1. Monte T, Pritikin I. Pritikin: The Man Who Healed America’s Heart. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press; 1988.
2. Gould KL, Ornish D, Scherwitz L, et al. Changes in myocardial perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after long-term, intense risk factor modification. JAMA. 1995;274:894-901.
3. Ornish D, Scherwitz L, Billings J, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. Five-year follow-up of the Lifestyle Heart Trial. JAMA. 1998;280:2001-7.
4. Ornish DM, Scherwitz LW, Doody RS, et al. Effects of stress management training and dietary changes in treating ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 1983;249:54-9.
5. Ornish D. Intensive lifestyle changes and health reform. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(7):638-9.
6. Adams KM, Kohlmeier M, Zeisel SH. Nutrition education in U.S. medical schools: latest update of a national survey. Acad Med. 2010;85(9):1537-42. (https://www.aamc.org/download/451374/data/nutriritoneducationinusmedschools.pdf)
7. Jamal A, Dube SR, Malarcher AM, Shaw L, Engstrom MC. Tobacco use screening and counseling during physician office visits among adults. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2005-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61 Suppl:38-45.
1. Berzlanovich AM, Keil W, Waldhoer T, Sim E, Fasching P, Fazeny-Dörner B. Do centenarians die healthy? An autopsy study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(7):862-5.
2. Kohn RR. Cause of death in very old people. JAMA. 1982;247(20):2793-7.
3. Berzlanovich AM, Keil W, Waldhoer T, Sim E, Fasching P, Fazeny-Dörner B. Do centenarians die healthy? An autopsy study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(7):862-5.
4. Lenders C, Gorman K, Milch H, et al. A novel nutrition medicine education model: the Boston University experience. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(1):1-7.
5. Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, et al. The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013;310(6):591-608.
6. Kris-Etherton PM, Akabas SR, Bales CW, et al. The need to advance nutrition education in the training of health care professionals and recommended research to evaluate implementation and effectiveness. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(5 Suppl):1153S–66S.
7. Swift CS. Nutrition trends: implications for diabetes health care professionals. Diabetes Spectr. 2009;29(1):23-5.
8. Vetter ML, Herring SJ, Sood M, Shah NR, Kalet AL. What do resident physicians know about nutrition? An evaluation of attitudes, self-perceived proficiency and knowledge. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(2):287-98.
9. Lazarus K, Weinsier RL, Boker JR. Nutrition knowledge and practices of physicians in a family-practice residency program: the effect of an education program provided by a physician nutrition specialist. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58(3):319-25.
10. Senate Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development. Bill Analysis on SB 380. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0351-0400/sb_380_cfa_20110421_125358_sen%20_comm.html. Hearing held April 25, 2011. Accessed March 31, 2015.
11. The Medical Board of California. Continuing Medical Education. http://www.mbc.ca.gov/Licensees/Continuing_Education/. Nd. Accessed March 31, 2015.
12. Wizard Edison says doctors of future will give no medicine. Newark Advocate. January 2, 1903.
13. Stange KC, Zyzanski SJ, Jaén CR, et al. Illuminating the “black box.” A description of 4454 patient visits to 138 family physicians. J Fam Pract. 1998;46(5):377-89.
14. Aitken M, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The trillion dollar market for medicines: characteristics, dynamics and outlook. http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/center-for-drug-safety-and-effectiveness/academic-training/seminar-serie/MUrray%20Aikten.pdf. February 24, 2014. Accessed March 29, 2015.
15. Willett WC. Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention. Science. 2002;296(5568):695-8.
16. Willett WC. Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention. Science. 2002;296(5568):695-8.
17. Robertson TL, Kato H, Rhoads GG, et al. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Incidence of myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1977;39(2):239-43.
18. Mayo Clinic News Network. Nearly 7 in 10 Americans take prescription drugs, Mayo Clinic, Olmsted Medical Center Find. http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/nearly-7-in-10-americans-take-prescription-drugs-mayo-clinic-olmsted-medical-center-find/. June 19, 2013. Accessed March 31, 2015.
19. Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, et al. The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013;310(6):591-608.
20. Crimmins EM, Beltrán-Sánchez H. Mortality and morbidity trends: is there compression of morbidity? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2011;66(1):75-86.
21. Crimmins EM, Beltrán-Sánchez H. Mortality and morbidity trends: is there compression of morbidity? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2011;66(1):75-86.
22. Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(11):1138-45.
23. Offord DR. Selection of levels of prevention. Addict Behav. 2000;25(6):833-42.
24. Gofrit ON, Shemer J, Leibovici D, Modan B, Shapira SC. Quaternary prevention: a new look at an old challenge. Isr Med Assoc J. 2000;2(7):498-500.
25. Strasser T. Reflections on cardiovascular diseases. Interdiscip Sci Rev. 1978;3(3):225-30.
26. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121(4):586-613.
27. Yancy CW. Is ideal cardiovascular health attainable? Circulation. 2011;123(8):835-7.
28. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121(4):586-613.
29. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):937-52.
30. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121(4):586-613.
31. Shay CM, Ning H, Allen NB, et al. Status of cardiovascular health in US adults: prevalence estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2003-2008. Circulation. 2012;125(1): 45-56.
32. Shay CM, Ning H, Allen NB, et al. Status of cardiovascular health in US adults: prevalence estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2003-2008. Circulation. 2012;125(1):45-56.
33. Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1971;49(4):509-38.
34. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leading causes of death, 1900-1998. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/lead1900_98.pdf. Accessed April 29, 2015.
35. Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Xu J, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2013. NCHS Data Brief 2014;178.
36. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-60.
37. Popkin BM. Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):289-98.
38. Zhai F, Wang H, Du S, et al. Prospective study on nutrition transition in China. Nutr Rev. 2009;67 Suppl 1:S56-61.
39. Singh PN, Arthur KN, Orlich MJ, et al. Global epidemiology of obesity, vegetarian dietary patterns, and noncommunicable disease in Asian Indians. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100 Suppl 1:359S–64S.
40. Singh PN, Arthur KN, Orlich MJ, et al. Global epidemiology of obesity, vegetarian dietary patterns, and noncommunicable disease in Asian Indians. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100 Suppl 1:359S–64S.
41. McCarty MF. Proposal for a dietary “phytochemical index.” Med Hypotheses. 2004;63(5):813-7.
42. Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Golzarand M, Shiva N, Azizi F. Association between dietary phytochemical index and 3-year changes in weight, waist circumference and body adiposity index in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9(1):108.
43. Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Golzarand M, Shiva N, Azizi F. Association between dietary phytochemical index and 3-year changes in weight, waist circumference and body adiposity index in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9(1):108.
44. Golzarand M, Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Sadeghian-Sharif S, Azizi F. Dietary phytochemical index is inversely associated with the occurrence of hypertension in adults: a 3-year follow-up (the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study). Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(3):392-8.
45. Golzarand M, Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Alamdari S, Azizi F. Dietary phytochemical index and subsequent changes of lipid profile: a 3-year follow-up in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study in Iran. ARYA Atheroscler. 2014;10(4):203-10.
46. Bahadoran Z, Karimi Z, Houshiar-Rad A, Mirzayi HR, Rashidkhani B. Dietary phytochemical index and the risk of breast cancer: a case control study in a population of Iranian women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(5):2747-51.
47. U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Loss-adjusted food availability. http://www.ers.usda.gov/datafiles/Food_Availabily_Per_Capita_Data_System/LossAdjusted_Food_%20Availability/calories.xls. September 30, 2014. Accessed April 29, 2015.
48. Wansink B, Kniffin KM, Shimizu M. Death row nutrition. Curious conclusions of last meals. Appetite. 2012;59(3):837-43.
49. Bambs C, Kip KE, Dinga A, Mulukutla SR, Aiyer AN, Reis SE. Low prevalence of “ideal cardiovascular health” in a community-based population: the heart strategies concentrating on risk evaluation (Heart SCORE) study. Circulation. 2011;123(8):850-7.
50. Yancy CW. Is ideal cardiovascular health attainable? Circulation. 2011;123(8):835-7.
51. Ford ES, Bergmann MM, Krord J, Schienkiewitz A, Weikert C, Boeing H. Healthy living is the best revenge: findings from the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition- Potsdam study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(15):1355-62.
52. Platz EA, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Giovannucci E. Proportion of colon cancer risk that might be preventable in a cohort of middle-aged US men. Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11(7):579-88.
53. Wahls TL. The seventy percent solution. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(10):1215-6.
54. Ford ES, Bergmann MM, Boeing H, Li C, Capewell S. Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States. Prev Med. 2012;55(1):23-7.
55. Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S, Welch A, Luben R, Day N. Combined impact of health behaviours and mortality in men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. PLoS Med. 2008;5(1):e12.
56. Jiang H, Ju Z, Rudolph KL. Telomere shortening and ageing. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2007;40(5):314-24.
57. Mather KA, Jorm AF, Parslow RA, Christensen H. Is telomere length a biomarker of aging? A review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66(2):202-13.
58. Tsuji A, Ishiko A, Takasaki T, Ikeda N. Estimating age of humans based on telomere shortening. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;126(3):197-9.
59. Shammas MA. Telomeres, lifestyle, cancer, and aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(1):28-34.
60. Huzen J, Wong LS, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Telomere length loss due to smoking and metabolic traits. J Intern Med. 2014;275(2):155-63.
61. Hou L, Savage SA, Blaser MJ, et al. Telomere length in peripheral leukocyte DNA and gastric cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(11):3103-9.
62. Gu Y, Honig LS, Schupf N, et al. Mediterranean diet and leukocyte telomere length in a multiethnic elderly population. Age (Dordr). 2015;37(2):9758.
63. García-Calzón S, Moleres A, Martínez-González MA, et al. Dietary total antioxidant capacity is associated with leukocyte telomere length in a children and adolescent population. Clin Nutr. 2014;S0261-5614(14):00191-5.
64. García-Calzón S, Moleres A, Martínez-González MA, et al. Dietary total antioxidant capacity is associated with leukocyte telomere length in a children and adolescent population. Clin Nutr. 2014;S0261-5614(14):00191-5.
65. Leung CW, Laraia BA, Needham BL, et al. Soda and cell aging: associations between sugarsweetened beverage consumption and leukocyte telomere length in healthy adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(12):2425-31.
66. Nettleton JA, Diez-Roux A, Jenny NS, Fitzpatrick AL, Jacobs DR. Dietary patterns, food groups, and telomere length in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(5):1405-12.
67. Gu Y, Honig LS, Schupf N, et al. Mediterranean diet and leukocyte telomere length in a multiethnic elderly population. Age (Dordr). 2015;37(2):9758.
68. Flanary BE, Kletetschka G. Analysis of telomere length and telomerase activity in tree species of various life-spans, and with age in the bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva. Biogerontology. 2005;6(2):101-11.
69. Ornish D, Lin J, Daubenmier J, et al. Increased telomerase activity and comprehensive lifestyle changes: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(11):1048-57.
70. Skordalakes E. Telomerase and the benefits of healthy living. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(11):1023-4.
71. Ornish D, Lin J, Chan JM, et al. Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(11):1112-20.
72. Mason C, Risques RA, Xiao L, et al. Independent and combined effects of dietary weight loss and exercise on leukocyte telomere length in postmenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(12):E549-54.
73. Ornish D, Lin J, Daubenmier J, et al. Increased telomerase activity and comprehensive lifestyle changes: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(11):1048-57.
74. Ornish D, Lin J, Chan JM, et al. Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(11):1112-20.
75. Artandi SE, Depinho RA. Telomeres and telomerase in cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31(1):9-18.
76. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29-322.
77. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2015. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2015.
78. NHLBI Fact Book, Fiscal Year 2012. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/factbook/FactBook2012.pdf. February 2013. Accessed March 31, 2015.
79. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29-322.
80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
81. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2015. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2015.
82. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
84. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29-322.
85. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
86. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2015. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2015.
87. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
88. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
89. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
90. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
91. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
92. Tuso PJ, Ismail MH, Ha BP, Bartolotto C. Nutritional update for physicians: plant-based diets. Perm J. 2013;17(2):61-6.
93. Egger GJ, Binns AF, Rossner SR. The emergence of “lifestyle medicine” as a structured approach for management of chronic disease. Med J Aust. 2009;190(3):143-5.
94. Hyman MA, Ornish D, Roizen M. Lifestyle medicine: treating the causes of disease. Altern Ther Health Med. 2009;15(6):12-4.
95. Willett WC. Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention. Science. 2002;296(5568):695-8.
96. Hyman MA, Ornish D, Roizen M. Lifestyle medicine: treating the causes of disease. Altern Ther Health Med. 2009;15(6):12-4.
97. Allen J, Anderson DR, Baun B, et al. Reflections on developments in health promotion in the past quarter century from founding members of the American Journal of Health Promotion Editorial Board. Am J Health Promot. 2011;25(4):ei–eviii.
98. Tuso PJ, Ismail MH, Ha BP, Bartolotto C. Nutritional update for physicians: plant-based diets. Perm J. 2013;17(2):61-6.
99. Tuso PJ, Ismail MH, Ha BP, Bartolotto C. Nutritional update for physicians: plant-based diets. Perm J. 2013;17(2):61-6.
100. Tuso PJ, Ismail MH, Ha BP, Bartolotto C. Nutritional update for physicians: plant-based diets. Perm J. 2013;17(2):61-6.
101. Kono S. Secular trend of colon cancer incidence and mortality in relation to fat and meat intake in Japan. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2004;13(2):127-32.
102. Willett WC. Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention. Science. 2002;296(5568):695-8.
103. Kono S. Secular trend of colon cancer incidence and mortality in relation to fat and meat intake in Japan. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2004;13(2):127-32. (Eine Zusammenfassung des Artikels findet sich hier: http://www.epistemonikos.org/de/documents/f272da8f9e6ac3817b28c06b34685f5141dd9413)
104. Kulshreshtha A, Goyal A, Veledar E, et al. Association between ideal cardiovascular health and carotid intima-media thickness: a twin study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(1):e000282.
105. Corona M, Velarde RA, Remolina S, et al. Vitellogenin, juvenile hormone, insulin signaling, and queen honey bee longevity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(17):7128-33.
106. Kucharski R, Maleszka J, Foret S, Maleszka R. Nutritional control of reproductive status in honeybees via DNA methylation. Science. 2008;319(5871):1827-30.
107. Gnyszka A, Jastrzebski Z, Flis S. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and their emerging role in epigenetic therapy of cancer. Anticancer Res. 2013;33(8):2989-96.
108. Joven J, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A, Alonso-Villaverde C, Menéndez JA. Polyphenols and the modulation of gene expression pathways: can we eat our way out of the danger of chronic disease? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54(8):985-1001.
109. Fang MZ, Wang Y, Ai N, et al. Tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits DNA methyltransferase and reactivates methylation-silenced genes in cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 2003;63(22):7563-70.
110. Myzak MC, Tong P, Dashwood WM, Dashwood RH, Ho E. Sulforaphane retards the growth of human PC-3 xenografts and inhibits HDAC activity in human subjects. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2007;232(2):227-34.
111. Dashwood RH, Ho E. Dietary histone deacetylase inhibitors: from cells to mice to man. Semin Cancer Biol. 2007;17(5):363-9.
112. Gryder BE, Sodji QH, Oyelere AK. Targeted cancer therapy: giving histone deacetylase inhibitors all they need to succeed. Future Med Chem. 2012;4(4):505-24.
113. Ornish D, Magbanua MJ, Weidner G, et al. Changes in prostate gene expression in men undergoing an intensive nutrition and lifestyle intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(24):8369-74.
1. Myerburg RJ, Junttila MJ. 2012. Sudden cardiac death caused by coronary heart disease. Circulation. 28;125(8):1043-52.
2. Campbell TC, Parpia B, Chen J. Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China study. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(10B):18T–21T.
3. Shaper AG, Jones KW. Serum-cholesterol, diet, and coronary heart-disease in Africans and Asians in Uganda: 1959. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(5):1221-5.
4. Thomas WA, Davies JN, O’Neal RM, Dimakulangan AA. Incidence of myocardial infarction correlated with venous and pulmonary thrombosis and embolism. A geographic study based on autopsies in Uganda, East Africa and St. Louis, U.S.A. Am J Cardiol. 1960;5:41-7.
5. Benfante R. Studies of cardiovascular disease and cause-specific mortality trends in Japanese- American men living in Hawaii and risk factor comparisons with other Japanese populations in the Pacific region: a review. Hum Biol. 1992;64(6):791-805.
6. Chen J, Campbell TC, Li J, Peto R. Diet, life-style and mortality in China: A study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990.
7. Shaper AG, Jones KW. Serum-cholesterol, diet, and coronary heart-disease in Africans and Asians in Uganda: 1959. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(5):1221-5.
8. De Biase SG, Fernandes SF, Gianini RJ, Duarte JL. Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(1):35-9.
9. Stoy PJ. Dental disease and civilization. Ulster Med J. 1951;20(2):144-58.
10. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(2):e20-30.
11. Shepherd CJ, Jackson AJ. Global fishmeal and fish-oil supply: inputs, outputs and markets. J Fish Biol. 2013;83(4):1046-66.
12. Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308(10):1024-33.
13. Kwak SM, Myung SK, Lee YJ, Seo HG. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(9):686-94.
14. Fodor JG, Helis E, Yazdekhasti N, Vohnout B. “Fishing” for the origins of the “Eskimos and heart disease” story: facts or wishful thinking? Can J Cardiol. 2014;30(8):864-8.
15. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet. 1989;2(8666):757-61.
16. Burr ML. Secondary prevention of CHD in UK men: the Diet and Reinfarction Trial and its sequel. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007;66(1):9-15.
17. Burr ML, Ashfield-Watt PAL, Dunstan FDJ, et al. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(2):193-200.
18. Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308(10):1024-33.
19. Smith DA. ACP Journal Club. Review: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements do not reduce major cardiovascular events in adults. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(12):JC6-5.
20. Enos WF, Holmes RH, Beyer J. Coronary disease among United States soldiers killed in action in Korea; preliminary report. JAMA. 1953;152(12):1090-3.
21. Strong JP. Landmark perspective: Coronary atherosclerosis in soldiers. A clue to the natural history of atherosclerosis in the young. JAMA. 1986;256(20):2863-6.
22. Voller RD, Strong WB. Pediatric aspects of atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 1981;101(6):815-36.
23. Napoli C, D’Armiento FP, Mancini FP, et al. Fatty streak formation occurs in human fetal aortas and is greatly enhanced by maternal hypercholesterolemia. Intimal accumulation of low density lipoprotein and its oxidation precede monocyte recruitment into early atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest. 1997;100(11):2680-90.
24. Benjamin MM, Roberts WC. Facts and principles learned at the 39th Annual Williamsburg Conference on Heart Disease. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2013;26(2):124-36.
25. McMahan CA, Gidding SS, Malcom GT, et al. Pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth risk scores are associated with early and advanced atherosclerosis. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1447-55.
26. Trumbo PR, Shimakawa T. Tolerable upper intake levels for trans fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Nutr Rev. 2011;69(5):270-8.
27. Roberts WC. It’s the cholesterol, stupid! Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(9):1364-6.
28. O’Keefe JH, Cordain L, Harris WH, Moe RM, Vogel R. Optimal low-density lipoprotein is 50 to 70 mg/dl: lower is better and physiologically normal. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(11):2142-6.
29. Esselstyn CB. In cholesterol lowering, moderation kills. Cleve Clin J Med. 2000;67(8):560-4.
30. Roberts WC. The cause of atherosclerosis. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23(5):464-7.
31. Roberts WC. The cause of atherosclerosis. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23(5):464-7.
32. King S. The best selling drugs since 1996 – why AbbVie’s Humira is set to eclipse Pfizer’s Lipitor. http://www.forbes.com/sites/simonking/2013/07/15/the-best-selling-drugs-since-1996-why-abbvies-humira-is-set-to-eclipse-pfizers-lipitor/. July 15, 2013. Accessed May 1, 2015.
33. Ginter E, Kajaba I, Sauša M. Addition of statins into the public water supply? Risks of side effects and low cholesterol levels. Cas Lek Cesk. 2012;151(5):243-7.
34. Ferenczi EA, Asaria P, Hughes AD, Chaturvedi N, Francis DP. Can a statin neutralize the cardiovascular risk of unhealthy dietary choices? Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(4):587-92.
35. Draeger A, Monastyrskaya K, Mohaupt M, et al. Statin therapy induces ultrastructural damage in skeletal muscle in patients without myalgia. J Pathol. 2006;210(1):94-102.
36. Scott D, Blizzard L, Fell J, Jones G. Statin therapy, muscle function and falls risk in communitydwelling older adults. Q JM. 2009;102(9):625-33.
37. Jefferson E. FDA announces safety changes in labeling for some cholesterol-lowering drugs. US Food and Drug Administration website. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm293623.htm. February 28, 2012. Accessed February 14, 2015.
38. McDougall JA, Malone KE, Daling JR, Cushing-Haugen KL, Porter PL, Li CI. Long-term statin use and risk of ductal and lobular breast cancer among women 55 to 74 years of age. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(9):1529-37.
39. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, et al. The Garden of Eden—plant based diets, the genetic drive to conserve cholesterol and its implications for heart disease in the 21st century. Comp Biochem Physiol, Part A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003;136(1):141-51.
40. Esselstyn CB. Is the present therapy for coronary artery disease the radical mastectomy of the twenty-first century? Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(6):902-4.
41. Kadoch MA. The power of nutrition as medicine. Prev Med. 2012;55(1):80.
42. Wakai K, Marugame T, Kuriyama S, et al. Decrease in risk of lung cancer death in Japanese men after smoking cessation by age at quitting: pooled analysis of three large-scale cohort studies. Cancer Sci. 2007;98(4):584-9.
43. Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD. Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(3):350-4.
44. Erridge C. The capacity of foodstuffs to induce innate immune activation of human monocytes in vitro is dependent on food content of stimulants of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(1):15-23.
45. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1998;280(23):2001-7.
46. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Doody RS, et al. Effects of stress management training and dietary changes in treating ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 1983;249(1):54-9.
47. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1998;280(23):2001-7.
48. Ellis FR, Sanders TA. Angina and vegan diet. Am Heart J. 1977;93(6):803-5.
49. Sweeney M. Effects of very low-fat diets on anginal symptoms. Med Hypotheses. 2004;63(3):553.
50. Savarese G, Rosano G, D’amore C, et al. Effects of ranolazine in symptomatic patients with stable coronary artery disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2013;169(4):262-70.
51. Colpo E, Vilanova CD, Brenner Reetz LG, et al. A single consumption of high amounts of the Brazil nuts improves lipid profile of healthy volunteers. J Nutr Metab. 2013;2013:1-7.
52. Stern RH, Yang BB, Hounslow NJ, et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of atorvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40(6):616-3.
53. Hegsted M. Dietary Guidelines. Food Politics website. /uploads/Hegsted.pdf. nd. Accessed February 14, 2015.
54. Campbell TC. The Low-Carb Fraud. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books, Inc.; 2014.
55. Herman J. Saving U.S. dietary advice from conflicts of interest. Food and Drug Law Journal 2010;65(20):285-316.
56. Herman J. Saving U.S. dietary advice from conflicts of interest. Food and Drug Law Journal 2010;65(20):285-316.
57. Goodwin JS, Goodwin JM. The tomato effect. Rejection of highly efficacious therapies. JAMA. 1984;251(18):2387-90.
58. Adams KM, Kohlmeier M, Zeisel SH. Nutrition education in U.S. medical schools: latest update of a national survey. Acad Med. 2010;85(9):1537-42.
59. Hearing of California Senate Bill 380. Vimeo website. http://vimeo.com/23744792. April 25, 2011. Accessed February 14, 2015.
60. Murray JL. Coke and the AAFP—the real thing or a dangerous liaison? Fam Med. 2010;42(1):57-8.
61. Blum A. AAFP-Coke editorial was music to [our] ears. J Fam Pract. 2010;59(2):74.
62. Brownell KD, Warner KE. The perils of ignoring history: Big Tobacco played dirty and millions died. How similar is Big Food? Milbank Q. 2009;87(1):259-94.
63. Brownell KD, Warner KE. The perils of ignoring history: Big Tobacco played dirty and millions died. How similar is Big Food? Milbank Q. 2009;87(1):259-94.
64. Simon, M. AND now a word from our sponsors. Eat Drinks Politics website. http://www.eatdrinkpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/AND_Corporate_Sponsorship_Report.pdf. January 22, 2013. Accessed February 14, 2015.
65. Bruckert E, Pouchain D, Auboiron S, Mulet C. Cross-analysis of dietary prescriptions and adherence in 356 hypercholesterolaemic patients. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;105(11):557-65.
66. Barnard ND. The physician’s role in nutrition-related disorders: from bystander to leader. Virtual Mentor. 2013;15(4):367-72.
1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2015. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2015.
2. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al., eds. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/. April 2014. Accessed February 27, 2015.
3. American Lung Association. Lung Cancer Fact Sheet. http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/lung-cancer/resources/facts-figures/lung-cancer-fact-sheet.html. 2015. Accessed February 14, 2015.
4. Moodie R, Stuckler D, Monteiro C, et al. Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries. Lancet. 2013;381(9867):670-9.
5. American Cancer Society. When smokers quit—what are the benefits over time? http://www.cancer.org/healthy/stayawayfromtobacco/guidetoquittingsmoking/guide-to-quitting-smoking-benefits. 6 February 2015. Accessed February 26, 2015.
6. US Department of Health and Human Services. A Report of the Surgeon General. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: What It Means to You. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2010.
7. Riso P, Martini D, Møller P, et al. DNA damage and repair activity after broccoli intake in young healthy smokers. Mutagenesis. 2010;25(6):595-602.
8. Gupta GP, Massagué J. Cancer metastasis: building a framework. Cell. 2006;127(4):679-95.
9. Wu X, Zhu Y, Yan H, et al. Isothiocyanates induce oxidative stress and suppress the metastasis potential of human non-small cell lung cancer cells. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:269.
10. Kim SY, Yoon S, Kwon SM, Park KS, Lee-Kim YC. Kale juice improves coronary artery disease risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men. Biomed Environ Sci. 2008;21(2):91-7.
11. Dressendorfer RH, Wade CE, Hornick C, Timmis GC. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in marathon runners during a 20-day road race. JAMA. 1982;247(12):1715-7.
12. Park W, Amin AR, Chen ZG, Shin DM. New perspectives of curcumin in cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013;6(5):387-400.
13. Park W, Amin AR, Chen ZG, Shin DM. New perspectives of curcumin in cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013;6(5):387-400.
14. Nagabhushan M, Amonkar AJ, Bhide SV. In vitro antimutagenicity of curcumin against environmental mutagens. Food Chem Toxicol. 1987;25(7):545-7.
15. Polasa K, Raghuram TC, Krishna TP, Krishnaswamy K. Effect of turmeric on urinary mutagens in smokers. Mutagenesis. 1992;7(2):107-9.
16. Ravindran J, Prasad S, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin and cancer cells: how many ways can curry kill tumor cells selectively? AAPS J. 2009;11(3):495-510.
17. Wu SH, Hang LW, Yang JS, et al. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H460 cells through ER stress and caspase cascade- and mitochondria-dependent pathways. Anticancer Res. 2010;30(6): 2125-33.
18. Su CC, Lin JG, Li TM, et al. Curcumin-induced apoptosis of human colon cancer colo 205 cells through the production of ROS, Ca2+ and the activation of caspase-3. Anticancer Res. 2006;26(6B):4379-89.
19. Ravindran J, Prasad S, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin and cancer cells: how many ways can curry kill tumor cells selectively? AAPS J. 2009;11(3):495-510.
20. Ravindran J, Prasad S, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin and cancer cells: how many ways can curry kill tumor cells selectively? AAPS J. 2009;11(3):495-510.
21. Pallis AG, Syrigos KN. Lung cancer in never smokers: disease characteristics and risk factors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;88(3):494-503.
22. Chiang TA, Wu PF, Wang LF, Lee H, Lee CH, Ko YC. Mutagenicity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of fumes from heated cooking oils produced in Taiwan. Mutat Res. 1997;381(2):157-61.
23. Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina AA. Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils. Food Chem. 2010;120(1):59-65.
24. Jin ZY, Wu M, Han RQ, et al. Household ventilation may reduce effects of indoor air pollutants for prevention of lung cancer: a case-control study in a Chinese population. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e102685.
25. Seow A, Poh WT, Teh M, et al. Fumes from meat cooking and lung cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(11):1215-21.
26. Jedrychowski W, Perera FP, Tang D, et al. Impact of barbecued meat consumed in pregnancy on birth outcomes accounting for personal prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: birth cohort study in Poland. Nutrition. 2012;28(4):372-7.
27. Perera FP, Li Z, Whyatt R, et al. Prenatal airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and child IQ at age 5 years. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):e195-202.
28. Chen JW, Wang SL, Hsieh DP, Yang HH, Lee HL. Carcinogenic potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for back-door neighbors of restaurants with cooking emissions. Sci Total Environ. 2012;417-418:68-75.
29. Yang SC, Jenq SN, Kang ZC, Lee H. Identification of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide N2-deoxyguanosine in human lung adenocarcinoma cells exposed to cooking oil fumes from frying fish under domestic conditions. Chem Res Toxicol. 2000;13(10):1046-50.
30. Chen JW, Wang SL, Hsieh DP, Yang HH, Lee HL. Carcinogenic potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for back-door neighbors of restaurants with cooking emissions. Sci Total Environ. 2012 Feb 15;417-418:68-75.
31. Lijinsky W. N-Nitroso compounds in the diet. Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 15;443(1-2):129-38.
32. Thiébaud HP, Knize MG, Kuzmicky PA, Hsieh DP, Felton JS. Airborne mutagens produced by frying beef, pork and a soy-based food. Food Chem Toxicol. 1995;33(10):821-8.
33. Thiébaud HP, Knize MG, Kuzmicky PA, Hsieh DP, Felton JS. Airborne mutagens produced by frying beef, pork and a soy-based food. Food Chem Toxicol. 1995;33(10):821-8.
34. Mitsakou C, Housiadas C, Eleftheriadis K, Vratolis S, Helmis C, Asimakopoulos D. Lung deposition of fine and ultrafine particles outdoors and indoors during a cooking event and a no activity period. Indoor Air. 2007;17(2):143-52.
35. COPD Statistics across America. COPD Foundation website. http://www.copdfoundation.org/What-is-COPD/COPD-Facts/Statistics.aspx. 2015. Accessed February 14, 2015.
36. Tabak C, Smit HA, Räsänen L, et al. Dietary factors and pulmonary function: a cross sectional study in middle aged men from three European countries. Thorax. 1999;54(11):1021-6.
37. Walda IC, Tabak C, Smit HA, et al. Diet and 20-year chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality in middle-aged men from three European countries. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(7):638-43.
38. Varraso R, Jiang R, Barr RG, Willett WC, Camargo CA, Jr. Prospective study of cured meats consumption and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in men. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Dec 15;166(12):1438-45.
39. Jiang R, Paik DC, Hankinson JL, Barr RG. Cured meat consumption, lung function, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among United States adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Apr 15;175(8):798-804.
40. Jiang R, Camargo CA, Varraso R, Paik DC, Willett WC, Barr RG. Consumption of cured meats and prospective risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(4):1002-8.
41. Keranis E, Makris D, Rodopoulou P, et al. Impact of dietary shift to higher-antioxidant foods in COPD: a randomised trial. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(4):774-80.
42. Warner JO. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of atopic symptoms: what does it all mean? Thorax. 1999;54 Suppl 2:S46-51.
43. What Is Asthma? National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/asthma/. August 4, 2014. Accessed February 14, 2015.
44. Warner JO. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of atopic symptoms: what does it all mean? Thorax. 1999;54 Suppl 2:S46-51.
45. Aït-Khaled N, Pearce N, Anderson HR, et al. Global map of the prevalence of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three. Allergy. 2009;64(1):123-48.
46. Asher MI, Stewart AW, Mallol J, et al. Which population level environmental factors are associated with asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema? Review of the ecological analyses of ISAAC Phase One. Respir Res. 2010;11:8.
47. Ellwood P, Asher MI, Björkstén B, Burr M, Pearce N, Robertson CF. Diet and asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema symptom prevalence: an ecological analysis of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) data. ISAAC Phase One Study Group. Eur Respir J. 2001;17(3):436-43.
48. Protudjer JL, Sevenhuysen GP, Ramsey CD, Kozyrskyj AL, Becker AB. Low vegetable intake is associated with allergic asthma and moderate-to-severe airway hyperresponsiveness. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47(12):1159-69.
49. Bime C, Wei CY, Holbrook J, Smith LJ, Wise RA. Association of dietary soy genistein intake with lung function and asthma control: a post-hoc analysis of patients enrolled in a prospective multicentre clinical trial. Prim Care Respir J. 2012;21(4):398-404.
50. Agrawal S, Pearce N, Ebrahim S. Prevalence and risk factors for self-reported asthma in an adult Indian population: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(2):275-82.
51. Tsai HJ, Tsai AC. The association of diet with respiratory symptoms and asthma in schoolchildren in Taipei, Taiwan. J Asthma. 2007;44(8):599-603.
52. Yusoff NA, Hampton SM, Dickerson JW, Morgan JB. The effects of exclusion of dietary egg and milk in the management of asthmatic children: a pilot study. J R Soc Promot Health. 2004;124(2):74-80.
53. Wood LG, Garg ML, Blake RJ, Garcia-Caraballo S, Gibson PG. Airway and circulating levels of carotenoids in asthma and healthy controls. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24(6):448-55.
54. Miller ER, Appel LJ, Risby TH. Effect of dietary patterns on measures of lipid peroxidation: results from a randomized clinical trial. Circulation. 1998;98(22):2390-5.
55. Wood LG, Garg ML, Smart JM, Scott HA, Barker D, Gibson PG. Manipulating antioxidant intake in asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(3):534-43.
