Index

abhakṣya (forbidden food) 193
abhojya (unfit food) 193
ācāra (practice; customary law) 17 , 51 –3 , 54 , 55 , 180 see also normative practice (ācāra )
acts of worship 180 , 185 –6
adjudication see law and legal procedure
adoption 158 –9 , 167 , 176 , 378
Āgamas 36 –7 , 348 , 365 –7
age
and brahmacarya 102 –4
of marriage 128 –9
of upanayana 153 –4
ages (yuga ), four 6
Agniveśya 111 , 353 –4
ahiṃsā (noninjury to living beings) 195 –6
āhnika (daily duties) 179 –88
alcohol 456 –60
alehouse sign 455 –6 , 461 –5
alestake 462 –5
amedhya (unfit for sacrifice) 220 , 230 , 231
ancestors see also śrāddha (ancestral offerings )
offerings to 180 –1 , 185 –6 , 194 –5 , 208 –18
saṃskāra 90 , 95 –6
anchorite, rules of an 82 –3 see also vānaprastha (hermit )
animals
classification of 190
embodiment of dharma in 466 –79
as extension of dharmic body 472 –3
and fractured beings 474 –7
humans becoming 477 –9
and religious history 470 –2
rules on eating 190 –2
terms 468 –70
annulment of marriage agreement 134
antelopes 469
antyeṣṭi see funeral and ancestral offerings
anuloma (with the hair) 63 , 64 , 73 –4 , 127 –8
anvaṣṭakya (ninth-day ancestral offering) 211 , 213 –14
āpad (times of adversity) 68 –70 , 392 –3
āpaddharma (law during emergencies) 245 –56
Āpastamba
on āśrama 80 –1
on dharma 19 , 21 –3 , 49
on the epistemic sources of dharma 50 –2
on excommunication 316 –17
on food and diet 194
on happiness 422 –3
on kings 259
and legal procedure 284
on rules of change in dharma 58
on sin 314 , 317
on snātaka 118 –20
on vyavahāra 304 –5
arthavāda (supplementary statements) 35
Āryas (noble/good people) 8 , 60 –1 , 73 , 101 , 110 , 179 –80
āśauca (death impurity) 226 –9 , 234
ascendants, and inheritance 168 –9
ascetics 236 –44
awareness 442 –6 , 451 –4
body of 414 –15
focus on 27
forest hermit 237 –8
wandering 238 –44 , 442 –6 , 452 –4
women as 149 –50
Aśoka, Emperor 15 –16 , 79 –81 , 284 , 301 –2
aspṛśya (untouchables) 9 , 60 , 63 , 64 , 74 –6
āśrama (orders of life) 78 –85
and ascetics 236 , 243
brahmacarya 110 –12
development of 16 –18
in the Dharmasūtras 22
meaning 78 –9
and snātaka 114 –15
as a theological concept 79
assessors 285 , 293 , 296 –7
Āsura marriage 131
Atharvaveda 98 , 99 –101 , 110 , 124 , 144
aurasa (natural son) 156 , 159
authors 5 , 38 –45
autopsies 289
bathing, and purification 224 –5
Baudhāyana
on āśrama 83 –4
on dharma 19 , 21 –2
on image worship and temple practices 354 –6
on impurity 223 –5
on kings 260 –1
and legal procedure 285
on pilgrimage 340
on sin 317
on snātaka 117 –19
on sources of dharma 53
on vyavahāra 307
behavior, and disruptive emotion 427 –8
bhakṣya (permitted food) 193
bhāṣya (commentary) 30
bhikṣu 17 –18 , 80 , 107 , 145 , 239 see also wandering mendicant
Bhīṣma, and social classes 66
bhojya (fit food) 193
bhūtātman (elemental self) 474 , 478
birds, rules on eating 190 –2
birth and child saṃskāras 92 –3
blackbuck 467 , 469 , 478
body 405 –18
ascetic 414 –15
and Dharmaśāstra 405 –8
homological 415 –16
impurities and purification 224 –5
metaphorical 408 –10
transgressing 410 –14
transitional 417 –18
body history, religious history as 471 –2
brahmacarya (studentship) 98 –112
and āśrama 80
and celibacy 242 –3
discipline of 113 –14
and the duty of private recitation 109 –10
in the early sources 99 –107
and emotions 421 –2
as the first profession of an Ārya 110 –12
in the Gṛhyasūtras 101 –7
initiation (upanayana ) 104
requirements of 107
rules of a 82 –3
and special rules for study of the Veda: Veda-vratas 108 –9
and unruly emotions 429 –30
Vedic 98 –9
Brahmins (scholars and priests)
and āśrama 79 –81
attitudes to foreign invasions 24
bodies of 415 –16
and brahmacarya 104 –6
and castes 8 –9 , 63
“cultured elite” 52 –3
