.22 caliber firearm, 111, 233, 236, 276
.25 caliber firearm, 262
.357 Magnum firearm, 218
.38 firearm, 115, 117, 146, 194, 237, 239–240, 262, 266, 276, 278, 281
.45 caliber firearm, 21, 188, 218, 229, 230, 240, 253, 257
30.06 caliber firearm or ammunition, 265, 276
44/40 Winchester Carbine, 240
1845 Colored Suffrage Convention, 59
1854 National Emigration Convention of Colored People, 58
1934 National Firearms Act, 218
1966 Atlanta Project, 287
1968 Gun Control Act, 293
Abbott, Robert, 202
Abernathy, Rev. Ralph, 262
Abilene, 136
Abyssinian Baptist Church, 202
Achenson, Meldon, 269
Addams, Jane, 250
African Methodist Church, 91, 193
Afro American Council, 127, 152
Afro-American League, 119, 127
Afro-American Press Association, 122, 124
Agnew, Samuel, 78
Aiken, South Carolina, 183
Alabama Christian Movement, 222
Albright, George Washington, 88
Alexander, Shana, 280
Allen, Benjamin, 101
Allen, “Turnip Green,” 294
American Bar Association, 165
American Revolution, 61, 63, 66
Americus, Georgia, 91
Ames, A’Delbert, 98
AME Zion Church, 124
Anderson, Charles W., 183
Anderson, Henry, 156
Anheuser-Busch, 111
Anniston, Alabama, 172
“Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,” 58
AR-15 rifle, 111
Arcola, Mississippi, 185
Arizona Times, 202
Arkansas Conference of NAACP Branches, 227
Ashworth, Aaron, 135
Ashworth, Clark, 134
Ashworth, Sam, 134
Association of Local Black Elected Officials, 285
Association of Sleeping Car Porters, 177, 261
Atlanta Project, 287
Atlanta Race Riot (1906), 151, 182
Atlanta University, 151, 158, 193
Auld, Hugh, 32
Auld, Sophia, 32
Bailey, Fred, 31–33, 63. See also Douglass, Frederick
Bailey, Gamaliel, 54
Bailey, Lillie, 109
Baker, Wilson, 224
Balltown Riot, 163
Baltimore Afro-American, 258
Barnett, Gov. Ross, 249
Bastrop, Texas, 28
Bates, Daisy, 28, 227–231, 243
Battle of Big Bethel, 72
Battle of Shiloh, 134
Baxter, Elisha, 93
Beasley, Hiram, 36
Beckwith, Jim, 132
Bell, Derek, 248
Belzoni, Mississippi, 28, 219, 230
Benjamin, Rev. C. O., 124
Benson, John, 76
Berkshire County, Massachusetts, 151
Bibb, Henry, 43
Bilbo, Theodore, 237
Billy the Kid, 137
Birmingham, Alabama, 19, 165, 221–223, 239, 286, 306
Birth of a Nation, The, 86, 193
“Black Bottom”(Detroit), 175, 194–195, 198–199
Black Codes, 78–81, 92, 163, 171, 298, 309
Black Fox, The, 141
Black Liberation Army, 287
Black Mary. See Fields, Mary
Black Power, 268, 284, 287–289, 291, 293
Black Star Line, 178
Bland, George, 159
Bloody Sunday, 224
Bobb, John, 75
Bogalusa, Louisiana, 243, 274–276, 278, 280–282
Boley, Oklahoma Territory, 132
Bolivar County, Mississippi, 216
Boone County, Missouri, 36
Boston, Massachusetts, 59–61, 73
bowie knife, 43, 46, 56, 71, 79
Boyd, Clarence, 216
Boyd, Rube, 308
Braden, Anne, 28
Bradley, Gov. William, 160
Bradley, Maime, 220
Bratton, William, 303
Brazos, Texas, 89
Briar, J. A., 217
Brindle-Tails (Republican faction), 93
Bristol, Vollington, 200
“Broken Windows” theory of crime control, 316
Brooklyn Branch, NAACP, 28
Brooks, Ben, 155
Brooks, Joseph, 93
Brooks, Rev. George, 89
Brooks-Baxter War, 93
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 177, 261
Browder, Rufus, 166
Brown, H. Rap, 287
Brownlow, Gov. William, 105
Brown v. Board of Education, 231
Bruce, John Edward, 125
Bryant, Ora, 226
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 49
Buffalo Soldiers, 138, 140, 142–143
Burkett, Hugh M., 155
Butler, Benjamin, 71
Butler, Edna, 198
Byrd, Jack, 186
Byrd, Wes, 186
Byrd v. State, 186
C&O Railroad, 106
Cainhoy, South Carolina, 99
Calhoun, John C., 5
