CHAPTER 8: THE LATIN STRATEGY
1. Hotze to M, London, August 23, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:868.
2. George C. Rable, The Confederate Republic: A Revolution Against Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 88–92; James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy: Including the Diplomatic Correspondence, 1861–1865 (Nashville: United States Publishing, 1904), 1:183–188.
3. Richardson, Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, 1:183–188.
4. Eric H. Walther, William Lowndes Yancey and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 334–335; Edwin De Leon, Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy Abroad, edited by William C. Davis (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 99–101.
5. Rable, Confederate Republic, 2–5, 21–22, 30, 210–213, 214–254.
6. Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, the Jewish Confederate (New York: Free Press, 1988), 3–48; Robert Douthat Meade, Judah P. Benjamin: Confederate Statesman (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 3–138.
7. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin; Meade, Judah P. Benjamin; Robert N. Rosen, The Jewish Confederates (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2000).
8. Benjamin to Mason, Richmond, September 20, 1864, ORN, ser. 2, 3:1256.
9. Stève Sainlaude, Le gouvernement impérial et la guerre de sécession (1861–1865): L’action diplomatique (Paris: Harmattan, 2011); Phillip E. Myers, Caution and Cooperation: The American Civil War in British-American Relations (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2008), 24–27, 35–63; Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War (1924; reprint, New York: Russell and Russell, 1958), 1:76–78.
10. Stève Sainlaude, La France et la Confédération sudiste, 1861–1865: La question de la reconnaissance diplomatique pendant la guerre de sécession (Paris: Harmattan, 2011), 67–104.
11. Lonnie Alexander Burnett, ed., Henry Hotze, Confederate Propagandist: Selected Writings on Revolution, Recognition, and Race (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2008); Robert E. Bonner, “Slavery, Confederate Diplomacy, and the Racialist Mission of Henry Hotze,” Civil War History 51, no. 3 (2005): 288–316; Joseph V. Trahan, “Henry Hotze: Propaganda Voice of the Confederacy,” in Knights of the Quill: Confederate Correspondents and Their Civil War Reporting (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2010).
12. Hunter to Hotze, November 14, 1861, ORN, ser. 2, 3:293–294.
13. Charles L. Dufour, Nine Men in Gray (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963), 267–298; Burnett, Henry Hotze.
14. Arthur Gobineau, The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races: With Particular Reference to Their Respective Influence in the Civil and Political History of Mankind, edited by Josiah Clark Nott and Henry Hotze (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1856); Bonner, “Slavery, Confederate Diplomacy”; Burnett, Henry Hotze, 5; Michael D. Biddiss, Father of Racist Ideology: The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1970).
15. Frank Lawrence Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America, 2nd ed. (1931; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959), 157.
16. Hotze to Benjamin, London, April 25, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:400–401.
17. Charles P. Cullop, Confederate Propaganda in Europe, 1861–1865 (Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1969), 54.
18. Hotze to unnamed correspondent in Manchester, London, August 21, 1863; Hotze to Benjamin, London, January 17, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:865–866, 661–663. See also Paul Pecquet du Bellet, The Diplomacy of the Confederate Cabinet of Richmond and Its Agents Abroad, edited by William Stanley Hoole (Tuscaloosa, AL: Confederate Publishing, 1963), 43.
19. De Leon, Secret History, xi–xxxi; Charles P. Cullop, “Edwin De Leon, Jefferson Davis’ Propagandist,” Civil War History 8, no. 4 (1962): 386–400; Cullop, Confederate Propaganda, 67–84; Edwin De Leon Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia; Helen Kohn Hennig, “Edwin DeLeon” (master’s thesis, University of South Carolina, 1928).
20. Davis to De Leon, Washington, January 8, 1861; De Leon to Davis, London, October 24, 1861, in The Papers of Jefferson Davis, edited by Mary Seaton Dix and Lynda Lasswell Crist (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 7:6–7, 374–378.
21. Pecquet du Bellet, Diplomacy of the Confederate Cabinet, 65.
22. De Leon, Secret History, 90, 94–95.
23. Ibid., 102–104.
24. Edwin De Leon and Ellie De Leon, Thirty Years of My Life on Three Continents (London: Ward and Downey, 1890), 68–69; De Leon, Secret History, 102–104.
25. De Leon, Secret History, 104.
26. Ibid., xvi–xvii.
27. Benjamin to Mason, Richmond, April 12, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:384–385.
28. Ibid.
29. Hotze to Hunter, London, February 1, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:325.
30. Benjamin Moran, The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, edited by Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), 2:1040, 1212.
31. Mason to Hunter, London, February 22, 1862; Benjamin to Mason, Richmond, April 14, July 18, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:343–344, 740.
32. Beckles Willson, John Slidell and the Confederates in Paris (1862–65) (New York: Minton, Balch, 1932), 43.
33. Thomas Wiltberger Evans, Memoirs of Dr. Thomas W. Evans: The Second French Empire, edited by Edward A. Crane (New York: D. Appleton, 1905), 118, 119.
34. Ibid., 72–74.
35. Ibid., 74–75; Charles Priestly, “Death in Paris: The Mysterious Case of William L. Dayton” (Confederate Historical Association of Belgium, 2014). Priestly questions but does not dismiss Willson’s account. I am grateful to Gerald Hawkins for sending me this excellent article.
36. Louis Martin Sears, John Slidell (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1925).
37. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 214, 273, 277, 325, 326–329, 422.
38. Ibid., 326, 442, 447–449; Sainlaude, Le gouvernement impérial, 98n30. See also Slidell to Benjamin, Paris, April 29, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:756, for an enclosed translated letter from his “friend” and informant that is signed “Cintrat.” My thanks to Stève Sainlaude for bringing this to my attention.
39. Slidell to [Hunter], Paris, February 11, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:336.
40. Mason to Hunter, London, February 7, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:330–331; Slidell to Mason, Paris, February 12, 1862, J. M. Mason Papers, LoC; Louis Martin Sears, “A Confederate Diplomat at the Court of Napoleon III,” American Historical Review 26, no. 2 (1921): 257.
41. Michel Chevalier and Ernest Rasetti, La France, le Mexique et les États Confédérés (Paris: E. Dentu, 1863); Michel Chevalier, France, Mexico, and the Confederate States, translated by William Henry Hurlbert (New York: C. B. Richardson, 1863).
42. Benjamin to Slidell, Richmond, April 12, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:386–390.
43. Slidell to Benjamin, Paris, July 25, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:481–487.
44. As explained in his earlier memorandum to Thouvenel, Slidell to Thouvenel, Paris, July 21, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:475.
45. Slidell to Benjamin, Paris, July 25, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:481–487; Sears, “Confederate Diplomat.”
46. Slidell to Benjamin, Paris, July 25, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:479.
47. De Leon to Benjamin, Vichy, July 30, 1862, OR, ser. 4, 2:23–26; Cullop, “Edwin De Leon,” 391.
48. De Leon, Secret History, xxi, 28–30, 40–46, 135–138, 151–152; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 164; George McCoy Blackburn, French Newspaper Opinion on the American Civil War (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997), 11–12; Cullop, Confederate Propaganda, 67–84, esp. 74.