dependency of 76 –7
and dharma 4 , 15 –19 , 21 , 25
and dvija 21
and emotions 421 –2
forbidden alcohol 459 –60 , 464 –5
and funeral and ancestral offerings 211 –12
historical evidence 64 –5
murder of 317 , 319
occupational mobility 246 –52
as officiants of sacrifices 68 –70
and privilege 25
reappropriation of dharma 221 –3
and ritual purity 222 –3
snātaka as 121 –3 , 124
threats to 36
unique right to receive gifts 197 –201
and unruly emotions 429 –30
and varṇa system 61
and the Yadava dynasty 482 –9
Bṛhaspati 29 , 277 –9 , 308 , 309 –10
brides, desirable qualities of 127
British rule, and inheritance 173 –8
Buddhism
and dharma 18 , 221 –2
Kushanas and 24
life-cycle rituals 90 –1
Monastic Code 383 –401
bulls 468 –70 , 476 –7
business
and dharma 496 –500
and economics 496 –505
and the titles of law 500 –5
Caṇḍāla (outcaste)
impurity of 228 , 231 –2
and purification 226 , 233 –4
purification following the visit of 229 –30
as untouchables 9 , 63 –4 , 74 –5
Candragupta 26
caraṇas (schools) 19 –20
castes see also varṇa (social classes )
and animal embodiment 475 –6
definitions 72
fallen from (patita ) 9
historical evidence 64 –5
ideology 65 –7
and inheritance 172
marginalization 62 –3
and sin 316 –17
theory 76 –7
untouchables 74 –6
and varṇa system 63 –4
and vernacularization 489
cattle 473
celibacy
and brahmacarya 101 , 107
and wandering mendicant 242 –3
Chakradhar 483 , 487 –95
childbirth taboos 144
children 151 –63
daughters and kinship 159 –62
legal perspective on 151 –2 , 162 –3
minority and majority 152 –5
twelve sons 155 –9
chronology of Dharmaśāstra 5
circumcision 405
close relatives, and inheritance 168 –9
Colebrooke, Henry Thomas 40 –1 , 174 , 399
colonialism, and “Hindu Law” 377 –80
commentaries (bhāṣya, ṭikā, vivṛti )
on Dharmaśāstra 21 , 24 , 26 –7 , 30 –4 , 38 –45
on the epistemic sources of dharma 54 –7
and inheritance 172 –3 , 174 –8
corporal punishment 275 –8
corruption 8 , 297
cosmology, and psychology 451 –2 , 464 –5
cows 470 –2 , 475 –6
crafts, and Śūdras 70
creation 65 –6
Manu on 446 –7
criminals
justice system 288 –9
and punishment 410 –14 see also punishment
culture and society 455 –65
“cultured elite” 52 –3
customary laws
legitimised by commentaries 32 –4
and rules of change 58 –9
daily duties 179 –88
acts of worship 185 –6
in development 180 –1
elements of 186 –7
as an everyday model 181 –4
as a social science 179 –80
dakṣiṇā (donations) 68 , 231 , 235 , 435
dāna (religious gift) 432 see also gifting
daṇḍa (staff or scepter) 273 –7 , 282 , 296 see also punishment
datta (adopted son) 158 , 167
daughters 9 , 159 –62
dāyabhāga (inheritance) see inheritance
Dāyabhāga text 174 –8
death
body in 417 –18
impurity 226 –9 , 234
saṃskāra 95 –6
descendants, and inheritance 165 –8
devalaka (temple officiants) 338 –9 , 345 , 351
Devaṇabhaṭṭa
on punishment 277 –8
Smṛticandrikā (Moonlight on the Tradition) 42 –4
dharma
and ancestral rites 214
in animal terms 468 –70
authoritative voice 24 –5
and Brahmins 25
and Buddhism 221 –2
centrality of 2 , 15
and commentaries 32 –3
concept of 18 –19
and Dharmaśāstra 372 –5
digests 35 –7
early debates 23
early textual production 20 –2
embodiment in animals 466 –79
epistemology of 49 –59
and fractured beings 474 –7
gift based on 207
and institutional framework of enquiry 19 –20
Manu’s treatise on 24 –5
notion of 2
paraphrases and summaries 34
and pilgrimage 217
post-Manu developments 26
reappropriation by Brahmins 221 –3
rules of change 57 –8
and social ethics 487 –95
as a social science 480 –2 , 484
and śrāddha 214 –15 , 217 –19
dharmapramāṇa (epistemology of law) 49 –59
Dharmaśāstra
after Manu 26 –8
as arbiter of orthodoxy 8 –10
and āśrama 78 –85 , 111 –12
authoritative voice of 24
