Contents

Selected Timeline

Introduction: A Wall against the Wasteland

PART ONE: Builders and Barbarians


Midwife to Civilization: Wall Builders at the Dawn of History

THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, 2500–500 BC

To Wall or Not to Wall?

GREECE, 600–338 BC

“Cries of Pain and Sadness”

CHINA, 214 BC

Wallers and Warriors: Life outside the Walls

EURASIA, 2000 BC–AD 1800

PART TWO: The Great Age of Walls


Prologue to the Great Age of Walls: Alexander’s Gates

TIMELESS FOLKLORE

Walls Connect Eurasia

CHINA AND CENTRAL ASIA, C. 100 BC

Hadrian’s Walls

THE ROMAN EMPIRE, AD 117–38

Paradise Lost

THE ROMAN EMPIRE, C. AD 300

Defenseless behind Walls

THE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE EMPIRES, AD 400–600

Cycles of Walls and Despots

CHINA, AD 280–1600

Walls and the Apocalypse

WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA, AD 500–1300

PART THREE: The World in Transition


The Horrible Bombard

CONSTANTINOPLE, AD 1453

Beyond the Pale

IRELAND, SCOTLAND, AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, AD 1494–C. 1800

Fort Brokenheart

SOUTH, CENTRAL, AND NORTH AMERICA, PREHISTORY–AD 1800

PART FOUR: A Clash of Symbols


The Last Battles

CHINA AND FRANCE, 1933–40

“A Hell of a Lot Better Than a War”

BERLIN, 1961–89

Epilogue: “Love Your Neighbor, but Don’t Pull Down Your Hedge”

EARTH, 1990–PRESENT

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Notes

Index