49. Edwin De Leon, La vérité sur les États Confédérés d’Amérique (Paris: E. Dentu, 1862); De Leon, Secret History, app. 3, includes the first English translation of De Leon’s pamphlet The Truth About the Confederate States of America, 209–219.
50. De Leon, La vérité, 14; De Leon, Secret History, 211, 212.
51. De Leon, La vérité, 24–25; De Leon, Secret History, 216–217.
52. De Leon, La vérité, frontispiece; Pecquet du Bellet, Diplomacy of the Confederate Cabinet, 68.
53. De Leon, La vérité, 29–30; De Leon, Secret History, 218–219; Robert E. Bonner, “Roundheaded Cavaliers? The Context and Limits of a Confederate Racial Project,” Civil War History 48, no. 1 (2002): 34–59.
54. De Leon, La vérité, 29–31; De Leon, Secret History, 218–219.
55. David G. McCullough, The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), 131; John Bigelow, “A Breakfast with Alexandre Dumas,” Scribner’s Monthly 1, no. 6 (1871): 597–600.
56. De Leon, Secret History, 141–143. For the full dispatch, see De Leon to Judah P. Benjamin, Paris, September 30, 1862, OR, ser. 4, 2:99–105.
57. Pecquet du Bellet, Diplomacy of the Confederate Cabinet, 65–74; Malakoff, “Affairs in Europe,” NYT, September 12, 1862; Paul Pecquet du Bellet, La Révolution Américaine dévoilée (Paris: E. Dentu, 1861); Paul Pecquet du Bellet, Lettre sur la guerre Américaine (Paris: Imprimerie de Schiller Ainé, 1862); Paul Pecquet du Bellet, Lettre a l’empereur: De la reconnaissance des États Confédérés d’Amérique (Paris: Schiller Ainé, 1862); Salwa Nacouzi, “Les créoles louisianais défendent la cause du Sud à Paris (1861–1865),” Transatlantica: Revue d’études américaines, no. 1 (October 1, 2002), http://transatlantica.revues.org/.
58. Pecquet du Bellet, Diplomacy of the Confederate Cabinet, 67, 72–73.
59. Ibid., 65–66, 72, 28–29; Nacouzi, “Les créoles louisianais.”
60. Hotze to Benjamin, London, April 25, 1862, September 26, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:399, 914–917.
CHAPTER 9: GARIBALDI’S ANSWER
1. Howard Jones, Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999); Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992).
2. Walter Stahr, Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2012), 338–339.
3. Carl Schurz, Frederic Bancroft, and William Archibald Dunning, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz (New York: McClure, 1907), 2:281–282.
4. Hans Louis Trefousse, Carl Schurz: A Biography (New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), 3–79.
5. Schurz to Seward, Madrid, November 14, 1861, Spain, RG 59; Schurz to Lincoln, Madrid, November 11, 1861, in Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz, edited by Frederic Bancroft (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913), 2:193.
6. Schurz, Bancroft, and Dunning, Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 2:309.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., 310.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 306–317.
11. George McCoy Blackburn, French Newspaper Opinion on the American Civil War (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997), 6.
12. Gary W. Gallagher, The Union War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).
13. Abraham Lincoln, Message to Congress in Special Session, July 4, 1861, CWAL, 4:438.
14. H. Nelson Gay, “Lincoln’s Offer of a Command to Garibaldi: Light on a Disputed Point of History,” Century, November 1907, 67.
15. Lincoln, “Speech at Peoria, Illinois, October 16, 1854,” CWAL, 2:255.
16. Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006); James Oakes, Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013).
17. Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 2:333.
18. Kate Masur, An Example for All the Land: Emancipation and the Struggle over Equality in Washington, D.C. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010); Oakes, Freedom National; Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 81–111.
19. Gideon Welles, Diary of Gideon Welles (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 1:70–71; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:360–361. For examples of Seward’s emphasis on the specter of servile war, see Seward to Adams, Washington, February 17, May 28, July 5, 1862, FRUS, 1862, 37–38, 101–105, 124.
20. Stahr, Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man, 341–345.
21. Ibid.; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:363.
22. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), 468; Stahr, Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man, 342–345.
23. Salmon P. Chase, Inside Lincoln’s Cabinet: The Civil War Diaries of Salmon P. Chase, edited by David Herbert Donald (New York: Longmans, Green, 1954), 99–100; Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 112–113, 122–124, 156; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:363–364; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 467–468.
24. James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
25. Stahr, Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man, 346–347; Seward to Adams, Washington, September 22, 1862, FRUS, 1862, 195.
26. Seward to Adams, Washington, July 28, 1862, FRUS, 1862, 154–158.
27. Emer de Vattel, The Law of Nations; or, Principles of the Law of Nature, Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns, edited by Bela Kapossy and Richard Whatmore (1797; reprint, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2008), 648; Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas, edited by Alexander DeConde (New York: Scribner, 1978), s.v. “Recognition Policy”; Henry Wheaton, Elements of International Law, edited by William Beach Lawrence, 6th ed. (1836; reprint, Boston: Little, Brown, 1855), 106.
28. Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War (1924; reprint, New York: Russell and Russell, 1958), 1:302–305; Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1918), 136; D. P. Crook, The North, the South, and the Powers, 1861–1865 (New York: Wiley, 1974), 218–219.
29. Slidell to Mason, October 2, 1862, J. M. Mason Papers, LoC.
30. E. Adams, Great Britain, 2:118–135.
31. Benjamin Moran, The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, edited by Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), 2:1040, 1212; Amanda Foreman, A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War (New York: Random House, 2011), 278–280.
32. Martin B. Duberman, Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961), 292–298; Crook, North, South, and Powers, 215–225; Charles Francis Adams, “Charles Francis Adams Diaries, 1823–1880” (Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, 1954), July 17, September 21, 24, 1862; Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920), 1:161–162.
33. Spencer Walpole, The Life of Lord John Russell (London: Longmans, Green, 1889), 2:349–350; E. Adams, Great Britain, 2:39.
34. E. Adams, Great Britain, 2:38.
35. Charles Francis Adams, Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913), 99; Walpole, Lord John Russell, 2:350–352; E. Adams, Great Britain, 2:40–41.
36. C. Adams, Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity, 99; Walpole, Lord John Russell, 2:350–352; E. Adams, Great Britain, 2:40–41; Lynn Marshall Case and Warren F. Spencer, The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970), 339.
37. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 153–156; Belfast Morning News, October 6, 1862; London Standard, October 6, 1862; Times (London), October 6, 1862.
38. Walpole, Lord John Russell, 2:351.
39. Ibid.; E. Adams, Great Britain, 2:40.
40. Case and Spencer, United States and France, 307.
41. Ibid., 333, quoting Bigelow to Seward, Paris, August 22, 1862, Paris, RG 59.
42. Ibid., 313–314, 336, 340; Stève Sainlaude, La France et la Confédération sudiste, 1861–1865: La question de la reconnaissance diplomatique pendant la guerre de sécession (Paris: Harmattan, 2011), 64–65.
43. Case and Spencer, United States and France, 336, 340.
44. Ibid., 336–341.
45. Ibid., 341–342.
46. Ibid., 342–343.
47. David Urquhart, Public Opinion and Its Organs (London: Trübner, 1855), 24–25.
48. Jasper Ridley, Garibaldi (London: Phoenix Press, 2001), 534–536. Ridley finds no evidence of collusion.
49. Ibid., 525–535.
50. Ibid., 535; Nancy Nichols Barker, Distaff Diplomacy: The Empress Eugénie and the Foreign Policy of the Second Empire (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011), 94–106.
