Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations
Adams, Paul, 122
“Advertisements for Myself” (Mailer), 199
advertising, 219–20
“Aesthetic of the Cool, An” (Thompson), 70–72
African Rhythm and African Sensibility (Chernoff), 72
Afro-Cuban jazz, 64–73
Agee, James, 199
Aitken, Robert, 173
Albers, Josef and Anni, 159, 61, 161
Alexander, Donnell, 88
Alloway, Lawrence, 239
Almanac Singers, 255
“American Century, The” (Luce), 106
American Cool (Connor), 19
“American Cool” (Hickey), 248
Andy Warhol (Smith), 237, 238, 240
Angle Bar, 125
Another Side of Bob Dylan, 260–61
Anthology Film Archives, 233
“Anti-100 Years of Cinema” (Mekas), 233–36
Apollinaire, Guillaume, 89
“Are Black People Cooler Than White People?” (Alexander), 88
Artaud, Antonin, 162–64, 165, 212
Art Issues, 248
Art of this Century gallery, 76, 92, 94, 98, 99, 101
Art Students League, 82–85, 86–87
Ashton, Leigh, 78
Atom Bombing of New York, 79
Autobiography of a Wolf, The (Burroughs), 111
Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka, The (Baraka), 19–20, 197–99
Avedon, Richard, 106
Baez, Joan, 259, 261, 262, 263
Baraka, Amiri (LeRoi Jones), 19–20, 20, 54–56, 197–99
Barnard College, 121, 122, 127
Basie, Count, 13
Batterham, Forster, 195
Bauhaus, 159–61
Beard, Charles, 152
beat generation, 111–43
first use of term, 141–42
Beat Generation, The (film), 219, 220
Beat Generation, The (Kerouac), 232
Beat Zen, Square Zen, and Zen (Watts), 180
invention of term, 44–45
Bechet, Sidney, 64
Beck, Julian, 185, 186, 188–190, 192–94, 199, 203, 212
Benedek, Laslo, 216
Benedetti, Dean, 58
Benton, Rita, 87
Benzedrine, 129, 134, 136, 140
Berg, Billy, 52
Berger, Meyer, 51
Best, Denzil, 54
Billingsley, Sherman, 116
Birdland, 59
Birth of the Cool, 13, 20, 54, 220
Blackboard Jungle, 216–19, 219, 250
Black Mountain Book, The (Dawson), 159
Black Mountain College, 27, 158–65, 199
Blow Job, 245
Blum, Irving, 240
Bob Dylan, 257
Bob Dylan Live 1966, 263
Bob le Flambeur, 28
Bockris, Victor, 242
Bonestell, Chesley, 79
Bottomly, Susan, 245–47
Bound for Glory (Guthrie), 252–53
Brandenberg, Bob, 133
Brando, Marlon, 24–26, 79, 190, 192, 216, 219, 241
Brent, John, 220
Breslin, Jimmy, 125
Brooks, Harvey, 262
Brossard, Chandler, 224
Brown, Carolyn, 156
Buddha, 146
Buddhism, see Zen Buddhism
Buddhist Bible, A (Goddard), 171
Burley, Dan, 17
Burroughs, William S., 14, 20–22, 111–43, 111
Burroughs, William S., Jr., 135, 136, 199
Cab Calloway’s Cat-ologue (Calloway), 17
Cabito, 73
Caen, Herb, 14
Cafe Society, 116
Cage, John, 24, 150–58, 150, 161–70, 180, 193, 199
Calder, Alexander, 92
Cale, John, 242
Calloway, Cab, 17, 34, 37–38, 37, 45, 65
Capital of the American Century (Shefter), 28
Capote, Truman, 241
Caron, Leslie, 219
Carr, Lucien, 121, 122, 122, 126–27, 171
Cartwright, Louis, 131
Carus, Paul, 149
Cash, Johnny, 265
Cassady, Carolyn, 136, 137, 141, 170–71
Cassady, LuAnn, 136, 137, 140, 141
