156
company commitments to lowering sodium, 151, 152–154t
corporate salt-cutting techniques, 156–160
Graham MacGregor and the, xvi, 106, 172
New York City and allies challenge companies, 125–127
salt’s lessons on public health and the, 195–196
United Kingdom (UK) and, xi, 106, 172
Food Standards Agency (FSA), 106, 151
France, 91
Frieden, Thomas (“Tom”) R., ix–xii
CDC and, 45, 66, 81, 102, 125, 130
publications, 133
Resolve to Save Lives and, 102
on sodium intake, ix, 45, 66, 81, 125, 133
Frito-Lay, 95, 117–118, 120–121, 138, 151
Front-of-package labels. See under Packaged foods
Fruit, 4, 7, 23, 28, 33, 39, 77, 101, 144, 158, 174–175, 186, 188, 190, 191
Garnett, Stanley C., 145
Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, 116–117, 167
of salt, xiii, 112b, 113b, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 138–139
Gerber, 114
Global Burden of Disease Study, 101
Gottlieb, Scott, 137
Graudal, Niels, 66–69
Green, June L., 122
Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA), 98, 126, 135, 136, 142, 198–199
lobbying, 126–127, 142, 198, 199
Grocery stores, salt bombs at, 12, 13t
Hamburg, Margaret, 129, 131, 142
Hanneman, Richard (“Dick”) L., 85–86, 88, 90, 97
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 156
Hayes, Arthur Hull, 111, 118, 119, 129
on kidney stones, 53
Graham MacGregor and, 35–36, 53, 67, 79, 96–97, 103
sodium research and, 65, 67–68
Headaches, sodium intake, hypertension, and, 50
Health and Human Services. See Department of Health and Human Services
Health Canada, 104t, 108, 109f
Healthcare costs, 41, 43–45, 132, 133. See also under Hypertension
Healthy School Food Maryland, 147
Heart attacks, 21. See also Coronary heart disease
hypertension and, xv, 24b, 36, 39, 43, 55, 61, 80, 116
sodium intake and, ix, x, 40, 57, 68, 81, 87, 102, 110, 125, 133, 137, 175, 196
Heart disease, xiv–xv, 27. See also Coronary heart disease
hypertension and, 136
low-salt/low-sodium diet and, 62, 66, 92
sodium intake and, 43
High-salt risks, 52–54. See also specific diseases and health issues
Hunter-gatherers, diets of, ix, 5–6, 27, 31, 164
Hydrogenated vegetable oil. See Trans fat
Hypertension, 23. See also Blood pressure
American Heart Association (AHA) and, 7, 30b, 30f, 52, 89
among African Americans, 30b, 34, 47, 62, 148
costs related to, 24b, 43–46, 102, 127, 133 (see also Healthcare costs)
damage from, 47–50
kidneys and, 25–26, 28b, 47, 48
potassium intake and, 25, 28b, 30b, 41, 47, 51, 55, 60, 164, 167, 187
research supporting lower-sodium diets, 31–32, 35–37 (see also DASH-sodium intervention trial)
diet and, 25, 29b, 32, 34, 37, 46–47, 189–190
potassium intake and, 167
Indigenous cultures. See Tribes
Institute of Medicine (IOM), 6, 111, 173, 181, 197. See also National Academy of Medicine
“earth-shattering” IOM report, 61–64
FDA and, 37, 113b, 128, 129, 139, 173
salutary recommendation from the, 127–129
Iodine, xiii
James, Letitia, 147
sodium consumption in, 6, 26, 79, 102
Kahn, Richard, 128
Kawasaki formula, 70
Kenney, Jim, 149
Kidney disease. See also Chronic kidney disease
hypertension and, 23, 28b, 47, 48, 187, 195
potassium and, 48, 167, 185, 187
sodium and, 48, 52–53, 55, 163
Kidney stones, 52–53
Kraft Foods, 127, 139, 151, 152t
L’Abbé, Mary R., 136
Labeling, 116. See also Labels; Voluntary labeling program
the sodium content of packaged foods, xvii, 115, 118
warning labels on the front of packaged foods, xi, 108–109, 109f, 115, 173
Labels, food. See also Labeling; Nutrition Facts labels
FDA and, 52, 88, 112b, 115, 116, 119, 120
potassium chloride (potassium salt) and, 165–166, 168, 174
Landa, Michael M., 130, 139–141
Laragh, John, 118
Legislation. See also Salt policy
cities pass laws, 148–151
Liebman, Bonnie F., 18, 115, 161, 188
Lin, Robert I-San, 95, 117–118, 120–121
Congress, xi, xvi–xvii, 119, 134b, 144
by CSPI, x–xi
by Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA), 126–127, 142, 198, 199
overseas, 91–93
Salt Institute and, xvi, 83, 87
salt lobbyists overseas, 91–93
by School Nutrition Association (SNA), 145, 146
the White House, xvi–xvii, 138, 142
Lower-salt cooking at home, tips for, 182b
Lower-sodium trade, tricks of the, 164–169
Low-Salt Cookbook (American Heart Association), 181
Low-sodium diets. See also specific topics