51. Ridley, Garibaldi, 536–543.
52. Lucy Riall, “Hero, Saint or Revolutionary? Nineteenth-Century Politics and the Cult of Garibaldi,” Modern Italy 3, no. 2 (1998): 200; Lucy Riall, Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 324–328; Ridley, Garibaldi, 542–543; Malakoff, “Affairs in France,” NYT, December 20, 1862.
53. Marsh to Seward, Turin, September 2, 1862, enclosure Marsh to Baron, August 31, 1862, Italy, RG 59.
54. Garibaldi to Marsh, Varignano, October 7, 1862, enclosed with Marsh to Seward, Turin, October 8, 1862, Italy, RG 59; Gay, “Lincoln’s Offer,” 72n3, quoting an earlier draft of the same letter. Garibaldi was apparently referring to his public letter “To the English Nation,” dated September 28.
55. Lincoln to Seward, Washington, June 29, 1861, CWAL, 4:418; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 1: 563–564, 2:83; Herbert Mitgang, “Garibaldi and Lincoln,” American Heritage 26, no. 6 (1975): 34; Gay, “Lincoln’s Offer”; “Allendorf to America: Canisius Family,” http://www.kinfolks.info/allendorf/other/canisius.htm#Theodor.
56. Canisius to Garibaldi, Vienna, September 1, 1862, Vienna, RG 59 (spelling as in the original).
57. Garibaldi to Canisius, Varignano, September 14, 1862, Vienna, RG 59; Giuseppe Garibaldi and Domenico Ciampoli, Scritti politici e militari: Ricordi e pensieri inediti (Rome: E. Voghera, 1907), 91 (original Italian version).
58. “Foreign Intelligence, Austria,” Times (London), September 24, 1862, 8; Canisius to Seward, Vienna, September 14, 1862, Vienna, RG 59; “Garibaldi Desires to Fight for the North,” NYT, October 4, 1862.
59. Seward to Canisius, Washington, October 10, 1862, Vienna, RG 59; “Garibaldi and the American War,” NYT, October 9, 1862; Gay, “Lincoln’s Offer”; Mary Philip Trauth, Italo-American Diplomatic Relations, 1861–1882: The Mission of George Perkins Marsh, First American Minister to the Kingdom of Italy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 22–28.
60. Caroline Marsh, Diary, September 1, 1862, George Perkins Marsh Collection, Special Collections, Bailey Library, University of Vermont, Burlington, notes from David and Mary Alice Lowenthal.
61. Sheridan Gilley, “The Garibaldi Riots of 1862,” Historical Journal 16, no. 4 (1973): 697–732.
62. Garibaldi, “Alla Nazione Inglese,” in Scritti politici e militari, by Garibaldi, 292–293; “Garibaldi to the English People,” Times (London), October 3, 1862; “Garibaldi on America,” NYT, October 18, 1862.
63. “The Public Opinion of Great Britain,” Dundee Advertiser, September 29, 1861; “Riotous Proceedings in Hyde Park,” Morning Post, October 6, 1862; “Another Great Riot in Hyde Park,” London Standard, October 6, 1862; “Garibaldian Riots in Hyde Park,” NYT, October 22, 1862; “A London Sunday Shindy,” NYT, October 23, 1862; Gilley, “Garibaldi Riots.”
64. Adams to Seward, London, October 3, 1862, FRUS, 1862, 205.
65. Malakoff, “From Paris,” NYT, November 14, 1862; Malakoff, “Affairs in France,” NYT, December 20, 1862.
66. Case and Spencer, United States and France, 330, 347–351; Malakoff, “Affairs in Europe,” NYT, September 12, 1862; “Louis Napoleon’s Designs and Dangers,” NYT, December 7, 1862; Malakoff, “From Paris”; Barker, Distaff Diplomacy, 103–105.
67. De Leon to Benjamin, Paris, September 30, 1862, OR, ser. 4, 2:99–105; Edwin De Leon, Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy Abroad, edited by William C. Davis (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 105; Louis Martin Sears, “A Confederate Diplomat at the Court of Napoleon III,” American Historical Review 26, no. 2 (1921): 265–266; Case and Spencer, United States and France, 350–351.
68. Benjamin to Slidell, Richmond, October 17, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:556–558; Alfred J. Hanna and Kathryn A. Hanna, Napoleon III and Mexico: American Triumph over Monarchy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), 118–119.
69. Adams to Seward, London, September 4, 1862, FRUS, 1862, 184.
70. Albert A. Woldman, Lincoln and the Russians (Cleveland: World, 1952).
71. Jones, Union in Peril, 177, 190–191; Adams to Seward, London, September 25, 1862, FRUS, 1862, 199.
72. “Mr. Gladstone in the North,” Times (London), October 9, 1862, 7–8; Walter R. Fisher, “Gladstone’s Speech at Newcastle-on-Tyne,” Speech Monographs 26, no. 4 (1959): 255–262.
73. Ibid.; Monadnock, “From Great Britain,” NYT, October 26, 1862; C. Adams, “Diaries,” October 9, 1862.
74. C. Adams, Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity, 105–107; Duncan Andrew Campbell, English Public Opinion and the American Civil War (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Royal Historical Society, Boydell Press, 2003), 177–179.
75. After the war there would be accusations that Gladstone was invested in Confederate bonds and betting on Southern victory. See John Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (London: Macmillan, 1911), 753; John Bigelow, Lest We Forget: Gladstone, Morley and the Confederate Loan of 1863, a Rectification (New York: DeVinne, 1905); “American Topics: The Confederate Loan, Mr. Gladstone’s Alleged Connection with the Matter,” NYT, October 19, 1865; “Mr. Gladstone Bought No Confederate Bonds,” NYT, July 4, 1915.
76. Jones, Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom, 119–120, 126–127, 128–129; Sir George Cornewall Lewis, “Recognition of the Independence of the Southern States of the North American Union,” November 7, 1862. I am grateful to Howard Jones for sending me a copy of Lewis’s paper.
77. Jones, Union in Peril, 186–197; Ridley, Garibaldi, 542–545; Hugh Dubrulle, “‘We Are Threatened with . . . Anarchy and Ruin’: Fear of Americanization and the Emergence of an Anglo-Saxon Confederacy in England During the American Civil War,” Albion 33, no. 4 (2001): 586, quoting Palmerston to Russell, October 28, 1862; Jasper Godwin Ridley, Lord Palmerston (New York: Dutton, 1971), 559.
78. Stève Sainlaude, Le gouvernement impérial et la guerre de sécession (1861–1865): L’action diplomatique (Paris: Harmattan, 2011), 77–84, 347–397; Case and Spencer, United States and France, 347–400; Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 293–294; “The Uprising in Poland,” NYT, February 17, 1863; “France and the Polish Rebellion,” NYT, March 13, 1863.
79. Trauth, Italo-American Diplomatic Relations, 27–28; “Allendorf to America: Canisius Family.” Canisius went on to a career with the State Department that took him to several posts around the world.
80. “Garibaldi and His Braves,” NYT, October 5, 1862.
