N.B. In some cases I have used different editions of the same title, because I have worked on this book in different places and the same edition was not always available
Preface
1. Franz Grillparzer, Sämmtliche Werke, vol. I, Stuttgart 1872, 192–4
2. Beyle, Vie de Napoléon, 1; see also Salvatorelli; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 257
3. Bodinier, 328–9; see also Lefèbvre, 207; Lignereux, 213
1: A Reluctant Messiah
1. Bailleu, I/163; Williams, 8–9
2. Staël, Considérations, XIII/192–3; Bourrienne, 1831, II/216; see also Jomard, 17–18
3. Espitalier, 52; Bailleu, I/165; Dumont Romain, 2
4. Recueil, 3
5. Recueil, 4; Dumont Romain, 3; Staël, Considérations, XIII/199; Bailleu, I/164; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 257
6. Williams, 8–9; Espitalier, 50
7. Recueil, 4; Espitalier, 49
8. Mallet du Pan, II/356; Espitalier, 56–7; Bourrienne, 1831, II/216; Mallet du Pan, II/371–2
9. Recueil, 6
10. Staël, Considérations, XIII/199; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 310; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/507
11. Recueil, 7
12. Ibid., 9
13. Ibid., 13
14. Ibid., 18
15. Ibid., 23
16. Bailleu, I/155
17. Ibid., 159; Bourrienne, 1831, II/219; Pontécoulant, II/489
18. Dumont Romain, 4; Recueil, 25; Pasquier, I/134
19. Bailleu, I/162; Espitalier, 143–7
20. Espitalier, 62; Mallet du Pan, II/384; Bailleu, I/167
21. Waresquiel, 232
2: Insular Dreams
1. Branda, Secrets, 25–7 (Gerard Lucotte’s study)
2. Defranceschi, 46–60; see also Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon; Paoli, Jeunesse; Carrington, Portrait, 17; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 27
3. Vergé-Franceschi, Paoli, 183–283
4. Vergé-Franceschi, Paoli, 183–4, 188, 283, 295, 9; Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 73; Boswell
5. There are differences of opinion on the subject. See: Simiot, 5; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 29; Branda, Le Prix, 19–20; Carrington, Napoleon, 14, 19–20; Carrington, Portrait, 11–14; Charles Napoléon, 66; Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 43–51, 55ff; Bartel, 17
6. There is no evidence for the story in Carrington, Portrait, 15–17, 26–8; Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 54, 73; Paoli, 27, etc., of Carlo going to Rome and living it up there
7. Boswell, 96
8. On the alleged authorship of the proclamation, see: Carrington, Portrait, 37; Paoli, 29; Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 76. See also: Carrington, Napoleon, 78, 44–5; Vergé-Franceschi, Paoli, 376; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 41
9. Paoli, 30–1; Carrington, Portrait, 46, 42–3; Carrington, Napoleon, 43
10. Versini, 21; Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 90, 95; Carrington, Portrait, 43
11. Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 30; on stories surrounding his birth, see also: Charles Napoléon, 92; Carrington, Napoleon; Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 13
12. Versini, 26; Carrington, Napoleon, 53–5; Defranceschi, 70
13. Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 107–11, 121; Carrington, Portrait, 58; Versini, 33
14. Bartel, 38; Versini, 60–1; Carrington, Portrait, 48
15. Carrington, Portrait, 50–2
16. Paoli, 43
17. Carrington, Portrait, 57, 55–6; Carrington, Napoleon, 65, 78
18. Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 48; Versini, 86; Charles Napoléon, 98; Defranceschi, 72
19. Versini, 64; Bartel, 40–3; Charles Napoléon, 105; Carrington, Portrait, 66, 72–3; Carrington, Napoleon, 103
20. Larrey, Madame Mère, 528–9; Masson, Jeunesse, 36; Chuquet, I/50; Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819, 137
21. Larrey, Madame Mère, 528, 530
22. Larrey, Madame Mère, 529; see also: Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 294–5; Paoli, 45, 50; Chuquet, I/78; Defranceschi, 79–80
23. Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 319; Carrington, Portrait, 48–9
24. The story that he travelled through Italy, related by Coston, I/17–18, has been disproved by Versini, 78–9; Marcaggi, 65; Carrington, Paoli and others
25. Masson, Napoléon Inconnu, I/49
26. Defranceschi, 82
3: Boy Soldier
1. Bartel, 61; Masson, Napoléon Inconnu, I/54
2. Paoli, 68–73; Chuquet, I/113–14
3. Bartel, 62–4
4. Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 335
5. Some Account, 24; Bartel, 259; Bourrienne, 1829, I/25. Des Mazis seems to place this at the École Militaire; see also Thiard, 51–2
6. Belly de Bussy, 235; Some Account, 27, 13
7. Bourrienne, 1829, I/30; Bartel, 255; Gourgaud, I/252–3
8. Napoleon, Oeuvres, I/xx; Some Account, 29–31; Chuquet, I/118, 129
9. Carrington, Napoleon, 103; Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 49; Versini, 72–4; Defranceschi, 85–6
10. Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, 50; Versini, 74–6
11. Garros, 25; Tulard & Garros, 20–1
12. Carrington, Napoleon, 129; Versini, 174–6; Defranceschi, 72
13. Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819, 136–7
14. Napoleon, Correspondance Générale, (henceforth CG), I/43–4
15. Ibid.; Lucien Bonaparte, I/24–5
16. Bartel. 87
17. Paoli, 84; Tulard & Garros, 24
18. Masson, Jeunesse, 110; Chuquet, I/200–3; Bartel, 119
19. Chuquet, I/200ff.; Bartel, 107ff; Masson, Jeunesse, 90–1; Bien, 69–98
20. Marcaggi, 62; CG, I/49; Pachoński, 243–6
21. CG, I/45. See also Las Cases, 1905, I/94
22. The supposedly prophetic story of Carlo crying out as he was dying that Napoleon would avenge him (Chuquet, I/212; Joseph, Mémoires, I/29) can be safely dismissed
23. CG, I/47
24. Masson, Jeunesse, 113
25. Bartel, 255–6
26. Ibid., 256, 258, 136
27. Ibid., 258, 257
28. Ibid., 257–8
29. Marcaggi, 67; see also Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/267
30. Bartel, 79, 256, 259, 261; Avallon, 10–17; Las Cases, 1905, I/95
31. Masson, Jeunesse, 129, 139; see also Abrantès, I/112–13
32. Bartel, 260
4: Freedom
1. Paoli, 108–9; Simiot, 39–40
2. Las Cases, 1905, I/100
3. Bartel, 148–9, 261; Paoli, 113; Las Cases, 1905, I/102; Masson, Napoléon et les Femmes, 8
4. Paoli, 112, 109; Beyle, Vie de Napoléon, 28; Napoleon, Oeuvres, I/xxi
5. Napoleon, Oeuvres, I/37–8
6. Paoli, 102; Joseph, Mémoires, I/33
7. Ibid., 32–3; Charles Napoléon, 137–8; Paoli, 128, 133
8. Paoli, 133, 138; Garros, 32; see also Branda, Le Prix, 19–20
9. Napoleon, Oeuvres, I/68–9; Joseph, Mémoires, I/38
10. Branda, Secrets, 35
11. Napoleon, Oeuvres, I/55–6
12. Paoli, 163; CG, I/65; Chuquet, I/308; Napoleon, Oeuvres, I/85ff
13. Paoli, 29–30, 247, 43–9
14. Ibid., 67, 237, 451
15. CG, I/67, 70; Simiot, 50; Bartel, 261
16. CG, I/68, 72, 74; Thiard, 37–8
17. Chuquet, I/357; CG, I/72–3
18. CG, I/74, 72
19. Ibid., 76; Napoleon, Oeuvres, I/67, II/53 (according to Defranceschi, 20–1, the text was later heavily doctored by Napoleon)
20. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/69; Masson, Jeunesse, 196
21. CG, I/77, 78–9; Coston, II/92–3
22. CG, I/81
23. Paoli, 178; Coston, 92–3
5: Corsica
1. Masson, Napoléon Inconnu, II/107–15
2. Paoli, 193; Garros, 41
3. CG, I/83; Paoli, 198; Chuquet, II/103; Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/70. See also Defranceschi, 126
4. Chuquet, II/129–34; CG, I/84
5. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 86; Chuquet, II/103, 109
6. Marcaggi, 134, 162, breaks this down into two events, placing the confrontation in the Olmo in July, which is almost certainly wrong; Masson, Napoléon Inconnu, II/107–15
7. Masson, 105–6; Chuquet, II/110–24. The story of Napoleon making a sarcastic remark about Paoli’s command at Ponte Novo can be dismissed
8. CG, I/89; Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/133–5
9. Paoli, 198; CG, I/97; Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/133–5
10. CG, I/100
11. Ibid., 97
12. Masson, Jeunesse, II/349
13. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/225ff, 229, 231
14. Chuquet, II/217; Masson, Jeunesse, II/262; Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/254
15. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/243, 249, 260, 293–4
16. Masson, Jeunesse, II/251
17. According to Branda, Le Prix, there was money; Defranceschi, 154–5 believes Luciano left only debts; see also Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 96. Joseph’s story (Mémoires, I/47) that Luciano prophesied Napoleon’s greatness on his deathbed can be dismissed
18. Schuermans, 11; Chuquet, II/246; Nasica, 175; Garros, 48
19. Nasica, 183–5; Marcaggi, 220–1; Chuquet, II/248
20. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 97–9 (Charles Napoléon (190) believes it was Saliceti); Chuquet, II/359–75; Nasica, 211ff.; Masson, Napoléon Inconnu, II/357ff, 385; Marcaggi, 229–50; Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/305
6: France or Corsica
1. Chuquet, III/90; Marcaggi, 253
2. Chuquet, III/16–18
3. Bourrienne, 1829, I/48
4. CG, I/110, 112
5. Bourrienne, 1829, I/49–50; CG, I/113; quoted in Garros, 50; CG, I/114
6. CG, I/116, 112
7. Masson, Napoléon Inconnu, II/397, 394–5
8. Ibid., 397
9. CG, I/116
10. Las Cases, 1983, II/114
11. Ibid., 114–15; see also Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/269
12. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 102; Paoli, 302
13. Lucien Bonaparte, Mémoires, I/74–6
14. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/333; CG, I/123; see also Garros & Tulard, 55
15. Defranceschi, 192ff
16. See Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 108
17. CG, I/124–5, 126; Paoli, 343; Garros & Tulard, 56; Masson, Napoleon Inconnu, II/426
18. See Chuquet, III/133–5; probably the leanest account is in Defranceschi, who (158–60, 210–11) believes most of it is nonsense
19. Paoli, 345–6
20. Ibid., 359–60
21. Chuquet, III/142–3; Charles Napoléon, 215
7: The Jacobin
1. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 109
2. Simiot, 69
3. Masson, Jeunesse, claims he did, but as Garros, 59–62, points out, this is doubtful
4. The various possibilities are summed up in Garros & Tulard, 60–6; Schuermans, 15–17; Chuquet, III/159–61. According to Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/81, he wrote to the war ministry requesting promotion to lieutenant-colonel in the artillery of the navy; according to Chuquet, III/160, he requested a post in army of the Rhine. There is no trace of these letters in CG
5. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/388, 369–75
6. Gourgaud, II/273; seealso Abrantès, Mémoires, I/38. For Saliceti’s attitude, see Garros, 63