56. Wood LG, Garg ML, Smart JM, Scott HA, Barker D, Gibson PG. Manipulating antioxidant intake in asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(3):534-43.
57. Patel S, Murray CS, Woodcock A, Simpson A, Custovic A. Dietary antioxidant intake, allergic sensitization and allergic diseases in young children. Allergy. 2009;64(12):1766-72.
58. Troisi RJ, Willett WC, Weiss ST, Trichopoulos D, Rosner B, Speizer FE. A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151(5):1401-8.
59. Wood LG, Garg ML, Smart JM, Scott HA, Barker D, Gibson PG. Manipulating antioxidant intake in asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(3):534-43.
60. Lindahl O, Lindwall L, Spångberg A, Stenram A, Ockerman PA. Vegan regimen with reduced medication in the treatment of bronchial asthma. J Asthma. 1985;22(1):45-55.
61. Lindahl O, Lindwall L, Spångberg A, Stenram A, Ockerman PA. Vegan regimen with reduced medication in the treatment of bronchial asthma. J Asthma. 1985;22(1):45-55.
62. Lindahl O, Lindwall L, Spångberg A, Stenram A, Ockerman PA. Vegan regimen with reduced medication in the treatment of bronchial asthma. J Asthma. 1985;22(1):45-55.
1. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29-322.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2). (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_02.pdf)
3. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29-322.
4. Grau-Olivares M, Arboix A. Mild cognitive impairment in stroke patients with ischemic cerebral small-vessel disease: a forerunner of vascular dementia? Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9(8):1201-17.
5. Aune D, Chan DS, Lau R, et al. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. 2011;343:d6617.
6. Aune D, Chan DS, Greenwood DC, et al. Dietary fiber and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(6):1394-402.
7. Yao B, Fang H, Xu W, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose-response analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29(2):79-88.
8. Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CE, et al. Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;347:f6879.
9. Maskarinec G, Takata Y, Pagano I, et al. Trends and dietary determinants of overweight and obesity in a multiethnic population. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14(4):717-26.
10. Kim Y, Je Y. Dietary fiber intake and total mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(6):565-73.
11. Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CE, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of first stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2013;44(5):1360-8.
12. Clemens R, Kranz S, Mobley AR, et al. Filling America’s fiber intake gap: summary of a roundtable to probe realistic solutions with a focus on grain-based foods. J Nutr. 2012;142(7):1390S–401S.
13. Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CE, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of first stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2013;44(5):1360-8.
14. Whitehead A, Beck EJ, Tosh S, Wolever TM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(6):1413-21.
15. Silva FM, Kramer CK, De Almeida JC, Steemburgo T, Gross JL, Azevedo MJ. Fiber intake and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev. 2013;71(12):790-801.
16. Streppel MT, Arends LR, van ’t Veer P, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Dietary fiber and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(2):150-6.
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
18. van de Laar RJ, Stehouwer CDA, van Bussel BCT, et al. Lower lifetime dietary fiber intake is associated with carotid artery stiffness: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(1):14-23.
19. van de Laar RJ, Stehouwer CDA, van Bussel BCT, et al. Lower lifetime dietary fiber intake is associated with carotid artery stiffness: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(1):14-23.
20. Casiglia E, Tikhonoff V, Caffi S, et al. High dietary fiber intake prevents stroke at a population level. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(5):811-8.
21. Tikhonoff V, Palatini P, Casiglia E. Letter by Tikhonoff et al regarding article, “Dietary fiber intake and risk of first stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Stroke. 2013;44(9):e109.
22. Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Burley VJ. Response to letter regarding article, “Dietary fiber intake and risk of first stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Stroke. 2013;44(9):e110.
23. Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(5):283-9.
24. Cogswell ME, Zhang Z, Carriquiry AL, et al. Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003-2008. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(3):647-57.
25. Cogswell ME, Zhang Z, Carriquiry AL, et al. Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003-2008. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(3):647-57.
26. D’Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, et al. Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(10):1210-9.
27. U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/index?fg=&nutrient1=306&nutrient2=&nutrient3=&subset=0&sort=c&totCount=0&offset=0&measureby=g. 2011. Accessed April 1, 2015.
28. U.S. Department of Agriculture Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. Appendix B-1. Food sources of potassium. http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/appendixb.htm. July 9, 2008. Accessed May 1, 2015.
29. Hu D, Huang J, Wang Y, Zhang D, Qu Y. Fruits and vegetables consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Stroke. 2014;45(6):1613-9.
30. Morand C, Dubray C, Milenkovic D, et al. Hesperidin contributes to the vascular protective effects of orange juice: a randomized crossover study in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(1):73-80.
31. Takumi H, Nakamura H, Simizu T, et al. Bioavailability of orally administered water-dispersible hesperetin and its effect on peripheral vasodilatation in human subjects: implication of endothelial functions of plasma conjugated metabolites. Food Funct. 2012;3(4):389-98.
32. Patyar S, Patyar RR. Correlation between sleep duration and risk of stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(5):905-11.
33. Ikehara S, Iso H, Date C, et al; JACC Study Group. Association of sleep duration with mortality from cardiovascular disease and other causes for Japanese men and women: the JACC study. Sleep. 2009;32(3):295-301.
34. Fang J, Wheaton AG, Ayala C. Sleep duration and history of stroke among adults from the USA. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(5):531-7.
35. von Ruesten A, Weikert C, Fietze I, et al. Association of sleep duration with chronic diseases in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(1):e30972.
36. Pan A, De Silva DA, Yuan JM, et al. Sleep duration and risk of stroke mortality among Chinese adults: Singapore Chinese health study. Stroke. 2014;45(6):1620-5.
37. Leng Y, Cappuccio FP, Wainwright NW, et al. Sleep duration and risk of fatal and nonfatal stroke: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2015;84(11):1072-9.
38. Sansevero TB. The Profit Machine. Madrid: Cultiva Libros. 2009;59.
39. Harman D. The biologic clock: the mitochondria? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1972;20(4):145-7.
40. Chance B, Sies H, Boveris A. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol Rev. 1979;59(3):527-605.
41. Emerit I. Reactive oxygen species, chromosome mutation, and cancer: possible role of clastogenic factors in carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med. 1994;16(1):99-109.
42. Rautiainen S, Larsson S, Virtamo J, et al. Total antioxidant capacity of diet and risk of stroke: a population-based prospective cohort of women. Stroke. 2012;43(2):335-40.
43. Del Rio D, Agnoli C, Pellegrini N, et al. Total antioxidant capacity of the diet is associated with lower risk of ischemic stroke in a large Italian cohort. J Nutr. 2011;141(1):118-23.
44. Satia JA, Littman A, Slatore CG, Galanko JA, White E. Long-term use of beta-carotene, retinol, lycopene, and lutein supplements and lung cancer risk: results from the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169(7):815-28.
45. Hankey GJ. Vitamin supplementation and stroke prevention. Stroke. 2012;43(10):2814-8.
46. Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010 Jan 22;9:3.
47. Yang M, Chung SJ, Chung CE, et al. Estimation of total antioxidant capacity from diet and supplements in US adults. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(2):254-63.
48. Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010 Jan 22;9:3.
49. Bastin S, Henken K. Water Content of Fruits and Vegetables. ENRI-129. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service. http://www2.ca.uky.edu/enri/pubs/enri129.pdf. December 1997. Accessed March 3, 2015.
50. Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010 Jan 22;9:3.
51. Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010 Jan 22;9:3.
52. Kelly PJ, Morrow JD, Ning M, et al. Oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in acute ischemic stroke: the Biomarker Evaluation for Antioxidant Therapies in Stroke (BEAT-Stroke) study. Stroke. 2008;39(1):100-4.
53. Lilamand M, Kelaiditi E, Guyonnet S, et al. Flavonoids and arterial stiffness: promising perspectives. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(7):698-704.
54. Santhakumar AB, Bulmer AC, Singh I. A review of the mechanisms and effectiveness of dietary polyphenols in reducing oxidative stress and thrombotic risk. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2014;27(1):1-21.
55. Stoclet JC, Chataigneau T, Ndiaye M, et al. Vascular protection by dietary polyphenols. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;500(1-3):299-313.
56. Moylan S, Berk M, Dean OM, et al. Oxidative & nitrosative stress in depression: why so much stress?. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;45:46-62.
57. Watzl B. Anti-inflammatory effects of plant-based foods and of their constituents. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2008;78(6):293-8.
58. Franzini L, Ardigi D, Valtueña S, et al. Food selection based on high total antioxidant capacity improves endothelial function in a low cardiovascular risk population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22(1):50-7.
59. Alzheimer’s Association factsheet. http://www.alz.org/documents_custom/2013_facts_figures_fact_sheet.pdf. March 2013. Accessed April 3, 2015.
60. de la Torre JC. A turning point for Alzheimer’s disease? Biofactors. 2012;38(2):78-83.
61. de la Torre JC. Alzheimer’s disease is incurable but preventable. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20(3):861-70.
62. Barnes DE, Yaffe K. The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer’s disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(9):819-28.
63. Singh-Manoux A, Kivimaki M, Glymour MM, et al. Timing of onset of cognitive decline: results from Whitehall II prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2012;344:d7622.
64. Roher AE, Tyas SL, Maarouf CL, et al. Intracranial atherosclerosis as a contributing factor to Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(4):436-44.
65. Barnard ND, Bush AI, Ceccarelli A, et al. Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35 Suppl 2:S74-8.
66. Ramirez-Bermudez J. Alzheimer’s disease: critical notes on the history of a medical concept. Arch Med Res. 2012;43(8):595-9.
67. Alzheimer A, Stelzmann RA, Schnitzlein HN, Murtagh FR. An English translation of Alzheimer’s 1907 paper, “Uber eine eigenartige Erkankung der Hirnrinde.” Clin Anat. 1995;8(6):429-31.
68. Kovacic JC, Fuster V. Atherosclerotic risk factors, vascular cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer disease. Mt Sinai J Med. 2012;79:664-73.
69. Cardiogenic Dementia. Lancet. 1977;1(8001): 27-8.
70. Roher AE, Tyas SL, Maarouf CL, et al. Intracranial atherosclerosis as a contributing factor to Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(4):436-44.
71. Roher AE, Tyas SL, Maarouf CL, et al. Intracranial atherosclerosis as a contributing factor to Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(4):436-44.
72. Yarchoan M, Xie SX, Kling MA, et al. Cerebrovascular atherosclerosis correlates with Alzheimer pathology in neurodegenerative dementias. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 12):3749-56.
73. Honig LS, Kukull W, Mayeux R. Atherosclerosis and AD: analysis of data from the US National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center. Neurology. 2005;64(3):494-500.
74. de la Torre JC. Vascular risk factors: a ticking time bomb to Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2013;28(6):551-9.
75. Roher AE, Tyas SL, Maarouf CL, et al. Intracranial atherosclerosis as a contributing factor to Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(4):436-44.
76. de la Torre JC. Vascular basis of Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;977: 196-215.
77. Zhu J, Wang Y, Li J, et al. Intracranial artery stenosis and progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2014;82(10):842-9.
78. Deschaintre Y, Richard F, Leys D, Pasquier F. Treatment of vascular risk factors is associated with slower decline in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2009;73(9):674-80.
79. Mizuno T, Nakata M, Naiki H, et al. Cholesterol-dependent generation of a seeding amyloid beta-protein in cell culture. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(21):15110-4.
80. Trumbo PR, Shimakawa T. Tolerable upper intake levels for trans fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Nutr Rev. 2011;69(5):270-8.
81. Benjamin MM, Roberts WC. Facts and principles learned at the 39th Annual Williamsburg Conference on Heart Disease. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2013;26(2):124-36.
82. Corsinovi L, Biasi F, Poli G, et al. Dietary lipids and their oxidized products in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55(Suppl 2): S161-72.
83. Harris JR, Milton NGN. Cholesterol in Alzheimer’s disease and other amyloidogenic disorders. Subcell Biochem. 2010;51:47-75.
84. Puglielli L, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM. Alzheimer’s disease: the cholesterol connection. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6(4):345-51.
85. Harris JR, Milton NGN. Cholesterol in Alzheimer’s disease and other amyloidogenic disorders. Subcell Biochem. 2010;51:47-75.
86. Reed B, Villeneuve S, Mack W, et al. Associations between serum cholesterol levels and cerebral amyloidosis. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(2):195-200.
87. US Food and Drug Administration. Important safety label changes to cholesterol-lowering statin drugs. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2012. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm293101.htm. July 7, 2012. Accessed April 2, 2015.
88. Rojas-Fernandez CH, Cameron JC. Is statin-associated cognitive impairment clinically relevant? A narrative review and clinical recommendations. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46(4):549-57.
89. Grant WB. Dietary links to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Dis Rev. 1997;2:42-55.
90. Chandra V, Pandav R, Dodge HH, et al. Incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in a rural community in India: the Indo-US study. Neurology. 2001;57(6):985-9.
91. White L, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, et al. Prevalence of dementia in older Japanese-American men in Hawaii: The Honolulu-Asia aging study. JAMA. 1996;276(12):955-60.
92. Grant WB. Dietary links to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Dis Rev. 1997;2:42-55.
93. Grant WB. Trends in diet and Alzheimer’s disease during the nutrition transition in Japan and developing countries. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;38(3):611-20.
94. Chan KY, Wang W, Wu JJ, et al. Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia in China, 1990-2010: A systematic review and analysis. Lancet. 2013;381(9882):2016-23.
95. Grant WB. Trends in diet and Alzheimer’s disease during the nutrition transition in Japan and developing countries. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;38(3):611-20.
96. Chandra V, Ganguli M, Pandav R, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias in rural India: the Indo-US study. Neurology. 1998;51(4):1000-8.
97. Shetty PS. Nutrition transition in India. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5(1A):175-82.
98. Giem P, Beeson WL, Fraser GE. The incidence of dementia and intake of animal products: preliminary findings from the Adventist Health Study. Neuroepidemiology. 1993;12(1):28-36.
99. Roses AD, Saunders AM. APOE is a major susceptibility gene for Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1994;5(6):663-7.
100. Puglielli L, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM. Alzheimer’s disease: the cholesterol connection. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6(4):345-51.
101. Chen X, Hui L, Soliman ML, Geiger JD. Altered cholesterol intracellular trafficking and the development of pathological hallmarks of sporadic AD. J Parkinsons Dis Alzheimers Dis. 2014;1(1).
102. Sepehrnia B, Kamboh MI, Adams-Campbell LL, et al. Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins.X. The effect of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism on quantitative levels of lipoproteins in Nigerian blacks. Am J Hum Genet. 1989;45(4):586-91.
103. Grant WB. Dietary links to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Dis Rev. 1997;2:42-55.
104. Sepehrnia B, Kamboh MI, Adams-Campbell LL, et al. Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. X. The effect of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism on quantitative levels of lipoproteins in Nigerian blacks. Am J Hum Genet. 1989;45(4):586-91.
105. Hendrie HC, Murrell J, Gao S, Unverzagt FW, Ogunniyi A, Hall KS. International studies in dementia with particular emphasis on populations of African origin. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2006;20(3 Suppl 2):S42-6.
106. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(3):149-55.
107. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(3):149-55.
108. Jost BC, Grossberg GT. The natural history of Alzheimer’s disease: a brain bank study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(11):1248-55.
109. Del Tredici K, Braak H. Neurofibrillary changes of the Alzheimer type in very elderly individuals: neither inevitable nor benign: Commentary on ‘No disease in the brain of a 115-year-old woman.’ Neurobiol Aging. 2008;29(8):1133-6.
110. Barnard ND, Bush AI, Ceccarelli A, et al. Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35 Suppl 2:S74-8.
111. Lourida I, Soni M, Thompson-Coon J, et al. Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: a systematic review. Epidemiology. 2013;24(4):479-89.
112. Roberts RO, Geda YE, Cerhan JR, et al. Vegetables, unsaturated fats, moderate alcohol intake, and mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2010;29(5):413-23.
113. Okereke OI, Rosner BA, Kim DH, et al. Dietary fat types and 4-year cognitive change in community-dwelling older women. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(1):124-34.
114. Parletta N, Milte CM, Meyer BJ. Nutritional modulation of cognitive function and mental health. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24(5):725-43.
115. Essa MM, Vijayan RK, Castellano-Gonzalez G, Memon MA, Braidy N, Guillemin GJ. Neuroprotective effect of natural products against Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Res. 2012;37(9):1829-42.
116. Shukitt-Hale B. Blueberries and neuronal aging. Gerontology. 2012;58(6):518-23.
117. Cherniack EP. A berry thought-provoking idea: the potential role of plant polyphenols in the treatment of age-related cognitive disorders. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(5):794-800.
118. Johnson EJ. A possible role for lutein and zeaxanthin in cognitive function in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(5):1161S–5S.
119. Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Nash TA, et al. Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(7):3996-4000.
120. Devore EE, Kang JH, Breteler MMB, et al. Dietary intakes of berries and flavonoids in relation to cognitive decline. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(1):135-43.
121. Dai Q, Borenstein AR, Wu Y, et al. Fruit and vegetable juices and Alzheimer’s disease: the Kame Project. Am J Med. 2006;119(9):751-9.