81. Gay, “Lincoln’s Offer,” 73, quoting Marsh to Garibaldi, October 22, 1862.
82. Giuseppe Garibaldi, Menotti Garibaldi, and Ricciotti Garibaldi to Lincoln, Thursday, August 6, 1863, ALPLC.
CHAPTER 10: UNION AND LIBERTY
1. M. E. Grant Duff, Notes from a Diary, 1851–1872 (London: J. Murray, 1897), 203–204, Carlyle comment recorded July 30, 1862.
2. Monadnock, “From Great Britain,” NYT, October 26, 1862.
3. Times (London), October 7, 1862.
4. Hotze to Benjamin, London, October 24, 1862; Mason to Benjamin, London, November 7, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:565–567, 3:600.
5. Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 176; Duncan Andrew Campbell, English Public Opinion and the American Civil War (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Royal Historical Society, Boydell Press, 2003), 130–133. Campbell points out the press response was mixed in Britain.
6. “Comments on the North American Events,” October 7, 1862, published in Die Presse (Vienna), October 12, 1862, in Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: Collected Works, by Karl Marx (New York: International, 1975), 19:248–251.
7. Malakoff, “American Affairs in France: Reception of the President’s Emancipation Proclamation,” NYT, October 25, 1862; Malakoff, “American Affairs in France: The Parisian Press on the President’s Emancipation Proclamation,” NYT, November 10, 1862.
8. Malakoff, “Reception of the President’s Emancipation Proclamation”; Lynn Marshall Case and Warren F. Spencer, The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970), 330, quoting Sanford to Seward, October 10, 1862.
9. Seward to Sanford, Washington, May 23, 1862; Seward to Adams, Washington, July 28, 1862, FRUS, 1862, 556–558.
10. Seward to Adams, Washington, September 26, 1862; Seward to Dayton, Washington, October 20, 1862, FRUS, 1862, 202, 398; Case and Spencer, United States and France, 368.
11. Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War (1924; reprint, New York: Russell and Russell, 1958), 2:106; Jefferson Davis, General Orders no. 111, December 24, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:140–142.
12. Malakoff, “American Topics at Paris,” NYT, January 13, 1863; Address of the French Protestant Pastors to Ministers and Pastors of All Denominations in Great Britain, on American Slavery . . . (Manchester: J. F. Wilkinson, 1863), reprinted in FRUS, 1863, 720–721.
13. George Macaulay Trevelyan, The Life of John Bright (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 321.
14. Lincoln to the Workingmen of Manchester, Washington, January 19, 1863, CWAL, 6:63–65; Adams to Seward, London, February 12, 1863, FRUS, 1863, 128.
15. Trevelyan, Life of John Bright, 113.
16. Charles Francis Adams, “Charles Francis Adams Diaries, 1823–1880” (Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, 1954), January 16, 1863.
17. Adams to Seward, January 16, 1863, FRUS, 1863, 59–60; E. Adams, Great Britain, 110, 224n3; Goldwin Smith, The Civil War in America (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1866); Francis William Newman, Character of the Southern States of America: Letter to a Friend Who Had Joined the Southern Independence Association (Manchester: Union and Emancipation Society, 1863); Union and Emancipation Society and Manchester, Earl Russell and the Slave Power (Manchester: Union and Emancipation Society, 1863); Union and Emancipation Society and Manchester, War Ships for the Southern Confederacy: Report of Public Meeting in the Free-Trade Hall, Manchester; with Letter from Professor Goldwin Smith to the “Daily News” (Manchester: Union and Emancipation Society, 1863); Thomas Bayley Potter, Building of Vessels of War for the “So-Styled” Confederate States: To the Chambers of Commerce of Great Britain and Ireland (Manchester: Union and Emancipation Society, 1863); “Important Documents,” NYT, January 18, 1863; “The Protest from the Manchester Emancipation Society,” NYT, April 12, 1863.
18. C. Adams, “Diaries,” January 16, 17, 1863; Adams to Seward, London, January 16, February 19, 1863, FRUS 1863, 62–66, 136. The Adams Collection, Boston Athenaeum Library, includes a vast number of publications the US minister received during the war.
19. Adams to Seward, London, January 22, 1863, FRUS, 1863, 93.
20. Seward to Adams, Washington, March 2, 1863, FRUS, 1863, 151.
21. John Bright, Speeches of John Bright, M.P., on the American Question (Boston: Little, Brown, 1865), 150–151, 159.
22. Trevelyan, Life of John Bright, 307–308.
23. Hotze to Benjamin, London, February 14, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:693; E. Adams, Great Britain, 108, quoting Adams to Seward, January 22, 1863.
24. The Civil War, Charles Francis Adams Jr. later remarked in a historical address in England, was decided not “at Washington, or at Gettysburg, nor indeed in America at all; it was here in England—here in your Lancashire cotton spinning district and in Downing Street.” Charles Francis Adams, Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913), 52.
25. Hotze to Benjamin, London, January 17, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:663.
26. James Spence, The American Union: Its Effect on National Character and Policy, with an Inquiry into Secession as a Constitutional Right, and the Causes of the Disruption (London: R. Bentley, 1861), 131–132.
27. Hotze to Benjamin, London, October 24, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:566–567.
28. Frank Lawrence Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America, 2nd ed. (1931; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959), 362–382; Judith Fenner Gentry, “A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan,” Journal of Southern History 36, no. 2 (1970): 157–188; Marc D. Weidenmier, “The Market for Confederate Cotton Bonds,” Explorations in Economic History 37, no. 1 (2000): 76–97.
29. Spence’s expectations are revealed in Spence to Benjamin, Liverpool, April 28, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:402–405. On Erlanger, Slidell, and CSA finance, see Gentry, “Confederate Success in Europe”; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 369–376, 165; Malakoff, “Our Paris Correspondent,” NYT, January 13, 1863; “Our Paris Correspondence,” NYT, August 12, 1863; “General News,” NYT, September 19, 1864; and “The Marriage of Miss Slidell,” NYT, October 19, 1864.
30. “Important Documents”; Benjamin Moran, The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, edited by Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), 2:1117; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 173–176.
31. Review of The American Union, Richmond Enquirer, March 4, May 7, 1863; Hotze to Benjamin, London, November 21, 1863; James Spence, Southern Independence: An Address Delivered at a Public Meeting, in the City Hall, Glasgow, 16th November, 1863 (London: R. Bently, 1863); Benjamin to Hotze, Richmond, January 9, 1864, and Hotze to Benjamin, London, March 12, 1864, ORN, ser. 2, 3:759–762, 993–994, 1060; Benjamin to Spence, Richmond, January 11, 1864, quoted in Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 383–384.
32. Hotze to Benjamin, London, June 6, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:783–785; Mason to Benjamin, London, July 2, 1862, 3:824.
33. Slidell to Benjamin, Paris, June 19, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:810–814.
34. Case and Spencer, United States and France, 398–426; Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 3rd ser., House of Commons, June 30, 1863, 171:1771–1780, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com; Hotze to Benjamin, London, July 11, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:839–841.
35. Benjamin to Mason, Richmond, August 4, October 8, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:852, 3:922–928; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 492–494.