Cassady, Neal, 136, 137–40, 137, 141, 170–71, 180, 232
Cassavetes, John, 223–36, 224, 227, 266
Catholic Worker, 194, 196, 220
Cat’s Caravan, 13
Cernovich, Nick, 165
Chabrol, Claude, 28
Chelsea Girls, 247
Chernoff, John Miller, 72
Civil Defense Administration, 185–87, 188, 188
civil rights movement, 188
Clarke, Kenny “Klook,” 41, 44, 45, 46, 64–65
Close, Del, 220
Collier, James Lincoln, 54
Collingwood, Charles, 222
Columbia University, 120, 121, 122, 133, 141, 149, 150, 152, 157, 181
Committee, The, 220
Connection, The (film), 203, 233
Connection, The (Gelber), 202–12, 203, 206, 209, 224
Connor, Marlene Kim, 19, 20, 91
Conquest of Cool, The (Frank), 27, 219
Cook, Elisha, Jr., 216
cool:
author’s first encounter with term, 13
beat as, 131
as deflecting attention, 107
essence of, 14–23
first paper written about, 70–72
Gelber on, 202
as koan, 170
logic and, 129
Mailer on, 200
need for teaching of, 158
as shared code, 46
ubiquity of, 266–67
Cool World, The, 203
Copland, Aaron, 152
Corso, Gregory, 14, 199, 199, 232, 233
Costello, Frank, 119
Cowell, Henry, 152
Cowley, Malcolm, 195
Crane, Hart, 152
Crane, Philip, 157
Crowninshield, Frank, 90
Cunningham, Merce, 152–153, 153, 161–62, 164, 193
Curry, John Steuart, 105
Cuscuna, Michael, 63
dada, 94
Dalí, Salvador, 88
Dan Burley’s Original Handbook of Harlem Jive (Burley), 17
Daniels, Douglas H., 19
Dassin, Jules, 79
Davis, Miles, 13, 13, 20, 24, 27, 37, 42, 44, 45, 54, 56–58, 73, 199, 206, 220, 224, 256, 265, 266
Davis, Stuart, 82–85, 85, 86, 87, 88
Day, Dorothy, 187–88, 188, 193, 194, 213
Dean, James, 216, 216, 219, 250
Death in the Family, A (Agee), 199
Deer Park, The (Mailer), 200
de Kooning, Willem, 79, 94, 101–4, 101, 107, 161, 249
de Martino, Richard, 149
Denver, Bob, 219
Deren, Maya, 199
Dewey, Thomas, 54
De Witt, Dorothy, 178–79
Dharma Bums, The (Kerouac), 173, 179–80, 181
“dig,” 200
Dissent, 199
Dom, 244
Dorn, Ed, 162
Dreyer, Carl, 165
Duchamp, Marcel, 94–98, 97, 100
Dunham, Katherine, 69
Eastern Buddhist, The, 149
Eat, 245
Edge of the City, 223
Edison, Harry “Sweets,” 17–19
Egan Gallery, 101
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 168, 185, 186, 224
11th Virgin, The (Day), 195
Elvins, Kells, 111, 120, 135, 136
Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, 259–60
Essays in Zen Buddhism (Suzuki), 172
Everett, Eleanor, 176–78
existentialism, 23–24
Factory, The, 241–42, 242, 244, 245, 247, 249
“Fantastic Art, Dada, and Surrealism,” 89
“Fantasy: The Early History of Bop” (Kerouac), 47
Federn, Paul, 126
Ferus Gallery, 240
Fifty-second Street, 45, 47, 50–51, 52
Film-Makers’ Cooperative, 233
Finnerty, Warren, 203, 209, 209
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 142
Flaming Creatures, 244
Flash of the Spirit (Thompson), 72
Flavin, Dan, 249
Foreman, Clark, 259
Fountain (Duchamp), 94–97
4’33” (Cage), 168–70
400 Blows, 228
Fox, Harold, 51–52