122. Krikorian R, Nash TA, Shidler MD, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA. Concord grape juice supplementation improves memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(5):730-4.
123. Nurk E, Refsum H, Drevon CA, et al. Cognitive performance among the elderly in relation to the intake of plant foods. The Hordaland Health Study. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1190-201.
124. Mullen W, Marks SC, Crozier A. Evaluation of phenolic compounds in commercial fruit juices and fruit drinks. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(8):3148-57.
125. Tarozzi A, Morroni F, Merlicco A, et al. Neuroprotective effects of cyanidin 3-O-glucopyranoside on amyloid beta (25-35) oligomer-induced toxicity. Neurosci Lett. 2010;473(2):72-6.
126. Hattori M, Sugino E, Minoura K, et al. Different inhibitory response of cyanidin and methylene blue for filament formation of tau microtubule-binding domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;374(1):158-63.
127. Mandel SA, Weinreb O, Amit T, Youdim MB. Molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective/neurorescue action of multi-target green tea polyphenols. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2012;4:581-98.
128. Ward RJ, Zucca FA, Duyn JH, Crichton RR, Zecca L. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(10):1045-60.
129. Hishikawa N, Takahashi Y, Amakusa Y, et al. Effects of turmeric on Alzheimer’s disease with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Ayu. 2012;33(4):499-504.
130. Akhondzadeh S, Sabet MS, Harirchian MH, et al. Saffron in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a 16-week, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2010;35(5):581-8.
131. Akhondzadeh S, Shafiee Sabet M, Harirchian MH, et al. A 22-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010;207(4):637-43.
132. Hyde C, Peters J, Bond M, et al. Evolution of the evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and economic model. Age Ageing. 2013;42(1):14-20.
133. US Food and Drug Administation. ARICEPT® (Donepezil Hydrochloride Tablets) package insert. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Surveillance/%20DrugMarketingAdvertisingandCommunications/UCM368444.pdf. Accesse April 2, 2015.
134. Toledo C, Saltsman K. Genetics by the Numbers. Inside Life Science, Bethesda, MD: National Institute of General Medical Sciences. http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidelifescience/genetics-numbers.html. June 11, 2012. Accessed March 3, 2015.
135. Mostoslavsky R, Esteller M, Vaquero A. At the crossroad of lifespan, calorie restriction, chromatin and disease: meeting on sirtuins. Cell Cycle. 2010;9(10):1907-12.
136. Julien C, Tremblay C, Emond V, et al. Sirtuin 1 reduction parallels the accumulation of tau in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68(1):48-58.
137. Cai W, Uribarri J, Zhu L, et al. Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(13):4940-5.
138. Cai W, Uribarri J, Zhu L, et al. Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(13):4940-5.
139. Rahmadi A, Steiner N, Münch G. Advanced glycation endproducts as gerontotoxins and biomarkers for carbonyl-based degenerative processes in Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011;49(3):385-91.
140. Semba RD, Nicklett EJ, Ferrucci L. Does accumulation of advanced glycation end products contribute to the aging phenotype? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65(9):963-75.
141. Srikanth V, Westcott B, Forbes J, et al. Methylglyoxal, cognitive function and cerebral atrophy in older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(1):68-73.
142. Cai W, Uribarri J, Zhu L, et al. Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(13):4940-5.
143. Beeri MS, Moshier E, Schmeidler J, et al. Serum concentration of an inflammatory glycotoxin, methylglyoxal, is associated with increased cognitive decline in elderly individuals. Mech Ageing Dev. 2011;132(11-12):583-7.
144. Yaffe K, Lindquist K, Schwartz AV, et al. Advanced glycation end product level, diabetes, and accelerated cognitive aging. Neurology. 2011;77(14):1351-6.
145. Angeloni C, Zambonin L, Hrelia S. Role of methylglyoxal in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:238485.
146. Vlassara H, Cai W, Goodman S, et al. Protection against loss of innate defenses in adulthood by low advanced glycation end products (AGE) intake: role of the antiinflammatory AGE receptor-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(11):4483-91.
147. Cerami C, Founds H, Nicholl I, et al. Tobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(25):13915-20.
148. Uribarri J, Cai W, Sandu O, Peppa M, Goldberg T, Vlassara H. Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to the body’s AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1043:461-6.
149. Uribarri J, Cai W, Sandu O, Peppa M, Goldberg T, Vlassara H. Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to the body’s AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1043:461-6.
150. Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, et al. Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(6):911-6.e12.
151. Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, et al. Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(6):911-6.e12.
152. Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, et al. Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(6):911-6.e12.
153. Cai W, Uribarri J, Zhu L, et al. Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(13):4940-5.
154. Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(1):71-9.
155. Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(1):71-9.
156. Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(7):3017-22.
157. ten Brinke LF, Bolandzadeh N, Nagamatsu LS, et al. Aerobic exercise increases hippocampal volume in older women with probable mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(4):248-54.
1. Liu PH, Wang JD, Keating NL. Expected years of life lost for six potentially preventable cancers in the United States. Prev Med. 2013;56(5):309-13.
2. Bertram JS, Kolonel LN, Meyskens FL. Rationale and strategies for chemoprevention of cancer in humans. Cancer Res. 1987;47(11):3012-31.
3. Hasleton PS. The internal surface area of the adult human lung. J Anat. 1972;112(Pt 3):391-400.
4. Macdonald TT, Monteleone G. Immunity, inflammation, and allergy in the gut. Science. 2005;307(5717):1920-5.
5. What are the key statistics about colorectal cancer? American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/detailedguide/colorectal-cancer-key-statistics. Accessed March 3, 2015.
6. What are the key statistics about pancreatic cancer? American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/pancreaticcancer/detailedguide/pancreatic-cancer-key-statistics. Accessed March 3, 2015.
7. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2014. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2014.
8. What are the key statistics about colorectal cancer? American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/detailedguide/colorectal-cancer-key-statistics. Accessed March 3, 2015.
9. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2014. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2014.
10. Screening for Colorectal Cancer. US Preventive Services Task Force website. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFile/1/467/colcancsumm/pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015.
11. International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Database. http://bit.ly/1bNdlWu. April 2015. Accessed May 2, 2015.
12. World Bank. World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/country/india. 2011. Accessed May 2, 2015.
13. Bengmark S, Mesa MD, Gill A. Plant-derived health: the effects of turmeric and curcuminoids. Nutr Hosp. 2009;24(3):273-81.
14. Hutchins-Wolf brandt A, Mistry AM. Dietary turmeric potentially reduces the risk of cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(12):3169-73.
15. Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL, et al. Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(20):6847-54.
16. Carroll RE, Benya RV, Turgeon DK, et al. Phase IIa clinical trial of curcumin for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(3):354-64.
17. Cruz-Correa M, Shoskes DA, Sanchez P, et al. Combination treatment with curcumin and quercetin of adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(8):1035-8.
18. Sharma RA, McLelland HR, Hill KA, et al. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(7):1894-900.
19. Singh S. From exotic spice to modern drug? Cell. 2007;130(5):765-8.
20. International Institute for Population Sciences & Macro International: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India: Vol. I. Mumbai: IIPS; 2007.
21. Cummings JH, Bingham SA, Heaton KW, Eastwood MA. Fecal weight, colon cancer risk, and dietary intake of nonstarch polysaccharides (dietary fiber). Gastroenterology. 1992;103(6):1783-9.
22. Gear JS, Brodribb AJ, Ware A, Mann JI. Fibre and bowel transit times. Br J Nutr. 1981;45(1):77-82.
23. Burkitt DP, Walker AR, Painter NS. Effect of dietary fibre on stools and the transit-times, and its role in the causation of disease. Lancet. 1972;2(7792):1408-12.
24. Sonnenberg A, Koch TR. Physician visits in the United States for constipation: 1958 to 1986. Dig Dis Sci. 1989;34(4):606-11.
25. Burkitt DP. A deficiency of dietary fiber may be one cause of certain colonic and venous disorders. Am J Dig Dis. 1976;21(2):104-8.
26. Fox A, Tietze PH, Ramakrishnan K. Anorectal conditions: anal fissure and anorectal fistula. FP Essent. 2014;419:20-7.
27. Burkitt DP. A deficiency of dietary fiber may be one cause of certain colonic and venous disorders. Am J Dig Dis. 1976;21(2):104-8.
28. Sanjoaquin MA, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Key TJ. Nutrition and lifestyle in relation to bowel movement frequency: a cross-sectional study of 20630 men and women in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(1):77-83.
29. What are the key statistics about colorectal cancer? American Cancer Society website. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/detailedguide/colorectal-cancer-key-statistics. Accessed March 3, 2015.
30. Doll R. The geographical distribution of cancer. Br J Cancer. 1969;23(1):1-8.
31. Lipski E. Traditional non-Western diets. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25(6):585-93.
32. Burkitt DP. Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum.1971. Dis. Colon Rectum. 1993;36(11):1071-82.
33. Shaper AG, Jones KW. Serum-cholesterol, diet, and coronary heart-disease in Africans and Asians in Uganda: 1959. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(5):1221-5.
34. Malila N, Hakulinen T. Epidemiological trends of colorectal cancer in the Nordic countries. Scand J Surg. 2003;92(1):5-9.
35. Englyst HN, Bingham SA, Wiggins HS, et al. Nonstarch polysaccharide consumption in four Scandinavian populations. Nutr Cancer. 1982;4(1):50-60.
36. Graf E, Eaton JW. Dietary suppression of colonic cancer. Fiber or phytate? Cancer. 1985;56(4):717-8.
37. Fonseca-Nunes A, Jakszyn P, Agudo A. Iron and cancer risk—a systematic review and metaanalysis of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(1):12-31.
38. Mellanby E. The rickets-producing and anti-calcifying action of phytate. J Physiol. 1949;109(3-4):488-533.
39. House WA, Welch RM, Van Campen DR. Effect of phytic acid on the absorption, distribution, and endogenous excretion of zinc in rats. J Nutr. 1982;112(5):941-53.
40. Urbano G, López-Jurado M, Aranda P, Vidal-Valverde C, Tenorio E, Porres J. The role of phytic acid in legumes: antinutrient or beneficial function? J Physiol Biochem. 2000;56(3):283-94.
41. López-González AA, Grases F, Roca P, Mari B, Vicente-Herrero MT, Costa-Bauzá A. Phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) and risk factors for osteoporosis. J Med Food. 2008;11(4):747-52.
42. López-González AA, Grases F, Monroy N, et al. Protective effect of myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) on bone mass loss in postmenopausal women. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(2):717-26.
43. Arriero Mdel M, Ramis JM, Perelló J, Monjo M. Inositol hexakisphosphate inhibits osteoclastogenesis on RAW 264.7 cells and human primary osteoclasts. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(8):e43187.
44. Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(10):1479-91.
45. Singh PN, Fraser GE. Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(8):761-74.
46. Manousos O, Day NE, Trichopoulos D, Gerovassilis F, Tzonou A, Polychronopoulou A. Diet and colorectal cancer: A case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer. 1983;32(1):1-5.
47. Lanza E, Hartman TJ, Albert PS, et al. High dry bean intake and reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenoma recurrence among participants in the polyp prevention trial. J Nutr. 2006;136(7):1896-1903.
48. Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Protection against cancer by dietary IP6 and inositol. Nutr Cancer. 2006;55(2):109-25.
49. Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Cancer inhibition by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and inositol: from laboratory to clinic. J Nutr. 2003;133(11-Suppl-1):3778S–84S.
50. Ogawa S, Kobayashi H, Amada S, et al. Sentinel node detection with (99 m)Tc phytate alone is satisfactory for cervical cancer patients undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Int J Clin Oncol. 2010;15(1):52-8.
51. Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Protection against cancer by dietary IP6 and inositol. Nutr Cancer. 2006;55(2):109-25.
52. Vucenik I, Passaniti A, Vitolo MI, Tantivejkul K, Eggleton P, Shamsuddin AM. Anti-angiogenic activity of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). Carcinogenesis. 2004;25(11):2115-23.
53. Wang H, Khor TO, Shu L, et al. Plants vs. cancer: a review on natural phytochemicals in preventing and treating cancers and their druggability. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2012;12(10):1281-305.
54. Yang GY, Shamsuddin AM. IP6-induced growth inhibition and differentiation of HT-29 human colon cancer cells: involvement of intracellular inositol phosphates. Anticancer Res. 1995;15(6B):2479-87.
55. Shamsuddin AM, Yang GY, Vucenik I. Novel anti-cancer functions of IP6: growth inhibition and differentiation of human mammary cancer cell lines in vitro. Anticancer Res. 1996;16(6A):3287-92.
56. Vucenik I, Tantivejkul K, Zhang ZS, Cole KE, Saied I, Shamsuddin AM. IP6 in treatment of liver cancer. I. IP6 inhibits growth and reverses transformed phenotype in HepG2 human liver cancer cell line. Anticancer Res. 1998;18(6A):4083-90.
57. Shamsuddin AM, Yang GY. Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth and induces differentiation of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 1995;16(8):1975-9.
58. Shamsuddin AM. Anti-cancer function of phytic acid. Int J Food Sci Tech. 2002;37(7):769-82.
59. Sun J, Chu YF, Wu X, Liu RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(25):7449-54.
60. Olsson ME, Andersson CS, Oredsson S, Berglund RH, Gustavsson KE. Antioxidant levels and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by extracts from organically and conventionally cultivated strawberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(4):1248-55.
61. Graham DJ, Campen D, Hui R, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study. Lancet. 2005;365(9458):475-81.
62. Wang LS, Burke CA, Hasson H, et al. A phase Ib study of the effects of black raspberries on rectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2014;7(7):666-74.
63. Wang LS, Burke CA, Hasson H, et al. A phase Ib study of the effects of black raspberries on rectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2014;7(7):666-74.
64. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, et al. Red meat consumption and mortality: Results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(7):555-63.
65. Sinha R, Cross AJ, Graubard BI, Leitzmann MF, Schatzkin A. Meat intake and mortality: a prospective study of over half a million people. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):562-71.
66. Popkin BM. Reducing meat consumption has multiple benefits for the world’s health. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):543.
67. Dixon SJ, Stockwell BR. The role of iron and reactive oxygen species in cell death. Nat Chem Biol. 2014;10(1):9-17.
68. Hurrell R, Egli I. Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1461S–7S.
69. Cook JD. Adaptation in iron metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51(2):301-8.
70. Fonseca-Nunes A, Jakszyn P, Agudo A. Iron and cancer risk—a systematic review and metaanalysis of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(1):12-31.
71. Yang W, Li B, Dong X, et al. Is heme iron intake associated with risk of coronary heart disease? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(2):395-400.
72. Bao W, Rong Y, Rong S, Liu L. Dietary iron intake, body iron stores, and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2012;10:119.
73. Zacharski LR, Chow BK, Howes PS, et al. Decreased cancer risk after iron reduction in patients with peripheral arterial disease: results from a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(14):996-1002.
74. Edgren G, Nyrén O, Melbye M. Cancer as a ferrotoxic disease: are we getting hard stainless evidence? J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(14):976-7.
75. Corpet DE. Red meat and colon cancer: should we become vegetarians, or can we make meat safer? Meat Sci. 2011;89(3):310-6.
76. Farmer B, Larson BT, Fulgoni VL 3rd, Rainville AJ, Liepa GU. A vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999-2004. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(6):819-27.
77. Iron deficiency—United States, 1999-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51(40):897-9.
78. Craig WJ, Mangels AR. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(7):1266-82.
79. Tiwari AK, Mahdi AA, Chandyan S, et al. Oral iron supplementation leads to oxidative imbalance in anemic women: a prospective study. Clin Nutr. 2011;30(2):188-93.
80. Saunders AV, Craig WJ, Baines SK, Posen JS. Iron and vegetarian diets. Med J Aust. 2013;199(4 Suppl):S11-6.
81. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2014. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2014.
82. Iodice S, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB. Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008;393(4):535-45.
83. Kolodecik T, Shugrue C, Ashat M, Thrower EC. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: underlying mechanisms and potential targets. Front Physiol. 2013;4:415.
84. Thiébaut AC, Jiao L, Silverman DT, et al. Dietary fatty acids and pancreatic cancer in the NIH- AARP diet and health study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(14):1001-11.
85. Landrigan PJ. Preface. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;643:xv–xvi.
86. Weiner R, Rees D, Lunga FJ, Felix MA. Third wave of asbestos-related disease from secondary use of asbestos. A case report from industry. S Afr Med J. 1994;84(3):158-60.
87. Johnson ES, Zhou Y, Lillian Yau C, et al. Mortality from malignant diseases-update of the Baltimore union poultry cohort. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(2):215-21.
88. Felini M, Johnson E, Preacely N, Sarda V, Ndetan H, Bangara S. A pilot case-cohort study of liver and pancreatic cancers in poultry workers. Ann Epidemiol. 2011;21(10):755-66.
89. Lynch SM, Vrieling A, Lubin JH, et al. Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(4):403-13.
90. Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Nöthlings U, et al. Meat and fish consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(3):617-24.
91. Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Jakobsen MU, et al. Consumption of meat and dairy and lymphoma risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer. 2011;128(3):623-34.