Calhoun’s Landing, Louisiana (renamed Colfax), 100
Calloway County, Kentucky, 215
Cambridge, Maryland, 226
Camilla, Georgia, 90
Camilla Riot, 90
Camp Bettens, Wyoming, 142
Camp Hill, Arkansas, 213
Camp Pendleton, 19
Canaan, New Hampshire, 69
Canada, 46, 48, 55, 60–61, 66–67, 172, 175, 260
Canton, Mississippi, 269
Cape Fear, North Carolina, 88
Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 138
Carmichael, Stokely, 232, 252, 265, 268, 287–288
Carolina Times, 26
Carrier, James, 191
Carrier, Sarah, 191
Carrier, Sylvester. See “Man” (Sylvester Carrier)
Carson, Col. Perry, 123
Carter, Cato, 83
Carter, Sam, 190
Castro, Fidel, 260
Cates, Sam, 156
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 314
Central High School, 227
Centreville, Mississippi, 283
Chaney, James, 240
Chaplin, William, 54
Chapman, Maria W., 60
Charleston, South Carolina, 77, 96
Cheat River Valley, Maryland, 46
“Cherokee Bill” (Crawford Goldsby), 138–139
Chester County, Pennsylvania, 53
Cheyenne, Wyoming, 137
Chicago, Illinois, 29, 55, 65, 89, 154, 168, 192, 202, 206, 235, 239, 282, 285, 295, 299, 300, 302–302, 305–307, 309
Chicago Defender, 202
Chickasaw Indians, 129
Childress, Smith, 161
China Grove, Georgia, 91
Chinn, C. O. (a.k.a. “Bad-ass C. O. Chinn”), 269
Christiana (Pennsylvania) Resistance, Uprising, Tragedy, 49, 61, 63–67
Cincinnati Afro-American, 121
Civilian Marksmanship Program, 21, 276
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 82
Civil Rights Cases, The, 118
Clark, Charles, 89
Clark, Shrf. Jim, 228
Clark, John, 137
Clarksdale, Mississippi, 242
Clay, Henry, 50
Clayton, George, 155
Cleaver, Eldridge, 287
Cleveland, Mississippi, 241, 256
Cleveland, Ohio, 58
Cleveland Call, 220
Coalition to Stop Gun Violence, 285
Coatesville, Pennsylvania, 56
Coke, Richard, 93
Cole, Carolyn, 23
Cole, James “Catfish,” 20, 23–24, 146
Colfax, Schuyler, 100
Collins, Shrf. Ben, 242
Colored Suffrage Convention, 59
Colored Waifs Home for Boys, 117
Committee of Twelve, 127
Confederate, 72–73, 75, 77–78, 87, 93–94, 101, 121, 135, 142, 152, 157, 171, 189, 216, 237, 242
Connor, “Bull,” 223
Constitution League, 152
Constitution of the United States, 39, 51, 62, 104, 118, 171, 206, 221
Fugitive Slave Clause, 39, 49–50
right to arms, 9, 14, 50–51, 79–83, 206, 223, 270, 276, 285, 299, 302–303, 308
convict labor system, 104, 114, 157
Cook, Philip, 351
Cook Gang, 138
Cooper, Gary, 146
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), 243, 247, 251, 265, 269–276, 278, 280, 282–283, 285–286, 288–289, 291, 293
Cottenham, Green, 168
Courts, Gus, 219
Covey, Edward. See “Covey the Nigger-breaker”
“Covey the Nigger-breaker” (Edward Covey), 31–35, 37
Covington, Jay Vann, 257
Crisis (magazine), 151, 153–155, 157–159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177–179, 182, 194, 202, 209–210, 212, 214, 217
Crosby, Peter, 97
Crowe, Alton, 281
Cruickshank, Bill, 102
Crumley, Robert, 91
Crummell, Alexander, 69
Dallas, Georgia, 243
Dana, Charles, 70
Danville, Virginia, 113
Darien, Georgia, 112
Darien Insurrection, 112
Darrow, Clarence, 202, 203–205
Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, 53
Davis, Gov. Edmund, 93
Davis, Jefferson (Confederate president), 87
Davis, Sidney Fant, 307
Dayton, Ohio, 39
Deacons for Defense and Justice, 225, 265–266, 268, 270–284
Decatur, Mississippi, 19, 235–236
“Decatur Street Dives,” 151
Deering, Col. James, 72
Defensive Gun Use (DGU), 311–312, 315, 317
DeGrasse, Lt. John V., 73
Delaine, Rev. J. A., 244
Democrats, 93, 96–100, 102–104, 113, 116, 118, 123, 169, 193, 247, 303–304
Deslandes, Charles, 32