36. William Graham Swan, Foreign Relations: Speech of Hon. W. G. Swan, of Tennessee, Delivered in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States, February 5, 1863 (Richmond: Smith, Bailey, 1863); James Morton Callahan, The Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1901), 94–97; Edwin De Leon, Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy Abroad, edited by William C. Davis (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), xx; Benjamin to De Leon, Richmond, August 17, 1863, De Leon Papers, SCL; Benjamin to Lamar, Richmond, June 11, 1863; Benjamin to Slidell, Richmond, October 8, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:796, 922–927.
37. Slidell to Mason, Paris, July 17, 1863, Mason Papers, LoC.
38. Louis Martin Sears, “A Confederate Diplomat at the Court of Napoleon III,” American Historical Review 26, no. 2 (1921): 273.
39. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 164–165; De Leon, Secret History, xxii–xxiv; “Intercepted Rebel Correspondence,” NYT, November 16, 1863.
40. “Intercepted Rebel Correspondence.”
41. S. P. Lee to Gideon Welles, Newport News, November 11, 1863, ORN, ser. 1, 9:276; “Rebel Operations in Europe, the Intercepted Correspondence,” NYT, November 16, 1863; “Intercepted Rebel Correspondence”; “Rebel Diplomatists,” NYT, April 7, 1864; Charles P. Cullop, “Edwin De Leon, Jefferson Davis’ Propagandist,” Civil War History 8, no. 4 (1962): 398–399; Benjamin to Slidell, Richmond, December 9, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:973.
42. De Leon to Benjamin, Paris, February 13, 1864, folder 18, De Leon Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
43. Cullop, “Edwin De Leon,” 399; De Leon, Secret History, xxii–xxiii.
CHAPTER 11: THE UNSPEAKABLE DILEMMA
1. Hotze to Benjamin, London, July 23, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:849–851; Frank Lawrence Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America, 2nd ed. (1931; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959), 376; Judith Fenner Gentry, “A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan,” Journal of Southern History 36, no. 2 (1970): 157–188; Marc D. Weidenmier, “The Market for Confederate Cotton Bonds,” Explorations in Economic History 37, no. 1 (2000): 76–97.
2. Mason to Russell, London, September 21; Hotze to Benjamin, London, December 26, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:904, 984.
3. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 376; Gentry, “Confederate Success in Europe”; Weidenmier, “Market for Confederate Cotton Bonds.”
4. Slidell to Benjamin, Paris, March 24, 1864, ORN, ser. 2, 3:1077–1079; Malakoff, “Affairs in France: The Results of the Elections,” NYT, June 20, 1863; Malakoff, “Affairs in France,” NYT, July 3, 1863; Malakoff, “Affairs in France,” NYT, July 10, 1863.
5. John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1863–1865 (New York: Baker and Taylor, 1909), 120–121; Beckles Willson, John Slidell and the Confederates in Paris (1862–65) (New York: Minton, Balch, 1932), 150–153. Bigelow took un usual delight in telling this story to Sanford and others, but there is no evidence that he or other Union agents played any role in planning this affray. Willson questions Bigelow’s story based on Slidell’s own account, but it was a humiliating episode in either telling.
6. George Bancroft, Memorial Address on the Life and Character of Abraham Lincoln (Washington, DC: GPO, 1866), 34; David J. Alvarez, “The Papacy in the Diplomacy of the American Civil War,” Catholic Historical Review 69, no. 2 (1983): 237n30.
7. Bancroft, Memorial Address, 34; Alvarez, “Papacy in the Civil War,” 237n30.
8. Pope Pius IX to Venerable Brother John [Hughes], October 18, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:559–560; “A Letter from Pope Pius IX, to the Catholics of Chicago,” NYT, November 28, 1862; Leo Francis Stock, “Catholic Participation in the Diplomacy of the Southern Confederacy,” Catholic Historical Review 16 (April 1930): 16; Alvarez, “Papacy in the Civil War,” 237–238.
9. Morehead to Slidell, Rome, March 17, 1863, enclosed with Slidell to Benjamin, Paris, April 11, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:738–740.
10. Benjamin to Slidell, Richmond, June 22, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:816–817.
11. “A Catholic View of Our Troubles,” NYT, August 3, 1863.
12. Benjamin to Mann, Richmond, September 23, 1863; Mann to Benjamin, Brussels, June 30, 1862, ORN, ser. 2, 3:910; 3:449–451.
13. David I. Kertzer, Prisoner of the Vatican: The Pope’s Secret Plot to Capture Rome from the New Italian State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 9, 22–23, 107, 164; “The Pope’s Encyclical,” NYT, January 29, 1865.
14. John Bigelow, “The Southern Confederacy and the Pope,” North American Review 157 (October 1893): 462–475; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 495–506.
15. Mann to Benjamin, Rome, November 14, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:952–955.
16. Mann to Benjamin, Rome, December 9, 1863; Pope Pius IX to Davis, Vatican, December 3, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:973–975. The original letter in Latin is found in the Department of State, Diplomatic Missions, Belgium, reel 4, CSAA. I am grateful to the anonymous Latin experts on the Lingua Latina forum of Word reference.com who helped me translate key elements of the pope’s letter.
17. Benjamin to Mann, Richmond, February 1, 1864, ORN, ser. 2, 3:1014–1017.
18. Joseph O. Baylen and William W. White, “A. Dudley Mann’s Mission in Europe, 1863–1864: An Unpublished Letter to Jefferson Davis,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 69, no. 3 (1961): 324–328.
19. Mann to Davis, Brussels, May 9, 1864, OR, ser. 4, 3:401; Bigelow, “Southern Confederacy and the Pope.”
20. Mann to Benjamin, Paris, December 28, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:385–386.
21. De Leon to Benjamin, Vichy, July 30, 1862, OR, ser. 4, 2:25; Benjamin to Capston, Richmond, July 3, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:828–829; Charles P. Cullop, Confederate Propaganda in Europe, 1861–1865 (Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1969), 108–109.
22. Benjamin to Bannon, Richmond, September 4, 1863, ORN, ser. 2, 3:893–895.
23. Cullop, Confederate Propaganda, 101, 110–113; Phillip Thomas Tucker, The Confederacy’s Fighting Chaplain Father: John B. Bannon (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1992); William Barnaby Faherty, Exile in Erin: A Confederate Chaplain’s Story; The Life of Father John B. Bannon (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 2002); Patrick N. Lynch, “Reports of Bishop Lynch of Charleston, South Carolina, Commissioner of the Confederate States to the Holy See,” American Catholic Historical Researches (July 1905): 50–59, includes an informative letter on Irish emigration, Lynch to Benjamin, Paris, June 20, 1864.
24. Cullop, Confederate Propaganda, 100–116; Stock, “Catholic Participation,” 8; “Irishmen and the American War,” NYT, March 27, 1864; “Our London Correspondence,” NYT, May 31, 1865.
25. Mann to Benjamin, Brussels, March 11, 1864, ORN, ser. 2, 3:1057–1058; Stock, “Catholic Participation,” 8–9.
26. David C. R. Heisser, “Bishop Lynch’s Civil War Pamphlet on Slavery,” Catholic Historical Review 84, no. 4 (1998): 681–696.