92. Lotti M, Bergamo L, Murer B. Occupational toxicology of asbestos-related malignancies. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010;48(6):485-96.
93. Marvisi M, Balzarini L, Mancini C, Mouzakiti P. A new type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis: salami brusher’s disease. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2012;77(1):35-7.
94. Yang ZY, Yuan JQ, Di MY, et al. Gemcitabine plus erlotinib for advanced pancreatic cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(3):e57528.
95. Li L, Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Abbruzzese J, Kurzrock R. Nuclear factor-kappaB and IkappaB kinase are constitutively active in human pancreatic cells, and their down-regulation by curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is associated with the suppression of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. Cancer. 2004;101(10):2351-62.
96. Dhillon N, Aggarwal BB, Newman RA, et al. Phase II trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(14):4491-9.
97. Bosetti C, Bravi F, Turati F, et al. Nutrient-based dietary patterns and pancreatic cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol. 2013;23(3):124-8.
98. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Abbey DE, Fraser GE, Phillips RL. Dietary habits and past medical history as related to fatal pancreas cancer risk among Adventists. Cancer. 1988;61(12):2578-85.
99. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2014. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2014.
100. Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(2):301-8.
101. Rubenstein JH, Chen JW. Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2014;43(1):1-14.
102. Lagergren J, Bergström R, Lindgren A, Nyrén O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(11):825-31.
103. Pohl H, Welch HG. The role of overdiagnosis and reclassification in the marked increase of esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(2):142-6.
104. Parasa S, Sharma P. Complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27(3):433-42.
105. El-Serag HB. Time trends of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(1):17-26.
106. De Ceglie A, Fisher DA, Filiberti R, Blanchi S, Conio M. Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas: the role of diet. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2011;35(1):7-16.
107. Navarro Silvera SA, Mayne ST, Risch H, et al. Food group intake and risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(4):852-60.
108. Nebel OT, Castell DO. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure changes after food ingestion. Gastroenterology. 1972;63(5):778-83.
109. Becker DJ, Sinclair J, Castell DO, Wu WC. A comparison of high and low fat meals on postprandial esophageal acid exposure. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84(7):782-6.
110. Charlton KE, Tapsell LC, Batterham MJ, et al. Pork, beef and chicken have similar effects on acute satiety and hormonal markers of appetite. Appetite. 2011;56(1):1-8.
111. Mitsukawa T, Takemura J, Ohgo S, et al. Gallbladder function and plasma cholecystokinin levels in diabetes mellitus. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85(8):981-5.
112. Matsuki N, Fujita T, Watanabe N, et al. Lifestyle factors associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease in the Japanese population. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(3):340-9.
113. Jung JG, Kang HW, Hahn SJ, et al. Vegetarianism as a protective factor for reflux esophagitis: a retrospective, cross-sectional study between Buddhist priests and general population. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(8):2244-52.
114. Fashner J, Gitu AC. Common gastrointestinal symptoms: risks of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. FP Essent. 2013;413:29-39.
115. Terry P, Lagergren J, Ye W, Nyrén O, Wolk A. Antioxidants and cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Int J Cancer. 2000;87(5):750-4.
116. Ekström AM, Serafini M, Nyrén O, Hansson LE, Ye W, Wolk A. Dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of cardia cancer and noncardia cancer of the intestinal and diffuse types: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer. 2000;87(1):133-40.
117. Nilsson M, Johnsen R, Ye W, Hveem K, Lagergren J. Lifestyle related risk factors in the aetiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gut. 2004;53(12):1730-5.
118. Coleman HG, Murray LJ, Hicks B, et al. Dietary fiber and the risk of precancerous lesions and cancer of the esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2013;71(7):474-82.
119. Burkitt DP. Hiatus hernia: is it preventable? Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(3):428-31.
120. Burkitt DP, James PA. Low-residue diets and hiatus hernia. Lancet. 1973;2(7821):128-30.
121. Burkitt DP, James PA. Low-residue diets and hiatus hernia. Lancet. 1973;2(7821):128-30.
122. Burkitt DP. Two blind spots in medical knowledge. Nurs Times. 1976;72(1):24-7.
123. Burkitt DP. Hiatus hernia: is it preventable? Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(3):428-31.
124. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2014. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2014.
125. Polednak AP. Trends in survival for both histologic types of esophageal cancer in US surveillance, epidemiology and end results areas. Int J Cancer. 2003;105(1):98-100.
126. Chen T, Yan F, Qian J, et al. Randomized phase II trial of lyophilized strawberries in patients with dysplastic precancerous lesions of the esophagus. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012;5(1):41-50.
127. Chen T, Yan F, Qian J, et al. Randomized phase II trial of lyophilized strawberries in patients with dysplastic precancerous lesions of the esophagus. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012;5(1):41-50.
128. Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M. Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. Am J Med. 1988;84(4):739-49.
129. King DE, Mainous AG, Lambourne CA. Trends in dietary fiber intake in the United States, 1999-2008. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(5):642-8.
130. Zhang N, Huang C, Ou S. In vitro binding capacities of three dietary fibers and their mixture for four toxic elements, cholesterol, and bile acid. J Hazard Mater. 2011;186(1):236-9.
131. Moshfegh A, Goldman J, Cleveland l. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2001-2002: Usual Nutrient Intakes from Food Compared to Dietary Reference Intakes. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service; 2005.
1. Civil Practice And Remedies Code. Title 4. Liability in Tort. Chapter 96. False Disparagement of Perishable Food Products. Texas Constitution and Statutes. http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/CP/htm/CP.96.htm. Accessed March 3, 2015.
2. Civil Practice and Remedies Code. Title 4. Liability in Tort. Chapter 96. False Disparagement of Perishable Food Products. Texas Constitution and Statutes. http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/CP/htm/CP.96.htm. Accessed March 3, 2015.
3. Oppel Jr RA. Taping of farm cruelty is becoming the crime. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/us/taping-of-farm-cruelty-is-becoming-the-crime.html. April 6, 2013. Accessed March 3, 2015.
4. Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, et al. Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009-April 2010). Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52 Suppl 1:S75-82.
5. Woolhouse ME, Gowtage-Sequeria S. Host range and emerging and reemerging pathogens. Emerging Infect Dis. 2005;11(12):1842-7.
6. Epstein PR, Chivian E, Frith K. Emerging diseases threaten conservation. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(10):A506-7.
7. Espinosa de los Monteros LE, Galán JC, Gutiérrez M, et al. Allele-specific PCR method based on pncA and oxyR sequences for distinguishing Mycobacterium bovis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: intraspecific M. bovis pncA sequence polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(1):239-42.
8. Esmail H, Barry CE, Young DB, Wilkinson RJ. The ongoing challenge of latent tuberculosis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci. 2014;369(1645):20130437.
9. Daszak P, Cunningham AA. Emerging infectious diseases: a key role for conservation medicine. In: Aguirre AA, Ostfeld RS, Tabor GM, et al. Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002:40-61.
10. McMichael AJ. Human Frontiers, Environments and Disease, Past Patterns, Uncertain Futures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
11. Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Beasts of the Earth, Animals, Humans, and Disease. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 2005.
12. McMichael AJ. Human Frontiers, Environments and Disease, Past Patterns, Uncertain Futures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
13. Van Heuverswyn F, Peeters M. The origins of HIV and implications for the global epidemic. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2007;9(4):338-46.
14. Whon TW, Kim MS, Roh SW, Shin NR, Lee HW, Bae JW. Metagenomic characterization of airborne viral DNA diversity in the near-surface atmosphere. J Virol. 2012;86(15):8221-31.
15. USDA. Microbiological testing of AMS purchased meat, poultry and egg commodities. http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/ams.fetchTemplateData.do?template=TemplateA&navID=%20MicrobialTestingofCommodities&rightNav1=MicrobialTestingofCommodities&topNav&leftNav%20=&page=FPPMicroDataReports&resultType=&acct=lsstd. Accessed March 3, 2015.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report. 2016;64(2).
17. Barker J, Stevens D, and Bloomfield SF. Spread and prevention of some common viral infections in community facilities and domestic homes. J Appl Microbiol. 2001;91(1):7-21.
18. Boone SA, Gerba CP. The occurrence of influenza A virus on household and day care center fomites. J Infect. 2005;51(2):103-9.
19. World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/whohand/pdf/. Accessed April 4, 2015.
20. How does the immune system work? PubMed Health. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0010386/. Accessed March 3, 2015.
21. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1997;46(RR-08):1-24.
22. Gibson A, Edgar J, Neville C, et al. Effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on immune function in older people: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(6):1429-36.
23. USDA. Food availability (per capita) Data System. Fresh kale: per capita availability adjusted for loss. http://www.ers.usda.gov/datafiles/Food_Availabily_Per_Capita_Data_System/LossAdjusted_%20Food_Availability/veg.xls. Accessed March 3, 2015.
24. Nishi K, Kondo A, Okamoto T, et al. Immunostimulatory in vitro and in vivo effects of a watersoluble extract from kale. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2011;75(1):40-6.
25. Nishi K, Kondo A, Okamoto T, et al. Immunostimulatory in vitro and in vivo effects of a watersoluble extract from kale. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2011;75(1):40-6.
26. Macdonald TT, Monteleone G. Immunity, inflammation, and allergy in the gut. Science. 2005;307(5717):1920-5.
27. United States Census Bureau. Median and average square feet of floor area in new single-family houses completed by location. https://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/sftotalmedavgsqft.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2015.
28. Sheridan BS, Lefrançois L. Intraepithelial lymphocytes: To serve and protect. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2010;12(6):513-21.
29. Hooper LV. You AhR what you eat: linking diet and immunity. Cell. 2011;147(3):489-91.
30. Esser C. Biology and function of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor: report of an international and interdisciplinary conference. Arch Toxicol. 2012;86(8):1323-9.
31. Veldhoen M. Direct interactions between intestinal immune cells and the diet. Cell Cycle. 2012 Feb 1;11(3):426-7.
32. Hooper LV. You AhR what you eat: linking diet and immunity. Cell. 2011;147(3):489-91.
33. Savouret JF, Berdeaux A, Casper RF. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its xenobiotic ligands: A fundamental trigger for cardiovascular diseases. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2003;13(2):104-13.
34. Ashida H, Fukuda I, Yamashita T, Kanazawa K. Flavones and flavonols at dietary levels inhibit a transformation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor induced by dioxin. FEBS Lett. 2000;476(3):213-7.
35. Ashida H, Fukuda I, Yamashita T, Kanazawa K. Flavones and flavonols at dietary levels inhibit a transformation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor induced by dioxin. FEBS Lett. 2000;476(3):213-7.
36. Alhaider AA, El Gendy MAM, Korashy HM, El-Kadi AOS. Camel urine inhibits the cytochrome P450 1a1 gene expression through an AhR-dependent mechanism in Hepa 1c1c7 cell line. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(1):184-90.
37. Watts AR, Lennard MS, Mason SL, Tucker GT, Woods HF. Beeturia and the biological fate of beetroot pigments. Pharmacogenetics. 1993;3(6):302-11.
38. Yalindag-Ozturk N, Ozdamar M, Cengiz P. Trial of garlic as an adjunct therapy for multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in a critically ill infant. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17(4):379-80. Epub 2011 Apr 11.
39. Seeram NP. Recent trends and advances in berry health benefits research. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(7):3869-70.
40. Seeram NP. Berry fruits for cancer prevention: Current status and future prospects. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(3):630-5.
41. Caligiuri MA. Human natural killer cells. Blood. 2008;112(3):461-9.
42. McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Dumke CL, et al. Effect of blueberry ingestion on natural killer cell counts, oxidative stress, and inflammation prior to and after 2. 5 H of running. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011;36(6):976-84.
43. Majdalawieh AF, Carr RI. In vitro investigation of the potential immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). J Med Food. 2010;13(2):371-81.
44. Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Westergaard T. Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: Meta-analyses. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(4):634-42
45. Benn CS, Thorsen P, Jensen JS, et al. Maternal vaginal microflora during pregnancy and the risk of asthma hospitalization and use of antiasthma medication in early childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110(1):72-7
46. Sheih YH, Chiang BL, Wang LH, Liao CK, Gill HS. Systemic immunity-enhancing effects in healthy subjects following dietary consumption of the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(Suppl 2):149-56.
47. Berggren A, Lazou Ahrhiang BL, Wang LH, Liao G. Randomised, double-blind and placebocontrolled study using new probiotic lactobacilli for strengthening the body immune defence against viral infections. Eur J Nutr. 2011;50(3):203-10.
48. Hao Q, Lu Z, Dong BR, Huang CQ, Wu T. Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9:1-42
49. Homayoni Rad A, Akbarzadeh F, Mehrabany EV. Which are more important: prebiotics or probiotics? Nutrition. 2012;28(11-12):1196-7.
50. Vitali B, Minervini G, Rizzello CG, et al. Novel probiotic candidates for humans isolated from raw fruits and vegetables. Food Microbiol. 2012;31(1):116-25.
51. Nieman DC. Moderate exercise improves immunity and decreases illness rates. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2011;5(4):338-45.
52. Schwindt CD, Zaldivar F, Wilson L, et al. Do circulating leucocytes and lymphocyte subtypes increase in response to brief exercise in children with and without asthma? Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(1):34-40.
53. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gusewitch G, et al. Physical activity and immune function in elderly women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(7):823-31.
54. Neville V, Gleeson M, Folland JP. Salivary IgA as a risk factor for upper respiratory infections in elite professional athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(7):1228-36.
55. Otsuki T, Shimizu K, Iemitsu M, Kono I. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A secretion increases after 4-weeks ingestion of chlorella-derived multicomponent supplement in humans: a randomized cross over study. Nutr J. 2011 Sep 9;10:91.
56. Klentrou P, Cieslak T, MacNeil M, Vintinner A, Plyley M. Effect of moderate exercise on salivary immunoglobulin A and infection risk in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;87(2):153-8.
57. Nieman DC. Moderate exercise improves immunity and decreases illness rates. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2011;5(4):338-46.
58. Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, et al. Position statement. Part one: immune function and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2011;17:6-63.
59. Akimoto T, Nakahori C, Aizawa K, Kimura F, Fukubayashi T, Kono I. Acupuncture and responses of immunologic and endocrine markers during competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1296-302.
60. Neville V, Gleeson M, Folland JP. Salivary IgA as a risk factor for upper respiratory infections in elite professional athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(7):1228-36.
61. Nieman DC. Exercise effects on systemic immunity. Immunol Cell Biol. 2000;78(5):496-501.
62. Otsuki T, Shimizu K, Iemitsu M, Kono I. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A secretion increases after 4-weeks ingestion of chlorella-derived multicomponent supplement in humans: a randomized cross over study. Nutr J. 2011 Sep 9;10:91.
63. Halperin SA, Smith B, Nolan C, Shay J, Kralovec J. Safety and immunoenhancing effect of a Chlorella-derived dietary supplement in healthy adults undergoing influenza vaccination: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CMAJ. 2003 Jul 22;169(2):111-7.
64. Otsuki T, Shimizu K, Iemitsu M, Kono I. Chlorella intake attenuates reduced salivary SIgA secretion in kendo training camp participants. Nutr J. 2012 Dec 11;11:103.
65. Selvaraj V, Singh H, Ramaswamy S. Chlorella-induced psychosis. Psychosomatics. 2013;54(3):303-4.
66. Selvaraj V, Singh H, Ramaswamy S. Chlorella-induced psychosis. Psychosomatics. 2013;54(3):303-4.
67. Carpenter KC, Breslin WL, Davidson T, Adams A, McFarlin BK. Baker’s yeast β-glucan supplementation increases monocytes and cytokines post-exercise: implications for infection risk? Br J Nutr. 2013;109(3):478-86.
68. Carpenter KC, Breslin WL, Davidson T, Adams A, McCarlin BK. Baker’s yeast β-glucan supplementation increases monocytes and cytokines post-exercise: implications for infection risk? Br J Nutr. 2013;109(3):478-86.
69. Talbott S, Talbott J. Effect of BETA 1, 3/1, 6 GLUCAN on upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and mood state in marathon athletes. J Sports Sci Med. 2009 Dec 1;8(4):509-15.
70. Merrill RM, Isakson RT, Beck RE. The association between allergies and cancer: what is currently known? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;99(2):102-16.
71. Wakchaure GC. Production and marketing of mushrooms: global and national scenario. In: Singh M, ed. Mushrooms: Cultivation, Marketing and Consumption. Indian Council of Agricultural Research Directorate of Mushroom Research; 2011.
72. Jeong SC, Koyyalamudi SR, Pang G. Dietary intake of Agaricus bisporus white button mushroom accelerates salivary immunoglobulin A secretion in healthy volunteers. Nutrition. 2012;28(5):527-31.
73. Jeong SC, Koyyalamudi SR, Pang G. Dietary intake of Agaricusbisporus white button mushroom accelerates salivary immunoglobulin A secretion in healthy volunteers. Nutrition. 2012;28(5):527-31.
74. Moro C, Palacios I, Lozano M, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from edible mushrooms in LPS activated RAW 264. 7 macrophages. Food Chemistry. 2012;130:350-5.