criticisms of, 73–74
Lyles, Cliff, 160
MacGregor, Graham A., 67, 68, 79, 106, 172, 174
Michael Alderman and, xv–xvi, 96–97
description and characterization of, xv–xvi, 103
food industry and, xvi, 106, 172
Feng He and, 35–36, 53, 67, 79, 96–97, 103
hypertension and, xv, xvi, 32, 35–37
on kidney stones, 53
on nutrition research, 75
United Kingdom (UK) and, 103, 106, 172, 174
Maillot, Matthieu, 73–74
Matz, Marshall L., 145
McCarron, David A., 97
affiliations and positions held by, 72, 97, 98, 120
funding and finances, 89, 97–98, 120
publications, 58, 72, 89, 97, 98
Salt Institute and, 88, 97, 98, 120
on sodium intake, 58, 97, 120, 121
Meneely, George R., 25
Meneton, Pierre, 91–92
Mente, Andrew, 58
requiring saltshaker warning icons on, 87, 105t, 149, 149f, 173
Menus of Change, 156
MenuStat, 180
Microscopic crystals, salt consisting of, 158
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 49
Miller, Sanford A., 116–117
Ministroke. See Transient ischemic attack
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), 4, 41, 150, 168
Moore, Dale, 123
Morrison, Denise, 162
Morrison Healthcare, 158
Morton Salt, 84, 157, 185–186, 196
Moyer, Greg, 161
Mushrooms, 180
Nader, Ralph, xiii
National Academy of Medicine (NAM), 81. See also Institute of Medicine
on potassium intake, 42, 167, 168
reports, 60, 61, 89, 127, 135, 140, 146, 181, 197
research, 42
on sodium intake, 6, 7, 61, 111, 127, 135, 136, 140, 146, 167, 168, 173, 197
National Frozen Pizza Institute (NFPI), 129
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 9–11, 172. See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: research
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), 35, 46, 141–142, 199
National Hispanic Medical Association, 137
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK), 7, 40
National Restaurant Association (NRA), 135, 149–150
National Salt Reduction Initiative (NSRI), 126–127, 135, 136, 151
Neff, Cary, 185
New York City, 87, 113b, 140f. See also National Salt Reduction Initiative
challenging companies, 125–127
passing laws, 148–150
Nicholas, Frank, 114
Nosrat, Samin (Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat), 184
NuTek Food Science, 165–166
Nutrition Action Healthletter (CSPI), 185
Nutrition Facts labels, 168, 180
limitations of, 9, 108–109, 122, 171
updates and revisions to, xiv, 141, 142, 168
value and usefulness of, 12, 122, 176
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990, 112b, 121–122
Obama administration, 137, 202
Obamacare (Affordable Care Act), 142
Obesity, sodium intake and, 53–54
O’Brien, Stephen, 148
O’Donnell, Martin, 68
Omaha Public Schools, 147
Osteoporosis, sodium intake and, 53
Packaged foods, 110. See also Grocery Manufacturers Association
added salt in, 1, 8–9, 73, 110
in Chile, xi
heart-healthy symbol on, 102
house brand, 156
Nutrition Facts labels on, xvii, 121–122, 171, 176
salt in, 175
sodium content of, xiv, 12, 13t, 18, 43, 73, 102, 111, 116, 126–130, 155
warning labels on the front of, xi, 108–109, 109f, 115, 173
Paleolithic diet, 4–5, 5f, 164. See also Hunter-gatherers; Stone Age
Panera, 150
Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHOs). See Trans fat
Pasta sauces, 179
Peanut butter, 178
PepsiCo, 98, 120–121, 136, 138, 145, 153t. See also Frito-Lay
Popcorn, microwave, 167
Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), 98
calcium and, 53
kidneys and, 48, 167, 168, 185, 187
listed on food labels, 168
nutritional properties, 164–165, 188 (see also under Potassium intake)
as salt’s “friendly co-conspirator,” 50–52
Potassium-based seasonings, 164, 185. See also Potassium chloride
Potassium chloride (potassium salt), 110, 159, 160, 164–169
companies’ disinterest in using, 165–166
cost, 165
food labels and, 165–166, 168, 174
GRAS status, 167
reasons it is not more widely used, 165
replacing salt with, xi, 41, 110, 155, 164–165, 167–168, 165, 184–185
Salt Institute, salt manufacturers, and, 166
Potassium content
of sea salt, 187
of various foods, 47, 166–167, 188, 189t
Potassium intake, 4, 28b, 52, 168, 188
and cardiovascular disease, 51
DASH diet and, 47
and hypertension, 25, 28b, 30b, 41, 47, 51, 55, 60, 164, 167, 187
National Academy of Medicine (NAM) on, 42, 167, 168