7. Quoted by Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 126
8. Victor, 26, 30
9. Chuquet, III/176; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/7–12
10. CG, I/129, 133, 136
11. Chuquet, III/194; Garros, 64; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/16–17
12. CG, I/131–142; qutoed Garros, 64
13. Marmont, I/40–1
14. Masson, Napoleon et sa Famille, I/83
15. CG, I/142–7; Chuquet, III/203–4
16. Coston, II/237
17. Chuquet, III/212, 213; Poupé, 64
18. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/29
19. Las Cases, 1983, I/118–19; Victor, 70–1; Marmont, I/44–5
20. Quoted by Dwyer, Napoleon, 143; Poupé, 92; Tulard, Fayard, Fierro, 152
21. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 133; Dwyer, Napoleon, 145
22. CG, I/154
23. Chuquet, III/229–30; Coston, II/242–4, 245–50
24. Victor, 28
25. On his catching scabies, see: Gourgaud, I/302; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 169; Roberts, Napoleon, 49 and 50 (note)
26. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/834; Simiot, 76; Barras, I/288; Des Genettes, II/357–8; Metternich, Mémoires, I/312
8: Adolescent Loves
1. Simiot, 79
2. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/399–404
3. Ibid. For his views on Robespierre, see: Casanova, 141–4; Englund, 68; Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819, 272; Joseph, Mémoires, I/111–12
4. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/399–404; also, Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 170
5. Coston, II/278–80
6. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/97. For the story that Joseph had wanted to marry Désirée and been told to marry Julie instead by Napoleon, see Haegele, 72–3
7. CG, I/196
8. Coston, II/285–6
9. CG, I/197; Coston, II/292; Garros, 73; Dwyer, Napoleon, 154–5
10. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 145
11. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/97; CG, I/201–2
12. Las Cases, 1983, I/122
13. Garros, 75
14. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/62–3
15. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 145
16. CG, I/221, 218–20
17. Marmont, I/60–1; Chastenay, 203
18. Chastenay, 203–4
19. Ibid., 206, 206–8
20. See Fraser, Venus, 1–18
21. CG, I/243
22. Lavalette, 117; see also Frénilly, 235
23. Marmont, I/88; CG, I/246 (in Las Cases, 1983, I/598, he says he was horrified at the ‘Babylon’ and the perversions of Paris)
24. CG, I/224–6
25. Ibid., 226–7, 232–3
26. Ibid., 233–4, 235–6, 238–9, 241, 242; Marmont, I/64; see also Haegele, 76–82 and Branda, Le Prix, 30–3
27. CG, I/230–1, 237–8, 235–6, 246, 248–9; Haegele, 85–6; CG, I/233
28. CG, I/248
29. On the Clary family, see Girod de l’Ain, 19
30. Girod de l’Ain, 51, 54, 55
31. CG, I/227–9
32. Ibid., 229
33. Ibid., 231–2, 232–3; Girod de l’Ain, 70; CG, I/246; Haegele, 86; Bruce, 119
34. Marmont, I/62; see also Abrantès, Mémoires, I/275–6
35. Abrantès, Mémoires, I/254, 265; Bourrienne, 1829, I/78–81
36. Barras, I/242, 285; Ouvrard, I/20–2; see also Masson, Napoléon et les Femmes, 17
37. Pontécoulant, I/325; CG, I/244–5; 246, 248–9
38. Napoleon, Oeuvres, II/442–51
39. Pontécoulant, I/326, 327–35; CG, I/254; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 151; see also Roederer, III/327
40. CG, I/254
41. Ibid., 256, 257, 258–62
42. Ibid., 262, 263
43. Ibid., 262, 268, 252; Pontécoulant, I/343–4
9: General Vendémiaire
1. CG, I/265
2. Barras, I/242
3. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/80; Barras, I/250, 303 maliciously claims that Napoleon discussed with the insurgents the possibility of joining them if they would give him command. See also Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/352, on his dislike of the existing authorities
4. Barras, I/250; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/81
5. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/84; Dwyer, Napoleon, 174
6. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/84–6, 523–6; CG, I/269
7. Barras, I/253–5, 261ff, 282; Dwyer, Napoleon, 176; Coston, II/342–5; Dwyer, Napoleon, 174; see also Pontécoulant, I/365–9
8. Barras, II/26; Marmont, I/95
9. Marmont, I/86; Coston, II/423–4; Las Cases, 1983, I/125; Gourgaud, I/254
10. Tulard, Fayard, Fierro, 380; Simiot, 98, 100–1; Dwyer, Napoleon, 178
11. CG, I/271–2; Le Nabour, 60; CG, I/280, also 287, 291, 293–4
12. Barras, I/348–58; CG, I/270, 280, 281
13. Gourgaud, II/263–4; Beauharnais, I/31–2; also Hortense, I/42; Lavalette, 127–8; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/87–8
14. Barras, II/56
15. Barras, II/52–3, 60, 60–1; Josephine, Correspondance, 50
16. CG, I/277–8, 290, 283; Barras, II/27; Lavalette, 129; Barras, II/60. See also Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819, 262
17. Barras, II/58
18. CG, I/285
19. There was gossip about his having paid court to various young women at Auxonne and Valence, but no evidence, and the story that he had proposed to Panoria Permon (Abrantès, II/47) can be dismissed. See also Marmont, I/94–5
20. Coston, II/347–9. The letter is almost too good to be true in the way it expresses so graphically everything we know or can infer of Josephine’s feelings and the nature of her relationship with Buonaparte, but it is hard to believe that anyone would have had the information in 1840 required to forge something so convincing. It also contradicts both Hortense, I/43 and Eugène, I/32, who state that they were against their mother remarrying. Eugène claims they saw it as ‘a profanation, an insult to the memory of my father’. Napoleon himself later recalled (Gourgaud, II/264) that Eugène was for and Hortense against the match. But the time and circumstances in which they were recording events might well explain this discrepancy
21. Pontécoulant, I/335; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 168; Dwyer, Napoleon, 181
22. Dwyer, Napoleon, 183
23. Coston, I/438–40; Barras, II/66
24. Branda, Secrets, 41–4
25. Ibid., 44
26. Joseph, Mémoires, I/136; Louis Bonaparte, Documents, I/47
27. Masson, Napoléon et les Femmes, 17; Girod de l’Ain, 96
28. CG, I/298
10: Italy
1. Bouvier, 47; Pelleport, I/38
2. CG, I/305, 310
3. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/130
4. Bodinier, 285; CG, I/305, 328; Bouvier, 19
5. Gourgaud, II/319; CG, I/304, 305
6. CG, I/303. See also Napoleon, Mémoires, I/130
7. Vigo-Roussillon, 29; Pelleport, I/37–8
8. Bodinier, 297
9. Bouvier, 15, 39
10. CG, I/315
11. Collot, 10; CG, I/310
12. CG, I/318–19, 323, 326
13. Bouvier, 209–11
14. Arnault, 423
15. Bouvier, 244
16. Ibid., 254; Bulletins, 20–2
17. Bouvier, 281; De Jaeghere, 26; for Napoleon’s expression of regret, see Costa de Beauregard, 336
18. De Jaeghere, 28; Bouvier, 431
19. Costa de Beauregard, 341
20. CG, I/357, 361–2
21. Collot, 13; Bulletins, 30–2; Collot, 11
22. Collot, 13; the story of a Gascon grenadier dubbing Bonaparte ‘the little corporal’ is almost certainly apocryphal. Most accounts, e.g. by Lejeune in Petiteau 36 or Collot 13, were written after the Mémorial was published, and they probably took it from there – see Bouvier, 533–6
23. CG, I/343–5
24. Joseph, Mémoires, I/61
25. Bouvier, 316–17; Collot, 14
26. CG, I/359, 357, 371–2
11: Lodi
1. See Chaptal, 296–7
2. Fugier, 35; CG, I/389
3. Bouvier, 527; Dwyer, Napoleon, 213; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/156–7, as usual exaggerates the number of prisoners taken and puts French losses at less than 200
4. Bouvier, 538; CG, I/392, 393; Fugier, 35; Dwyer, Napoleon, 216
5. CG, I/396–7
6. Ibid., 377; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/154–5; CG, I/357, 370–1
7. CG, I/398–400, 397–8; Dwyer, Napoleon, 217; Bouvier, 556
8. Méneval, I/427; Bertrand, III/77; Marmont, I/322–3, 353; Costa de Beauregard, 354, 340
9. Beyle, Vie de Napoléon, 3
10. Lavalette, 112; Marmont, I/22–3
11. Staël, de l’Influence, 37, 48, 23–4
12. Fugier, 34–40; Marmont, I/180ff
13. Vigo-Roussillon, 34–5
14. Beyle, Vie de Napoléon, 126–8
15. Bulletins, 43; Bouvier, 634–5
16. Fugier, 36; Bouvier, 589
17. CG, I/403; Coston, II/325; Miot de Melito, I/91
18. CG, I/416, 422, 443
19. Marmont, I/180–1
20. Bouvier, 538; Fugier, 38; see also Dwyer, Napoleon, 225
21. Launay, 149
22. CG, I/428, 433–4
23. Ibid., 407–8, 414, 435
24. Ibid., 443, 441, 448, 451, 453
25. Arnault, 392
26. Bruce, 180
27. Chevallier & Pincemaille, 137
28. CG, I/505, 506, 505–7, 517
12: Victory and Legend
1. These and other figures in this chapter are taken from De Jaeghere and Béraud, and should be considered as approximate
2. Bulletins, 57
3. Marmont, I/314; Dwyer, Napoleon, 246, 247
4. Pelleport, I/47
5. Reinhard, 207–8; Chaptal, 296–7
6. Marmont, I/296; Roguet, I/30
7. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/206; Vigo-Roussillon, 37; Gourgaud, II/127; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/208, 217; Pelleport, I/80
8. Reinhard, 108; CG, I/569
9. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/225
10. CG, I/553
11. Josephine, Correspondance, 47; CG, I/638
12. CG, I/610–13; Bulletins, 75–6; CG, I/621
13. CG, I/631–2, 447; Reinhard, 194–5
14. Fugier, 51; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 219; CG, I/664
15. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/239
16. Reinhard, 167
17. Bulletins, 76
18. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 220. The number of Croats varies from 1,000 supported by two guns, to 2,000 with a battery: see also Pelleport, I/71 and Reinhard, 177
19. See Louis Bonaparte, I/59–61; Marmont, I/236–7; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/248; Vigo-Roussillon 42–3. See also Reinhard, 177–8
20. Bulletins, 78–80. See also Napoleon, Mémoires, I/256; Dwyer, Napoleon, 250–1
21. Dwyer, Napoleon, 4
22. See Dwyer, Napoleon, 255–62 for coverage of this subject
23. CG, I/671, 672–3, 675–6
24. Ibid., 680, 681; Garros, 105
25. Garros, 106; Fugier, 63
26. Fugier, 52–4
27. Ibid., 54; CG, I/778–9
28. Defranceschi, 13–14; CG, I/638
29. CG, I/790, 791
30. Ibid., 834, 838, 841, 852
31. Ibid., 897, 902
32. Ibid., 917–18; Dwyer, Napoleon, 292
13: Master of Italy
1. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 245; Miot de Melito, I/159; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/425; Arnault, 421
2. Pontécoulant, II/470–2; Arnault, 421
3. Miot de Melito, I/159
4. Lavalette, 138
5. Miot de Melito, I/108, 184; Josephine, Correspondance, 50
6. Arnault, 431; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/204
7. Dwyer, Napoleon, 296
8. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 230–1; Branda, Le Prix, 35–7
9. Lareveillère-Lepaux, II/39–40; Bartel, 149
10. Dwyer, Napoleon, 304
11. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 273–4; Branda, Secrets, 159–69
12. CG, I/1058
13. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 273–4; Pontécoulant, II/474; see also Barras, III/99
14. CG, I/1071–3; Lareveillère-Lepaux, II/101ff
15. Niello-Sargy, I/4–5; Martin, I/130
16. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 333–4; Alexander Rodger, 31
17. CG, I/957–8
18. Lavalette, 170, 110; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 341; Marmont, I/295
19. Dwyer, Napoleon, 337–8. 340–1; CG, I/1119
20. Pontécoulant, II/473
21. Fugier, 61–2; Pelleport, I/96
22. Miot de Melito, I/163–6, 182–4
23. Pontécoulant, II/474; Collot, 15–17; see also Casanova, 158–69
24. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 279; Pontécoulant, II/463; Barras, III/47–9, 62
25. CG, I/1081
26. Ibid., 1171; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/474–5
27. CG, I/1209, 1213
28. Ibid., 1244
29. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 292; Gourgaud, I/115; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/493
30. Dwyer, Napoleon, 315; Lavalette, 172
31. CG, I/1249
32. Miot de Melito, I/195
33. Bourrienne, 1831, II/211
34. Lavalette, 174
35. Garros, 120
14: Eastern Promise
1. Talleyrand, Mémoires, 40; Espitalier, 32–4
2. Pontécoulant, II/489–94
3. Garros, 122
4. Barras, III/138; Bailleu, I/166; Espitalier, 98
5. CG, I/1316–17; quoted by Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 317; see also Espitalier, 59 and Launay, 181
6. Lareveillère-Lepaux, 339; Bailleu, I/163–4
7. Bailleu, I/165
8. Garros, 123; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 326; Bailleu, I/162, 176, 178, 182–3; Espitalier, 96; Jomard, 25; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/407; Miot de Melito, I, 230–1; see also Barras, II/136, 161
9. Arnault, 595; Napoleon, Mémoires, I/509
10. Dwyer, Napoleon, 326
11. Ibid., 328; Garros, 125, also Espitalier, 114–19; Bourrienne, 1831, II/234
12. Arnault, 607; Dwyer, Napoleon, 328; Joseph, Mémoires, I/70–1; Bourrienne, 1831, II/222–3; Espitalier, 99
13. Waresquiel, 244; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 344; Dwyer, Napoleon, 339–40; Espitalier, 129, 136, 156–7, 163, also Jomard, 102 and Bailleu, I/182–3
14. Garros, 127; Lareveillère-Lepaux, 345–6
15. Launay, 192
16. Bourrienne, 1831, II/231–4; Launay, 192; Fleury, 278
17. Josephine, Correspondance, 60
18. Napoleon, Mémoires, I/517; see also Bourrienne, 1831, II/234, 231
19. Guitry, 6
20. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 23–4; Pelleport, I/107–9
21. Guitry, 5; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 354
22. Niello-Sargy, I, 18; Moiret, 19–20; Bernoyer, 14; Espitalier, 238–9
23. Bernoyer, 20; Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 25
24. Arnault, 633, 621
25. Ibid., 629, 631; Des Genettes, Souvenirs, 1–2; Arnault, 630
26. Miot, 13; Pelleport, I/111; Bernoyer, 33
27. Bernoyer, 17; Dwyer, Napoleon, 354; Pelleport, I/112
28. CG, II/160–1
29. Lacorre, 23–4
15: Egypt
1. Pelleport, I/115; Beauharnais, I/140; Guitry, 97; also Bielecki, I/56 and Guitry, 101–2
2. Niello-Sargy, I, 58; Pelleport, I/112
3. Marmont, I/374; Millet, 55; Copies of Original Letters, 75, 5
4. Guitry, 116
5. Miot, 39; Moiret, 25, 40; Pelleport, I/120–1, 115
6. Guitry, 97, 96; Vigo-Roussillon, 64; Moiret, 46
7. Gourgaud, I/244; Reiss, 248–50; Murat, Lettres, I/26–7; Napoleon, Mémoires, II/133
8. Guitry, 107, 111
9. Beauharnais, I/41; Moiret, 47; Guitry, 111–14; Moiret, 48
10. CG, II/195
11. CG, II/158; Josephine, Correspondance, 63, 67, 69–71
12. Beauharnais, I/42; CG, II/199–200
13. Niello-Sargy, I/115; Marmont, I/389; Des Genettes, Souvenirs, 6; see also CG, II/307
14. CG, II/298; Lavalette, 185; Copies of Original Letters, 33; CG, II/297
15. Bulletins, 107; Guitry, 200
16. Bernoyer, 104, 76
17. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 52; Andy Martin, 67; Bulletins, 108–9
18. Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/274
19. Pelleport, I/129, also Guitry, 150–2
20. Pelleport, I/130; Moiret, 65. See also Bernoyer, 79–80 and Guitry, 162
21. Moiret, 58, 53; Garros, 139; Lavalette, 188; Guitry, 117; Miot, 98–9; Bielecki, I/56
22. Guitry, 181
23. Bernoyer, 94, 100; Moiret, 33–4, 54; Niello-Sargy, I/194–5; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 389; Abrantès, III/69–70; Niello-Sargy, I/194–5; see also Gourgaud, I/106, 218
24. Masson, Napoléon et les Femmes, 57–62; Niello-Sargy, 199–204; Napoleon, Mémoires, II/158–9; Fourès, 165–6; Launay, 215; Beauharnais, I/45. For various versions of the event: Gourgaud, II/115; Bernoyer, 118–23; Garros, 140
25. CG, II/399–400, 513
26. Napoleon, Correspondance, V/221
16: Plague
1. Moiret, 64, 78
2. CG, II/867; Lavalette, 109; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 411. See also Vigo-Roussillon, 81 and Des Genettes, Souvenirs, 29
3. Bernoyer, 139–40; Guitry, 250–1
4. Bernoyer, 142–3; Pelleport, I/140
5. Millet, 83; Niello-Sargy, I/253–7; Bernoyer, 146; Guitry, 266; Lacorre, 90
6. Des Genettes, Souvenirs, 15; Miot, 145–7; Vigo-Roussillon, 83–4
7. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 419–23
8. Des Genettes, Histoire Médicale, 49–50; Garros, 143; Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 87; Dwyer, Napoleon, 424
9. CG, II/872–3; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 425; Bernoyer, 153
10. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 395; CG, II/874
11. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 424; Bernoyer, 153
12. Des Genettes, Souvenirs, 17
13. Bernoyer, 163–4. His later claim that he was intending to take Constantinople and come at Austria through the Balkans, or become a Muslim and lead an army to India can be dismissed as the hot air of an ageing bore
14. CG, II/910–16, 920; Napoleon, Mémoires, II/560–1
15. Beauharnais, I/64; Pelleport, I/155
16. Vigo-Roussillon, 87; Bernoyer, 180–1; Niello-Sargy, I/295 says Bonaparte suggested it but doesn’t confirm it was carried out at Acre, and reports what he heard about events at Jaffa, 319–23; Marmont, II/12, defends Bonaparte’s action; Larrey, in Guitry 317–19, claims all the wounded were evacuated; Pelleport, I/156, claims the wounded and sick were evacuated on boats from Jaffa; Lavalette, 215, says the whole story is an atrocious calumny; see also Documents particuliers, 120–2; Bernoyer, 164–5, who claims to have had the story from Desgenettes himself, thought it praiseworthy; Bourrienne, 1831, II/336–40, is typical, admitting he never saw anything but making various claims. According to Bonaparte (Las Cases, 1983, I/150–2), there were only seven men involved
17. CG, II/918–21; Lavalette, 215. See also Bourrienne, 1831, II/335 and Niello-Sargy, I/291–99
18. Millet, 128–9
19. Dwyer, Napoleon, 437; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 431, estimates it was one-fifth. On opinions of those who lamented Napoleon’s decision to march out of Egypt, see for instance, Lavalette, 217
20. Niello-Sargy, I/306–7; Bernoyer, 168; Vigo-Roussillon, 89 claims it fooled nobody
21. CG, II/849, 941
22. Ibid., 952–4, 972, 1032, passim
23. Niello-Sargy, I/324–7
24. Englund, 131
25. CG, II/1042
26. Vigo-Roussillon, 96–7, 91, 101; Guitry, 342
27. See Guitry, 354–5 for the classic version, propounded by Bonaparte himself; Niello-Sargy, I/343–57; For a full discussion of this see Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 437–42
28. Launay, 222, erroneously claims she sailed with him; see also Masson, Napoléon et les Femmes, 62–3 and Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 442
29. Vigo-Roussillon, 102
30. Guitry, 361
31. Launay, 224
32. Denon, 340; Bourrienne, 1829, III/7–8; Lavalette, 221
33. Launay, 225
34. Carrington, Portrait, 82; Le Nabour, 70–1; Denon, 340–1; Méneval, I/11
17: The Saviour
1. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 453; Marmont, II/51–2; Raza, 24
2. Boulart, 67–8
3. Coston, I/511; Marbot, I/45–8
4. Barante, I/44; Béranger, 70; Dwyer, Napoleon, 462; Tulard, Brumaire, 67
5. Molé, 122
6. Barante, I/40
7. Andigné, I/404; Barante, I/44; Ségur, Histoire, II/1
8. McMahon, 109, 77, 97
9. Dwyer, Napoleon, 458–61
10. Thibaudeau, 1
11. Chastenay, 311; Tulard, Brumaire, 79
12. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 448; Vandal, l’Avènement, I/244; CG, II/1089
13. Collot, 20; Vandal, l’Avènement, I/244; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 459
14. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/259–60; see also Le Nabour, 74–5
15. Barras, IV/31–3; Bourrienne, 1829, III/38, claims it was him; Collot, 33, gave him similar advice
16. Bourrienne, 1829, III/37, insists Bonaparte would not let her in for three days
17. Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/429–31
18. Fouché, 1957, 61
19. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/233
20. Ibid., 258
21. See Bourrienne, 1829, III/43–6
22. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 465; Tulard, Brumaire, 88–90; Joseph, Mémoires, I/77
23. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/272–4
24. See Lavalette, 228–32
25. Talleyrand, Mémoires, 49–50; Arnault, 748
26. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/292–3; Lavalette, 227–8; Lucien Bonaparte, I/297; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 469; see also Thibaudeau, 3
27. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/293–4; Tulard, Brumaire, 103
18: Fog
1. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/304
2. Ibid., 305; see also Barras, IV/70–2 and Bourrienne, 1831, III/68–9
3. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/314
4. Ibid., 316
5. Ibid., 317
6. Ibid., 325; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 479
7. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/337–9, 344
8. Ibid., 340–3
9. Tulard, Brumaire, 127; Tulard, Fouché, 115–16; also, Bourrienne, 1831, III/82; Savary, I/241; Fouché, 1957, 79
10. Dwyer, Napoleon, 491; Tulard, Brumaire, 128
11. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/364
12. Joseph, Mémoires, I/79
13. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/367; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 483; Girardin, I/170; Napoleon, Mémoires, II/561; Bourrienne, 1829, III/83–5
14. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/371–2; see also Bourrienne, 1829, III/91
15. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/373–5
16. Ibid., 378
17. Ibid., 381
18. Ibid., 386–7
19. Ibid., 387–9; according to Lucien Bonaparte, I/365, Bonaparte shouted, ‘And if they resist, kill! kill!’
20. Dwyer, Napoleon, 503; one hundred according to Tulard, Brumaire, 146; eighty according to Collot, 28
21. Lentz, Le Grand Consulat (henceforth GC), 83–4
22. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/394–9; on Brumaire, see also Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/433–47; Roederer, III/296–306; Napoleon, Mémoires, II/367–401
23. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/393
24. Tulard, Brumaire, 153–4
25. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/276
26. Bourrienne, 1829, III/105–6; Lentz, GC, 13
27. Vandal, l’Avènement, I/400–1; also Bourrienne, 1831, III/105–8 and Abrantès, II/383
19: The Consul
1. Roederer, III/2–3
2. Napoleon, Mémoires, II/405; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/442
3. Napoleon, Mémoires, II/411–12; Garros, 157
4. Napoleon, Mémoires, II/405–7; Fouché, 1957, 85; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/490; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 507; Tulard, Brumaire, 157
5. Fouché, 1957, 87; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/443–4; Roederer, III/320–1; CG, II/1094
6. Lentz, GC, 196
7. Bourrienne, 1829, III/129–32
8. Napoleon, Mémoires, II/433
9. Fouché, 1957, 90; Napoleon, Mémoires, II/436; Tulard, Brumaire, 155
10. Napoleon, Mémoires, II/439
11. Garros, 159; Lentz, GC, 109; Lareveillère-Lepaux, II/423; Napoleon, Mémoires, II/438
12. Tulard, Napoléon ou le mythe, 120; Lentz, GC, 164; see also Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 525
13. Boudon, Histoire, 50; Lentz, GC, 112
14. Lentz, GC, 112
15. Ibid., 119
16. Garros, 160
17. Roederer, III/305–6
18. Chaptal quoted in Boudon, Histoire, 55; Bourrienne, 1829, III/129–32
19. Ernouf, 217
20. Fouché, 1957, 48, 97; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/469
21. Bouillé, I/405–6; Lentz, GC, 166
22. Lentz, GC, 153–4, 159–61
23. Hauterive, Napoléon et sa Police, 143, 197; Tulard, Napoléon ou le mythe, 136
24. Healey, The Literary Culture of Napoleon, Appendix B
25. Defranceschi, 14–25
26. Waresquiel, 284; Lentz, GC, 101
27. Hyde de Neuville, I/269
28. Andigné, I/414–16, 417–18, 420; Hyde de Neuville, I/270–2
29. CG, II/1118–19; Tulard, Napoléon ou le mythe, 132, 134; Lentz, GC, 322
30. Mollien, I/24; Dumas, III/168; Molé, 174; Ségur, Histoire, II/1–2
20: Consolidation
1. Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/470
2. Garros, 163–4; Barante, I/54; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/488; Lentz, GC, 209; Thibaudeau, 2–7; Chastenay, 297
3. Hortense, I/69
4. Garros, 164; see also Bourrienne, 1829, IV/3
5. Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/464; Roederer, III/335
6. Molé, 175
7. Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/103–4; Staël, Considérations, XIII/194
8. Fain, Mémoires, 291; Chaptal, 195; Chuquet, III/233–4; Saint-Denis, 170; Abell, 235
9. Choiseul-Gouffier, 100; Abrantès, III/194, 363; Staël, Considérations, XIII/195, 206–7; Marmont, I/297; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/101–2, 116–17, 112; Saint-Elme, 354; Bourrienne, 1829, XIII/228
10. Beugnot, I/457
11. Lentz, GC, 359; Las Cases, 1983, II/304–5; Thiard, 41; Bigarré, 152; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/224
12. Molé, 137, 243
13. Roederer, III/302–3
14. Lucien Bonaparte, I/384; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/319
15. Fontaine, Journal, I/7; Fontaine, Les Maisons, 318–19, 330
16. Chaptal, 329; Fain, Mémoires, 287–9
17. CG, II/1099, 1106; Fain, Mémoires, 289, 456–9; Chaptal, 225; Fleury de Chaboulon, III/176; see also Bourrienne, 1829, IV/60–1
18. Molé, 158
19. Las Cases, 1983, I/416, 652, 618–19; Las Cases, 1905, II/567; Thiard, 33–4
20. Abrantès, Roman Inconnu, xv; Bourrienne, 1829, IV/36–7
21. Thibaudeau, 14–16
22. Rousseau, 25, 141
23. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 625
24. Rousseau, 106; Roederer, III/334
25. Constant, Journal Intime, 224
26. Lentz, GC, 428; Lefèbvre, 84
27. Lentz, GC, 156
28. Thibaudeau, 69
29. Lentz, GC, 132
30. Garros, 158
31. Lentz, GC, 97; Andigné, I/407; Hyde de Neuville, I/252
32. Bailleu, I/357; Barante, I/50–1
21: Marengo
1. CG, II/1114–15
2. CG, III/43–4; Lentz, GC, 220; Rose, 14, 288–9
3. Guitry, 362–3, 366–8; Savary, I/183; Pelleport, I/163; Moiret, 119–22; Des Genettes, Souvenirs, 37; Alexander Rodger, 131; Napoleon, Mémoires, III/247; see also Las Cases, 1983, II/169–72
4. CG, III/241, 308; Tombs, 394
5. Méneval, I/88–93; see also Lucien Bonaparte, I/377
6. Lentz, GC, 227; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/474; CG, III/98, 41, 120; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 547
7. CG, III/148
8. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 550
9. CG, III/216; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 548
10. CG, III/168–70; Garros, 169–70
11. CG, III/222; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/522
12. Napoleon, Mémoires, III/37
13. CG, III/235, 238
14. Napoleon, Mémoires, III/38; Griois, I/120
15. Bourrienne, 1829, IV/91–2; Napoleon, Mémoires, III/39, 40; Savary, I/253–4; CG, III/271
16. CG, III/278
17. Bulletins, 136; Masson, Napoléon et les Femmes, 84; Gourgaud, I/217, II/92, claims it was after Marengo
18. CG, III/300
19. Lentz, GC, 234
20. Victor, 179
21. Savary, I/265–80; Marmont, II/125–36; Napoleon, Mémoires, III/33–69; Victor, 160–89
22. CG, III/301
23. Ibid., 303, 312
24. Ibid., 318
25. Bulletins, 145, 147
26. Lentz, GC, 230
27. Josephine, Correspondance, 101
28. Lentz, GC, 377–8
29. Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/524
30. Roederer, III/330–1
31. Savary, I/313; Lentz, GC, 261; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/530
22: Caesar
1. Bertrand, Lettres, 29
2. CG, III/386; Waresquiel, 320–1; see also Tulard, Fiévée, 126–7; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/714; Remacle, 368; Westmorland, I/50ff; Méneval, I/226–32; Bourrienne, 1829, V/107–8; Miot de Melito, II/157–8; Desmarest, 273–4; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/323
3. Girardin, I/189; see also Roederer, III/336
4. Desmarest, 33
5. Ségur, Un aide de camp, 47
6. Hauterive, Napoléon et sa Police, 48
7. Castanié, 231; Réal, I/359
8. Mollien, I/221–2
9. Bergeron, 29
10. Branda, Secrets, 70–6; see also Saada, 25–49
11. Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/567
12. Thibaudeau, 77; Lentz, GC, 370–1; Pelet de la Lozère, 8; Roederer, III/382
13. Rapp, 20; Thibaudeau, 257; Las Cases, 1983, I/207
14. Thibaudeau, 77; Molé, 411–12; Roederer, III/382; Lucien Bonaparte, I/373
15. Pelet de la Lozère, 11; Méneval, I/412–21
16. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 567; Lafayette, V/248, also 117, 138, 143–4, 146–7, 153
17. Thibaudeau, 152; Casanova, 26–8; Gourgaud, I/323; Bourrienne, 1829, IV/276–81; Las Cases, 1983, I/688–9
18. Pelet de la Lozère, 223; Roederer, III/335; CG, V/882
19. Tulard, Fouché, 159
20. Lentz, GC, 264–6; see also Lucien Bonaparte, I/421–32
21. Chastenay, 310; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, I/335; Lucien Bonaparte, I/385–6
22. Tulard, Napoléon ou le mythe, 157; Espitalier, 292–3
23. Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/535–7; Decaen, II/292; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/192; Abrantès, II/372–3
24. Castanié, 17–18; Sparrow
25. Marquis, 211, 257–8; Castanié, 26–7
26. Barante, I/72
23: Peace
1. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 601
2. CG, III/588
3. Ibid., 664–5
4. Bertaud, Forrest & Jourdan, 40; Uglow, 282; CG, III/509, 136
5. Las Cases, 1905, II/516; Cornwallis, 406; Grainger, 60
6. CG, III/913–16; Joseph, Mémoires, I/231; see also Cornwallis, 389–90
7. Josephine, Correspondance, 110
8. Méneval, I/132, 145
9. Raza, 188
10. Méneval, I/142; Bigarré, 128; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 603; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 70–1; see also Abrantès, IV/326–62
11. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 571; Josephine, Correspondance, 121–2
12. Bonaparte, CG, III/71–2, regarded the treaty as not favourable enough; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/96–7; Lucien Bonaparte, II/107, 113, 122, 219