Detroit Urban League, 195
DeVane, Cornelius, 43
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 219, 221, 261–262
Dick, Deadwood. See Nat Love
“Disturb Me If You Dare” (maroon settlement), 128
D’Lo, Mississippi, 186
Dodge City, 136
Dorsey, Gov. Hugh, 183
Douglass, Frederick, 13, 31, 34–35, 34–38, 40, 49, 59, 62–63, 67, 69, 75, 110, 123, 126, 143
Douglass Memorial Literary Society of Buffalo Soldiers, 143
Du Bois, W. E. B., 13, 108, 143, 151–154, 156–158, 170–171, 173, 175, 177, 178, 181–182, 194, 202, 209, 214, 229–230, 295, 306
Dunbar Memorial Hospital, Detroit, 195–197, 206
Durham, North Carolina, 19
Durr, Clifford, 261
Durrett, Luther, 164
Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, 183
Eastland, Sen. James O., 162
East St. Louis, Illinois, 168, 170
East St. Louis Riot, 175
Ebony (magazine), 218
Eckford, Elizabeth, 230
Edmund Pettus Bridge, 224
Eisenhower, Dwight (president), 20, 21
El Paso, Texas, 142
Emancipation Day, 88
Emancipation Proclamation, 148, 206
Emelle, Alabama, 216
Enfield Rifle, 85
Eubanks, Goldie, 227
Evers, Charles, 235–240, 242, 266, 294
Evers, Medgar, 19, 235–237, 240–242, 246–248
Evers, Myrlie, 216
Fairfax, Virginia, 48
Fairly, J. C., 226
Farmer, James, 268–270, 278, 282
Fatal Gun Accidents (FGAs), 34, 305–306, 333
Fellowship of Reconciliation, 263
Fenton, Charles (Charlie), 271–273
Fields, Mary (a.k.a. Black Mary or Stagecoach Mary), 144–147, 149
Fillmore, Millard (president), 61
Fire in the Flint, The, 182
Firmin, Otis, 283
First Freedom (magazine), 299
Fisk University, 108, 152, 194
Five Civilized Tribes, 128–130
Fleckenstein, Christian, 42
Flemingsburg, Kentucky, 160
Flemister, George, 89
Fletcher, John, 200
Foggy Bottom, District of Columbia, 176
Forman, James, 247
Forrest County, Mississippi, 254
Fort Concho, Texas, 138
Fort Dix, New Jersey, 213
Fort Griffin, Texas, 141
Fort Mose, 128
Fort Pillow, Battle of, 73, 74
Fort Smith, Arkansas, 138, 140
Fortune, T. Thomas, 104, 109, 118–119, 120–123, 126–127, 193, 205, 295
Fort Wagner, South Carolina, 70
Fourteenth Amendment (US Constitution), 81–83, 118, 178, 318
Fox, O. S., 130
Fox, Thomas, 51
Frederick Douglass Paper, 62
Freedman’s Bureau, 79, 81–82, 86, 92, 94, 11, 118
Freedom Summer Project, 243
Friends of Cuba, 258
Friends of the Deacons, 283
Fugitive Slave Clause (US Constitution), 37, 49
Gainesville, Florida, 154, 191
Gainesville, Texas, 140
Gardner, Rev. Ed, 222
Garner, Margaret, 56
Garner, Robert, 56
Garnet, Henry Highland, 59–60, 69–70, 75, 127
Garrison, William Lloyd, 37, 59–60, 62, 66–67
Gatling gun, 112
Georgetown, Kentucky, 110
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 47
GI Bill, 19
Gilmore, Gen. Quincy, 77
Glass, Dick, 138
Goldsby, Crawford (a.k.a. “Cherokee Bill”), 138–139
Goldsby, Sgt. George, 138
Goodlow, Rev. Willie, 242
Goodman, Andrew, 240, 250, 252
Gordonsville, Virginia, 209
Graham, John, Major, 73
Grant, Sam, 135
Grant, Ulysses S. (president), 95
Great Falls Montana Examiner, 146
Green, Benjamin, 216
Green, Dewey, 254
Greener, Richard T., 119
Greenville, South Carolina, 217
Greenwood, Mississippi, 251, 288
Greenwood Avenue (a.k.a., “Black Wall Street”), 187–188
Grier, Dick, 137
Grier, Hon. Robert, 64
Griffith, Samuel, 40
Gump, Joseph, 145
Gun Control Act of 1968, 293
Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory, 131
Hagerstown, Maryland, 43
Haley, Richard, 278
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 13, 231–234, 243, 246–247
Hampton, Gov. Wade, 99
Hampton, Virginia, 71
Hanway, Casner, 64
Harlem, 22, 173, 180, 202, 231, 234, 257, 263, 270, 287