75. Jesenak M, Hrubisko M, Majtan J, Rennerova Z, Banovcin P. Anti-allergic effect of Pleuran (β-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections. Phytother Res. 2014;28(3):471-4.
76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimates of foodborne illness in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/. Accessed March 3, 2015.
77. Batz MB, Hoffmann S, Morris Jr JG. Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation. J Food Prot. 2012;75(7):1278-91.
78. Park S, Navratil S, Gregory A, et al. Multifactorial effects of ambient temperature, precipitation, farm management, and environmental factors determine the level of generic Escherichia coli contamination on preharvested spinach. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81(7):2635-50.
79. Hoffmann S, Batz MB, Morris Jr JG. Annual cost of illness and quality-adjusted life year losses in the United States due to 14 foodborne pathogens. J Food Prot. 2012;75(7):1292-302.
80. Chai SJ, White PL. Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(Suppl 5):488-97.
81. Salmonella. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/. Accessed March 3, 2015.
82. Baura GD. The incredible inedible egg. IEEE Pulse. 2010 Nov–Dec;1(3):56, 62.
83. Krouse B. Opposing view on food safety: committed to safety. USA Today. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2010-08-30-editorial30_ST1_N.htm. Accessed March 3, 2015.
84. Davis AL, Curtis PA, Conner DE, McKee SR, Kerth LK. Validation of cooking methods using shell eggs inoculated with Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis and Heidelberg. Poult Sci. 2008;87(8):1637-42.
85. Stadelman WJ, Muriana PM, Schmieder H. The effectiveness of traditional egg-cooking practices for elimination of Salmonella enteritidis. Poult Sci. 1995;74(s1):119.
86. Humphrey TJ, Greenwood M, Gilbert RJ, Rowe B, Chapman PA. The survival of salmonellas in shell eggs cooked under simulated domestic conditions. Epidemiol Infect. 1989;103:35-45.
87. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Playing it safe with eggs. http://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/Consumers/ucm077342.htm. Accessed March 3, 2015.
88. Batz MB, Hoffmann S, Morris Jr JG. Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation. J Food Prot. 2012;75(7):1278-91.
89. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg infections linked to Foster Farms brand chicken. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg-10-13/. Accessed March 3, 2015.
90. USDA. Notice of Intended Enforcement. http://www.marlerblog.com/files/2013/10/foster-farms-est-6137a-p1.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015.
91. Voetsch AC, Van Gilder TJ, Angulo FJ, et al. FoodNet estimate of the burden of illness caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(Supplement-3):S127–S134.
92. USDA. Notice of Intended Enforcement. http://www.marlerblog.com/files/2013/10/foster-farms-est-6137a-p1.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015.
93. Pierson D. Mexico blocks Foster Farms chicken imports amid salmonella fears. LA Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/24/business/la-fi-foster-farms-mexico-20131025. Accessed March 3, 2015.
94. Supreme Beef Processors, Inc v United States Dept. of Agriculture, 275 F. 3d 432 (5th Cir 2001).
95. Fravalo P, Laisney MJ, Gillard MO, Salvat G, Chemaly M. Campylobacter transfer from naturally contaminated chicken thighs to cutting boards is inversely related to initial load. J Food Prot. 2009;72(9):1836-40.
96. Guyard-Nicodème M, Tresse O, Houard E, et al. Characterization of Campylobacter spp. transferred from naturally contaminated chicken legs to cooked chicken slices via a cutting board. Int J Food Microbiol. 2013 Jun 3;164(1):7-14.
97. Foster Farms Provides Food Safety Update. Close Up Media Website. http://closeupmedia.com/food/Foster-Farms-Provides-Food-Safety-Update.html. 2013. Accessed March 5, 2015.
98. Hoffmann S, Batz MB, Morris Jr JG. Annual cost of illness and quality-adjusted life year losses in the United States due to 14 foodborne pathogens. J Food Prot. 2012;75(7):1292-302.
99. Karapetian A. Model EU. Meatingplace. March 2010:91.
100. The high cost of cheap chicken. Consumer Reports. http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2014/02/the-high-cost-of-cheap-chicken/index.htm. February 2014. Accessed March 5, 2015.
101. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015.
102. Mayo Clinic Staff. Salmonella infection. The Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/basics/causes/con-20029017. Accessed March 3, 2015.
103. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. NARMS 2011 retail meat annual report. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/AntimicrobialResistance/%20NationalAntimicrobialResistanceMonitoringSystem/UCM334834.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2015.
104. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. NARMS 2011 retail meat annual report. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/AntimicrobialResistance/%20NationalAntimicrobialResistanceMonitoringSystem/UCM334834.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2015.
105. NA. Vital signs: incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food—foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 U.S. Sites, 1996-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(22):749-55.
106. Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, et al. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54-Suppl-5(NA): S488-97.
107. Hoffmann S, Batz MB, Morris Jr JG. Annual cost of illness and quality-adjusted life year losses in the United States due to 14 foodborne pathogens. J Food Prot. 2012;75(7):1292-302.
108. 511 F. 2d 331-American Public Health Association v. Butz. http://openjurist.org/511/f2d/331/american-public-health-association-v-butz. Accessed March 3, 2015.
109. Supreme Beef Processors v. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit. http://www.leagle.com/decision/2001707275F3d432_1672. Accessed March 3, 2015.
110. Stamey TA, Timothy M, Millar M, Mihara G. Recurrent urinary infections in adult women. The role of introital enterobacteria. Calif Med. 1971;115(1):1-19.
111. Yamamoto S, Tsukamoto T, Terai A, Kurazono H, Takeda Y, Yoshida O. Genetic evidence supporting the fecal-perineal-urethral hypothesis in cystitis caused by Escherichia coli. J Urol. 1997;157(3):1127-9.
112. Bergeron CR, Prussing C, Boerlin P, et al. Chicken as reservoir for extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in humans, Canada. Emerging Infect Dis. 2012;18(3):415-21.
113. Jakobsen L, Garneau P, Bruant G, et al. Is Escherichia coli urinary tract infection a zoonosis? Proof of direct link with production animals and meat. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31(6):1121-9.
114. Foxman B, Barlow R, D’arcy H, Gillespie B, Sobel JD. Urinary tract infection: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Ann Epidemiol. 2000;10(8):509-15.
115. Platell JL, Johnson JR, Cobbold RN, Trott DJ. Multidrug-resistant extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli of sequence type ST131 in animals and foods. Vet Microbiol. 2011;153(1-2):99-108.
116. Linton AH, Howe K, Bennett PM, Richmond MH, Whiteside EJ. The colonization of the human gut by antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from chickens. J Appl Bacteriol. 1977;43(3):465-9.
117. Linton AH, Howe K, Bennett PM, Richmond MH, Whiteside EJ. The colonization of the human gut by antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from chickens. J Appl Bacteriol. 1977;43(3):465-9.
118. Rusin P, Orosz-Coughlin P, Gerba C. Reduction of faecal coliform, coliform and heterotrophic plate count bacteria in the household kitchen and bathroom by disinfection with hypochlorite cleaners. J Appl Microbiol. 1998;85(5):819-28.
119. Cogan TA, Bloomfield SF, Humphrey TJ. The effectiveness of hygiene procedures for prevention of cross-contamination from chicken carcases in the domestic kitchen. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1999;29(5):354-8.
120. Cogan TA, Bloomfield SF, Humphrey TJ. The effectiveness of hygiene procedures for prevention of cross-contamination from chicken carcases in the domestic kitchen. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1999;29(5):354-8.
121. Cogan TA, Bloomfield SF, Humphrey TJ. The effectiveness of hygiene procedures for prevention of cross-contamination from chicken carcases in the domestic kitchen. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1999;29(5):354-8.
122. Linton AH, Howe K, Bennett PM, Richmond MH, Whiteside EJ. The colonization of the human gut by antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from chickens. J Appl Bacteriol. 1977;43(3):465-9.
123. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerging Infect Dis. 2011;17:7-15.
124. Batz MB, Hoffmann S, Morris Jr JG. Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation. J Food Prot. 2012;75:1278-91.
125. Zheng H, Sun Y, Lin S, Mao Z, Jiang B. Yersinia enterocolitica infection in diarrheal patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27:741-52.
126. Bari ML, Hossain MA, Isshiki K, Ukuku D. Behavior of Yersinia enterocolitica in foods. J Pathog. 2011;2011:420732.
127. Ternhag A, Törner A, Svensson A, Ekdahl K, Giesecke J. Short- and long-term effects of bacterial gastrointestinal infections. Emerging Infect Dis. 2008;14:143-8.
128. Brix TH, Hansen PS, Hegedüs L, Wenzel BE. Too early to dismiss Yersinia enterocolitica infection in the aetiology of Graves’ disease: evidence from a twin case-control study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008;69:491-6.
129. What’s in that pork? Consumer Reports. http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2013/01/what-s-in-that-pork/index.htm. Accessed March 3, 2015.
130. Bari ML, Hossain MA, Isshiki K, Ukuku D. Behavior of Yersinia enterocolitica in foods. J Pathog. 2011;2011:420732.
131. Crowding pigs pays—if it’s managed properly. National Hog Farmer. November 15, 1993;62.
132. Poljak Z, Dewey CE, Martin SW, et al. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica shedding and bioserotype distribution in Ontario finisher pig herds in 2001, 2002, and 2004. Prev Vet Med. 2010;93:110-20.
133. Hoffmann S, Batz MB, Morris Jr JG. Annual cost of illness and quality-adjusted life year losses in the United States due to 14 foodborne pathogens. J Food Prot. 2012;75:1292-1302.
134. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015.
135. Eyre DW, Cule ML, Wilson DJ, et al. Diverse sources of C. difficile infection identified on whole-genome sequencing. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 26;369(13):1195-205.
136. Songer JG, Trinh HT, Killgore GE, Thompson AD, McDonald LC, Limbago BM. Clostridium difficile in retail meat products, USA, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(5):819-21.
137. Rupnik M, Songer JG. Clostridium difficile: its potential as a source of foodborne disease. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2010;60:53-66.
138. Rodriguez-Palacios A, Borgmann S, Kline TR, LeJeune JT. Clostridium difficile in foods and animals: history and measures to reduce exposure. Anim Health Res Rev. 2013;14(1):11-29.
139. Hensgrens MPM, Keessen EC, Squire MM, et al. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Clostridium difficile (ESGCD). Clostridium difficile infection in the community: a zoonotic disease? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(7):635-45.
140. Rupnik M, Songer JG. Clostridium difficile: its potential as a source of foodborne disease. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2010;60:53-66.
141. Sayedy L, Kothari D, Richards RJ. Toxic megacolon associated Clostridium difficile colitis. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;2(8):293-7.
142. Gweon TG, Lee KJ, Kang DH, et al. A case of toxic megacolon caused by Clostridium difficile infection and treated with fecal microbiota transplantation. Gut Liver. 2015;9(2):247-50.
143. Weese JS. Clostridium difficile in food—innocent bystander or serious threat? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:3-10.
144. Jabbar U, Leischner J, Kasper D, et al. Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubs for removal of Clostridium difficile spores from hands. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(6):565-70.
145. Bhargava K, Wang X, Donabedian S, Zervos M, de Rocha L, Zhang Y. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail meat, Detroit, Michigan, USA. Emerging Infect Dis. 2011;17(6):1135-7.
146. Reinberg S. Scientists find MRSA germ in supermarket meats. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/medical/health/medical/story/2011/05/Scientists-find-MRSA-germ-in-supermarket-meats/47105974/1. May 12, 2011. Accessed April 4, 2015.
147. Chan M. Antimicrobial resistance in the European Union and the world. Talk presented at: Conference on combating antimicrobial resistance: time for action. March 14, 2012; Copenhagen, Denmark. http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2012/amr_20120314/en/. Accessed March 6, 2015.
148. Love DC, Halden RU, Davis MF, Nachman KE. Feather meal: a previously unrecognized route for reentry into the food supply of multiple pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(7):3795-802.
149. Ji K, Kho Y, Park C, et al. Influence of water and food consumption on inadvertent antibiotics intake among general population. Environ Res. 2010;110(7):641-9.
150. Ji K, Lim Kho YL, Park Y, Choi K. Influence of a five-day vegetarian diet on urinary levels of antibiotics and phthalate metabolites: a pilot study with “Temple Stay” participants. Environ Res. 2010;110(4):375-82.
151. Keep Antibiotics Working. http://www.keepantibioticsworking.com/new/indepth_groups.php. Accessed March 3, 2015.
152. Hayes DJ, Jenson HH. Technology choice and the economic effects of a ban on the use of antimicrobial feed additives in swine rations. Food Control. 2002;13(2):97-101.
153. Rival diet doc leaks Atkins death report. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/rival-diet-doc-leaks-atkins-death-report?page=3. Accessed March 3, 2015.
154. Corporate Threat. http://www.atkinsexposed.org/Corporate_Threat.htm. Accessed June 14, 2015.
1. Matthews DR, Matthews PC. Banting Memorial Lecture 2010. Type 2 diabetes as an ‘infectious’ disease: is this the Black Death of the 21st century? Diabet Med. 2011;28(1):2-9.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Number (in millions) of civilian, noninstitutionalized persons with diagnosed diabetes, United States, 1980-2011. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/figpersons.htm. March 28, 2013. Accessed May 3, 2015.
3. Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, Barker LE, Williamson DF. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the US adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul Health Metr. 2010;8:29.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).
6. 2014 Statistics Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014StatisticsReport.html. Updated October 24, 2014. Accessed March 3, 2015.
7. Lempainen J, Tauriainen S, Vaarala O, et al. Interaction of enterovirus infection and cow’s milkbased formula nutrition in type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(2):177-85.
8. 2014 Statistics Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014StatisticsReport.html. Updated October 24, 2014. Accessed March 3, 2015.
9. Rachek LI. Free fatty acids and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2014;121:267-92.
10. 2014 Statistics Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014StatisticsReport.html. Updated October 24, 2014. Accessed March 3, 2015.
11. Sweeney JS. Dietary factors that influence the dextrose tolerance test. Arch Intern Med. 1927;40(6):818-30.
12. Roden M, Price TB, Perseghin G, et al. Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans. J Clin Invest. 1996;97(12):2859-65.
13. Roden M, Krssak M, Stingl H, et al. Rapid impairment of skeletal muscle glucose transport/phosphorylation by free fatty acids in humans. Diabetes. 1999;48(2):358-64.
14. Santomauro AT, Boden G, Silva ME, et al. Overnight lowering of free fatty acids with Acipimox improves insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes. 1999;48(9):1836-41.
15. Krssak M, Falk Petersen K, Dresner A, et al. Intramyocellular lipid concentrations are correlated with insulin sensitivity in humans: a 1H NMR spectroscopy study. Diabetologia. 1999;42(1):113-6.
16. Lee S, Boesch C, Kuk JL, Arslanian S. Effects of an overnight intravenous lipid infusion on intramyocellular lipid content and insulin sensitivity in African-American versus Caucasian adolescents. Metab Clin Exp. 2013;62(3):417-23.
17. Roden M, Krssak M, Stingl H, et al. Rapid impairment of skeletal muscle glucose transport/phosphorylation by free fatty acids in humans. Diabetes. 1999;48(2):358-64.
18. Himsworth HP. Dietetic factors influencing the glucose tolerance and the activity of insulin. J Physiol (Lond). 1934;81(1):29-48.
19. Tabák AG1, Herder C, Rathmann W, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes. Lancet. 2012;379(9833):2279-90.
20. Pratley RE. The early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Am J Med. 2013;126(9 Suppl 1):S2-9.
21. Reinehr T. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. World J Diabetes. 2013;4(6):270-81.
22. Pihoker C, Scott CR, Lensing SY, Cradock MM, Smith J. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in African-American youths of Arkansas. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1998;37(2):97-102.
23. Dean H, Flett B. Natural history of type 2 diabetes diagnosed in childhood: long term follow-up in young adult years. Diabetes. 2002;51(s1):A24.
24. Hannon TS, Rao G, Arslanian SA. Childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005;116(2):473-80.
25. Rocchini AP. Childhood obesity and a diabetes epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(11):854-5.
26. Lifshitz F. Obesity in children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2008;1(2):53-60.
27. Must A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Bajema CJ, Dietz WH. Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(19):1350-5.
28. Sabaté J, Wien M. Vegetarian diets and childhood obesity prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1525S–1529S.
29. Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):791-6.
30. Sabaté J, Lindsted KD, Harris RD, Sanchez A. Attained height of lacto-ovo vegetarian children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991;45(1):51-8.
31. Sabaté J, Wien M. Vegetarian diets and childhood obesity prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1525S–1529S.
32. Cali AM, Caprio S. Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in youth: an emerging epidemic disease: Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008;15(2):123-7.
33. Ginter E, Simko V. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, pandemic in 21st century. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;771:42-50.
34. Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature. 2008;453(7196):783-7.
35. Roden M. How free fatty acids inhibit glucose utilization in human skeletal muscle. News Physiol Sci. 2004;19:92-6.
36. Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1607S–1612S.
37. Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K, Batech M, Herring RP, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(4):292-9.