13. Staël, Dix Années, 65
14. Ibid., 18; Girardin, I/236
15. Lafayette, V/164; Lentz, GC, 317
16. Consalvi, 100–1; Lentz, GC, 311
17. Consalvi, 130–6, 147, 151–7, 342ff
18. Lentz, GC, 320
19. Fugier, 121
20. Ibid., 122
21. Ibid., 124
22. Ibid., 25
24: The Liberator of Europe
1. Grainger, 50–2; Uglow, 282; Bouillé, II/468; Tombs, 396
2. Roederer, III/430
3. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 669
4. Las Cases, 1983, I/690
5. Thibaudeau, 13; see also Bourrienne, 1829, IV/280
6. Lentz, GC, 330
7. Ibid., 332–3; Bartel, 254; Charles Napoléon, 224; CG, III/1178
8. Lentz, GC, 448
9. Napoleon, Vues Politiques, 211–13, 228; Ségur, Histoire, II/233–4; Lentz, GC, 450
10. Réal, I/38–9
11. Lentz, GC, 347
12. Murat, Lettres, II/30; Remacle, 30–1; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 670
13. Lucien Bonaparte, II/107
14. Thibaudeau, 237
15. Lentz, GC, 339; Molé, Souvenirs, 234–7
16. Lentz, GC, 340
17. Ibid.
18. Josephine, Correspondance, 97; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/150ff
19. Josephine, Correspondance, 98–100; Chevallier & Pincemaille, 312–13
20. Lentz, GC, 341; Lentz, Nouvelle Histoire du Premier Empire (henceforth NHPE), I/59; Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 675
21. Lafayette, V/199
22. Cornwallis, 406
23. Lefèbvre, 144
24. Ibid., 123
25. Gueniffey, Bonaparte, 680
26. Miot de Melito, I/317–18; Girardin, I/286
27. Fain, Mémoires, 224–6; Méneval, III/43; Chevallier & Pincemaille, 303
28. Fontaine, I/26–8, 38, 53; Divova, 51, 72, 88, 128; Fiszerowa, 245–6; Pamiętnik Stanisława Zamoyskiego, in Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicza, etc, p. 200; Berry, 163
29. Edgeworth, 55; Greathead, 11–13, 55–6; Farington, 1906; Fiszerowa, 245–6; Burney, 271
30. Sédouy, 36
25: His Consular Majesty
1. Alger, 53; Grainger, 81–2
2. Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/569
3. CG, III/1225
4. Thibaudeau, 120–1
5. Branda & Lentz, 19–22, 192
6. CG, III/600; Branda & Lentz, 120
7. Branda & Lentz, 84–5
8. Ibid., 168; Gourgaud, I/278
9. Branda & Lentz, 72–3, 86–7; CG, III/853–4
10. Roederer, III/334; CG, III/837–43, 850–1, 1227
11. CG, III/957–8; Branda & Lentz, 131
12. Branda & Lentz, 139–40
13. Ibid., 171; see also Napoleon, Mémoires, III/259–76; Las Cases, 1905, II/522–3; Gourgaud, I/278
14. Alexander Rodger, 287
15. Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/680; Grainger, 147, 161; for the plots against Bonaparte, see also: Desmarest, 10; Marquis and Sparrow
16. Marquis, 135, 142ff; quoted in Lentz, GC, 297
17. Grainger, 125; CG, IV/30–2
18. Grainger, 153, 160
19. Ibid., 171, 175, 185
20. CG, IV/122, 127, 131–2, passim; see also Girardin, I/291–5
21. Miot de Melito, II/73; Grainger, 188–9; Browning
22. Thibaudeau, 21; Hortense, I/326
23. Versini, 118–19
24. Thibaudeau, 391–2; see also Bourrienne, 1829, III/214; Lentz, GC, 401–2
25. Branda & Lentz, 181; Grainger, 184–5
26. Alexander Rodger, 293; Miot de Melito, II/119–20
26: Towards Empire
1. Uglow, 340–5. Many managed to avoid arrest through their connections, and while some were locked up in fortresses, most remained on parole and continued to enjoy the pleasures of Paris; Fontaine, II/63
2. Tulard & Garros, 244; CG, IV/291ff, 426–7, 448; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/285
3. Lentz, GC, 517–18
4. Uglow, 335ff, 367–71; Zamoyski, Phantom Terror, 58–75
5. Branda & Lentz, 164–7
6. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/229–33
7. Ibid., 241; CG, IV/439
8. George, 81, 95, 116–17, 126; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/206, II/88; Roederer, III/332
9. CG, IV/439; Josephine, Correspondance, 137
10. Lentz, GC, 518
11. CG, IV/583–8, 594, 598, 601, 604–5, 610–12, 616, 621–7, etc.; Tulard, Fouché, 203ff; Lentz, GC, 514–15
12. Lentz, GC, 532; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/33–4; Thibaudeau, 322–3; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 80
13. Lentz, GC, 538, 530–1; Desmarest, 102
14. Lentz, GC, 538
15. Méneval, I/264; Desmarest, 99; see also Girardin, I/322–35; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/738; Lentz, GC, 510–11, 517; Raza, 208; see also CG, IV/646–7
16. CG, IV/633–4; Pasquier, I/178, 200; Desmarest, 116–25; Waresquiel, 320–34; Talleyrand, Mémoires, 62–5; Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819, 248; Fouché, 1957, 135; Méneval, I/305–6; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/711–12; Lentz, GC, 543
17. Garros, 215
18. Lentz, GC, 540–1
19. Joseph, I/97–9; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 94–7
20. Savary, I/48–65, 337–479; Murat, Lettres, III/83–103
21. Savary, I/66; Méneval, I/298–9; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/711–12; Las Cases, II/1983, 627; Beauharnais, I/91
22. CG, IV/646; Murat, Lettres, III/90
23. Lentz, GC, 550
24. Ibid., 557
25. Waresquiel, 324; Pasquier, I/200; Barante, I/118, attributes the line to Boulay de la Meurthe
26. Quoted by Waresquiel, 334; Tulard, Fouché, 199
27. Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/345–6
28. Jourdan, Mythes, 25
29. Lentz, GC, 521
30. Thibaudeau, 234; Ernouf, 228; Méneval, I/99
31. Boudon, Histoire, 146; Lentz, GC, 562
32. Lentz, GC, 562
33. Roederer, III/461; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/720; Thibaudeau, 462
34. Lentz, NHPE, I/25
35. Miot de Melito, II/194
36. Lentz, GC, 573
27: Napoleon I
1. NA, Jackson Papers, FO 353/18, p. 15; Bailleu, I/273; CG, IV/769; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/756
2. Boudon, Histoire, 239
3. Vigo-Roussillon, 133; Rapp, 5, 12–13; Durand, 49
4. Pelleport, I/200; Davout, I/79; Murat, Lettres, III/90; see also Marmont, II/226
5. On the suicide/murder issue, see: J-F Chiappe, Georges Cadoudal et la liberté, 1970; E. Erlannig, La résistance bretonne à Napoléon Bonaparte, 1980; B. Saugier, Pichegru. De la gloire de la Hollande à la prison du Temple, Strasbourg 1995; Lentz, GC, 554
6. Quoted in Boudon, Histoire, 238
7. Miot de Melito, II/166
8. Bouillé, 487–95, 531; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/10
9. Jourdan, Napoléon, 27–31
10. Ségur, Un aide de camp, 68, 93, 75, 103
11. Morrissey, 2, 140–1; Burney, 273
12. McMahon, 122–3; Las Cases, 1983, I/568
13. Waresquiel, 306
14. Thiard, 40
15. Boudon, Histoire, 153
16. Napoleon, Vues Politiques, 58; Lentz, GC, 585; Lentz, NHPE, I/57–9; see also Tulard, Sacre, xix
17. See Lentz, NHPE, I/74; Tulard, Sacre, xix; Jourdan, Napoléon, 190
18. Lentz, GC, 416–18, 421ff
19. CG, IV/775
20. Ibid., 774, 780; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 104
21. Pouget, 64–5
22. CG, IV/794
23. Ibid., CG, V/583–4; Las Cases, 1983, I/411–13; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/564–5; Bausset, I/49–50; Savary, II/10–11; Mollien, I/404; Claire de Rémusat, Lettres, I/112, 139–40; Miot de Melito, II/128, 214; Bertrand, Lettres, 29ff; Puget, 64; Bailleu, I/59–60; Méneval, I/411–14; Campbell, 228–30; Rose, 114ff, 129–31, 145ff
24. Marmont, II/226
25. Bailly, 589; Miot de Melito, II/241; see also Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/245 and Fouché, 1957, 156
26. CG, IV/828, 837
27. Ibid., 856–7, 886; Méneval, I/379
28. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/344, 363; Bailleu, II/301
29. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/354; Hortense, Mémoires, I/229; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/398
30. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/397–9, 400–1, 448–9, 451–2, 454–5; Miot de Melito, II/235–7; Hortense, I/165, 397–9
31. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, III/94–5
32. Ibid., II/451–2
33. Roederer, III/511; Hortense, II/58–9, 88–9; Chevallier & Pincemaille, 282
34. Fontaine, II/87; Charles de Rémusat, 50; see also Tulard, Sacre
35. Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, II/71
36. Ibid., 71–2; Boulart, 124; Bailly, 591
37. Frénilly, 296–7; Miot de Melito, II/245; see also Lentz, NHPE, I/94
38. Barrès, 14
28: Austerlitz
1. CG, V/21
2. Ibid., 20–1
3. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/17
4. Claire de Rémusat, Lettres, I/65–6; Fain, Mémoires, 230
5. CG, V/274
6. Bigarré, 155–6; Avrillon, I/186
7. CG, V/22
8. Boudon, Le roi, 109
9. Skowronek, 94; see also Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/39
10. CG, V/197–208, 343, 459–62, 400, 415, 570; Pelet de la Lozère, 195
11. Miot de Melito, II/259; CG, V/530, 565–7
12. CG, V/601, 607, 618
13. Bigarré, 162; Raymond de Montesquiou, 32–4, 103
14. Bausset, I/87; Barrès, 51; CG, V/797; Raza, 227–8
15. CG, V/808
16. Comeau de Charry, 205, 207; Raymond de Montesquiou, 69
17. Comeau de Charry, 208, 219; Pouget, 85
18. CG, V/850
19. Ibid., 837
20. Joseph, Mémoires, I/314, 291, 311, 317, 304; see also Cambacérès, Lettres, I/287ff, 308; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/51; Claire de Rémusat, Lettres, I/384, 394
21. Ségur, Un aide de camp, 157
22. CG, V/866–7; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 157–60; Savary, II/174–98
23. CG, V/869
24. Malye, 24; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 165–7; Bulletins, 205–6; Barrès, 55; Fantin des Odoards, 71; Marbot, I/258–9
25. Barrès, 55–6; Lejeune, I/35–6
26. Lentz, NHPE, I/188
27. CG, V/876; Lentz, NHPE, I/189; Tulard, Napoléon ou le mythe, 185
28. Lentz, NHPE, I/192–3
29. CG, V/873–4; Lentz, NHPE, I/193; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 178
30. Méneval, I/452–7; Savary, I/320–3; CG, V/875; Hartley, 74
31. Waresquiel, 351; Dumonceau, I/145–7; Ligne, Fragments, II/114
32. Archives Caulaincourt, AN, 95 AP 34, annexe no 2 (henceforth Annexe 2)
33. Cambacérès, Lettres, I/319; Claire de Rémusat, Lettres, I/384–94
29: The Emperor of the West
1. Branda, Le Prix, 259–80; Joseph, Mémoires, I/314, 219, 311
2. Quoted in Lentz, NHPE, I/199
3. Branda, Le Prix, 279–80
4. Pelet de la Lozère, 236; Molé, I/59–60; Fain, Mémoires, 92–3
5. Fain, Mémoires, 114; Branda, Secrets, 92–4, 97
6. Chaptal, 337; Lavalette, 256; Mollien, II/150