and brahmacarya 98
and the Buddhist Monastic Code 383 –401
commentaries and legal digests 30 –45
commentators and digest authors 38 –45
and dharma 372 –5
digests 34 –8 see also nibandhas (digests )
earliest external references 20 –1
early textual production 20 –3
educational setting 371 –2
as an elite ideology 3 –4
extinction of foundational texts 28 –9
foundational texts 15 –29
as a historical intellectual tradition 480
history and innovation 5 –6
history of the reception of 371 –82
influence on expert Sanskrit traditions 372 –5
innovations of Manu 23 –5
as an intellectual project 3 –4
and the invention of “Hindu Law” 377 –80
nature of commentaries 31 –4
and pilgrimage 335 , 338
and practice 3 –4
relevance after independence 380 –2
ritual obsession of 6 –8
role in documentary sources 375 –7
scholarly debate 11 , 22 –4
as a social science 480 –2
theistic 356 –60
and the Yadava dynasty 482 –7
Dharmasūtras
dates of 21
differing views in the 22 –3
earliest external references to 20 –1
subjects in the 21 –2
dhvaja (banner or flag) 455 –6
dhvajin (surā seller) 463
dietary rules, and food 189 –96
digests see nibandhas (digests )
dissolution of marriage 134 –6
distant relatives, and inheritance 169
divorce 134 –5
divya (ordeal) 27 , 290 , 296 , 413
documentary sources 375 –7
documents, and legal procedure 292 , 295
domestic rites, and solemn rites 210 –11
domestic ritual codes see Gṛhyasūtras (ritual codes )
donations 68 –71 , 198 –200 , 231 , 235 , 339 , 345 , 352 , 376
Draupadi 127 –8 , 131 , 133 , 137 –8
duhitṛ see children
dūṣya (corrupt, vile) 8 see also corruption
dvija (twice-born)
and castes 9
history of term 64
use of term 21 –2
and varṇa system 63 , 102 –4
East India Company 378
economic mobility
of Śūdras 71 –4
and varṇa system 76
economics
and business 496 –505
and dharma 496 –500
and the titles of law 500 –5
educational setting, for the reception of Dharmaśāstra 371 –2
embodiment
and animal terms 468 –70
of dharma in animals 466 –79
and fractured beings 474 –7
humans becoming animals 477 –9
in religious history 470 –2
emergencies, law during see āpaddharma (law during emergencies )
emotions 419 –31
ecological approach to 419 –22
and law 425
and marriage 425 –7
and rituals 424 –5 , 429 –30
and the social order 422 –4
unruly 426 –30
epigraphical sources, role of Dharmaśāstra in 375 –7
excluded persons, from inheritance 171
excommunication 316
expert traditions, influence of Dharmaśāstra in Sanskrit 372 –5
Failure to Perform Indentured Service title of law 504 –5
family 9
fish, rules on eating 192
Five Great Acts of Worship 185
Five Great Sacrifices 17 , 88 , 109 –10 , 126 , 194 , 379
food
and brahmacarya 107
and dietary rules 189 –96
foreigners (mlecchas ) 8 , 63 , 64
forensic evidence 289
forest hermit 80 , 236 , 237 –8 , 239 , 241
foundational texts 15 –29
after Manu 26 –8
early textual production 20 –3
extinction of 28 –9
innovations of Manu 23 –5
four ages (yuga ) 6
fractured beings, and embodiment of animals in dharma 474 –7
funeral and ancestral offerings 208
domestic model 210 –13
educated discourse and untextualized traditions 217 –19
reflections on in the legal tradition 214 –15
ritualist and renouncer 215 –17
shifting ritual paradigms 213 –14
Vedic model 208 –10
Gāndharva marriage 130
gaṇikās (courtesans, “female sex workers”) 149
Gautama
on āśrama 82 –4
author of Dharmaśāstra 19 , 28
on Brahmins and rulers 61
on dharma 21 –2
on the epistemic sources of dharma 53
on the epistemology of dharma 50
on gifting 199
on kings 259 –60 , 268
on legal procedure 284 –5
on penance 321
on sin 314 , 316
on snātaka 119 –20
on varṇa system 73
on vyavahāra 305 –6
genealogy, Manu’s phenomenological 446 –51