Harmon, Earl, 156
Harnett County, North Carolina, 89
Harris, W. A., 84
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 53
Harris Funeral Home, Monroe North Carolina, 19
Harrison, Hubert H., 73
Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 313
Harvard Law and Policy Review, 9
Hatcher, Richard, 285
Hathaway, Bertha, 156
Hattiesburg, 226
Hayes, John, 136
Hayes, Rutherford B., 103
Hays, Arthur Garfield, 206
Hazlewood, George, 132
Head, Julia, 223
Hearst, Cornelius, 106
Helms, “Big Jesse,” Sr., 17, 258
Henly, Brack, 164
Henry, Aaron, 242
Henry County, Kentucky, 85
Henry Model Winchester, 111
Hickman Kentucky, 156
Hill, Hattie May, 281
Hill, Jim, 167
Hill, John Henry, 46
Hill, Lilly, 156
Hill, Polk, 96
Hilton, Henry, 136
Hitch, William, 41
Hogansville, Georgia, 124
Holdes, William, 250
Holly, Calvin, 79
Holly Springs, Mississippi, 72, 105
Holmes, Hon. Oliver Wendell, 174
Holmes County, Mississippi, 234, 245, 247
Holt Street Baptist Church, 261
Hoods Mill, 46
Hooper City, 223
Hoover, J. Edgar, 272
Horne, Lena, 239
Houston Texas, 133
Howard, T. R. M., 204, 215–221, 235, 238, 240, 246, 307
Howe, George, 155
Hudson, Sally, 52
Hughes, Hon. Charles Evans, 193
Humby, Della, 139
Hunter, William, 152
Hurley, Ruby, 240
Hurst, E. H., 254
Imes, B. A., 111
Impartial Citizen, 66
Independence, Texas, 185
Indiana, 38, 53, 160, 243, 285
Indianapolis Freeman, 120
International Order of Twelve of the Knights and Daughters of Tabor, 59
Isaiah Thomas, 300
Jackson, Andrew (escaped slave), 58
Jackson, Andrew (president), 128
Jackson, John, 252
Jackson, Maynard Holbrook, 285
Jackson, Mississippi, 219, 239–240, 245, 252, 266
Jackson, Rev. Y. D., 272
Jackson, Robert, 47
Jackson Daily News, 219
Jacksonville, Florida, 109, 111–112, 191
Jacobs, Elmo, 274
Jefferson, George L., 218
Jefferson, Ohio, 40
Jefferson County, Georgia, 113
Jenkins, Bee, 247
Jenkins, Sandy, 34
Jessup, Maj. Gen. Thomas Sidney, 128
Jim Crow, 104–105, 118, 163, 187–188, 218, 236, 288, 298
John Eagle, 88
Johnson, Andrew (president), 80, 82, 87–88.
Johnson, Brit, 141
Johnson, Henry, 59
Johnson, James Weldon, 175–176, 181–183, 193, 201–202
Johnson, Lyndon B. (president), 286, 293
Johnson, Milton, 280
Johnson, Mordecia, 157
Johnson, Paul, 241
Johnson, Sydney, 157
Johnson, T. C., 223
Jones, “Big Ben,” 49
Jonesboro, Louisiana, 267, 271–274, 280
Jonesboro Freedom House, 271
Jonesboro High School, 273
Kelly, “Nigger Jim,” 136
Kansas City American Citizen, 107
Kansas City Call, 179
Kansas City News, 130
Kemper County, Mississippi, 112
Kennard, Willie, 140
Kennedy, John F. (president), 286
Kennett Township, Pennsylvania, 40
Kent County, Maryland, 70
Kentucky, 43–45, 49–55, 57, 81, 84–85, 109, 110–112, 156, 158–167, 215, 245
Kentucky Courier-Journal, 165
Kentucky Freedman’s Bureau, 81
Keystone State. See Pennsylvania
Kilgore, Rev. Thomas, 280
Killens, John, 223
King, Coretta, 62
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 27, 31, 147, 216, 219, 221, 225, 230, 241, 252, 256, 259–260, 264–265, 268, 278–279, 281, 283, 287, 288–289, 293
King Fisher, Oklahoma Territory, 131–132
Kirklin, Austry, 222
Kirkpatrick, Fred, 246
Kite, Elijah, 56
Knights of Labor, 114
Knights of the Black Cross, 80
Knights of the White Camellia, 80, 102
Ku Klux Klan (KKK, a.k.a. Klan), 13, 18–24, 80, 82, 85–86, 89–90, 92–93, 94–96, 100, 102, 135, 146, 159, 180, 184, 193, 195, 199, 205–206, 214, 217–218, 220, 23–224, 227, 234, 238, 39–241, 243, 246, 248–249, 259, 271–272, 276–279, 21–22, 292, 294, 297
Lagrange, Kentucky, 85
Lake City, South Carolina, 124