27. Ibid.; [Bishop Patrick N. Lynch], Lettera di un missionario sulla schiavitù domestica degli stati confederati di america (Rome: G. Cesaretti, 1864); [Bishop Patrick N. Lynch], L’esclavage dans les États Confédérés (Paris: E. Dentu, 1865); [Bishop Patrick N. Lynch], Die sclaverei in den südstaaten Nord-Amerika’s: Dargestellt von einem katholischen missionär (Frankfurt: Verlag für Kunst und Wissenschaft, 1865); Bishop Patrick N. Lynch, “A Few Words on the Domestic Slavery in the Confederate States of America,” edited by David C. R. Heisser, pts. 1 and 2, Avery Review 2, no. 1 (Spring 1999): 64–103; 3, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 93–123. Thanks to Brian P. Fahey at the Catholic Diocese of Charleston for help finding the English version.
28. Heisser, “Bishop Lynch’s Civil War Pamphlet”; Lynch, “Domestic Slavery,” pt. 1.
29. Heisser, “Bishop Lynch’s Civil War Pamphlet.”
30. Full accounts of the CSA debates on this are found in Robert Franklin Durden, The Gray and the Black: The Confederate Debate on Emancipation (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972); and Bruce Levine, Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves During the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
31. Cleburne et al. memo on arming slaves, January 2, 1864, OR, ser. 1, 52:586–592.
32. Levine, Confederate Emancipation, 2–3; Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, the Jewish Confederate (New York: Free Press, 1988), 248–249.
33. Levine, Confederate Emancipation, 32–35; Benjamin to Frederick A. Porcher, Richmond, December 21, 1864, OR, ser. 4, 3:959–960.
34. See Index, November 10, 1864, 709; December 8, 1864, 778; and Mason to Benjamin, London, December 16, 1864, January 21, 1865, ORN, ser. 2, 3:1251, 1258–1259.
35. Durden, Gray and the Black, 204–207; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 535–536; Gregory Mattson, “Pariah Diplomacy: The Slavery Issue in Confederate Foreign Relations” (PhD diss., University of Southern Mississippi, 1999), 285, 420–421; “Recognition,” New York Tribune, December 23, 1864.
36. Cobb to J. A. Seddon, Macon, GA, January 8, 1865, OR, ser. 4, 3:1009–1010; N. W. Stephenson, “The Question of Arming the Slaves,” American Historical Review 18, no. 2 (1913): 295–308.
37. Durden, Gray and the Black, 191–192, quoting Richmond Examiner, February 10, 1865; Levine, Confederate Emancipation, 4, 10–13, 16–17, 29–36, 89–92; J. B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1866), 2:437, 444.
38. Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (New York: D. Appleton, 1881), 1:518; Levine, Confederate Emancipation, 4–5; Cobb to J. A. Seddon, Macon, GA, January 8, 1865, OR, ser. 4, 3:1009–1010.
39. “Davis’s Ultimatum,” New York Tribune, January 5, 1865; James Morton Callahan, The Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1901), 248; Craig A. Bauer, “The Last Effort: The Secret Mission of the Confederate Diplomat, Duncan F. Kenner,” Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 22, no. 1 (1981): 75–76; Durden, Gray and the Black, 151–153, quoting Richmond Sentinel, December 28, 1864; William J. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Vintage, 2000), 552–558; Jones, Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:355.
40. Jeff Sowers Kinard, “Lafayette of the South: Prince Camille de Polignac and the American Civil War” (Ph.D. diss., Texas Christian University, 1997), 304–305; C. J. Polignac, “Polignac’s Mission,” Southern Historical Society Papers 35 (January–December 1907): 328–331.
41. Kinard, “Lafayette of the South,” 304–305; Polignac, “Polignac’s Mission,” 333–334.
42. William Wirt Henry, “Kenner’s Mission to Europe,” William and Mary Quarterly 25, no. 1 (1916): 9–10.
43. Benjamin to Slidell, Richmond, December 27, 1864, ORN, ser. 2, 3:1253–1256.
44. “Letter from New York,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, March 2, 1865; Bauer, “Last Effort”; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 530–541; Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1865–1866, 77–81.
45. Craig A. Bauer, A Leader Among Peers: The Life and Times of Duncan Farrar Kenner (Lafayette: Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1993), 230; Bigelow to Seward, Paris, January 27, March 14, 21, 1865, France, RG 59.
46. Bauer, “Last Effort,” 87–88.
47. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 538; Bauer, Leader Among Peers, 230–232; Bauer, “Last Effort,” 90.
48. Levine, Confederate Emancipation, 111; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 530–541; Henry, “Kenner’s Mission to Europe”; Callahan, Diplomatic History, 246–267; Benjamin to Slidell and Mason, Richmond, December 27, 1864; Mason to Benjamin, London, March 31, 1865, ORN, ser. 2, 3:1253–1256, 1270–1277; Virginia Mason, The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason (Roanoke, VA: Stone, 1903), 552–561.
49. Bauer, Leader Among Peers, 233–236; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 538–541; Mason to Benjamin, London, March 31, 1865, with enclosures: “Minutes of a conversation held with Lord Palmerston, at Cambridge House,” March 14, 1865, and “Minutes of a conversation held with the Earl of Donoughmore, Sunday, March 26, 1865, ORN, ser. 2, 3:1270–1277.
50. Kinard, “Lafayette of the South,” 308–309.
51. John Bigelow, “The Confederate Diplomatists and Their Shirt of Nessus: A Chapter of Secret History,” Century 42 (1891): 126n1.
CHAPTER 12: SHALL NOT PERISH
1. For typical examples of Lincoln’s universalizing language, see CWAL, 4:195, 8:254–255, 4:426, 5:53.
2. Lincoln, “Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg,” November 19, 1863, CWAL, 7:23.
3. Joseph Rossi, The Image of America in Mazzini’s Writings (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1954), 134–136; Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 84; John L. Haney, “Of the People, by the People, for the People,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 88, no. 5 (1944): 359–367; Eugenio F. Biagini, “‘The Principle of Humanity’: Lincoln in Germany and Italy, 1859,” in The Global Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 76–94.
4. Charles Sumner, Charles Sumner: His Complete Works (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1900), 272.
5. Osborn H. Oldroyd, ed., Words of Lincoln (Washington, DC: O. H. Oldroyd, 1895), 84. Goldwin Smith, “President Lincoln,” Macmillan’s 11 (June 1865): 302, expresses this slightly differently.
6. Kirk Harold Porter and Donald Bruce Johnson, National Party Platforms, 1840–1972 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 1:35–36.
7. Édouard Laboulaye, Professor Laboulaye, the Great Friend of America, on the Presidential Election: The Election of the President of the United States (Washington, DC: Union Congressional Committee, 1864); “Our Election Abroad,” NYT, October 25, 1864.
8. “We Are Coming, Father Abraham,” http://www.civilwarpoetry.org/union/songs/comingex.html.
9. Elizabeth Cady Stanton et al., History of Woman Suffrage (New York: Fowler and Wells, 1881), 2:50–81.
10. This episode is interpreted in the film Lincoln (Dreamworks Pictures, 2012), with screenplay by Tony Kushner. See also Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
11. Francis P. Blair Sr. to Jefferson Davis, Friday, December 30, 1864; Blair, “Suggestions Submitted to Jefferson Davis, President,” January 12, 1865; Blair, Memorandum of Conversation with Jefferson Davis, January 12, 1865; Blair to Lincoln, February 8, 1865, ALPLC.