Fox Brothers, 51
Frank, Thomas, 27, 219, 220, 267
Frank, Waldo, 152
Frankfurter, Alfred, 76–78
Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan, The, 257–59
Freud, Sigmund, 126
Fried, Elaine, 104
Fromm, Erich, 157
Fuller, Buckminster, 161
Furlong, Monica, 178
Gabler, Neal, 119
gangster movies, 119, 119, 219
gangsters, 113–15, 115, 119–20, 126
Garver, Bill, 133–34
Gestalt Therapy (Perls, Hefferline, and Goodman), 190
Gilbert, Ronnie, 261
Gillespie, Dizzy, 24, 34–53, 34, 58–61, 64–65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 219, 266
Ginsberg, Allen, 14, 27, 121, 122, 125, 129–30, 129, 131, 136, 137, 140, 141, 146, 171–72, 181, 197, 199, 209, 232, 233
Giorno, John, 245
Gitler, Ira, 50
Gleason, Bob and Sid, 253
Gluck, Nathan, 239
Godard, Jean-Luc, 28, 228, 228
Goddard, Dwight, 171
Gold, Mike, 195
Goldoni, Lelia, 223, 224, 227, 233, 234, 236
Goodrow, Garry, 20, 203, 206, 209–12, 224
Gordon, Dexter, 50
Gorky, Arshile, 82–88, 82, 90, 101–4
Gould, Joe, 197
Graham, Bill, 244
Graham, Billy, 185
Graham, Constance, 90
Graham, John, 82, 85–87, 88, 90–91, 94, 101
Graham, Martha, 153
Greco, Juliette, 24, 27, 59, 228
Greenberg, Clement, 76, 99, 101
Greenwich Village, 116, 120, 122, 134, 171, 193, 195, 197–99, 223–24, 242, 253
Grillo, Frankie “Machito,” 65–68, 65, 69
Grossman, Albert, 257, 262, 264, 265
Growing Up Absurd (Goodman), 190
Guardian of the Secret (Pollock), 98–99
Guggenheim, Peggy, 76, 91–94, 94, 97, 98, 99–100, 101
Guggenheim, Solomon, 92
“Guggenheim Mural” (Pollock), 99–100
Guilty of Everything (Huncke), 131, 133
Guston, Philip, 157
Guthrie, Woody, 27, 252–55, 255, 257, 259, 261, 263
Hammond, John, 257
“happenings,” 164
Hare, David, 100
Harrington, Michael, 220
Harvard University, 115–16
Haverty, Joan, 171
Hawks, Howard, 119
Hecht, Ben, 119
Hefferline, Paul, 190
Heller, Joan, 162
Helstrom, Echo, 252
Henderson, Joseph, 90
Hennacy, Ammon, 187, 188, 193, 194
Hep-Cats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams (Jonnes), 53
heroin, 52–60, 111, 131, 134, 202–12, 242
Hickey, David, 248
Hines, Earl “Fatha,” 38–40
Hinkle, Al and Helen, 137–40
hip, hipsters, 17, 51, 199–200, 219–20
Hiroshima, Mon Amour, 228
Hofmann, Hans, 79–82
Holiday, Billie, 19, 54, 56, 61
Holmes, John Clellon, 141
Horney, Karen, 157
House Un-American Activities Committee, 256
Houston, Cisco, 253–55
“Howl” (Ginsberg), 129
How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art (Guilbaut), 82
How to Speak Hip, 220
Hughes, Fred, 249
Hughes, Langston, 20
Humphrey, Doris, 152
Humphreys, Christmas “Toby,” 176
Huncke, Herbert, 111, 130–35, 133, 136, 141
Hurd, Hugh, 224
Hutcherson, Bobby, 63
I Ching, Book of Changes, 153–56, 164, 199
I Had Nowhere to Go (Mekas), 227
Imaginary Landscapes (Cage), 150
Incompleat Folksinger, The (Seeger), 255
Indiana, Robert, 245
In My Own Way (Watts), 173, 176
Inner Revolution (Thurman), 24, 150