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 39
Langston, Charles, 58
Langston City, Oklahoma Territory, 131
Langston City Herald, 108, 131
Lasky County, Arkansas, 114
Lautier, Louis, 27
Lawrence, Carl, 309
Lawrence County, Ohio, 56
Leake County, Mississippi, 248
Lebanon Junction, Kentucky, 167
Lee, Henry, 219
Lee, Herbert, 254
Lee, Rev. George, 28, 152, 230
Leflore County, Mississippi, 254
Lenox Avenue Baptist Church, 205
Leon County, Florida, 43
Lesser, Mike, 269
Lever, Constance, 259
Lewis, Anthony, 242
Lewis, Clayton, 238
Lewis, Elder, 85
Lexington, Kentucky, 158
Liberty Insurance Company, 197
“Lift Every Voice and Sing” (song, “Black National Anthem”), 193
Lincoln, Abraham (president), 69, 72
Lincoln County, New Mexico, 142
Lincoln County Riflemen, 137
Lincoln County War, 137
Little Rock, Arkansas, 227–231
Little Rock Nine, 227
Littleton Lawrence, 137
Loguen, Rev. Jermaine, 60
Longview, Texas, 175
Looby, Alexander, 214
Lorraine Motel, Memphis, 265
Los Angeles Times, 279
Love, Nat (a.k.a. Deadwood Dick), 138
Lowery, Henry, 183
Lowman, Bertha, 183
Lowman, Sam, 183
Luckey, Buss, 139
Ludwig, Jens, 251
lynching, 18–19, 26–27, 29, 78, 89–90, 104–116, 118–119, 121–125, 127, 131–132, 142, 144, 146, 151, 153–167, 171, 173, 175, 178–179, 182–187, 192–194, 200, 210, 212–216, 230, 233, 235–236, 238, 257, 269, 273, 281
Lyon County, Kentucky, 165
Mack, Joe, 197
Macksville, Kentucky, 162
Magee, Joe, 212
“Man” (Sylvester Carrier), 191, 192
Mandingo Tribe, 70
Manly, Alex, 123
Manly, Gov. Charles, 123
Manning, Lauren, 44
March against Fear, 264, 266, 268, 270, 278, 283, 288
Marine Corps, 19
Marion County, Iowa, 57
Marshall, Hon. Thurgood, 213–215, 221, 224, 227, 239, 293
Martin, William, 195
Mason, William Herbert, 216
Mathies, Aladeine, 199
Mauney, A. A. (Monroe police chief), 21
Maury County, Tennessee, 90
Maxton, North Carolina, 23
Mayfield, Kentucky, 112
McCabe, Edwin P., 130
McClellan, Gen. George, 71
McCray, John, 28
McDonald, Otis, 14, 295–296, 299, 303, 310–311
McDowell, Harve, 161
McElroy, J. B., 156
McGee, Tempe, 212
McGhee, Laura, 255
McHenry, William, 60
McKay, Claude, 180
McKeithen, Gov. John, 281
McKinley, William (president), 121
McKinney, Jesse, 101
McKissick, Floyd, 265, 270, 282, 288–289
McRae, Will, 156
McRoberts, Al, 84
Mead, Kansas, 137
Medlin, Lewis, 25
Memphis, Tennessee, 105–110, 118, 131–132, 144, 265, 305
Memphis Ledger, 109
Menendez, Francisco, 128
Meredith, James, 264–265, 288–290
Meridian, Mississippi, 225
Metcalf, George, 226
Mexican Joe, 137
Michigan Negro Convention, 59
Miller, Kelly (dean), 123
Miller, Richard, 159
Milliken’s Bend, 70
Minstrels (Republican faction), 93
Mississippi, 13, 19, 24, 41, 72, 75, 77–79, 86–88, 90, 92, 97–98, 105, 112, 114, 122, 124, 162, 182–186, 215, 219, 225, 226–227, 231, 233–243, 245–248, 251–254, 256, 264–266, 268–269, 278, 283, 288, 290, 292, 294, 299, 307
Mississippi Delta Committee for Better Citizenship, 24, 307
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 231, 247
Mississippi March against Fear. See March against Fear
Mississippi National Guard, 114
Mississippi State Conference of NAACP Branches, 242
Mississippi Supreme Court, 185–186
Mohammed, Elijah, 282
mongrelization. See amalgamation
Monroe, Louisiana, 227
Monroe, North Carolina, 17, 230, 256
Monroe Nonviolent Action Committee, 259
Monroe Parks Commission, 20
Montgomery, Alabama, 219–220, 222, 224, 261–262
Montgomery Improvement Association, 262
Moore, Amzie, 241
Moore, Col. Roger, 94
Moore v. Dempsey, 174
Morgan County, Georgia, 89
Morris, Sen. Thomas, 49
Morrison, Kelsie, 172