7. Pelet de la Lozère, 7; Molé, I/55
8. Lentz, NHPE, I/94; Pelet de la Lozère, 155, 162–3, 166, 170; Molé, I/55; Bergeron, 46
9. Pelet de la Lozère, 187, 213–18; Molé, I/96–7
10. Las Cases, 1983, I/408
11. Fain, Mémoires, 3, 6–7
12. Ibid., 10–11
13. Ibid., 41–55
14. Ibid., 39–40
15. Ibid., 62–3, 109; Bausset, I/3
16. Fain, Mémoires, 202, 180
17. Avrillon, I/121–3, 196–8, 204–5, 375–6; Hortense, I/202, 207–8, 209–11; Fain, Mémoires, 307; Revel; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, III/333; Masson, Napoléon et les Femmes, 166–70
18. Méneval, I/424
19. Lentz, NHPE, I/232
20. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/89
21. Las Cases, 1983, I/583
22. Molé, I/60; see also Lucien’s conversation in Masséna, V/146
23. Fouché, 1957, 155
24. Barante, I/274–5; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VI/36
25. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/93; Bausset, I/14, 68; Fain, Mémoires, 293–4; Avrillon, I/251
26. Lentz, NHPE, III/423
30: Master of Europe
1. Bailleu, I/505, 561; CG, VI/724
2. Annexe 2; CG, VI/826–8
3. CG, VI/826–8; Annexe 2
4. Annexe 2
5. CG, VI/823–4
6. Bodinier, 347–9; Lentz, NHPE, I/247–255
7. CG, VI/1032; Boulart, 138; Coignet, 127; Savary, II/310
8. Napoleon, Mémoires, III/281–2; Savary, II/292; Raza, 175–6
9. Annexe 2; Savary, II/300
10. Metternich, Mémoires, I/54
11. CG, VI/190
12. Ibid., 909, 924, 1078; Byrne, II/40; Tulard & Garros, 317
13. Murat, Lettres, IV/483, 488
14. Ibid., V/64–5; CG, VI/1213; Potocka, 102
15. Barrès, 79; Raymond de Montesquiou, 163; Rumigny, 35–6; Berthezène, I/118
16. Annexe 2; Raymond de Montesquiou, 168
17. Potocka, 122; Savary, III/26; Boulart, 147
18. Potocka, 120; Kicka, 98
19. CG, VII/27, 46, 52, 63–4, 97, 102
20. Ibid., 105, 111; see also Trembicka, II/38
21. CG, VII/116, 118–19, 126, 127, 129–30, 132–3, passim; Sutherland, 108
22. Rapp, 106; Waresquiel, 365; Comeau de Charry, 281
23. Coignet, 143, 136; Wołowski; see also Berthezène, I/123ff
24. CG, VII/176, 191; Bodinier, 349–50; Lentz, NHPE, I/275; Raymond de Montesquiou, 464; Rumigny, 44
25. CG, VII/472
26. Potocka, 146–9
27. Sutherland, 126–8; CG, VII/531; Constant Wairy, I/417
28. Bodinier, 349–50; Rothenberg, Emperor’s, 48; Lejeune, 1/81
29. Hartley, 76
30. CG, VII/916; Coignet, 148; Rumigny, 48; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV/93–4
31. Lentz, NHPE, I/306; see also Raza, 151; Radziwiłł, 255, 268–86
31: The Sun Emperor
1. Claire de Rémusat, Lettres, II/88, 105–6; Metternich, Mémoires, I/57
2. Driault, Tilsit, 241, 209; Lentz, NHPE, I/348; Bergeron, 85; Fouché, 1957, 160
3. Pontécoulant, III/165–6; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, III/218–221
4. Crouzet, I/69
5. Fouché, 1957, 160
6. CG, VI/113–14; Consalvi, 65–7; Pelet de la Lozère, 205–8
7. Consalvi, 672–4
8. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV/46, V/60–5; Haegele, 300–3
9. Fontaine, I/187; CG, VIII/120
10. Englund, 339; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 275
11. CG, VIII/36
12. See: Talleyrand, Mémoires, 97ff; Waresquiel, 378–83; Pasquier, I/329, 351; Beugnot, I/346; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/189
13. Savary, II/250–7; CG, VIII/305–6, 314, 326, 333
14. Chłapowski, 66; Avrillon, I/363
15. CG, VIII/402, 423; Metternich, Mémoires, II/245; Broglie, 59; see also Bausset, I/217–19; Avrillon, II/2
16. Ernouf, 249; CG, VIII/448
17. Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 272; Fraser, Cursed War, 487
18. Garros, 296; Dumas, III/316; CG, VIII/470, 487, 489
19. Brandt, 11; Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre, I/365; Fain, Mémoires, 70–3; Avrillon, I/372; Josephine, Correspondance, 225
20. Joseph, Mémoires, IV/336; Lentz, NHPE, I/404; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV/245–6; Haegele, 342
21. Haegele, 203–80; Bigarré, 201; Joseph, Mémoires, III/324
22. Joseph, Mémoires, IV/343, 366–7, 375
23. Ibid., 382–3, 366–98
24. CG, VIII/940–1
25. Joseph, Mémoires, IV/412–13, 420–3
26. Dumas, III/321–2
32: The Emperor of the East
1. Metternich, Mémoires, II/194–9, 207–14
2. Beugnot, I/388
3. Driault, Tilsit, 291
4. Lentz, NHPE, I/435–6
5. Fouché, 1957, 156–7; CG, VII/1337–8; Chevallier & Pincemaille, 333–5; Josephine, Correspondance, 219–20, 217; see also Metternich, Mémoires, II/140ff
6. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/231
7. Talleyrand, Mémoires, 152–3, 168–70
8. Alexander I, 20
9. Müffling, 23–5; Lentz, NHPE, I/416
10. Bausset, II/313, 316; Talleyrand, Mémoires, 161, 170, 183; Constant Wairy’s account, II/9–10, of the bad dream should be treated with scepticism
11. Müffling, 21–2; Caulaincourt, I/258, 270, 273
12. Bausset, II/319–20, 321; Talleyrand, Mémoires, 178–82; CG, VIII/1126
13. Bausset, I/325
14. Branda, Secrets, 153–7; Savary, V/59–67; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV, 327; Beugnot, I/344–5; Chevallier & Pincemaille, 274; Boulart, 181
15. Crouzet, I/393; Caulaincourt, I/274; Napoleon’s suggestion (Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819) can be dismissed, so can Talleyrand’s convoluted account in Mémoires, 183
16. Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 284; Metternich, Mémoires, II/248
17. Metternich, Mémoires, II/247–9
18. CG, VIII/1130, 1131–2; Savary, IV/6
19. Chaptal, 216–17; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, II/271; Ségur, Histoire, IV/87, 79; Beugnot, I/460; Rapp, 4; Mollien, II/325; Choiseul-Gouffier, 94
20. Chaptal, 216–17; see also: Masséna, V/146; Mollien, I/40, 316–17; Ségur, Histoire, IV/78
21. See Savary, IV/47
22. Garros, 304; Bigarré, 229; Miot de Melito, II/18–19
23. Ségur, Un aide de camp, 257
24. Joseph, Mémoires, V/265–6, 281; also Miot de Melito, II/24
25. CG, VIII/1352, 1374–6, 1306, 1314; Constant Wairy, II/22; Branda, Le Prix, 57
26. CG, VIII/1359–60
27. Ibid., 1377; Bodinier, 286; see also Petiteau, 49
28. Cambacérès, Lettres, II/604; Le Moniteur, 15 December 1808, quoted in Lentz, NHPE, I/427
29. Pasquier, I/353–4
30. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/250; Waresquiel, 398; Tulard, Fouché, 222–6; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV/393
31. Dumas, III/339; Garros, 310; Malye, 65–6; Lentz, NHPE, I/422–3; CG, VIII/1438
32. Waresquiel, 400
33. Anatole de Montesquiou, 155; Pasquier, I/358; Waresquiel, 400–1, 402ff; Lentz, NHPE, I/434; Hortense, II/30
34. Langsam, 32, 64
35. Ibid., 43–4; Bodinier, 252–3
36. Wołowski; Comeau de Charry, 291; Bausset, I/88
37. Las Cases, 1983, II/142; Lentz, NHPE, I/445; Lejeune, I/302; Cambacérès, Lettres, II/659
38. The figures given here, as elsewhere, are approximative. See Bodinier, 352–3; Lentz, NHPE, I/463
39. Anatole de Montesquiou, 168; Savary, IV/143; Marbot, II/201–12; Lejeune, I/357; Fouché, 1957, 168; Berthezène, I/235–6; Cadet de Gassicourt, 126–7; Chłapowski, 162
33: The Cost of Power
1. Costa de Beauregard, 336; Chłapowski, 183–4
2. CG, IX/833
3. Bodinier, 353; there is much disagreement on the number of casualties and prisoners; Bulletins, 472–4; Garros, 326; Savary, IV/185; Chłapowski, 133, 193, etc.
4. Marmont, III/243
5. CG, VII/1321
6. Boudon, Le roi, 198–202
7. Ibid., 145
8. Potocka, 319; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV/304–5
9. Beugnot, I/371–2, 337
10. Rapp, 143
11. Tulard, Napoléon ou le mythe, 197; Grunewald, 139–41; Comeau de Charry, 318–19
12. Savary, IV/231; Joseph, Mémoires, VI/259, 274, 381–9, 59–73
13. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/268–72; Cambacérès, Lettres, II/685–7
14. CG, V/927; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VII/29
15. CG, IX/599
16. Ibid., 885; quoted by Lentz, NHPE, I/493; Fouché, 1957, 154, 169; Boigne, I/291
17. Berthezène, I/264; Macdonald, 152–9; Marbot, II/272–3; Boulart, 227
18. Pouget, 151–2
19. Abrantès, VII/93; Fantin des Odoards, 143
20. Broglie, I/73–4; Marmont, III/337; Berthezène, I/239–40
21. Dumas, III/363; Cambacérès, Lettres, II/749
22. Cadet de Gassicourt, 108–9; Załuski, 176
23. CG, IX/1083, 1148, 1254, 1363, 1366; Branda, Le Prix, 57
24. Rapp, 125–9; see also Dumas, III/384–5 and Savary, IV/223–4
25. Cambacérès, Lettres, II/718
26. Tulard, Fouché, 235–46; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/279–87
27. Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, II/265; Girardin, II/339; Branda, Secrets, 82–90
28. Chevallier & Pincemaille, 338–9; Bausset, II/368ff; see also Constant Wairy, I/197–9
29. Lentz, NHPE, I/496–7
30. Constant Wairy, II/100–4; Hortense, II/42, 44–5
31. Lentz, NHPE, I/497–8; see also Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, III/279–314
32. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/315; Lentz, NHPE, I/499
33. CG, IX/1506, 1510, 1421, 1522, 1532, 1535
34. Chevallier & Pincemaille, 347, 343; Avrillon, I/166
34: Apotheosis
1. Ernouf, 272–3; Talleyrand, Mémoires, 195–7; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/326–7; Lentz, NHPE, I/502, 506; Metternich, Mémoires, II/312
2. Ligne, II/222; Metternich, Mémoires, I/100; Beugnot, I/428
3. Savary, IV/317–18; Coignet, 187; Parquin, 176–7; Beugnot, I/423–4
4. Hortense, II/62; Garros, 341; Pontécoulant, III/123; Lejeune, II/30–1
5. Masson, Marie-Louise, 82–4; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 331–4
6. Pontécoulant, III/124; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 334
7. Constant Wairy, II/125–6; Boudon, Histoire, 314; Clary, 48
8. Lejeune, I/32; Clary, 83
9. Boigne, I/274; Pasquier, I/381; Pontécoulant, III/129–30; Masson, Marie-Louise, 112–19
10. Consalvi, 211, 218, 238, 242, 246–7
11. Constant Wairy, II/132–3; Thibaudeau, 278; Coignet, 191
12. Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819, 18, 100, 263, 408, 411; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, II/336
13. Jerome, Mémoires, IV/402
14. Ernouf, 282, also: Fouché, 1957, 173, 181–3; Savary, IV/320–40; Pasquier, I/390–404; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/340; Boudon, Histoire, 310; Lentz, NHPE, I/512; Garros, 343; Jérôme, Mémoires, IV/401