Internal Security Act (1950), 256
International Velvet, 245–47
Interview, 241
Invisible Man (Ellison), 46
I Sing the Body Electronic (Moody), 27
Itten, Johannes, 161
Jazz Masters of the ’40s (Gitler), 50
Johns, Jasper, 238
Johnson, Ray, 161
Jones, LeRoi, see Baraka, Amiri
Jonnes, Jill, 53
Joub, Simon, 73
Juba to Jive (Major), 14
Jung, Carl, 90
Kammerer, David, 121, 122, 122, 126–27
Karp, Ivan, 250
Karpis, Alvin “Creepy,” 113, 115
Kashevaroff, Xenia, 152–53
Kaye, Sammy, 50
Kazan, Elia, 79
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 220–22
Kennedy, John F., 222, 255, 260
Kerouac, Jack, 14, 27, 47, 107, 121–22, 122, 125, 127–30, 131, 136, 137–42, 170–73, 179–81, 190, 197, 199, 202, 219, 232, 233, 257, 266
Kerouac, Jan, 171
Kiesler, Frederick, 92
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 188, 257
Klapper, Ilse, 120
Kligman, Ruth, 107
koans, 148, 170, 172, 173, 181
Koerner, “Spider” John, 252
Konitz, Lee, 13
Korzybski, Count Alfred, 120, 122
LaGrone, Eloise, 29
Lamba, Jaqueline, 91
Lane, Beatrice Erskine, 149
Latin jazz, 64–73
Latow, Muriel, 240
Lee, Carl, 206
Levey, Stan, 53
Lewis, John, 61
Liberation, 187
Life, 13–14, 76–78, 82, 105, 106–7, 150, 219
“Like a Rolling Stone,” 262–63, 264
Lindner, Robert, 126
Lion, Alfred, 61–64
Little Sandy Review, 260
Living Theatre, 185, 186, 192–94, 199, 203, 212, 213
Long Loneliness, The (Day), 195
Lowe, Jim “Cool Fool,” 13
Luce, Clare Booth, 105
Luce, Henry, 105–6
Luciano, Lucky, 54, 54, 113, 119–20
McKendree, Moe, 223, 227, 228, 232
McLean, Jackie, 19, 60, 63, 203, 203, 206, 208
McLuhan, Marshall, 220
McShann, Jay, 37
Mad, 14
Mailer, Norman, 126, 199–200, 200, 209
Majors, Richard, 20
Malanga, Gerard, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 249
Malina, Judith, 185, 186–90, 192–99, 203, 212–13
Many Loves (Williams), 193–94
Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, The, 219
Marcus, Judy, 29
Maurin, Peter, 196
Max’s Kansas City, 248–49, 250
Mazdaznan, 161
Meaning of Happiness, The (Watts), 178
Mekas, Adolfas, 227
Mekas, Jonas, 227–36, 228, 244, 248
Melody, Little Jack, 141
Melville, Jean-Pierre, 28
Microsoft, 27
Midgette, Alan, 242
Miles, Reid, 63
Minton, Henry, 41
Minton’s Playhouse, 41–42, 44, 46, 50
Monk, Thelonious, 24, 42–44, 42, 45, 47, 60–61, 63–64, 266
Monroe, Marilyn, 241
Moody, Fred, 27
Moore, Gene, 238
Morales, Noro, 65
Morrison, Sterling, 242
Morrissey, Paul, 249
Morrow, Buddy, 13
Moses, Robert, 27
Motherwell, Robert, 79, 92, 98, 106
Mules and Men (Hurston), 17
Mumford, Lewis, 78
Murphy, Ann, 137
Museum of Modern Art, 89, 91, 99, 106, 107, 150, 232, 238, 239
Museum of Non-Objective Art, 92
Muste, A. J., 188
Muzak, 168
Nadja (Breton), 89
Nagasaki, 188
Naifeh, Steven, 99
Naked and the Dead, The (Mailer), 199
Naked Lunch (Burroughs), 23, 134, 142
Namuth, Hans, 78
Newman, Jerry, 47
Newport Folk Festivals, 259, 261, 263–66
New School for Social Research, 24, 152, 164, 190–92, 250