Morse, Leonard, 198
Mosney, George, 145
Mosney, John, 145
Moss, Tom, 106–108, 110, 131, 194
Motley, Hon. Constance Baker, 221, 224, 248
Mound Bayou, 216
mulatto, 32, 79, 123, 133–134, 139, 193
Munroe Country Club, 257
Murdock, Cloyte, 218
Murray, Norris, 198
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 13, 20–21, 26–29, 151–152, 155, 157, 170–175, 177, 181–182, 184, 192–193, 198–199, 201, 205, 207, 209–211, 214, 217–219, 222, 225, 226–227, 230, 235, 238–242, 248, 253–254, 256, 261, 265, 285–286, 288, 291–294, 309
NAACP Legal Defense Fund, 173, 198, 201
NAACP Youth Program, 240
Nashville, Tennessee, 108, 152, 214
Natchez, Mississippi, 226, 241, 283
National Antislavery Standard, 66
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). See NAACP
National Coalition to Ban Handguns, 285
National Convention of Colored Men, 75
National Crime Victimization Survey, 312
National Emigration Convention of Colored People (1854), 58
National Equal Rights League, 75
National Firearms Act (1934), 218
National Institute of Justice, 213–214
National Research Council, 316
National Rifle Association (NRA), 21, 299
National Safety Council, 312
National Urban League, 265, 285–286, 288
Neely, Burkett, 186
Negro Fellowship League, 306
Neshoba County, Mississippi, 240, 248, 252
New Albany, Indiana, 55
New England Antislavery Convention, 51
New Hanover County, North Carolina, 94
Newman, Georgia, 116
New Negro, 119–120, 179–180, 182, 202, 204–205
New Orleans, Louisiana, 57, 103, 104–117, 276
Newton, Huey, 287
Newsweek, 282
New York, 19, 26, 34, 55, 59–61, 65–67, 70–71, 74–75, 82, 89, 92, 109–111, 118–121, 124, 126–127, 130–131, 152–153, 173, 179–180, 192–193, 201–202, 205, 219, 230, 241–242, 254, 260, 273, 78–279, 303, 306, 309, 312
New York Age, 109, 118–119, 121, 124, 192
New York City, 19, 61, 74–75, 109, 120, 205, 303
New York Evening Post, 82
New York Times, 130, 153, 242, 254, 273, 278–279
New York Vigilance Committee, 59
New York World, 220
Nichols, Lewis “Soapstick,” 148
“Nigger Add,” 136
Nightingale, Rev. Taylor, 110
Nix, James, 226
Nixon, John, 224
Nobles, Matthew (Mr. and Mrs.), 226
Nodena, Arkansas, 183
Noel, Eddie, 234
Norris, I. F., 131
North Carolina, 72–73, 75–77, 79, 88–90, 92, 94–95, 123, 230, 256, 258
North Carolina College for Negroes, 19
Norvell, Abrery James, 265
Novak, Robert, 293
Noyes Academy, New Hampshire, 69
NRA. See National Rifle Association (NRA)
Oberlin, Ohio, 57
Oglethorpe, James, 128
Ohio, 144, 148, 193, 39–40, 44, 49–52, 54–58, 61, 96, 106, 109
Oklahoma, 129–132, 155, 163, 187, 193
Oklahoma City, 131
Oklahoma Territory, 110, 130, 132
Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, 90
Olive, Print, 136
Orange, Texas, 133
Orlando Police Department, 315
Outlaw, Wyatt, 89
Oxendine, Simeon, 213
Paducah, Kentucky, 109, 111–112, 163–164
Page, Ned, 36
Page, Sara, 36
Parker, Shelly, 295–296, 299, 303, 311, 316–318
Parks, Ray, 221
Patton, George, 265
Pennsylvania, 39–40, 43, 49–50, 53–56, 61, 63, 66, 138, 176, 306
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, 55
Peoples, Willis, 137
percussion-cap revolver, 40
Philadelphia, Mississippi, 238
Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Society (vigilance committee), 46, 48, 64
Philadelphia Free African Society, 39
Philadelphia Negro, The, 306
Pickney, Thomas, 78
Pierce, Leonard, 115
Pierce, William, 91
Pittsburgh American, 192
Pittsburgh Gazette, 50
Pledger, W. A., 122
Polk, James (president), 133
Poplarville, Mississippi, 28, 230
Port Hudson, Louisiana, 70
Portland, Maine, 61
Powell, William, 61