38. Nolan CJ, Larter CZ. Lipotoxicity: why do saturated fatty acids cause and monounsaturates protect against it? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(5):703-6.
39. Evans WJ. Oxygen-carrying proteins in meat and risk of diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(14):1335-6.
40. Egnatchik RA, Leamy AK, Jacobson DA, Shiota M, Young JD. ER calcium release promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic cell lipotoxicity in response to palmitate overload. Mol Metab. 2014;3(5):544-53.
41. Estadella D, da Penha Oller do Nascimento CM, Oyama LM, Ribeiro EB, Dâmaso AR, de Piano A. Lipotoxicity: effects of dietary saturated and transfatty acids. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:137579.
42. Perseghin G, Scifo P, De Cobelli F, et al. Intramyocellular triglyceride content is a determinant of in vivo insulin resistance in humans: a 1H-13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy assessment in offspring of type 2 diabetic parents. Diabetes. 1999;48(8):1600-6.
43. Nolan CJ, Larter CZ. Lipotoxicity: why do saturated fatty acids cause and monounsaturates protect against it? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(5):703-6.
44. Goff LM, Bell JD, So PW, Dornhorst A, Frost GS. Veganism and its relationship with insulin resistance and intramyocellular lipid. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(2):291-8.
45. Gojda J, Patková J, Jaček M, et al. Higher insulin sensitivity in vegans is not associated with higher mitochondrial density. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(12):1310-5.
46. Goff LM, Bell JD, So PW, Dornhorst A, Frost GS. Veganism and its relationship with insulin resistance and intramyocellular lipid. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(2):291-8.
47. Papanikolaou Y, Fulgoni VL. Bean consumption is associated with greater nutrient intake, reduced systolic blood pressure, lower body weight, and a smaller waist circumference in adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(5):569-76.
48. Mollard RC, Luhovyy BL, Panahi S, Nunez M, Hanley A, Anderson GH. Regular consumption of pulses for 8 weeks reduces metabolic syndrome risk factors in overweight and obese adults. Br J Nutr. 2012;108 Suppl 1:S111-22.
49. Cnop M, Hughes SJ, Igoillo-Esteve M, et al. The long lifespan and low turnover of human islet beta cells estimated by mathematical modelling of lipofuscin accumulation. Diabetologia. 2010;53(2):321-30.
50. Taylor R. Banting Memorial lecture 2012: reversing the twin cycles of type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2013;30(3):267-75.
51. Cunha DA, Igoillo-Esteve M, Gurzov EN, et al. Death protein 5 and p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis mediate the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial dialog triggering lipotoxic rodent and human β-cell apoptosis. Diabetes. 2012;61(11):2763-75.
52. Cnop M, Hannaert JC, Grupping AY, Pipeleers DG. Low density lipoprotein can cause death of islet beta-cells by its cellular uptake and oxidative modification. Endocrinology. 2002;143(9):3449-53.
53. Maedler K, Oberholzer J, Bucher P, Spinas GA, Donath MY. Monounsaturated fatty acids prevent the deleterious effects of palmitate and high glucose on human pancreatic beta-cell turnover and function. Diabetes. 2003;52(3):726-33.
54. Xiao C, Giacca A, Carpentier A, Lewis GF. Differential effects of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated fat ingestion on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, sensitivity and clearance in overweight and obese, non-diabetic humans. Diabetologia. 2006;49(6):1371-9.
55. Wang L, Folsom AR, Zheng ZJ, Pankow JS, Eckfeldt JH. Plasma fatty acid composition and incidence of diabetes in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(1):91-8.
56. Cunha DA, Igoillo-Esteve M, Gurzov EN, et al. Death protein 5 and p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis mediate the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial dialog triggering lipotoxic rodent and human β-cell apoptosis. Diabetes. 2012;61(11):2763-75.
57. Welch RW. Satiety: have we neglected dietary non-nutrients? Proc Nutr Soc. 2011;70(2): 145-54.
58. Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(8):1777-83.
59. Trapp CB, Barnard ND. Usefulness of vegetarian and vegan diets for treating type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2010;10(2):152-8.
60. Pratley RE. The early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Am J Med. 2013;126(9 Suppl 1):S2-9.
61. Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Type 2 diabetes as a “coronary heart disease equivalent“: an 18-year prospective population-based study in Finnish subjects. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(12):2901-7.
62. Kahleova H, Matoulek M, Malinska H, et al. Vegetarian diet improves insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011;28(5):549-59.
63. Ornish D. Statins and the soul of medicine. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(11):1286-90.
64. Kahleova H, Hrachovinova T, Hill M, et al. Vegetarian diet in type 2 diabetes—improvement in quality of life, mood and eating behaviour. Diabet Med. 2013;30(1):127-9.
65. Chiu THT, Huang HY, Chiu YF, et al. Taiwanese vegetarians and omnivores: dietary composition, prevalence of diabetes and IFG. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88547.
66. Chiu THT, Huang HY, Chiu YF, et al. Taiwanese vegetarians and omnivores: dietary composition, prevalence of diabetes and IFG. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88547.
67. Magliano DJ, Loh VHY, Harding JL, et al. Persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Diabetes Metab. 2014;40(1):1-14.
68. Lee DH, Lee IK, Song K, et al. A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999-2002. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1638-44.
69. Wu H, Bertrand KA, Choi AL, et al. Persistent organic pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a prospective analysis in the Nurses’ Health Study and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(2):153-61.
70. Schecter A, Colacino J, Haffner D, et al. Perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticide contamination in composite food samples from Dallas, Texas, USA. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(6):796-802.
71. Crinnion WJ. The role of persistent organic pollutants in the worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the possible connection to farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Altern Med Rev. 2011;16(4):301-13.
72. Lee DH, Lee IK, Song K, et al. A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999-2002. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1638-44.
73. Crinnion WJ. The role of persistent organic pollutants in the worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the possible connection to farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Altern Med Rev. 2011;16(4):301-13.
74. Farmer B, Larson BT, Fulgoni VL III, et al. A vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(6):819-27.
75. Farmer B, Larson BT, Fulgoni VL III, et al. A vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(6):819-27.
76. Toth MJ, Poehlman ET. Sympathetic nervous system activity and resting metabolic rate in vegetarians. Metabolism. 1994;43(5):621-5.
77. Karlic H, Schuster D, Varga F, et al. Vegetarian diet affects genes of oxidative metabolism and collagen synthesis. Ann Nutr Metab. 2008;53(1):29-32.
78. Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, et al. Meat consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(2):398-407.
79. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545-59.
80. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545-59.
81. Luan FL, Nguyen K. Intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(14):1519-20.
82. Blagosklonny MV. Prospective treatment of age-related diseases by slowing down aging. Am J Pathol. 2012;181(4):1142-6.
83. Madonna R, Pandolfi A, Massaro M, et al. Insulin enhances vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human cultured endothelial cells through a pro-atherogenic pathway mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein-kinase. Diabetologia. 2004;47(3):532-6.
84. Lingvay I, Guth E, Islam A, et al. Rapid improvement in diabetes after gastric bypass surgery: is it the diet or surgery? Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2741-7.
85. Lingvay I, Guth E, Islam A, et al. Rapid improvement in diabetes after gastric bypass surgery: is it the diet or surgery? Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2741-7.
86. Taylor R. Type 2 diabetes: etiology and reversibility. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(4):1047-55.
87. Lim EL, Hollingsworth KG, Aribisala BS, Chen MJ, Mathers JC, Taylor R. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol. Diabetologia. 2011;54(10):2506-14.
88. Taheri S, Tahrani A, Barnett A. Bariatric surgery: a cure for diabetes? Pract Diabetes Int.2009;26:356-8.
89. Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, et al. Meat consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(2):398-407.
90. Gilsing AM, Weijenberg MP, Hughes LA, et al. Longitudinal changes in BMI in older adults are associated with meat consumption differentially, by type of meat consumed. J Nutr. 2012;142(2):340-9.
91. Wang Y, Lehane C, Ghebremeskel K, et al. Modern organic and broiler chickens sold for human consumption provide more energy from fat than protein. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(3):400-8.
92. National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Young MK, Redson BA. New USDA data show 29 beef cuts now meet government guidelines for lean. http://www.beef.org/udocs/29leancuts.pdf. 2005. Accessed March 6, 2015.
93. Steven S, Lim EL, Taylor R. Dietary reversal of type 2 diabetes motivated by research knowledge. Diabet Med. 2010;27(6):724-5.
94. Taylor R. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: tracing the reverse route from cure to cause. Diabetologia. 2008;51(10):1781-9.
95. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(Suppl 1):S1–S93.
96. Dunaief DM, Fuhrman J, Dunaief JL, et al. Glycemic and cardiovascular parameters improved in type 2 diabetes with the high nutrient density (HND) diet. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2012;2(3):364-71.
97. Lim EL, Hollingsworth KG, Aribisala BS, Chen MJ, Mathers JC, Taylor R. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol. Diabetologia. 2011;54(10):2506-14.
98. Steven S, Lim EL, Taylor R. Population response to information on reversibility of Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2013;30(4):e135-8.
99. Dunaief DM, Fuhrman J, Dunaief JL, et al. Glycemic and cardiovascular parameters improved in type 2 diabetes with the high nutrient density (HND) diet. Open J Prev Med. 2012;2(3):364-71.
100. Anderson JW, Ward K. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32(11):2312-21.
101. Anderson JW, Ward K. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32(11):2312-21.
102. Callaghan BC, Cheng H, Stables CL, et al. Diabetic neuropathy: clinical manifestations and current treatments. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(6):521-34.
103. Said G. Diabetic neuropathy—a review. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2007;3(6):331-40.
104. Crane MG, Sample C. Regression of diabetic neuropathy with total vegetarian (vegan) diet. J Nutr Med. 1994;4(4):431-9.
105. Crane MG, Sample C. Regression of diabetic neuropathy with total vegetarian (vegan) diet. J Nutr Med. 1994;4(4):431-9.
106. Rabinowitch IM. Effects of the high carbohydrate-low calorie diet upon carbohydrate tolerance in diabetes mellitus. Can Med Assoc J. 1935;33(2):136-44.
107. Newborg B, Kempner W. Analysis of 177 cases of hypertensive vascular disease with papilledema; one hundred twenty-six patients treated with rice diet. Am J Med. 1955;19(1):33-47.
108. Crane MG, Sample C. Regression of diabetic neuropathy with total vegetarian (vegan) diet. J Nutr Med. 1994;4(4):431-9.
109. Crane MG, Sample C. Regression of diabetic neuropathy with total vegetarian (vegan) diet. J Nutr Med. 1994;4(4):431-9.
110. Crane MG, Sample C. Regression of diabetic neuropathy with total vegetarian (vegan) diet. J Nutr Med. 1994;4(4):431-9.
111. Crane MG, Zielinski R, Aloia R. Cis and trans fats in omnivores, lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48:920.
112. Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SEM, et al. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(4):341-50.
113. Newrick PG, Wilson AJ, Jakubowski J, et al. Sural nerve oxygen tension in diabetes. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;293(6554):1053-4.
114. McCarty MF. Favorable impact of a vegan diet with exercise on hemorheology: implications for control of diabetic neuropathy. Med Hypotheses. 2002;58(6):476-86.
115. Kempner W, Peschel RL, Schlayer C. Effect of rice diet on diabetes mellitus associated with vascular disease. Postgrad Med. 1958;24(4):359-71.
116. McCarty MF. Favorable impact of a vegan diet with exercise on hemorheology: implications for control of diabetic neuropathy. Med Hypotheses. 2002;58(6):476-86.
117. Browning LM, Hsieh SD, Ashwell M. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0·5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(2):247-69.
118. Bigaard J, Tjønneland A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Heitmann BL, S, Sørensen TI. Waist circumference, BMI, smoking, and mortality in middle-aged men and women. Obes Res. 2003;11(7):895-903.
119. Bigaard J, Tjønneland A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Heitmann BL, S, Sørensen TI. Waist circumference, BMI, smoking, and mortality in middle-aged men and women. Obes Res. 2003;11(7):895-903.
120. Leitzmann MF, Moore SC, Koster A, et al. Waist circumference as compared with body-mass index in predicting mortality from specific causes. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e18582.
121. Browning LM, Hsieh SD, Ashwell M. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0·5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(2):247-69.
122. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014StatisticsReport.html. Updated October 24, 2014. Accessed March 6, 2015.
123. Nathan DM, Davidson MB, Defronzo RA, et al. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):753-9.
124. Karve A, Hayward RA. Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in nondiabetic U.S. adults. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2355-9.
125. Cardona-Morrell M, Rychetnik L, Morrell SL, Espinel PT, Bauman A. Reduction of diabetes risk in routine clinical practice: are physical activity and nutrition interventions feasible and are the outcomes from reference trials replicable? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:653.
126. Holman H. Chronic disease—the need for a new clinical education. JAMA. 2004;292(9):1057-9.
127. Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2001:213. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2001/Crossing-the-Quality-Chasm-A-New-Health-System-for-the-21st-Century.aspx.
1. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859): 2095-128.
2. Das P, Samarasekera U. The story of GBD 2010: a “super-human” effort. Lancet. 2012;380 (9859):2067-70.
3. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-60.
4. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-60.
5. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-60.
6. Bromfield S, Muntner P. High blood pressure: the leading global burden of disease risk factor and the need for worldwide prevention programs. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2013;15(3):134-6.
7. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-60.
8. American Heart Association. Understanding Blood Pressure Readings. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPressure/%20Understanding-Blood-Pressure-Readings_UCM_301764_Article.jsp. March 11, 2015. Accessed March 11, 2015.
9. Go AS, Bauman MA, Coleman King SM, et al. An effective approach to high blood pressure control: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(12):1230-8.
10. Nwankwo T, Yoon SS, Burt V, Gu Q. Hypertension among adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2013;(133):1-8.
11. Walker AR, Walker BF. High high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in African children and adults in a population free of coronary heart diseae. Br Med J. 1978;2(6148):1336-7.
12. Donnison CP. Blood pressure in the African native. Lancet. 1929;213(5497):6-7.
13. Macmahon S, Neal B, Rodgers A. Hypertension—time to move on. Lancet. 2005;365(9464):1108-9.
14. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;338:b1665.
15. Donnison CP. Blood pressure in the African native. Lancet. 1929;213(5497):6-7.
16. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-60.
17. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-60.
18. Karppanen H, Mervaala E. Sodium intake and hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2006;49(2):59-75.
19. Delahaye F. Should we eat less salt? Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;106(5):324-32.
20. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW. The garden of Eden: plant-based diets, the genetic drive to store fat and conserve cholesterol, and implications for epidemiology in the 21st century. Epidemiology. 2006;17(2):128-30.
21. Roberts WC. High salt intake, its origins, its economic impact, and its effect on blood pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(11):1338-46.
22. Roberts WC. High salt intake, its origins, its economic impact, and its effect on blood pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(11):1338-46.
23. Celermajer DS, Neal B. Excessive sodium intake and cardiovascular disease: a-salting our vessels. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(3):344-5.
24. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Sacco RL, et al. Sodium, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease: further evidence supporting the American Heart Association sodium reduction recommendations. Circulation. 2012;126(24):2880-9.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sodium intake among adults – United States, 2005-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(24):746-9.
26. Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Horton R, et al. Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis. Lancet. 2011;377(9775):1438-47.
27. Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ. By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? III—Analysis of data from trials of salt reduction. BMJ. 1991;302(6780):819-24.
28. Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, et al. Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 18;362(7):590-9.
29. MacGregor GA, Markandu ND, Best FE, et al. Double-blind randomised crossover trial of moderate sodium restriction in essential hypertension. Lancet. 1982;1(8268):351-5.
30. MacGregor GA, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, Singer DR, Cappuccio FP. Double-blind study of three sodium intakes and long-term effects of sodium restriction in essential hypertension. Lancet. 1989;2(8674):1244-7.
31. MacGregor GA, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, Singer DR, Cappuccio FP. Double-blind study of three sodium intakes and long-term effects of sodium restriction in essential hypertension. Lancet. 1989;2(8674):1244-7.
32. Rudelt A, French S, Harnack L. Fourteen-year trends in sodium content of menu offerings at eight leading fast-food restaurants in the USA. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(8):1682-8.
33. Suckling RJ, He FJ, Markandu ND, MacGregor GA. Dietary salt influences postprandial plasma sodium concentration and systolic blood pressure. Kidney Int. 2012;81(4):407-11.
34. He FJ, Li J, MacGregor GA. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2013;346:f1325.
35. Celermajer DS, Neal B. Excessive sodium intake and cardiovascular disease: a-salting our vessels. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(3):344-5.
36. Oliver WJ, Cohen EL, Neel JV. Blood pressure, sodium intake, and sodium related hormones in the Yanomamo Indians, a “no-salt” culture. Circulation. 1975;52(1):146-51.
37. Mancilha-Carvalho J de J, de Souza e Silva NA. The Yanomami Indians in the INTERSALT Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;80(3):289-300.
38. Celermajer DS, Neal B. Excessive sodium intake and cardiovascular disease: a-salting our vessels. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(3):344-5.