New York, N.Y., 25–27, 28–29, 61, 92
see also Fifty-second
Street; Greenwich Village;
Times Square
New Yorker, 51, 61, 149–50, 195, 224, 237
New York Times, 51, 78, 180, 209, 237, 257, 263
Night People, 223
1984 (Orwell), 142
Nixon, Richard M., 222
No Direction Home (Shelton), 252, 263–64
Noland, Kenneth, 161
“No More Masterpieces” (Artaud), 164
Ochs, Phil, 261
off-Broadway theater, 209
O’Hara, Frank, 107
Olson, Charles, 162, 162, 165, 199
On the Road (Kerouac), 27, 129, 137, 141, 170, 171, 180, 202, 257
Operation Alert, 186, 187, 193, 194
“Oral History of the World” (Gould), 197
Orwell, George, 142
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 260
Other Voices, Other Rooms (Capote), 241
Paris, 24, 28, 59, 64, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 199, 228
Parker, Charlie “Bird,” 33 45, 33, 47, 50, 51, 52–53, 57–60, 64, 69, 206, 208, 209, 220, 266
Parker, Edie, 121, 122–25, 127
Passion of Joan of Arc, The, 165
Pegler, Westbrook, 140
Pendergast, Tom, 33
Penn, Arthur, 161
Perilous Night, The (Cage), 153
Perls, Frederick, 190
Peter, Paul and Mary, 259, 263, 265
Phantom Lady, 216
“Philosophy of the Beat Generation, The” (Kerouac), 219
Picasso, Pablo, 91
Pirandello, Luigi, 192
Piscator, Erwin, 190–92
Place of Dead Roads, The (Burroughs), 112
Plan 9 From Outer Space, 220
Poitier, Sidney, 219
Pollock, Arloie, 90
Pollock, Charles, 86–87
Pollock, Jackson, 27, 76–107, 76, 157, 249
pop art, coining of term, 239
Presley, Elvis, 219
psychiatry, psychoanalysis, 126, 153
Putzel, Howard, 94
Queer (Burroughs), 142
Raphael, Jerome, 203
Rauschenberg, Robert, 161, 165, 168, 180, 238
Ray, Tony, 224
Rebel Without a Cause (film), 216, 216, 224, 250
Rebel Without a Cause (Lindner), 126
Redfield, William, 208
Resnais, Alain, 228
Resnick, Milton, 107
Reznikov, Hanon, 212
Rice, Dan, 162
Rice, John Andrew, 159
Richardson, Chan, 57
Rimbaud, Arthur, 89
Ritt, Martin, 223
Rivera, Diego, 91
Rodney, Red, 57
Rollins, Sonny, 63
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 119
Rothchild, Paul, 265
Rothstein, Arnold, 53–54
Rotolo, Suze, 257–59
Rugolo, Pete, 13
Ruse of Medusa, The (Satie), 161
Rushing, Jimmy, 19
Ruskin, Mickey, 248–49
Rustin, Bayard, 188
Sample, Don, 152
San Francisco, Calif., 27–28
San Remo, 197–99, 200, 220, 224
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 23–24, 24, 59
Satie, Eric, 161
satori, 157–58
Scaduto, Anthony, 252
Schapiro, Meyer, 89
Schjeldahl, Peter, 20, 237, 240
Sebastian, John, 262
Sedgwick, Edie, 245
Seeger, Pete, 255–56, 259, 259, 261, 263, 265
Shadow and Act (Ellison), 34, 41
Shefter, Martin, 28
Shelton, Robert, 252, 257, 263–64
Shepherd, Jean, 223
Siddhartha Gautama, 146
Sidney Janis Gallery, 104, 239
Silber, Irwin, 261–62
Sing Out!, 261
Siodmak, Robert, 216
“slanguage,” 116–18
Sleep, 245
Sloan, John, 82
Smith, Gregory White, 99
Snyder, Gary, 146, 172–73, 173, 179, 180, 181