15. Potocka, 200; Chastenay, 421; Masson, Marie-Louise, 233
16. Potocka, 215–18
17. Ibid., 281
18. Jourdan, Louis, 11–12, 18, 20, 31ff, 81ff
19. Savary, IV/346; Jourdan, Louis, 150; CG, X/422
20. Savary, IV/353; Jourdan, Louis, 22
21. Lejeune, II/39, 33–4; see also Metternich, Mémoires, I/301–7
22. Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 336; Lejeune, I/252–3; Marmont, V/2–3
23. Metternich, Mémoires, I/287, 286; Lentz, NHPE, I/522–3; Boigne, I/275
24. Chastenay, 420–1; Hortense, II/113–14, 116; Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, I/353
25. Fontaine, I/219, 249–50, 275; see also Branda, Secrets, 105 and Le Prix, 44–8
26. Thibaudeau, 278
27. Savary, IV/355; Lentz, NHPE, I/516; Fouché, 1957, 298; Tulard, Fouché, 255
28. Savary, IV/311, 406; Hortense, II/117
29. Savary, IV/314, V/99; Lentz, NHPE, I/520; Pasquier, I/517; Hauterive, Napoléon et sa Police, 43
30. Jérôme, Mémoires, IV/410; Metternich, Mémoires, I/279; Chastenay, 433; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 280; Sutherland, 197–8; Josephine, Correspondance, 274; Hortense, II/116; Chaptal, 340
31. Metternich, Mémoires, I/283–4
32. Canova, 418; Lentz, NHPE, II/125
33. Lentz, NHPE, I/529; Marmont, III/340
35: Apogee
1. Las Cases, 1983, I/619
2. Metternich, Mémoires, I/286; Masson, Marie-Louise, 208–9
3. Metternich, Mémoires, I/297; Ségur, Histoire, III/476; Kemble, 165, 170
4. Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre, II/318
5. Méneval, II/436; Hortense, II/127; Savary, V.146–9; Raza, 202–6; Castellane, I/83; Kemble, 182–4
6. Boigne, I/291–2; Lentz, NHPE, II/13–14; Goethe, Karlsbader Stanzen
7. Hortense, II/125–8, 97; Constant Wairy, II/154–5; Savary, V/147–9; Méneval, II/438; Avrillon, II/275, 307–8; Josephine, Correspondance, 267; Chevallier & Pincemaille, 348–51; Mollien, III/76
8. Driault, Grand Empire, 323
9. Ibid., 126; Miot de Melito, III/187
10. Branda & Lentz, 187; Bodinier, 385
11. Lentz, NHPE, II/85; Branda, Le Prix, 307–8, 365, 301–3, 308–11
12. Metternich, Mémoires, II/328; Savary, IV/318–19
13. Bigarré, 315; Haegele, 399; for a contrary view: Marbot, II/482–3
14. Haegele, 420; Joseph, Mémoires, VII/306, 488ff, VIII/42–272
15. Branda, Secrets, 153–7
16. Metternich, Mémoires, II/329
17. CG, VII/924
18. Comeau de Charry, 281; Rapp, 106; Broglie, I/177–9; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/400
19. Napoleon, Correspondance, XX/149–54
20. Ibid., 159
21. Zamoyski, 1812, 111
22. Kartsov & Voenskii, 50–1
23. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/3; Palmer, 199
24. Zamoyski, 1812, 70–1; Bignon, 46ff; Metternich, Mémoires, II/407
25. Metternich, Mémoires, II/412–13; Ernouf, 319
26. Zamoyski, 1812, 72
27. Caulaincourt, I/281–316
28. Zamoyski, 1812, 75–6
29. Ibid., 76–7
30. Chastenay, 471; Branda, Secrets, 184; Beugnot, I/480–5; Pasquier, I/430–1; Lignereux, 142; Heine, 114
31. Metternich, Mémoires, II/422
36: Blinding Power
1. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/191
2. Villemain, I/155–67; Zamoyski, 1812, 106; Ségur, Histoire, IV/74
3. Bodinier, 309–12; Zamoyski, 1812, 85, 88; Bégos, 175
4. Zamoyski, 1812, 88–9
5. Berthezène, I/328
6. Baudus, I/336; Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/46; Ségur, Histoire, III/65–9, 447–8, IV/125; Laugier, 9; Dumonceau, II/17, 48; Davout, III/155; Fantin des Odoards, 303
7. Jérôme, V/247; see also Zamoyski, 1812, 83–4
8. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/388
9. Fontaine, I/316
10. Pasquier, I/525
11. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/61
12. Castellane, I/93
13. Beauharnais, VII/340; Savary, V/226; Comeau de Charry, 439; Lejeune, II/174
14. Méneval, III/25, 109; Caulaincourt, I/315
15. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/68
16. Metternich, Mémoires, I/122; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/395
17. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/75; Pradt, 56–7; Savary, V/226
18. Villemain, I/163, 165–6; Chłapowski, 235
19. Zamoyski, 1812, 132–3
20. Caulaincourt, I/342; Zamoyski, 1812, 133–4
21. Zamoyski, 1812, 132–7
22. Ibid., 117
23. Lejeune, I/172
24. Zamoyski, 1812, 142–3
25. Bulletins, 487–8
37: The Rubicon
1. Caulaincourt, I/344
2. Zamoyski, 1812, 147; Bulletins, 488–9
3. Lejeune, II/175
4. Planat de la Faye, Vie, 71
5. Zamoyski, 1812, 156–7
6. Anatole de Montesquiou, 208
7. Caulaincourt, I/354
8. Dubrovin, 20–5; CG, XII/787–9
9. Zamoyski, 1812, 160; Bulletins, 501–3
10. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/61
11. Zamoyski, 1812, 161–4
12. Ibid., 166–8
13. Ibid., 168
14. CG, XII/879, 899
15. Ibid., 923–4
16. Zamoyski, 1812, 190–2
17. Méneval, III/43; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/128, 133; Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/289, 306; Dumas, III/429; Castellane, I/126–7; La Flise, LXXI/465; Bourgoing, 98–100
18. Zamoyski, 1812, 194–5; Dedem de Gelder, 295; Caulaincourt, I/379, 407
19. Caulaincourt, I/382; Villemain, I/203–4, 208; also Zamoyski, 1812, 196
20. Załuski, 241; Brandt, 261, 289; Chevalier, 189; Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/323
21. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/394; Caulaincourt, I/393
22. Caulaincourt, I/406
23. Rapp, 167; Denniée, 62; Lejeune, II/199; Zamoyski, 1812, 229
24. Bourgoing, 100; Brandt, 252–3
25. Pion des Loches, 287; Chevalier, 190
26. Caulaincourt, I/411
27. Sołtyk, 198–9; Roguet, III/474
28. Zamoyski, 1812, 258–9
29. Bausset, II/84; Brandt, 272; CG, XII/1080
30. Rapp, 173–5
31. Ibid., 176; Thirion, 180; Vossler, 60–1; Holzhausen, 105
32. Zamoyski, 1812, 271–2; Lejeune, II/217
33. Dedem de Gelder, 240; Zamoyski, 1812, 287–8
34. Anatole de Montesquiou, 226–7; Sanguszko, 93; Thirion, 201
38: Nemesis
1. Bourgogne, 13
2. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/94–7; Rapp, 184
3. Ségur, Histoire, V/75
4. Caulaincourt, II/49
5. Zamoyski, 1812, 349–50
6. Caulaincourt, II/23
7. Zamoyski, 1812, 338–9
8. Ibid., 339
9. Belliard, I/112
10. Caulaincourt, II/26, 42, 56, 65
11. Fain, Manuscit de 1812, I/151–2
12. Zamoyski, 1812, 353–4
13. Ibid., 354–5
14. Ibid., 355; Rapp, 192–3
15. See Zamoyski, 1812, 364–8
16. Ibid., 370–5, 377
17. Denniée, 118, 114–15; Volkonskii, 199–203; Caulaincourt, II/104–5
18. Zamoyski, 1812, 379–81, 383–4
19. Ibid., 409
20. Pastoret, 470–1
21. Caulaincourt, II/141; Saint-Denis, 54; Méneval, II/93–4 writes that this was at Orsha
22. Bourgogne, 116; Roguet, III/518
23. Zamoyski, 1812, 425
24. Ibid., 455–6, 378; Bertin, 251–2; Anatole de Montesquiou, 254–5, 267
25. Zamoyski, 1812, 457
26. Caulaincourt, II/168, 173; also Zamoyski, 1812, 459–60
27. Rapp, 213; Zamoyski, 1812, 461ff
28. Zamoyski, 1812, 491–3; Bulletins, 556
29. Ernouf, 461–2
30. Caulaincourt, II/230ff
31. Ibid., 263; Pradt, 207–18
32. Potocka, 331–4; Niemcewicz, 383; Koźmian, III/311
33. Caulaincourt, II/315
34. Zamoyski, 1812, 522–3
39: Hollow Victories
1. Anatole de Montesquiou, 296–7
2. CG, XII/1305
3. Driault, Napoléon et l’Europe, 59
4. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VII/342–3; CG, XII/1305; Caulaincourt, II/389–90, 393–4
5. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/369; for the losses, see Zamoyski, 1812, 536–40 and notes
6. Molé, I/155
7. Hortense, II/152; Mollien, III/169–70; GS, HA Ministerium, 10 February 1813; see also Collot, 50–4
8. Tulard, Fiévée, 154; Barante, I/371
9. Garros, 402
10. Lentz, NHPE, II/339; for Mallet Affair, see: Boudon, Histoire, 366ff; Savary, VI/2–35; Pasquier, II/12–34; Cambacérès, Lettres, II/914; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/434; Molé, I/118–25; Price, 29–31
11. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/129; see Lavalette 328 for his annoyance at not being left the chance of reprieving Mallet
12. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/429; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/38
13. Caulaincourt, II/315; Molé, I/129, 131; Raumer, 23–4; Mollien, III/293–5
14. Lentz, NHPE, II/399, 403
15. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VII/418, 448, 452, VI/74
16. Marmont, V/5; Durand, 144–5; Tulard, Fiévée, 150–1; Boussingault, I/53–5; Molé, I/144; Price, 91; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/380–1
17. Haegele, 469–70; Lentz, NHPE, II/400
18. Hardenberg, XII/17, 13–15; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/210, 231–7
19. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/238–41, 296–9, 301–3, 306–7; Abrantès, XI/90–1; Castellane, I/222; Broglie, I/214, 218, 220
20. Shishkov, I/167; Zorin, 251, 264
21. Angeberg, I/5–7
22. Kraehe, I/43
23. Gentz, Dépèches, I/8–9
24. Ibid., I/13; Oncken, I/416–20; Buckland, 459ff, 491ff; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/296–9
25. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/521; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/222; Lentz, NHPE, II/358–60
26. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VII/344
27. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/196–7; Driault, Napoléon et l’Europe, 76
28. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/247–75; Driault, Napoléon et l’Europe, 76; Oncken, I/439; Méneval, III/129
29. Oncken, II/624; CG, XIII/860
30. Wojciechowski, 81; Bertrand, Lettres, 190; Pelleport, II/65; Chłapowski, 310; Mallardi, 404
31. Beauharnais, IX/94; Wojciechowski, 82; Dumas, III/499; Barrès, 158
32. Zamoyski, Rites, 52–3; Marmont, V/25
33. Oncken, II/673–8
34. Angeberg, I/13; Metternich, Mémoires, I/250; Driault, Napoléon et l’Europe, 91; Ernouf, 494, 533–4, 539; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/390
35. Price, 66; Gross, 88
36. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/390; Price, 70; Chłapowski, 348
37. Chłapowski, 324–5
38. Zamoyski¸ Rites, 61–2
39. Fouché, 1945, 388–9
40. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/426–7; Chłapowski, 341; Planat de la Faye, 43
41. Zamoyski, Rites, 63
40: Last Chance