gifting 197 –207 see also dāna (religious gift )
based on dharma 207
later developments 205 –7
non-reciprocity 201 –5
proper recipients 198 –201
gift-marriages 131
gods, images of 350 –2
gṛhastha (householder)
and āśrama 79 –84
and celibacy 243
and conceptual renewal 16 –20
and marriage 125 –36
meaning 16 –17
Gṛhyasūtras (ritual codes)
and brahmacarya 101 –7 , 108 –11
on the dead body 417 –18
on funeral and ancestral offerings 210 –15
on image worship and temple practices 352 –6
and religious practices 349 , 350
on saṃskāras 88 –9 , 96
on snātaka 114
guarding, of women 137 –9
Gupta empire 26 , 292
happiness 422 –3
Hārīta 23 , 88
Hastings, Warren 173 –4 , 378 –9
Hemādri 330 –1 , 484 –5 , 488 , 489 , 490 , 492 –5
heretics (pāṣaṇḍa ) 8
Hindu Code Bills 381
“Hindu Law” 377 –80
Hindu Succession Act, The (1956) 178
Hindu Tantra, on image worship and temple practices 365 –7
Hinduism
and Dharmaśāstra 6 , 8 –10 , 376 –7 , 379 , 381 –2
and reincarnation 208
temple 36 , 337 –9 , 347 –8 , 356 , 363
theism 364 –7
vows in contemporary 332 –4
homological body 415 –16
horse sacrifice 128
house, purification of a 229 –30
householder 83 –4 see also gṛhastha (householder )
and food transactions 194
married snātaka 118 –21
and punishment 279 –81
rituals of 7
husband and wife 133 –4
iconodules, of the Vedic religion 352 –6
iconophobic orthodoxy 348 –52
images
development in religious practices 347 –8
orthodox iconophobes 348 –52
purāṇic theists 360 –4
theist outside smṛti 364 –7
theistic Dharmaśāstra 356 –60
vedic inconodules 352 –6
worship 353 –6
impurity 220 –35
of the body and property 224 –6
contexts of 220 –1
of death 226 –9 , 234
internal 230 –2
types of 223
independence, of women 137 –42
India
independence 380 –2
social and political transformation 23 –4 , 26
Indian Law
and Buddhist Monastic Code 383 –401
and Dharmaśāstra 376 –80
Indra 365 –7
influences
of Buddhism 383 –401
reception of Dharmaśāstra 381 –2
inheritance 164 –78
and ascendants 168 –9
in British hands 173 –8
and caste 172
and close relatives 168 –9
and daughters 161
death of the law of 178
and descendants 165 –8
and distant relatives 169
and excluded persons 171
law of 164 –5
and property excluded from partition 171
in the Sanskrit commentaries 172 –3
in the smṛtis 165 –72
and timing of ownership 175
unrelated heirs 169
and women 144 –7 , 169 –71
initiation (upanayana ) see upanayana (Vedic initiation )
initiatory saṃskāras 93 –4
innovation, of Dharmaśāstra 5 –6
institutions, and dharma 19 –20
“intermediate castes” (antarāla ) 61 , 62 –3
internal impurity 230 –2
Islam, legalism and law in 2
Itihāsas 35
Jarāsandha, killing of 122 –3
Jīmūtavāhana, Dāyabhāga 174 –7
Jnandev 483 , 487
Jones, (Sir) William 174
Judaism, legalism and law in 2
judge/judges 173 –4 , 177 , 276 –9 , 283 –90 , 293 , 296 –7 , 303 –4
kalpa (to bring something in proper order) 433
Kāṇva 23
kanyādāna (gift of the bride) 95 , 97 , 130 , 132 , 142 , 160 , 376
karma(n) (action; deed; rite) 432 , 436 , 467 , 474 –6
Kātyāyana 20 , 29 , 309 –11
Kauṭilya, Arthaśāstra 25 , 27 , 64 , 80 , 257 , 262 –5 , 277 , 286 –90 , 292 , 297 –8 , 302 –4 , 308 , 309 , 497 –9
kings
Dharmaśāstra on 257 –72
and legal procedure 285 , 290 , 292 –3
and punishment 273 –82
and varṇa system 60 –2
whole duty of 267 –71
kinship, and daughters 159 –62
kriyā (action)
as evidence 292
as ritual 432
Kṣatriyas (kings and nobility)
and āśrama 85
and Brahmins 76 –7
castes 8 , 18 –19 , 61 –2
punishment for transgression 412
role of 68 –9
kṣetraja (son born of the [husband’s] “field”) 157 –8 , 159 see also sons
and inheritance 167
Kullūka 65 , 72
Kumārila 35 , 56
Lakṣmīdhara 41 –2 , 328 –30 , 336 , 341 –2 , 360 –4
law and legal procedure see also vyavahāra (legal procedure ; lawsuit )