Society of Independent Artists, 94–97
Soen, Shaku, 148
Solomon, Deborah, 106
Sonatas and Interludes (Cage), 161–62
Song of the Spirit, 19
Spender, Matthew, 85
Sputnik, 14
Spy, 14
Stearns, Peter, 19
Stern, Richard, 116
Stieglitz, Alfred, 106
Streetcar Named Desire, A, 79
Subterraneans, The (Kerouac), 170, 197, 219
Sukenick, Ron, 197
“superstar,” coining of term, 245
surrealism, surrealists, 88–89, 91, 94
Suzuki, D. T., 24, 146, 147–150, 156–58, 165, 168, 171, 172, 179, 181
Sydnor, Doris, 57
Tallmer, Jerry, 209
Tanguy, Yves, 92
Tanning, Dorothy, 94
Taplin, Jonathan, 264, 265, 266
television, 220–22
“Theater and Culture, The” (Artaud), 212
Theatre and Its Double, The (Artaud), 164
Theatre Piece #1 (Cage), 164–65
Thomas, Bob, 216
Thomas Paine Award, 260
Thompson, Robert Farris, 70–72
Three Deuces, 50–51
Times Square, 113, 116, 116, 122, 125, 130, 133, 135, 141, 190, 213, 227
Times They Are A-Changin’, The, 260
To Be or Not to Bop (Gillespie), 34, 41, 46, 51, 52, 59, 65
Tojo, Hideki, 158
Tonight We Improvise (Pirandello), 192
Torin, “Symphony Sid,” 59
Tornado Alley (Burroughs), 115
“Tour of the White House
with Mrs. John F. Kennedy,” 220–22
Town and the City, The (Kerouac), 141
Tricycle, 146
Troupe, Quincy, 24, 37, 42, 44, 73
Truman, Harry S., 256
Tucker, Maureen, 242
Tudor, David, 156, 164–65, 168–70
200 Campbell Soup Cans (Warhol), 239
Tynan, Kenneth, 209
Understanding Media (McLuhan), 220
Up-Tight (Malanga and Bockris), 242
Vail, Laurance, 92
Van Doren, Mamie, 219
Van Doren, Mark, 141
Van Gelder, Rudy, 63
Vanity of Duluoz (Kerouac), 130
Van Voorhis, Westbrook, 92
Velvet Underground, 242 44, 249
Vian, Boris, 59
Vidal, Gore, 199
Village, The (Weegee), 199
Village Voice, 27, 199–200, 209, 227, 228, 232, 248
Virginia Film Festival, 267
Viva, 245
Vollmer, Joan, 122–25, 125, 127, 129, 134–35, 136, 137, 140, 143
Von Koenigswarter, Baroness “Nica,” 60, 61
Warhol, Andy, 27, 232, 236–250, 242, 266
War Resister’s League, 187
Washington, George, 248
Weavers, 256
Weegee, 199
Weeks, Jerome, 267
Welding, Pete, 13
Whalen, Philip, 179
What Did I Do? (Rivers), 209
What Happened to Kerouac?, 171
What Is Cool? (Connor), 91
White House, 220–22
“White Negro, The” (Mailer), 199–200
Who Walk in Darkness (Brossard), 224
Williams, William Carlos, 193
Williams Mix (Cage), 156
Wilson, Tom, 260
Winchell, Walter, 65, 116, 119
Winchester, Barbara, 206
Wisdom of Insecurity, The (Watts), 178
Wise, Robert, 79
Wolff, Christian, 153
Wolff, Francis, 61–64
Wolpe, Stefan, 165
Women’s House of Detention, 194–95, 196, 212
Wood, Natalie, 216
Word Virus (Burroughs), 119
world music, coining of term, 152
World War II, 91, 92, 121, 130, 153, 187
Wyse, Seymore, 47
Yoruban, 69–70
You Can’t Win (Black), 112
Young, Celine, 127
Young, Lester, 17–19, 19, 33, 34, 45–46, 47
Zen, meaning of term, 146
Zen and Japanese Culture (Suzuki), 149
Zen Effects (Furlong), 178