1. Cambacérès, Lettres, II/922, 967, 973, 994; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/430; Price, 91–4; Belliard, I/125, 130
2. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/907, 938, 971–2; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, II/66–7; Fouché, 1824, II/196–7, 1945, 404; Potocka, 350
3. Metternich, Mémoires, I/147–53, II/461–2; Nesselrode, V/108–15; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, II/36–44; Price, 83
4. SUA, 12, 33/9
5. Angeberg, I/18–19
6. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, II/79–80
7. Nesselrode, I/99–100; Humboldt, IV/52, 76; Hardenberg, XII/207; Price, 99–101
8. Price, 103–4
9. Fleury, 317; Boulart, 287; Skałkowski, 136; Marbot, III/257
10. SUA, 12, 33/21; Humboldt, IV/92
11. PRONI, 74, 72; Angeberg, I/74; SUA, 12, 33/22; BL Aberdeen, 161–3; Webster, 157; see also Price 103–9
12. These figures are approximate, as calculations vary wildly; on the subject of Russia’s mobilisation, see Lieven
13. Beugnot, II/4–6; Beauharnais, IX/108, 117
14. See Nesselrode, I/103
15. Garros, 424
16. Hardenberg, XII/180
17. Lavalette, 278; Faucheur, 225; Dumas, III/524
18. Marmont, V/255–6; Boulart, 249; Dumas, III/524; Lentz, NHPE, II/443, 459; Szymanowski, 101–3
19. Macdonald, 224
20. Lentz, NHPE, II/467
21. Macdonald, 227; Pasquier, II/96–7; Dumonceau, II/387; Barrès, 194
22. Ginisty, 11–12; Macdonald, 232; Ségur, Histoire, VI/93; Sułkowski, Listy, 417–22
23. Lentz, NHPE, II/469–70; Masson, Marie-Louise, 509
24. Beugnot, II/38
25. Beauharnais, IX/299ff, 384–5, 295
26. Lentz, NHPE, II/516; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VIII/251–6
27. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/491, 495; Cambacérès, Lettres, II/1099–112; Lentz, NHPE, II/498–9, 503; Bodinier, 307, 320, 329
28. Pasquier, II/99; Bausset, V/256–7; Waresquiel, 422; also Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/507; Lentz, NHPE, II/471
29. Beugnot, II/54; Pasquier, II/100; Molé, I/174–6; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/507
30. Lavalette, 279–80; Marmont, VI/7–8
31. Josephine, Correspondance, 359–60; Beugnot, II/78–80
32. Pasquier, II/110
41: The Wounded Lion
1. Zamoyski, Rites, 125–8; Price, 154–61
2. Angeberg, I/77–8; Price, 161–9
3. Molé, I/139–40; Lentz, NHPE, II/511–12
4. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IX/132, 84, 36ff, 76–7, 139, 150, 166–7, 175ff, 200, 259; Tulard, 291–2; Madelin, 295; Lentz, NHPE, II/491, 487–8; Beauharnais, IX/284–5, 295, 299ff; Josephine, Correspondance, 361–2
5. Pasquier, II/143; Lavalette, 282; Pontécoulant, III/187; Hortense, II/174, 177
6. Fain, Manuscrit de 1814, 72–5; Vionnet de Maringoné, 105
7. Ernouf, 623; Garros, 439; Caulaincourt, III/15–16; Montbas, 805–6; Fain, Manuscrit de 1814, 75–8, 284–5; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXVII/223–4
8. Benckendorff, 349; FO 92, 3; Metternich, Mémoires, I/190; Méneval, III/213–15; Bertrand, Lettres, 375–94; Dumonceau, III/18, 29–30; Müffling, 469–71; Bodinier, 300; Ligneureux, 306–7; where the enemy had not been seen, the attitude was very different – see Lignereux, 310; Fontaine, I/385–6; Hauterive, 354; Price, 205–11
9. Joseph, Mémoires, X/63–149, 48
10. Ibid., 161; Ségur, Histoire, VI/248–9
11. Molé, I/286
12. Ségur, Histoire, VI/293–4
13. Grabowski, 179–83; Joseph, Mémoires, X/198
14. Cambacérès, Lettres, II/1131
15. Boulart, 319–20; Desmarest, 268
16. Joseph, Mémoires, X/31–3; Miot de Melito, II/353; Savary, VI/363–79; VII/3
17. Combe, 275–6; Pontécoulant, III/259–61; Béranger, 141; Savary, VII/12; Marmont, VI/240–9; Lavalette, 290
18. Belliard, I/171–2; Lentz, Vingt Jours, 31–2
19. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 41–4
20. Caulaincourt, III/167
21. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 57–69; Ségur, Histoire, VII/153
22. Marmont, VI/257–70; Belliard, I/180–6; Macdonald, 279, 286; Ségur, Histoire, VII/163–78; Caulaincourt, I/161–6; Lentz, Vingt Jours, 70–2, 107; the most coherent account is in Price, 234–8
23. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 79ff; Caulaincourt, III/233ff.; Masson, Marie-Louise, 568–82
24. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 220–1; Grabowski, 214–15; Szymanowski, 111–13; Boulart, 323
42: Rejection
1. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 217
2. cf. Caulaincourt, I/314
3. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 135–9
4. Ibid., 131–2
5. Chevallier & Laot, ed., 303
6. Caulaincourt, III/343, 357–73; Ségur, Histoire, VII/196–200; Saint-Denis, 55–8; Fain, Manuscrit de 1814, 255–8; Belly de Bussy, 237; Lentz, Vingt Jours, 159–168
7. Caulaincourt, III/366; Macdonald, 299
8. Chevallier & Laot, 303–4; Sutherland, 255–8
9. Tulard-Garros, 549
10. Masson, Marie-Louise, 541; Price, 241; Pasquier, II/237–8; Anatole de Montesquiou, 305–6
11. Masson, Marie-Louise, 573–5; Price, 242–3
12. Masson, Marie-Louise, 580; Anatole de Montesquiou, 334–5; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 492; Lentz, Vingt Jours, 186–9
13. Chevallier, & Laot, ed., 303–4
14. Campbell, 157
15. Ibid., 157, 160, 171–2, 182; Schouvaloff; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 493
16. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 202–3; Coignet, 331; Campbell, 185; Fain, Manuscrit de 1814, 398ff
17. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 170
18. Campbell, 190
19. Ibid., 198–201; Peyrusse, Mémorial, 295–6; Shuvalov, 809–29; Saint-Denis, 59; Lentz, NHPE, IV/158–65; Price, 244–8; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 493–8
20. Branda, Le Prix, 62–3; Lentz, NHPE, IV/205–10
21. Méneval, III/341, 375–6, 384; Lentz, NHPE, IV/168–72; see also Anatole de Montesquiou, 350
22. Jérôme, Mémoires, VI/474; Peyrusse, Lettres, 232; Saint-Denis, 60ff; Pons de l’Hérault, 140, 191
23. Sutherland, 266–81; Saint-Denis, 78–80; Pons de l’Hérault, 211–14
24. Lentz, NHPE, IV/270–8; Branda, l’Ile, 58–64
25. Pons de l’Hérault, 160–7; Brun de Villeret, 191–2; Campbell, 109, 156, 305; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 352–3; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, X/216–18
26. Campbell, 108, 318, 305, 352–3; Pons de l’Hérault, 371; Rose, 178; Lucien, III/459; Lentz, NHPE, IV/280–3; Lentz, Vingt Jours, 146
27. Pons de l’Hérault, 14, 128; Campbell, 242
28. Pons de l’Hérault, 383–4
43: The Outlaw
1. Macdonald, 343, 411–12; Saint-Denis, 90
2. Lentz, NHPE, IV/291; Saint-Denis, 90
3. Lentz, NHPE, IV/294–5; Peyrusse, Mémorial, 286–7
4. Miot de Melito, III/378–9; Ernouf, 645; Lavalette, 331–3
5. Pasquier, III/125; Barante, II/24; Macdonald, 287–8
6. Savary, VII/373; Lavalette, 333
7. Miot de Melito, III/381; Lavalette, 338–40; Mollien, III/419
8. Lucien, III/463; Miot de Melito, III/395
9. Hortense, III/1; Jal, 297–8; Lucien, III/263; Avrillon, II/381–4
10. Constant, Journal, 351, 349, 353; Constant, Cent-Jours, 211, 209, 227
11. Lentz, NHPE, IV/393–7
12. Ibid., 400–2; Jal, 287–8, 283–5; see also Lavalette, 347 and Miot de Melito, III/400–1
13. Zamoyski, Rites, 460
14. Ibid., 461
15. Ibid., 447–8
16. Lucien, III/230
17. Madelin, 318–19, 330–1, 242–3; Fouché, 1945, 473, 478–9, 483–6; Fleury de Chaboulon, III/289 suggests Montrond’s mission meant to bring Talleyrand over to Napoleon’s side (see also Mollien, III/432; Waresquiel, 493–4; see also Savary, VIII/31ff; Méneval, III/445–6 claims Francis would have backed a regency if Napoleon had agreed to reside privately in Habsburg dominions; see also Lavalette, 342–5; Chaptal, 314–15; Tulard, Fouché, 326–9; Lucien, III/296 believes Napoleon was prepared to step down; the clearest account is in Price, 251–9
18. Pontécoulant, III/328; see also Rapp, 294–5 for his unwillingness to fight; Constant, Cent-Jours, 211
19. Bodinier, 302; Miot de Melito, III/398
20. Ernouf, 657
21. Constant, Cent-Jours, 209; Miot de Melito, III/395
22. Rumigny, 91; Constant, Journal Intime, 354; Miot de Melito, III/395
23. Hortense, III/14; Lavalette, 349
24. Bodinier, 366–9; Fantin des Odoards, 427
25. Rumigny, 102
26. Bulletins, 607–13; Lentz, NHPE, IV/507; see also Napoleon, Mémoires, IV/124–5
27. Bertaud, Abdication, 25, 27; Lavalette, 350
28. Bertaud, Abdication, 27, 48, 28, 319 (note 19)
29. Ibid., 49, 27; Constant, Cent-Jours, 284
30. Bertaud, Abdication, 122
31. Lucien, III/347; Bertaud, Abdication, 159, 158, 160, 170; Fouché, 1945, 493–8; Lentz, NHPE, IV/515–16
32. Bertaud, Abdication, 194–5
33. Branda, Secrets, 29; Lentz, NHPE, IV/526 (note); Constant, Journal Intime, 355; Constant, Cent-Jours, 287
34. Hortense, III/32–3
35. Planat de la Faye, 215; Rumigny, 112–13; Macdonald, 393; Savary, VIII/183
36. Savary, VIII/166–7
37. Lentz, NHPE, IV/527; Garros, 473; Bonneau, 420–3
38. Bertaud, Abdication, 302
39. Ibid.
44: A Crown of Thorns
1. Tulard & Garros, 592–3
2. Ibid., 593–4; Benhamou, 18–19
3. Zamoyski, Rites, 497
4. Saint-Denis, 136–8; Warden, Cockburn, etc.
5. Tulard, Sainte-Hélène, 11; Montchenu, 49
6. Letters from the Cape, 81
7. Abell, 20–1, 30–1, 39, 208, 72–3, 77
8. Las Cases, 1983, I/205–7
9. Ibid., 207–9
10. Planat de la Faye, 241; Martineau, 42
11. Zamoyski, Phantom Terror, 133
12. Cockburn, 7
13. Ibid., 25, 45, 76–7; Letters from the Cape, 12; Benhamou, 37
14. Aubry, I/199
15. Malcolm, 24–6
16. Aubry, I/203, 296, 219, II/79
17. Ibid., I/217–18
18. Fraser, Venus, 232
19. Aubry, I/220–3
20. Ibid., 215–16, II/74–7; Letters from the Cape, 202; see also Zamoyski, Phantom Terror, 129–35; and Hazareesingh for a wonderfully exhaustive study of the subject
21. Branda, Le Prix, 75–6; Benhamou, 77; Aubry, I/224
22. Martineau, 71–3; Aubry, I/225–9; Malcolm, 41, 44, 58, 62, 64
23. Branda, Le Prix, 78
24. Saint-Denis, 168–9
25. Malcolm, 44, 152
26. Aubry, I/245–6
27. Roberts, Napoleon, 788; Abell, 57; Aubry, II/159
28. Aubry, II/133
29. Ibid., 137–8
30. Jérôme, Mémoires, VI/298–9
31. Branda, Secrets, 246–51
32. Roberts, Napoleon, 798
33. Aubry, II/221
34. Molé, Souvenirs de jeunesse, 132
35. For an exhaustive treatment of the Testament, see Branda, Le Prix, 85–94
36. Heine, 115