during emergencies 245 –56
and emotions 425
epistemology of 49 –59
Manu’s innovation regarding 25
representation 293
and ritual 7
rules of change 57 –8
and women 139 –41
Yājñavalkya and 27
legal digests, on the epistemic sources of dharma 30 –1 , 57
lekhya (legal document) 27 , 292
life-cycle rituals see saṃskāra (rites of passage )
likhita (legal document) 27 , 292
Līḷācaritra 482 , 486 , 487 –95
lokavidviṣṭa (despised by the world) 6
Madanapāla 321
Mādhava 28 , 32
madya (intoxicating beverage) 460
Mahābhārata
and dharma 373 –4
on law during emergencies 252 –6
on pilgrimage 336 –41
on snātaka 121 –4
Mahanubhavs 487 –93
majority, and minority 152 –5
malina (stained) 220
Manu
on ācāra 180 –3
on the ascetic body 414 –15
on ascetics 240 –2
on āśrama 84 –5 , 442 –3
author of Dharmaśāstra 28
on behavior 427 –30
on the dead body 417 –18
on divine embodiment 415 –16
on emotions 430 –1
on the epistemic sources of dharma 54
and the expansion of āpaddharma 252 –6
on food and diet 194 –6
on funeral and ancestral offerings 216
on gifting 197 –8
innovations of 23 –8
on king 265 , 268 –71
and legal procedure 290 –2
Mānava Dharmaśāstra 120 , 180 –3 , 252 –6 , 268 , 299 –300 , 307 –10
on the metaphorical body 408 –10
on mixed classes 71 , 74
phenomenological genealogy of 446 –51 , 452 –3
on punishment 274 –6
on religious practices 350 –1
on rules of change in dharma 58 –9
on sacred territory 60 –1
on saṃskāras 87 –8
on snātaka 120
on the transgressing body 410 –14
on varṇa system 65 , 67 , 69 –70 , 74
on vyavahāra 307 –10
on vyavahārapadas 299 –300
on women 137 –41 , 142 , 145 –50
on world ages (yugas ) 67 –8
manuscripts, lost 28 –9
Marathi literary vernacularization 481 –2
Līḷācaritra 487 –95
and the Yadava dynasty 482 –7
Mārkaṇḍeya, on image worship and temple practices 359 –60
marriage 127 –34
annulment 134
ceremony 132 –3 , 141 –2
dissolution of 134 –6
divorce and supersession 134 –5
and emotions 425 –7
and gṛhastha 125 –6
how many 127 –8
intermarriage 71 –3
legal relationship of 133 –4
responsibilities of 134
and ritual partnership 142 –4
saṃskāras 95
types of 129 –32
in the Vedic domestic ritual codes (Gṛhyasūtras) 101 , 110 –11
when and age 128 –9
whom to marry 127
widows and widowers 135 –6
Mataṇga, story of 66 –7
material culture and society 455 –65
Mayata Hari 494 –5
meat eating 195 –6
Medhātithi
on the epistemic sources of dharma 56 –7
on incorporation of a conquered people 60 –3
as a major commentator 38 –9
Manubhāṣya 311 –12
on punishment 277 –81
on religious practices 351 –2
meditation, and wandering mendicant 242
mendicant 82 , 84 , 238 –44
menstruation 144 , 229
milk, rules on drinking 192
Mīmāṃsā
on the epistemic sources of dharma 55 –6
on religious practices 352
on sacrifice 438
minority, and majority 152 –5
misogyny 137 –9
Mitramiśra
on ācāra 186 –7
Vīramitrodaya 37
mixed classes (varṇasaṃkaras ) 61 , 64 , 71 –4
marginalization 62 –3
mlecchas (foreigners) 8 , 63 , 64
mokṣa (liberation) 25 , 241 –2
monetary punishment 275
moral regulation, and emotions 427 –8
mother, woman’s role as 147
Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya , and dharma 384 –401
murder, of Brahmins 317 , 319
mūrtis , and pilgrimage 337
Nārada
and legal procedure 27 –8 , 293
on punishment 274 , 275 –7 , 281
on vyavahāra 308 , 309
Nārayaṇabhaṭṭa, Tristhalīsetu 342 –4
nāstikas (atheist) 8 , 349 , 351
Newar Buddhist life-cycle rituals 90 –1
nibandhas (digests) 30
authors 38 –45
on Dharmaśāstra 34 –8
and legal procedure 298
on pilgrimage 335 –8 , 341 –2 , 344 –6
on saṃskāras 89
on topics 30 , 34 –45
Nilakaṇṭha, Bhagavantabhāskara (Bhagavanta the Sun) 44 –5
nīti (techniques of statecraft) 257
and dharma 258 , 262 , 264 , 267 , 268