12. William C. Harris, “The Hampton Roads Peace Conference: A Final Test of Lincoln’s Presidential Leadership,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 21, no. 1 (2000): 30–61.
13. Ibid.; Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 2:752; Clement A. Evans, ed., Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History (Atlanta: Confederate Publishing, 1899), 543–559.
14. John Archibald Campbell, Reminiscences and Documents Relating to the Civil War During the Year 1865 (Baltimore: J. Murphy, 1887); Harris, “Hampton Roads Peace Conference.”
15. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:756–758; Harris, “Hampton Roads Peace Conference.”
16. Harris, “Hampton Roads Peace Conference”; Alexander Hamilton Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States: Its Causes, Character, Conduct and Results, Presented in a Series of Colloquies at Liberty Hall (Philadelphia: National Publishing, 1868), 598–619; Campbell, Reminiscences and Documents.
17. Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln,” March 4, 1865, AP.
18. James L. Swanson, Bloody Crimes: The Chase for Jefferson Davis and the Death Pageant for Lincoln’s Corpse (New York: William Morrow, 2010), 28–30.
19. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:788–792.
20. Charles Adolphe Pineton Chambrun, Personal Recollections of Mr. Lincoln (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1893), 29.
21. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 565–568; Swanson, Bloody Crimes, 90–92.
22. Edward Steers, Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001); Michael W. Kauffman, American Brutus: John Wilkes Booth and the Lincoln Conspiracies (New York: Random House, 2004).
23. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:810–817.
24. Swanson, Bloody Crimes, 195–196.
25. Hampton to Davis, Hillsborough, NC, April 19, 1865; Hampton to Davis, Greensboro, NC, April 22, 1865, OR, ser. 1, 47:813–814, 829–830.
26. Swanson, Bloody Crimes, 224; Kauffman, American Brutus, 297, 306.
27. Pierce Butler, Judah P. Benjamin (Philadelphia: G. W. Jacobs, 1907), 363; Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 657–679; Felicity Allen, Jefferson Davis, Unconquerable Heart (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2000), 441–442.
28. “Is President Lincoln a Martyr?,” NYT, April 26, 1865; David B. Chese-brough, No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow: Northern Protestant Ministers and the Assassination of Lincoln (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1994); Thomas Reed Turner, Beware the People Weeping: Public Opinion and the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982); “The Martyred President: Sermons Given on the Occasion of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln,” Pitts Theological Library, Emory University, http://beck.library.emory.edu/lincoln/index.html; Merrill D. Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 1–35.
29. Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory, 20.
30. Originally published in 1865, reprinted: Walt Whitman, “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,” Leaves of Grass (Boston: Small, Maynard, 1904), 256.
31. “Messages of Condolence,” 5 boxes, E-177, RG 59, NARA II.
32. Bigelow to Weed, Paris, May 12, 1865, in Margaret Antoinette Clapp, Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow (Boston: Little, Brown, 1947), 237.
33. US Department of State, The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln . . . Expressions of Condolence and Sympathy Inspired by These Events (Washington, DC: GPO, 1866), 111. An expanded edition was published under the same title in 1867.
34. Ibid., 434, 85, 560, 433.
35. Ibid., 56; Philip G. Nord, The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 15–31.
36. US Department of State, Assassination, 71, 76; Nord, Republican Moment, 15–31.
37. John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1865–1866 (New York: Baker and Taylor, 1909), 53–54, 57.
38. Benjamin Gastineau, Histoire de la souscription populaire à la médaille Lincoln (Paris: A. Lacroix Verbœckoven, 1865); Jason Emerson, “A Medal for Mrs. Lincoln,” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 109, no. 2 (2011): 187–205; Malakoff, “European News,” NYT, June 2, 1865.
39. Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1863–1865, 596–597; Jean Jules Jusserand, With Americans of Past and Present Days (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1916), 299. The medal, velvet box, and accompanying notes are at the Library of Congress, cont. 1, ser. 4, ALPLC. I am grateful to Michele Krowl for making it possible for me to see, and hold, this extraordinary medal.
40. Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1863–1865, 596–597; Jusserand, Past and Present Days, 299.
41. Seward to Bigelow, Washington, January 1, 1865; Bigelow to Seward, Paris, January 27, 1865, Bigelow Papers, NYPL; Charles Priestly, “Death in Paris: The Mysterious Case of William L. Dayton” (Confederate Historical Association of Belgium, 2014); L[izzie] St. John Eckel, Maria Monk’s Daughter: An Autobiography (New York: United States Publishing, 1874), 108–118; Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1863–1865, 234–238, 329; Beckles Willson, John Slidell and the Confederates in Paris (1862–65) (New York: Minton, Balch, 1932), 232–252. Willson’s story that Mrs. Eckel performed onstage as Sophie Bricard is not reliable, as Priestly warns. See also John Louis Bonn, And Down the Days (New York: Macmillan, 1942).
42. Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1865–1866, 90–107.
1. H. C. Allen, “Civil War, Reconstruction, and Great Britain,” in Heard Round the World: The Impact Abroad of the Civil War, edited by Harold Hyman (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), 73, quoting Edward Beesly; David M. Potter, “Civil War,” in The Comparative Approach to American History, edited by C. Vann Woodward (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 135–145..
2. Joseph Rossi, The Image of America in Mazzini’s Writings (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1954), 137–148; Stefano Recchia and Nadia Urbinati, eds., A Cosmopolitanism of Nations: Giuseppe Mazzini’s Writings on Democracy, Nation Building, and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 219–223; C. A. Bayly and Eugenio F. Biagini, eds., Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalisation of Democratic Nationalism, 1830–1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 2008).
3. Anne Eller, “Let’s Show the World We Are Brothers: The Dominican Guerra de Restauracion and the Nineteenth-Century Caribbean” (PhD diss., New York University, 2011); Wayne H. Bowen, Spain and the American Civil War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2011), 92–106; James W. Cortada, “Spain and the American Civil War: Relations at Mid-Century, 1855–1868,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 70, no. 4 (1980): 37–40; Frank Moya Pons, The Dominican Republic: A National History (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1998), 210–218; “From Mexico: Advices from Santo Domingo and Hayti,” NYT, July 4, 1865.
4. Cortada, “Spain and the American Civil War,” 92–101; Nathan L. Ferris, “The Relations of the United States with South America During the American Civil War,” Hispanic American Historical Review 21, no. 1 (1941): 69–71; William Columbus Davis, The Last Conquistadores: The Spanish Intervention in Peru and Chile, 1863–1866 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1950).
5. Cortada, “Spain and the American Civil War,” 87–88; John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1865–1866 (New York: Baker and Taylor, 1909), 510; “The Spanish Revolt,” NYT, February 6, 1866; “New Life for Old Spain,” NYT, October 28, 1868.
6. Dale T. Graden, Disease, Resistance, and Lies: The Demise of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2014), 209, quoting Robert Schufeldt to Seward, Havana, January 14, 1862, Havana, RG 59; Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833–1874 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999), 125–138.
7. Rafael de Bivar Marquese, “The Civil War in the United States and the Crisis of Slavery in Brazil” (paper presented at “American Civil Wars” conference, University of South Carolina, March 19, 2014).