39. Mancilha-Carvalho J de J, de Souza e Silva NA. The Yanomami Indians in the INTERSALT Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;80(3):289-300.
40. Mancilha-Carvalho J de J, Crews DE. Lipid profiles of Yanomamo Indians of Brazil. Prev Med. 1990;19(1):66-75.
41. Kempner W. Treatment of heart and kidney disease and of hypertensive and arteriosclerotic vascular disease with the rice diet. Ann Intern Med. 1949;31(5):821-56.
42. Klemmer P, Grim CE, Luft FC. Who and what drove Walter Kempner? The rice diet revisited. Hypertension. 2014;64(4):684-8.
43. Kempner W. Treatment of heart and kidney disease and of hypertensive and arteriosclerotic vascular disease with the rice diet. Ann Intern Med. 1949;31(5):821-56.
44. Roberts WC. High salt intake, its origins, its economic impact, and its effect on blood pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(11):1338-46.
45. Dickinson KM, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Endothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(3):500-5.
46. DuPont JJ, Greaney JL, Wenner MM, et al. High dietary sodium intake impairs endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy salt-resistant humans. J Hypertens. 2013;31(3):530-6.
47. Dickinson KM, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Endothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(3):500-5.
48. Greaney JL, DuPont JJ, Lennon-Edwards SL, Sanders PW, Edwards DG, Farquhar WB. Dietary sodium loading impairs microvascular function independent of blood pressure in humans: role of oxidative stress. J Physiol (Lond). 2012;590(Pt 21):5519-28.
49. Jablonski KL, Racine ML, Geolfos CJ, et al. Dietary sodium restriction reverses vascular endothelial dysfunction in middle-aged/older adults with moderately elevated systolic blood pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(3):335-43.
50. McCord JM. Analysis of superoxide dismutase activity. Curr Protoc Toxicol. 1999;Chapter 7: Unit 7.3.
51. Dickinson KM, Clifton PM, Burrell LM, Barrett PHR, Keogh JB. Postprandial effects of a high salt meal on serum sodium, arterial stiffness, markers of nitric oxide production and markers of endothelial function. Atherosclerosis. 2014;232(1):211-6.
52. Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wua [The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine] (Veith I, Trans.) Oakland, CA: University of California Press; 1972:141.
53. Hanneman RL, Satin M. Comments to the Dietary Guidelines Committee on behalf of the Salt Institute. Comment ID: 000447. April 23, 2009.
54. Vital signs: food categories contributing the most to sodium consumption – United States, 2007-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(5):92-8.
55. Miller GD. Comments to the Dietary Guidelines Committee on behalf of the National Dairy Council, July 27, 2009.
56. Roberts WC. High salt intake, its origins, its economic impact, and its effect on blood pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(11):1338-46.
57. MacGregor G, de Wardener HE. Salt, blood pressure and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(2):320-7.
58. Appel LJ, Anderson CAM. Compelling evidence for public health action to reduce salt intake. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(7):650-2.
59. Roberts WC. High salt intake, its origins, its economic impact, and its effect on blood pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(11):1338-46.
60. Buying this chicken? Consum Rep. June 2008;7.
61. Drewnowski A, Rehm CD. Sodium intakes of US children and adults from foods and beverages by location of origin and by specific food source. Nutrients. 2013;5(6):1840-55.
62. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2014. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 27. Pizza Hut 14˝ pepperoni pizza, pan crust. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6800. Accessed March 22, 2015.
63. Drewnowski A, Rehm CD. Sodium intakes of US children and adults from foods and beverages by location of origin and by specific food source. Nutrients. 2013;5(6):1840-55.
64. Blais CA, Pangborn RM, Borhani NO, Ferrell MF, Prineas RJ, Laing B. Effect of dietary sodium restriction on taste responses to sodium chloride: a longitudinal study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;44(2):232-43.
65. Tucker RM, Mattes RD. Are free fatty acids effective taste stimuli in humans? Presented at the symposium “The Taste for Fat: New Discoveries on the Role of Fat in Sensory Perception, Metabolism, Sensory Pleasure and Beyond” held at the Institute of Food Technologists 2011 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, June 12, 2011. J Food Sci. 2012;77(3):S148-51.
66. Grieve FG, Vander Weg MW. Desire to eat high- and low-fat foods following a low-fat dietary intervention. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2003;35(2):98-102.
67. Stewart JE, Newman LP, Keast RS. Oral sensitivity to oleic acid is associated with fat intake and body mass index. Clin Nutr. 2011;30(6):838-44.
68. Stewart JE, Keast RS. Recent fat intake modulates fat taste sensitivity in lean and overweight subjects. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36(6):834-42.
69. Roberts WC. High salt intake, its origins, its economic impact, and its effect on blood pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(11):1338-46.
70. Newson RS, Elmadfa I, Biro G, et al. Barriers for progress in salt reduction in the general population. An international study. Appetite. 2013;71:22-31.
71. Cappuccio FP, Capewell S, Lincoln P, McPherson K. Policy options to reduce population salt intake. BMJ. 2011;343:d4995.
72. Toldrá F, Barat JM. Strategies for salt reduction in foods. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric. 2012;4(1):19-25.
73. Lin B-H, Guthrie J. Nutritional Quality of Food Prepared at Home and Away from Home, 1977-2008. USDA, Economic Research Service, December 2012.
74. Newson RS, Elmadfa I, Biro G, et al. Barriers for progress in salt reduction in the general population. An international study. Appetite. 2013;71:22-31.
75. Roberts WC. High salt intake, its origins, its economic impact, and its effect on blood pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(11):1338-46.
76. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th Edition, Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 2010.
77. Karppanen H, Mervaala E. Sodium intake and hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2006;49(2):59-75.
78. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;338:b1665.
79. Tighe P, Duthie G, Vaughan N, et al. Effect of increased consumption of whole-grain foods on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy middle-aged persons: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(4):733-40.
80. Diaconu CC, Balaceanu A, Bartos D. Diuretics, first-line antihypertensive agents: are they always safe in the elderly? Rom J Intern Med. 2014;52(2):87-90.
81. Li CI, Daling JR, Tang MT, Haugen KL, Porter PL, Malone KE. Use of antihypertensive medications and breast cancer risk among women aged 55 to 74 years. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(17):1629-37.
82. Kaiser EA, Lotze U, Schiser HH. Increasing complexity: which drug class to choose for treatment of hypertension in the elderly? Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:459-75.
83. Rasmussen ER, Mey K, Bygum A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema—a dangerous new epidemic. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94(3):260-4.
84. Tinetti ME, Han L, Lee DS, et al. Antihypertensive medications and serious fall injuries in a nationally representative sample of older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(4):588-95.
85. Ye EQ, Chacko SA, Chou EL, Kugizaki M, Liu S. Greater whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and weight gain. J Nutr. 2012;142(7):1304-13.
86. Aune D, Chan DS, Lau R, et al. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. 2011;343:d6617.
87. Tighe P, Duthie G, Vaughan N, et al. Effect of increased consumption of whole-grain foods on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy middle-aged persons: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(4):733-40.
88. Sun Q, Spiegelman D, van Dam RM, et al. White rice, brown rice, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(11):961-9.
89. Ye EQ, Chacko SA, Chou EL, Kugizaki M, Liu S. Greater whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and weight gain. J Nutr. 2012;142(7):1304-13.
90. Mellen PB, Liese AD, Tooze JA, Vitolins MZ, Wagenknecht LE, Herrington DM. Wholegrain intake and carotid artery atherosclerosis in a multiethnic cohort: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(6):1495-502.
91. Erkkilä AT, Herrington DM, Mozaffarian D, et al. Cereal fiber and whole-grain intake are associated with reduced progession of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2005;150(1):94-101.
92. Go AS, Bauman MA, Coleman King SM, et al. An effective approach to high blood pressure control: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(12):1230-8.
93. Mahmud A, Feely J. Low-dose quadruple antihypertensive combination: more efficacious than individual agents—a preliminary report. Hypertension. 2007;49(2):272-5.
94. Kronish IM, Woodward M, Sergie Z, Ogedegbe G, Falzon L, Mann DM. Meta-analysis: impact of drug class on adherence to antihypertensives. Circulation. 2011;123(15):1611-21.
95. Messerli FH, Bangalore S. Half a century of hydrochlorothiazide: facts, fads, fiction, and follies. Am J Med. 2011;124(10):896-9.
96. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;338:b1665.
97. Donnison CP. Blood pressure in the African native. Lancet. 1929;213(5497):6-7.
98. Morse WR, McGill MD, Beh YT. Blood pressure amongst aboriginal ethnic groups of Szechwan Province, West China. Lancet. 1937;229(5929):966-8.
99. Sacks FM, Kass EH. Low blood pressure in vegetarians: effects of specific foods and nutrients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(3 Suppl):795-800.
100. Go AS, Bauman MA, Coleman King SM, et al. An effective approach to high blood pressure control: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(12):1230-8.
101. Sharma AM, Schorr U. Dietary patterns and blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(9):637.
102. Chen Q, Turban S, Miller ER, Appel LJ. The effects of dietary patterns on plasma renin activity: results from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(11):664-9.
103. Sacks FM, Rosner B, Kass EH. Blood pressure in vegetarians. Am J Epidemiol. 1974;100(5):390-8.
104. Donaldson AN. The relation of protein foods to hypertension. Cal West Med. 1926;24(3):328-31.
105. Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, et al. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006;47(2):296-308.
106. Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, Windhauser MM, et al. Rationale and design of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial (DASH). A multicenter controlled-feeding study of dietary patterns to lower blood pressure. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5(2):108-18.
107. Karanja NM, Obarzanek E, Lin PH, et al. Descriptive characteristics of the dietary patterns used in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial. DASH Collaborative Research Group. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(8 Suppl):S19-27.
108. Sacks FM, Kass EH. Low blood pressure in vegetarians: effects of specific foods and nutrients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(3 Suppl):795-800.
109. de Paula TP, Steemburgo T, de Almeida JC, Dall’Alba V, Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ. The role of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet food groups in blood pressure in type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(1):155-62.
110. Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND, et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: a metaanalysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(4):577-87.
111. Le LT, Sabaté J. Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients. 2014;6(6):2131-47.
112. Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1607S–1612S.
113. Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K, Batech M, Herring RP, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(4):292-9.
114. Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1607S–1612S.
115. Fontana L, Meyer TE, Klein S, Holloszy JO. Long-term low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and endurance exercise are associated with low cardiometabolic risk. Rejuvenation Res. 2007;10(2):225-34.
116. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Weighell W, Edel AL, et al. Potent antihypertensive action of dietary flaxseed in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2013;62(6):1081-9.
117. Cornelissen VA, Buys R, Smart NA. Endurance exercise beneficially affects ambulatory blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2013;31(4):639-48.
118. Geleijnse JM. Relation of raw and cooked vegetable consumption to blood pressure: the IN- TERMAP study. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28(6):343-4.
119. Jayalath VH, de Souza RJ, Sievenpiper JL, et al. Effect of dietary pulses on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27(1):56-64.
120. Chiva-Blanch G, Urpi-Sarda M, Ros E, et al. Dealcoholized red wine decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure and increases plasma nitric oxide: short communication. Circ Res. 2012;111(8):1065-8.
121. Figueroa A, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Wong A, Arjmandi BH. Watermelon extract supplementation reduces ankle blood pressure and carotid augmentation index in obese adults with prehypertension or hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(6):640-3.
122. Gammon CS, Kruger R, Brown SJ, Conlon CA, von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W. Daily kiwifruit consumption did not improve blood pressure and markers of cardiovascular function in men with hypercholesterolemia. Nutr Res. 2014;34(3):235-40.
123. Anderson JW, Weiter KM, Christian AL, Ritchey MB, Bays HE. Raisins compared with other snack effects on glycemia and blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trial. Postgrad Med. 2014;126(1):37-43.
124. Akhtar S, Ismail T, Riaz M. Flaxseed – a miraculous defense against some critical maladies. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2013;26(1):199-208.
125. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Weighell W, Edel AL, et al. Potent antihypertensive action of dietary flaxseed in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2013;62(6):1081-9.
126. Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, Turnbull F, et al. Blood pressure lowering and major cardiovascular events in people with and without chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2013;347:f5680.
127. Goyal A, Sharma V, Upadhyay N, Gill S, Sihag M. Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food. J Food Sci Technol. 2014;51(9):1633-53.
128. Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.
129. Frank T, Netzel G, Kammerer DR, et al. Consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. aqueous extract and its impact on systemic antioxidant potential in healthy subjects. J Sci Food Agric. 2012;92(10):2207-18.
130. Chang HC, Peng CH, Yeh DM, Kao ES, Wang CJ. Hibiscus sabdariffa extract inhibits obesity and fat accumulation, and improves liver steatosis in humans. Food Funct. 2014;5(4):734-9.
131. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Jalali-Khanabadi BA, Af khami-Ardekani M, Fatehi F. Effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on lipid profile and lipoproteins in patients with type II diabetes. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(8):899-903.
132. Aziz Z, Wong SY, Chong NJ. Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;150(2):442-50.
133. Lin T-L. Lin H-H, Chen C-C, et al. Hibiscus sabdariffa extract reduces serum cholesterol in men and women. Nutr Res. 2007;27:140-5.
134. Hopkins AL, Lamm MG, Funk JL, Ritenbaugh C. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in the treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies. Fitoterapia. 2013;85:84-94.
135. McKay DL, Chen CY, Saltzman E, Blumberg JB. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. tea (tisane) lowers blood pressure in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults. J Nutr. 2010;140(2):298-303.
136. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-52.
137. McKay DL, Chen CY, Saltzman E, Blumberg JB. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. tea (tisane) lowers blood pressure in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults. J Nutr. 2010;140(2):298-303.
138. Herrera-Arellano A, Flores-Romero S, Chávez-Soto MA, Tortoriello J. Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a controlled and randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(5):375-82.
139. US Food and Drug Administration. CA POT EN® (Captopril Tablets, USP) http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/018343s084lbl.pdf. Accessed March 19, 2015.
140. Hendricks JL, Marshall TA, Harless JD, Hogan MM, Qian F, Wefel JS. Erosive potentials of brewed teas. Am J Dent. 2013; 26(5):278-82.
141. Malik J, Frankova A, Drabek O, Szakova J, Ash C, Kokoska L. Aluminium and other elements in selected herbal tea plant species and their infusions. Food Chem. 2013;139(1-4):728-34.
142. Förstermann U. Janus-faced role of endothelial NO synthase in vascular disease: uncoupling of oxygen reduction from NO synthesis and its pharmacological reversal. Biol Chem. 2006;387(12):1521-33.
143. Franzini L, Ardigò D, Valtueña S, et al. Food selection based on high total antioxidant capacity improves endothelial function in a low cardiovascular risk population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22(1):50-7.
144. Webb AJ, Patel N, Loukogeorgakis S, et al. Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite. Hypertension. 2008;51(3):784-90.
145. Smith RE, Ashiya M. Antihypertensive therapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6(8):597-8.
146. Kapil V, Khambata RS, Robertson A, Caulfield MJ, Ahluwalia A. Dietary nitrate provides sustained blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients: a randomized, phase 2, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Hypertension. 2015;65(2):320-7.
147. Wylie LJ, Kelly J, Bailey SJ, et al. Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and doseresponse relationships. J Appl Physiol. 2013;115(3):325-36.
148. European Food Safety Authority. Nitrate in vegetables: scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J. 2008;689:1-79.
149. Murphy M, Eliot K, Heuertz RM, Weiss E. Whole beetroot consumption acutely improves running performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(4):548-52.
150. Clements WT, Lee SR, Bloomer RJ. Nitrate ingestion: a review of the health and physical performance effects. Nutrients. 2014;6(11):5224-64.
151. Hord NG, Tang Y, Bryan NS. Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(1):1-10.
152. Bhupathiraju SN, Wedick NM, Pan A, et al. Quantity and variety in fruit and vegetable intake and risk of coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(6):1514-23.
153. Tamakoshi A, Tamakoshi K, Lin Y, Yagyu K, Kikuchi S. Healthy lifestyle and preventable death: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Prev Med. 2009;48(5):486-92.
154. Wang F, Dai S, Wang M, Morrison H. Erectile dysfunction and fruit/vegetable consumption among diabetic Canadian men. Urology. 2013;82(6):1330-5.
155. Presley TD, Morgan AR, Bechtold E, et al. Acute effect of a high nitrate diet on brain perfusion in older adults. Nitric Oxide. 2011;24(1):34-42.
156. Engan HK, Jones AM, Ehrenberg F, Schagatay E. Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves dry static apnea performance. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2012;182(2-3):53-9.
157. Bailey SJ, Winyard P, Vanhatalo A, et al. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(4):1144-55.
158. Murphy M, Eliot K, Heuertz RM, Weiss E. Whole beetroot consumption acutely improves running performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(4):548-52.
159. Lidder S, Webb AJ. Vascular effects of dietary nitrate (as found in green leafy vegetables and beetroot) via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(3):677-96.
160. Wylie LJ, Kelly J, Bailey SJ, et al. Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and doseresponse relationships. J Appl Physiol. 2013;115(3):325-36.