niyama (restrictive observance) 326
niyoga (formalized sexual union between a woman and her husband’s brother) 136 , 157 –8 , 167 –8 , 254
Non-delivery after Sale title of law 501
Nonpayment of Wages title of law 501 –2
non-reciprocity 201 –5
normative practice (ācāra ) 51 –3 , 55 , 246 , 480 –2
nuns, woman’s role as 149 –50
occupational mobility, and āpaddharma 246 –54
old age saṃskāra 95 –6
once-born (ekaja ) 62 , 63
ordeals 27 , 290 , 295 –6 , 376 , 413
orders of life see āśrama (orders of life )
orthodoxy, Dharmaśāstra as arbiter of 8 –10
ownership
and inheritance 175
and marriage 133 –4
Paiśāca marriage 130
Parāśara 26 , 27 –8
author of Dharmaśāstra 28
on rules of change in dharma 58 –9
pariṣad/parṣad (assembly) 321 –3 , 377
Partnerships title of law 500 –1
pāṣaṇḍas (religious communities) 16 , 79 –81
Pāśupatas 37
pātakas (sins) 314 –15
patanīyas (sins) 314
Patañjali 20 –1 , 51 –3
patita (fallen from caste) 9 , 172
“pātra principle” (worthy recipient) 199 –200 , 203 , 205 , 207
penance 313 –24
and animal embodiment 477
public 318 –23
secret 318 –20
and surā banner 461 –2 , 464 –5
phenomenology 445 , 446 –51
pilgrimage 335 –46
and dharma 217
origins of 336 –41
places 341 –2
rules and regulation 342 –6
piṇḍadāna (giving of rice balls) 209 –11 , 470
plaint 287 –9 , 292 –5 , 299
plea 287 , 292 , 294 –5
polyandry 127
polygamy 128
practice see ācāra (practice ; customary law )
Prajnasagar 494 –5
pratiṣṭhā (establishment of images and temples) 354 , 361 –4
pravrajita (ascetic gone forth from home) 16 –18 , 79 –81
prāyaścitta (penance) 313 –24 see also penance
prenatal saṃskāras 90 –2
property
excluded from partition 171
and purification 225 –6
and women 144 –7
psychology, and cosmology 451 –2 , 464 –5
pūjā (to honor) 432
and pilgrimage 337
and ritual theory 439 –40
punishment 273 –82
and animal embodiment 472 –3
for attracting women 491 –5
and the body 410 –14
and body history 471
and surā banner 461 –2 , 464 –5
Purāṇas
and Dharmaśāstra 34 –7 , 374
on image worship and temple practices 360 –4
on pilgrimage 336 , 341
on vratas 326 –7 , 331 –2
purification 220 –35
of the body and property 224 –6
and daily duties 181 –4
definition 221
of a house 229 –30
as a priestly competence 220 –3
ritual 221 –3
self 180 –4
and social anthropology 232 –5
types of 223
Puruṣa Sūkta 18 , 25 , 411
on the metaphorical body 408 –9
Pūrvamīmāṃsā
ritual obsession of 6 –7
on sacrifice 437
putra (son) 151 see also sons
putrikā (appointed daughter) 156 –7 , 159 , 168
woman’s role as 148 –9
rājadharma (law for kings) 257 –72
overview 258 –67 , 271 –2
as a theological category 257 –8
the whole duty of the king 267 –71
Rākṣasa marriage 130
Rāmāyaṇa , and dharma 373
recipients of gifts 197 –201
recitation
and brahmacarya 109 –10
of the Veda 53 –5
recollection (smṛti ), as the epistemic source of dharma 53 –4 , 57
religious history
and animal embodiment 477 –8
as body history 470 –2
religious law
and business 500 –5
under colonialism 377 –80
and Dharmaśāstra 376 –7
post-Independence 380 –2
religious practices 347 –67
remarriage 136
renunciate
and funeral and ancestral rites 215 –17
woman’s role as 149 –50
responsibilities in marriage 134
reverse order (pratiloma ) in marriage 73 –4
Ṛgveda 6 , 98 , 208 –9
rites of passage see saṃskāra (rites of passage )
ritual 432 –41
and animal embodiment 477 –8
definition 433 –4
and emotions 424 –5 , 429 –30
and funeral and ancestral rites 210 –13 , 215 –17
and marriage 142 –4
meaninglessness of 440 –1
obsession with details of 6 –8
purity 221 –3
and sacrifice 436 –8
status of women 142 –4
structure and “grammar” 434 –6
sutras 22
theory 436 –41
Vedic model of funeral and ancestral offerings 208 –10
root-text (mūla )