8. Jasper Godwin Ridley, Maximilian and Juárez (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1992), 205; A. R. Tyrner-Tyrnauer, Lincoln and the Emperors (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1962), 129–133; D. P. Crook, The North, the South, and the Powers, 1861–1865 (New York: Wiley, 1974), 365.
9. Alfred J. Hanna and Kathryn A. Hanna, Napoleon III and Mexico: American Triumph over Monarchy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), 124.
10. Grant to Johnson, Washington, June 19, 1865, OR, ser. 1, 48:923–924; Andrew F. Rolle, The Lost Cause: The Confederate Exodus to Mexico (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965); Hanna and Hanna, Napoleon III and Mexico, 221–235; Ridley, Maximilian and Juárez, 215–217; Sara Yorke Stevenson, Maximilian in Mexico: A Woman’s Reminiscences of the French Intervention, 1862–1867 (New York: Century, 1899), 169–174; Elizabeth Boatwright Coker, The Grasshopper King: A Story of Two Confederate Exiles in Mexico During the Reign of Maximilian and Carlota (New York: Dutton, 1981); Matthew Pratt Guterl, American Mediterranean: Southern Slaveholders in the Age of Emancipation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).
11. Thomas D. Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican–United States Relations, 1861–1867 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 193–211; Philip Henry Sheridan, Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan, General United States Army (New York: C. L. Webster, 1888), 2:105–106; Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York: C. L. Webster, 1885), 2:181; Joseph Wheelan, Terrible Swift Sword: The Life of General Philip H. Sheridan (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2012), 213–214; Matías Romero, Proceedings of a Meeting of Citizens of New York, to Express Sympathy and Respect for the Mexican Republican Exiles (New York: J. A. Gray and Green, 1865), 26, 33.
12. Stevenson, Maximilian in Mexico, 169; Hanna and Hanna, Napoleon III and Mexico, 153.
13. Ridley, Maximilian and Juárez, 217–220; Erika Pani, Para mexicanizar el segundo imperio: El imaginario político de los imperialistas (Mexico City: Colegio de México, 2001).
14. John Bigelow, “The Heir-Presumptive to the Imperial Crown of Mexico,” Harper’s Monthly, April 1883, 735–748; Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1865–1866, 269–276; “Maximilian Charged with Kidnapping an American Child,” NYT, January 9, 1866; Malakoff, “Foreign Affairs,” NYT, December 8, 1865; C. M. Mayo, The Last Prince of the Mexican Empire: A Novel Based on the True Story (Denver: Unbridled Books, 2009).
15. Ridley, Maximilian and Juárez, 228–240; Stevenson, Maximilian in Mexico, 309–314.
16. Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1863–1865, 535–539.
17. Hanna and Hanna, Napoleon III and Mexico, 271–272.
18. José Ortiz Monasterio, “Patria,” tu ronca voz me repetía: Biografía de Vicente Riva Palacio y Guerrero (Mexico City: UNAM, 1999), 93–95. Gracias to Erika Pani for advising me on this tricky translation.
19. Ridley, Maximilian and Juárez, 247–249; Hanna and Hanna, Napoleon III and Mexico, 270–278; Egon Caesar Corti, Maximilian and Charlotte of Mexico, translated by Catherine Alison Phillips (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928), 2:659–716.
20. “Mexican Intelligence: The Trial of Maximilian,” NYT, July 16, 1867; “Mexican Intelligence: Maximilian’s Crimes,” NYT, August 1, 1867; Bigelow, “Heir-Presumptive to the Imperial Crown”; Ridley, Maximilian and Juárez, 242–243, 255–256, 257–269.
21. “Mexican Intelligence: Particulars of the Execution of Maximilian,” NYT, July 3, 1867; Ridley, Maximilian and Juárez, 277; Felix Salm-Salm, My Diary in Mexico in 1867 (London: R. Bently, 1868), 307–308; Samuel Basch, Memories of Mexico: A History of the Last Ten Months of the Empire (San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 1973), 221; Corti, Maximilian and Charlotte, 2:822–823n51.
22. Ridley, Maximilian and Juárez, 282–290; Mayo, Last Prince of the Mexican Empire.
23. William J. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Vintage, 2000), 657–679; Felicity Allen, Jefferson Davis, Unconquerable Heart (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2000), 441–442; US Department of State, The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln . . . Expressions of Condolence and Sympathy Inspired by These Events (Washington, DC: GPO, 1866), 528.
24. “City Religious Press,” New York Evangelist, May 11, 1865; “The Anti-Catholic War,” Clearfield Republican, June 7, 1865; Merrill D. Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 92–93; William Hanchett, The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 233–240; Howard Rosario Marraro, “Canadian and American Zouaves in the Papal Army, 1868–1870,” Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report 12 (1944–1945): 83–102.
25. Charles Paschal Telesphore Chiniquy, Fifty Years in the Church of Rome (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1886), 699–700. See also T. M. Harris, Assassination of Lincoln: A History of the Great Conspiracy; Trial of the Conspirators by a Military Commission and a Review of the Trial of John H. Surratt (Boston: American Citizen, 1892); Hanchett, The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies, 233–240. I am grateful to Michael Sobiech for sharing this material and his vast knowledge of Charles Chiniquy and the Catholic conspiracy theory.
26. Robin W. Winks, The Civil War Years: Canada and the United States, 4th ed. (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1998), 376–377.
27. Ibid., 322–326, 370–371, 374–381; Phillip A. Buckner, ed., Canada and the British Empire (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 66–86.
28. “Our Russian Guests,” NYT, October 2, 1863; “The Russian Banquet,” NYT, October 20, 1863; Albert A. Woldman, Lincoln and the Russians (Cleveland, OH: World, 1952); Tyrner-Tyrnauer, Lincoln and the Emperors, 83–84; Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 293–294.
29. Brent E. Kinser, The American Civil War in the Shaping of British Democracy (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2011).
30. Charles Forbes Montalembert, La victoire du Nord aux États-Unis (Paris: E. Dentu, 1865); Count de Montalembert, The Victory of the North in the United States (Boston: Littell and Gay, 1866), quote on 22; Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 1865–1866, 3–4.
31. Philip Mark Katz, From Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); David G. McCullough, The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), 295–330.
32. J. A. S. Grenville, Europe Reshaped, 1848–1878 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 205–250.
33. John Lothrop Motley, The Correspondence of John Lothrop Motley (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1889), 3:125, quoting Bismarck to Motley, Berlin, April 17, 1863; James Pemberton Grund, “Bismarck and Motley with Correspondence till Now Unpublished,” North American Review 167, no. 502 (1898): 360–376.
34. Motley, Correspondence of Motley, 2:167.
35. Ibid., 3:17, 23, quoting Bismarck to Motley, Berlin, May 23, 1864; Motley to Bismarck, Vienna, May 28, 1864.
36. Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi, The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, translated by Allen Thorndike Rice (New York: North American Review, 1885), 16–20; David Hackett Fischer, Liberty and Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 369–370.
37. Fischer, Liberty and Freedom, 370, quoting Laboulaye, “Speech at the Opera of Paris, 25 April, 1876.”
38. Adam Gopnik, “Memorials,” New Yorker, May 9, 2011.