in Paleolithic era, 4, 5, 28b, 51, 164
ratio of sodium intake to, 5, 25, 51–52
water softeners and, 17
Potassium supplements, 52
Preservation of food, 2, 11, 23
Prisoners, food served to, 160
Prisoner studies, 76–77, 89, 98
Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) studies
funding, 98
overview and nature of, 68–69
Rabb, Theodore, 81
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 32, 35, 40, 50, 75–77, 88–89, 98, 196–197. See also specific studies
Raymond, Richard, 123
Red meat, 179
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), 74
Resolve to Save Lives, 102
Restaurant meals, high-sodium, 12, 14
Restaurants, 14, 16, 16f. See also Menus; National Restaurant Association
commitments to lowering sodium, 153–154t
fast food, 9, 12, 18, 108, 153–154t, 155, 192b (see also Subway)
Retinopathy, hypertension and, 49
Revolution Foods, 160
Revolving door between food/drug industries and FDA, 121
Right-wing organizations, 85
Roman, Lori, 83–85
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 29b
Rosenberger, Michael, 148
Sacks, Frank M., 32–33
Salt. See also specific topics
cost, 187–188
functions, 2
in the media, 58–63
overview, 1–4
prevalence in packaged foods, 1 (see also Packaged foods)
Salt: The Brand Name Guide to Sodium Content (Liebman, Jacobson, and Moyer), 161
“Salt: The Forgotten Killer” (Jacobson), 122
Salt “addict,” 184
Salt Association of France (Comité des Salines de France), 91–93
Salt bombs
Salt canisters, warning label to be put on, 116
Salt crystals with modified shape or size, 156
Salt Czar, 172
Salt enhancers. See Monosodium glutamate; Sodium enhancers
Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat (Samin Nosrat), 1
Salt industry. See also Salt Institute
defending salt, 85–89
Salt Institute, 199
accusations made by, 84
CDC and, 86
criticism of, 83–84
CSPI and, 84
dissolution, 89–91, 90f, 196, 199
FDA and, 88, 122, 129, 134, 166, 246n43
GRAS status of salt and, 122
Richard Hanneman and, 85–86, 88, 97
Health Council, 88
IOM report and, 128–129
David McCarron and, 88, 97, 98, 120
potassium chloride (potassium salt) and, 166
right-wing organizations supported by, 85
Salt policy, 111–116. See also Legislation; Voluntary (vs. mandatory) salt reduction policy
regulatory inaction, 118–123
timeline of policy activities, 112–113b
Salt sensitivity (hypertension), 26, 30b, 47, 86–87
Salt sensitivity (taste), 181
removing them from the table, 182b, 192b
and sodium intake, 38
Saltshaker warning icons, 105t, 115, 149, 149f, 173
Saltwell AB, 187
Sandwiches, 150, 156, 178–179. See also Bread; Subway
Savory seasoning, 183b
Schaich, Ronald, 150
School meals, 160
school cafeteria fights, 144–148
sodium content, 113b
School Nutrition Association (SNA), 145, 146
Schwan’s Company, 144–145
Sea salt, 186–188
Seasonings, 182b
making your own salt-free seasoning mix, 183b
Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS), 117
Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, 114
Select Harvest soups, 161–162
“Set-point” theory of sodium consumption, 72–73
Sexual desire, hypertension and, 50
Sexual health, hypertension and, 50
Sherwood, Kate, 185
Sid the Slug (advertising character), 92–93, 106, 107f
SmartLabel.org, 179
SNAC International, 135, 138, 146
Snack food industry, 138. See also SNAC International
Sodium, food additives containing, 4. See also Monosodium glutamate
Sodium (consumed)
portion that comes from processed and restaurant food, 14, 16, 16f
Sodium Coalition, 138
Sodium enhancers, 159, 168–169. See also Monosodium glutamate
“Sodium hypothesis,” dangers of waiting for the perfect trial of the, 75–78
Sodium intake. See also specific topics
Adequate Intake, 6
and calorie intake of people with sedentary lifestyle, 8–9, 8t
of different populations, 4, 5f
and disease, J- or U-shaped relationship between, ix–x, 66–68, 67f, 70–71
insufficient, 81
“My Sodium Intake” form, 176, 177t
reducing
CDC and, xv, 65, 86, 127, 129, 172
international actions to limit sodium, 103, 104t
strength of evidence for and against, 80t
tips for, 176, 178–181, 182b, 183–186
Sodium receptor, 163
Soups, 2, 8, 178. See also Campbell soups
condensed, 167
Campbell’s, 12, 13t, 156, 161, 162, 165
cost, 156
Heinz, 159
ready-to-serve, 166
Soups (cont.)