and commentaries 30 –3
of Dharmaśāstra 37 –8
rules and regulation, of pilgrimage 342 –6
rules of change, in law 57 –8
Śabara 55 –6 , 352
sacred thread ceremony (upanayana) 9 , 93 –4
sacrifice
and animals 472
Dharmaśāstra on 438
and ritual theory 436 –8
and social classes 68 –70
structure and “grammar” 435
in Vedic literature 348 –50
sadācāra (conduct of the good) 54 –5 , 60
Śaiva Āgamas 36 –7 , 365 –7
Sale by a Non-owner title of law 502 –4
saliva, and purification 225
saṃghas (guild), as Buddhist Community 385 –8 , 400
saṃnyāsa (adoption of renunciant asceticism) 240
saṃskāra (rites of passage) 86 –97
birth and child 92 –3
Dharmaśāstra on 89 , 96
history of 89 –90
initiatory 93 –4
marriage 95
old age, death and ancestor rituals 95 –6
prenatal 90 –2
and ritual 432
and ritual theory 439
as rituals of transcendence 96 –7
sources 88 –9
traditional Hindu 90 –6
and women 143 –4
samuccaya (aggregation; sequence) 7
‘Sanglish’ 1 –2
Sanskrit
and dharma 52
influence of Dharmaśāstra on 372 –5
Sanskrit literature, and Dharmaśāstra 374 –5
saubhāgya (welfare) 333
śauca see purification
“Scripture” (śruti ), as the Veda 54
self and subjectivity 442 –54
ascetic awareness 451 –4
phenomenological genealogy 446 –51
wandering ascetic 442 –6
sexual chastity, and brahmacarya 107
sin
linked to penance 313 –19
transference through gifting 205 –7
Śiva, worship of 364 –7
smṛtis
as the epistemic source of dharma 55 –6 , 58
inheritance in the 165 –72
snātaka (Vedic graduate) 113 –24
as Brahmin under special vows 121 –3
Dharmaśāstra on 114 –20
distinctive dharma 115 –17
as intermediate 117 –18
as married householder 118 –21
social anthropology, and purification 232 –5
social classes (varṇa ) see varṇa (social classes )
social ethics, and dharma 487 –95
social history
and commentaries 32 –4
and material culture 455 –65
social order, and emotions 422 –4
social science, Dharmaśāstra as a 480 –2 , 484
society, and material culture 455 –65
solemn rites, and domestic rites 210 –11
sons
importance of 9 , 151
and inheritance 166 –7
twelve 155 –9
spinster, woman’s role as 148
spirituality, hiding role of law and legalism 2 –3
śrāddha (ancestral offerings) 211 –14 see also funeral and ancestral offerings
ceremony 194 –5
and dharma 214 –15 , 217 –19
ritualist and renouncer 216 –17
strīdhana (women’s property) 145 –7 see also women
daughter’s right to 160 –1
and inheritance 170
Śūdras (servants and laborers)
as ascetics 243 –4
castes 8 –9 , 18 –19 , 24 , 63
and dharma 52
economic mobility of 68 –71
and emotions 423
exclusion from religious life 81
historical evidence 64 –5
Manu on 25
marginalization 62
punishment for transgression 411 –12
suicide, and emotions 427
supercession, and marriage 134 –5
surā (ale) 456 –65
surādhvaja (surā banner or flag) 455 –6 , 461 –5
Svayaṃvara (self-choice) marriage 131 –2
taboos
menstrual and childbirth 144
and social anthropology 232
temple Hinduism
absent in ancient India 347 –8
Brahmins and 353 –6
growth of 36 , 349 –52
and pilgrimage 337 –9
theism, outside smṛti 364 –7
Three Debts 185 –6
ṭīkā (commentary) 30
tīrthas (pilgrimage places) 335 , 338 –41 , 341 –6
tīrthayātrā (pilgrimage) 335 see also pilgrimage
titles of law 299 –312
and business 500 –5
trade, and Śūdras 70
transcendence, saṃskāras as rituals of 96 –7
transgression, and punishment 410 –14
transitional body 417 –18
twice-born (dvija ) see dvija (twice-born )
ucchiṣṭa (leftovers) 220
uniform civil code (UCC) 380
unruly emotions 426 –30
untouchables (aspṛśya ) 9 , 60 , 63 , 64 , 74 –6
upanayana (Vedic initiation)
and age 102 –4
and brahmacarya 99 –100 , 103
and Brahminhood 106 –7
and castes 9
and children 153 –4
and initiatory saṃskāra 89 –90 , 93 –4
requirements of 107