Price, John, 57
Prosser, Gabriel, 32
Purman, W. J., 118
Quantico, Virginia, 210
“Radio Free Dixie,” 260
Randolph, A. Philip, 173, 177–180
Randolph, John, 148
Ransom, Gen. Robert, 94
Raton, New Mexico, 137
Ray, Thomas, 175
Reconstruction, 18, 24, 44, 80, 82, 85, 87, 90, 92, 94–95, 98, 100, 103–105, 108, 118–119, 127, 157
redemption, Confederate, 152, 157
Red Oak, Ohio, 51
Red Shirts, 123
Reed, Gov. Harrison, 93
Reed, Mary Ruth, 25
Reeves, Annie Colton, 233
Reid, John, 30
Remington shotgun, 240
Republican Party, 85, 87, 89–93, 95, 97–104, 116, 118, 121, 123, 160, 164, 169, 193
Republic of Texas, 134
Resistance at Christiana. See Christiana (Pennsylvania) Resistance, Uprising, Tragedy
Rice, Angelena, 223
Rice, Condoleezza, 223
Richardson, Gloria, 226
Rivers, Prince, 98
Robinson, Tom, 216
Roby, Vanderbilt, 247
Rochelle, Fred, 194
Rochester, New York, 67
Rockville, Maryland, 43
Root, Tom, 139
Rose, Edward, 132
Roseland Park Cemetery, Chicago, 206
Ross, George, 164
Rough Riders, 123
Rowan, Carl, 290
Rowland, Dick, 187
Ruggles, David, 59
Rumley, Ohio, 148
Russellville, Kentucky, 166
Sac and Fox Indian Reservations, 130
St. Augustine, Florida, 128, 226, 241
Salter, John R., 240
Salt Lake Broad Axe, 125
Santee River, 78
Saxon, Gen. Rufus, 81
Schurz, Gen. Charles, 180
Schwerner, Michael, 38, 240, 250, 252
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), 252, 258, 265–266, 286, 288, 293
Scott, Emmett, 122
Sea Islands, 79
Seale, Bobby, 283
Second Amendment (US Constitution). See Constitution of the United States, right to arms
Second Freedman’s Bureau Act, 82
Second Seminole War, 128
Sellers, Cleveland, 226, 252, 266
Selma, Alabama, 224
Seneca County, New York, 66
Shang, Shadrack “Buddie,” 147–149
Shelby County, Kentucky, 44, 84
Shelby County, Ohio, 148
Shillady, John, 175
Shuttlesworth, Rev. Fred, 222–223
Sims, Charles, 66, 274–276, 278–280, 23–24
Siringo, Charlie, 135
Sitton, Claude, 254
Sixkiller, Sam, 138
Smiley, Glenn, 263
Smiley, Rev. Richman, 62
Smith, Bill, 136
Smith, C. E., 226
Smith, Dollar Bill, 163
Smith, Ed and Marie, 196
Smith, Hampton, 157
Smith, Harry C., 119
Smith, Rev. R. L. T., 239
Smith, Will, 139
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 226, 232, 241, 244, 247, 251, 252, 255, 265, 268, 286–287, 293
SNCC Freedom House, 251
Socialist Workers Party, 283
Somerton, South Carolina, 42
Souls of Black Folk, The, 153, 306
South Bend, Indiana, 53
South Carolina Criminal Code, 171
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 252, 258, 265–266, 286, 288, 293
Southern Patriot, 28
Spartacus League, 283
Spooner, Lysander, 50
Springfield rifle, 88
Stagecoach Mary. See Fields, Mary
Stanford, Kentucky, 162
“State Negroes,” 130
State v. John Mann, 36
State v. Negro Will, 36
State v. Sweet et al., 203
Stegall, Bruce, 260
Stegall, Mabel, 260
Stephenson, Gladys, 213
Steve Green, 172
Stevenson, Job, 96
Steward, C. C., 127
Stewart, T. McCants, 119
Stokes, James, 273
Stone, Jim, 113
Stuart, Augustus, 74
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). See SNCC
Swedesboro, New Jersey, 51
Sweet, Gladys, 194, 196–198, 201, 205–207
Sweet, Henry, 124, 198, 205–206
Sweet, Iva, 206
Sweet, Otis, 198
Swift, L. J., 167
Syracuse Stars, 147
Talented Tenth, 175, 182, 193–195, 202
Tanner, John, 36
Tawawa Springs, 193
Taylor, Fanny, 190
Taylor, Julius F., 125
Taylor, Zachary (president), 133
Tennent, Ned, 98
Texas, 77, 83, 86, 89, 92–93, 96, 132–136, 138, 140–143, 175, 183
Texas Kid, 136
Texas Rangers, 133
“The Curve” (Memphis), 106
Thirteenth Amendment (US Constitution), 130
