INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations

Agiltrude, Duchess 11–15, 18, 20

Alberic de Trois-Fontaines 75

Alberic II 27–8

Alberic of Lombardy 24–6

Albigensian Crusade

   Béziers 46, 46–52, 49

   Carcassonne 37, 50, 52–9, 56, 57

   end of 62–3

   loot, land and power 60–2

   medieval warfare 54–5

   preparations for 43–6

Alexander VI (1492–1503) 125, 145

   awaiting the papacy 127–30

   coronation 136

   death of 152–4, 153

   election 130–6

   family 136–43

   favourite son 143–8

   naked revels 150–2

Alfonso of Aragon 141–3, 143

Alhambra Decree 122

Amaury, Bishop 45

   battle madness 48, 50–1

   Carcassonne 52–9

   character of 44–5

   death of 62

   fortunes made 60

anathema 50

Antapodosis 23

Antonelli, Giacomo 194, 194, 201, 212–14, 213

Aristotle 160

Armstrong, Maitland 208

Arnald, William 75–6, 79, 80

Arnulf 11–12

Assayer, The 169–70

Assumption of Mary 189

astronomy 159–66, 170

Augustine of Hippo, Saint 96, 96

Austria 185, 193–5

Austro-Prussian War 193, 194–5

Autier brothers 90

auto de fé 120

Avignonet 80, 85

Babin, Guillemette 116

ballistas 54–5

Barberini, Maffeo 162, 164, 169, 177–8

battle equipment 54–5

battle madness 48

Bavaria 227–8

Bechada, Gregory 49

Bélibaste, Guillaume 93

Bellarmine, Robert 164, 164–6

Benedict IV (900–903) 23

Benedict V (964) 10

Benedict IX (1033–1044) 9, 13

Benedict XV (1914–1922) 207, 218–22

Bernard of Clairvaux 39

Bernini, Gian Lorenzo 167

Berruguete, Pedro 42

Betto, Bernardino di 144

Béziers 46, 46–52, 49

Bismarck, Otto von 201, 203

Black Friars see Dominican Order Blanche of Castile 76, 79

Bodin, Jean 115, 116–18

Bohemia 235

Boniface VI (896) 10

Boniface VIII (1294–1303) 35, 35, 93

Borgia, Cesare as cardinal 136, 139

   end of 154

   family of 136–7

   legitimized 139

   murder of brother-in-law 141–3

   murder suspect 148–9

   succeds Juan 149–50

Borgia, Jofre 136–7, 141

Borgia, Juan 143–8, 147, 147

Borgia, Laura 137

Borgia, Lucretia 143, 144, 150

   divorce 141–3

   end of 154

   marriages 137, 141

Borgia, Pedro Luis 127

Borgia, Rodrigo see Alexander VI Borja, Alonso de 125–7

Boursier, Madame 68

Bruno, Giordano 166, 166

Burchard, Johann 148, 153

Cadaver Synod 10, 15–18

Cadorna, Raffaele 208

Calixtus III (1455–1458) 125–7

Canso d’Antioca 49

Carcassonne 50, 56

   attack on 37, 53–6, 57

   end of 56–9

   rebellion 83

   war preparations 52–3

Castel Gandolfo 242, 244

Castel Sant’Angelo 29

Castelfidardo, Battle of 189

Cathars see also Inquisition

   Albigensian Crusade 43–52

   Béziers 46, 46–52, 49

   Carcassonne 37, 52–9

   Dominican Order 41–2

   end of 92

   heresy 37–8

   local diffiuculties 38–41

   murder of Pierre de Castelnau 42–6

   Perfects 45, 67, 79–83

Catholic Popular Party 220

Catholicism, Catharism and 39

cats 98–100

Celestine IV (1241) 83

Celestine V (1294) 35

censorship 107, 182

Charles II of Spain 120

Charles the Bald 12

Chateau Comtal 59

Chicherin, Georgi 230, 230

Christina of Tuscany 165, 165

Christopher (antipope) 19

civil rights 182, 184, 198–9

Clement V (1305–1314) 101–3

Clement VIII (1592–1605) 126

Clement XII (1730–1740) 178

Communards 214

communism 220–2

Constantinople 127

Copernicans, Church versus 158

Copernicus, Nikolaus 157–8, 163–4

Council of Lyons 88

Counter-Reformation 159

Crescentius, Bishop 32–4

crusades see also Albigensian Crusade;

   Béziers; Carcassonne end of 62–3

d’Albray, