| 2.1 |
A cultural–institutional equilibrium |
| 4.1 |
A quantum paramagnet |
| 4.2 |
The stationary probability distribution of money P(m) obtained in computer simulations of the random transfer models |
| 4.3 |
Stationary distributions of money with and without debt |
| 4.4 |
The stationary distribution of money for the required reserve ratio R = 0.8 |
| 4.5 |
Probability distribution of individual income from the US Census Bureau data for 1996 |
| 4.6 |
Cumulative probability distribution of tax returns for USA in 1997 |
| 4.7 |
Cumulative probability distributions of tax returns for 1983–2001 |
| 4.8 |
(a) The Gini coefficient G for income distribution in the USA in 1983–2009, compared with the theoretical formula G = (1 + f)/2.
(b) The exponent α of the power-law tail of income distribution.
(c) The average income 〈r〉 in the whole system, the average income Tr in the lower class (the temperature of the exponential part), and the fraction of income f, equation (17), going to the upper tail |
| 4.9 |
Lorenz plots for income distribution in 1983 and 2000 |
| 4.10 |
Probability distribution of family income for families with two adults, US Census Bureau data |
| 4.11 |
Lorenz plot for family income, calculated from equation (21) and compared with the US Census Bureau data points for 1947–1994 |
| 4.12 |
Cumulative distribution functions C(∈) for the energy consumption per capita around the world for 1990, 2000, and 2005 |
| 4.13 |
Lorenz curves for the energy consumption per capita around the world in 1990, 2000, and 2005, compared with the Lorenz curve (19) for the exponential distribution |
| 6.1 |
Responses to question 1 |
| 6.2 |
Responses to question 2 |
| 6.3 |
Responses to question 3 |
| 10.1 |
Capital productivity and trend, USA, 1890–2010 |
| 10.2 |
The profit share and trend, USA, 1890–2010 |
| 10.3 |
Shares in (current price) value added, USA, 1909–2010 |
| 10.4 |
The rate of profit, USA, 1890–2010 |
| 10.5 |
The maximal class rate of profit, USA, 1909–2010 |
| 15.1 |
A basic Classical–Marxian model of growth and distribution |
| 15.2 |
A Classical–Marxian model with a Smith–Arrow approach to technological change |
| 15.3 |
A Classical–Marxian model with AK technological change and constant unemployment rate |
| 15.4 |
A Classical-Marxian model with technological change depending on labor-market conditions |
| 15.5 |
A Classical–Marxian model with technological change depending on profitability |
| 15.6 |
A Classical–Marxian model with an endogenous wage share |
| 15.7 |
A Classical–Marxian model with an endogenous wage share and a profitability approach to technological change |
| 15.8 |
A Classical–Marxian model with endogenous capital productivity |
| 15.9 |
A Classical–Marxian model with education and skill differentia |
| 16.1 |
The capacity utilization rate in the U.S. manufacturing sector |
| 17.1 |
Debt consolidation with  = 0.09 and = 0.05 |
| 18.1 |
Size distribution of establishments by number of employees, 1967–1992 (Census of Manufacturing data) |
| 18.2 |
Size distribution of employment by size of establishment in number of employees, 1967–1992 (Census of Manufacturing data) |
| 18.3 |
Changes in average establishment size and the annual percentage growth in TFP and labor productivity, total manufacturing, 1967–1997 |
| 18.4 |
Changes in average establishment size and percentage change in profitability, total manufacturing, 1967–1997 |
| 18.5 |
Change in average establishment size and the percentage change in average stock market valuation, total manufacturing, 1967–1997 |
| 18.6 |
Changes in average establishment size and percentage change in employee compensation, 1967–1997 |
| 21.1 |
A simple hierarchy |
| 21.2 |
The hierarchy of money and credit |
| 21.3 |
Expansion mode |
| 21.4 |
Simple hierarchy of market makers |