Thomas, Earnest “Deac,” 265, 267–268, 283
Thomas, Hank, 222
Thomas, Mary, 300
Thompson, Marie, 167
Thompson submachine gun, 218
Tilden, Samuel, 103
Till, Emmett, 28, 217–220, 230
Tillman, Sen. Ben “Pitchfork,” 99
Toledo, Ohio, 144
Tougaloo College, 240
“Try Me If You Be Men” (maroon settlement), 128
Tulsa Daily Tribune, 187
Turnbow, Hartman, 13, 15, 244–247, 253, 297
Turnbow, Sweets, 246
Turner, Alexander, 195–197, 199–200, 202
Turner, Henry McNeal (bishop), 125
Turner, Lola, 201
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 222, 226, 243
“Two against 5,000” (article), 209, 213
Underground Railroad, 44–48, 55, 63, 65
Underwood, J. C., 109
Union Army, 44, 69–70, 78, 84, 94, 98–99
United States Marshals
white, 56–57, 60, 63, 140, 161
United States Supreme Court, 20, 37, 103, 106, 118, 139, 172–173, 206, 285, 293, 296
Universal Negro Improvement Association, 177, 234
University of Alabama, 219
University of Mississippi, 264
Ursuline Convent of the Sacred Heart, 144
US Steel, 168
Valentine, Henry E., 172
Veterans Administration, 184
Vicksburg, Mississippi, 44–42, 73, 77, 79, 86–87, 97, 114, 218
Victoria, Texas, 77
Virginian, The, 128
Wagner, Gen. Sayne, 82
Wahalak, Mississippi, 212
Walker, Moses Fleetwood, 147
Wall, Pressley, 136
Wallace, George, 226
Wallace, Lew (territorial governor), 137
Wall Street Journal, 279, 22, 303
Walters, Alexander (bishop), 124
Wanzer, Frank, 46
Ward, Sam R., 61
Warmoth, Gov. Henry, 101
Warren County, Mississippi, 87
Washington, Booker T., 121–123, 126, 151–152, 172, 184, 202, 216
Washington, Charles, 198
Washington, DC, 14, 54, 88, 104, 121–143, 125, 152, 175–177, 194, 202, 219, 285, 295, 302–303, 309
Washington, Forrester, 195
Washington, George (black cowboy), 137
Washington Bee, 119
Washington Daily American, 202
Washington Parish, Louisiana, 212–213, 163
Washita River, 130
Watson, Hewitt, 197
Watson, Robert, 155
Watson, Thomas, 113
Weaver, Maurice, 214
Weaver, Robert, 293
Webb, Alex, 90
Weber Falls, Indian Territory, 129
Wells, Houston, 239
Wells, Ida B., 13, 15, 106, 109, 111–112, 114, 116–119, 126–127, 131, 144, 163, 168, 170, 172, 295–296, 306, 308, 315
West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, 269
Wheeler, Bill, 43
Whigs, 118
White, George, 184
White, Walter, 184, 187, 192–193, 231, 24, 209, 214, 229
White Brotherhood, 80
Wilberforce College, 193
Wild, Gen. Edward, 173
Wildcat (chief), 133
Wilkins, Roy, 182, 209–213, 230–231, 38–39, 241, 261, 23, 265–266, 283, 288, 290–294, 307
Williams, Anthony, 185
Williams, Bill, 188
Williams, Cathy, 142
Williams, “Daddy John,” 18
Williams, Henry, 64
Williams, Hosea, 265
Williams, Jim, 100
Williams, Robert, 17–24, 23, 25–26, 29, 31, 62, 225, 230, 241, 256, 258–260, 282, 289
Williams, Sikes, 18
Willson, Gov. Augustus E., 164–165
Wilmington, North Carolina, 76, 94–95, 123–124
Wilmington Herald, 77
Wilmington Rifle Guard, 88
Wilson, Felton, 212
Wilson, James Q., 316
Wilson, John, 212
Wilson, Luther, 213
Wilson, Moise, 213
Wilson, Rebecca, 243
Wilson, Woodrow (president), 169, 183, 193
Winchester rifle, 97, 105, 110–111, 115, 122, 124, 127, 131–132, 44, 151, 159, 168, 172, 191, 198, 222, 233, 240, 255, 277, 295, 306
Wister, Owen, 128
Wizard of Tuskegee. See Washington, Booker T.
Wood, Delos, 212
Workers World Party, 283
World War I, 169, 173–177, 194, 220
World War II, 213, 246, 265, 274
Wormser Hotel, 104
Worthy, William, 263
Wright, Louis T., 182
Yazoo County, Mississippi, 98, 268
York County, South Carolina, 100
York County, Virginia, 72
Young, Thomas, 239
Young County, Texas, 141
Zellner, Bob, 255