sodium content, 8–9, 13t, 15t, 17, 104t, 133, 156–157, 160, 178
tomato, 165
South Africa, 105t
Spicy seasoning, 183b
SPRINT MIND study, 49
Stamler, Jeremiah, 4–5, 59–60, 115, 197–198
Stewart, William H., 81
Stomach cancer, salt-preserved and pickled foods and, 54
Stone Age, 51
Strazzullo, Pasquale, 75–76
“eye stroke,” 49
hypertension and, 28b, 29b, 36, 39, 43, 46, 48, 49, 55, 61, 80, 116, 196, 197
sodium intake and, ix, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 57, 68, 81, 87, 102, 125, 133, 137, 175, 196
Subway (restaurant), 108, 127, 154t, 192b
Sugar, xiv
Swales, John D., 57
Taiwan, 40–41
Taste, 176. See also Soups: taste
customers unable to taste lower sodium content, 151
of potassium salt, 163–165, 184–185
“Taste before salting,” 182b
Taubes, Gary, 62–63
Taylor, Jill Bolte, 22
Taylor, Michael (“Mike”) R., 139
Thorsten, Lisa, 160–162
Tomato sauces, 179
“Tragedy of the commons,” xi
Trans fat, xiv
Transient ischemic attack (TIA), 22, 36, 48–49
Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly (TONE), 37, 42, 50
Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP), 41–42, 70–73, 80
Tribes, isolated, 5–6, 27, 31, 164
Trump administration, 85, 138, 147
United Kingdom (UK), 36, 39–40, 73, 80, 103, 106, 174
British division of Heinz, 159
food industry and, xi, 106, 171–174
Food Standards Agency (FSA), 106, 151
“health by stealth” approach, xi
Graham MacGregor and, 103, 106, 172, 174
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 7, 40
research in, 39–40, 53–54, 76, 80, 133–134
sodium reduction campaign, 92–93, 105t, 106–108, 107f, 136
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and, 132–134, 136, 140
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 3, 11, 112–113b, 123, 148. See also Dietary Guidelines for Americans
food composition databases, 9, 10
National Academy of Medicine (NAM) and, 146
Salt Institute and, 129
salt intake and, 59, 144, 146, 147
school meals and, 144, 146–147
School Nutrition Association (SNA) and, 145, 146
Vanderveen, John, 116
Vegetables, 146, 147, 158–160, 167, 171, 174–175, 182, 184–185, 188, 190, 191
Vegetarian and related diets, 33, 190b, 191b, 192b
Verduin, Pat, 159
Voluntary labeling program, 105b, 108, 110, 118, 120, 121
Voluntary (vs. mandatory) salt reduction policy, 125, 126, 128, 132, 134, 139–141, 143, 171–173
Congress and, 140
in European and Asian countries, xi, 103, 104–105b, 106, 108
Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA) and, 126
industry, trade, and food giants respond to targets, 134–136
National Frozen Pizza Institute (NFPI) and, 129
National Salt Reduction Initiative (NSRI) and, 126
Salt Institute and, 134
“Voluntary Sodium Reduction Goals” (FDA proposal), 131. See also Food and Drug Administration: voluntary (vs. mandatory) sodium targets
Walker, Robert, 118
Water, drinking, 16–17
Water softeners, 17
Weinberger, Myron H., 83–84
Well water, 17
White House, 140–143
Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health, 57–58, 111, 196
FDA and, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143
lobbying the, xvi–xvii, 138, 142
new White House, new scrutiny, 137–138
Whole grains, 33, 144, 146, 147, 174, 188
World Action on Salt and Health, 106
World Health Organization (WHO), xv, 7, 51, 52, 65, 171
Yarmon, Tamara, 147