and social classes 62
utsava (festival) 432
vaikhānasa (forest hermit) 237 see also vānaprastha (hermit )
Vaiṣṇava , on image worship and temple practices 356 –60
Vaiśyas (farmers and merchants)
and business 496 –505
castes 8 , 19
dharma for 496 –500
Dharmaśāstra on 496 –7 , 499 –500
punishment for transgression 412
role of 68
and varṇa system 62
Vajra, and rituals 359 –60
vānaprastha (hermit) 80 , 237
varṇa (social classes)
and Brahmins 18 –19
and caste theory 76 –7
controlling social and economic mobility 67 –71
and dharma 18 –19 , 60 –77
and Dharmaśāstra 8 –9
historical evidence 64 –5
ideology 65 –7
mixed classes 71 –4
mobility control 76
occupational mobility 252 –4
summary 63 –4
system 21
untouchables 74 –6
vārttā (economy) 497 –8
Varuṇa, as the lord of punishment 275
Vasiṣṭha
author of Dharmaśāstra 28
Dharmaśāstra of 19 , 21
on the epistemic sources of dharma 53 –4
on food and diet 191 –2
on funeral and ancestral offerings 218
on kings 261
and legal procedure 285 –6
on vyavahāra 307
Veda 348 –52
as the epistemic source of dharma 50 –7
iconodules 352 –6
iconophobic orthodoxy 348 –52
rules for study 108 –9
and rules of change 58
and sacrifice 348 –50
students of 98 –9
threats to Brahmins (scholars and priests) 36
vedamūla (texts rooted in the Veda) 55
veda-vratas (special vows of the Veda) 107 –8
Vedic graduate see snātaka (Vedic graduate )
Vedic student see brahmacarya (studentship )
vegetables, rules on eating 192
vegetarianism 195
vernacularization 480 –95
dharma and social ethics 487 –95
and Dharmaśāstra 482 –7
Vijñāneśvara, Mitāksarā 38 –41 , 174 –8 , 314 , 320 –1
vikalpa (option) 7
Vinaya (Monastic Code; Buddhist law) 184 , 383 –401
Viṣṇu 26 , 27
author of Dharmaśāstra 28
on kings 266 –7
on varṇa system 70
worship of 353 –60 , 363 –7
Viśvarūpa 55
on penance 319
vivāha (“carrying off”) 132 –3 see also marriage
vivṛti (commentary) 30
vows and observances see vrata (vow )
vrata (vow) 325 , 432
Dharmaśāstra on 325 –34
elements of standard 328 –32
semantic development 325 –8
and women 327 –8 , 330 –4
vyavahāra (legal procedure; lawsuit) 283 –98 , 299 –301 , 311 –12
in the Dharmaśāstra 304 –7 , 307 –11
and economics and business 499
origins of 301 –4
and punishment 277 –9
vyavahārajña (competent for legal transactions) 154
vyavahāramātṛka (judicial procedure) 300
vyavahārapada (matter under dispute, or area of litigation) 290 –1 , 299 –301 , 311 –12 see also titles of law
in the Dharmaśāstra 307 –11
in the Dharmasūtras 304 –7
origins of 301 –4
wandering mendicant 238 –44
widow-burning (sahagamana ) 33 , 34
widows and widowers 135 –6
wills 164
witnesses 141 , 151 , 284 –8 , 290 , 292 , 295 –6 , 425
wives 9
women 137 –50
(alternative) roles for 147 –50
(lack of) independence and legal status 137 –42
as ascetics 243
and dharma 52
guarding of 137 –9
legal status 137 –41
life stages 141 –2
menstrual and childbirth taboos 144
menstruation and impurity 229
property and inheritance 144 –7 , 169 –71
punishment for sex with 412
ritual status 142 –4
and sex 426
teaching of 491 –5
and vratas 327 –8 , 330 –4
world ages see yugas
worldly speech, and dharma 52
worship
acts of 185 –6
daily duties 180
of images and temple practices 352 –67
and pilgrimage 337 –9
and ritual theory 439 –40
Yadava dynasty, and Marathi literary vernacularization 482 –9
Yājñavalkya 26 –7 , 54 , 55
on ācāra 183 –4 , 186 –8
on āśrama 84
author of Dharmaśāstra 28
on king 266
laws of 161
and legal procedure 292 –7
on religious practices 350
on sin 317 –19
on varṇa system 73
on vyavahāra 301 , 308 , 309
yati 80 , 111 , 123 , 181 , 239 , 442 see also ascetics ; wandering mendicant
yoga, focus on 27
Yudhiṣṭhira, and social classes 66
yugas , and weakening of dharma 67 –8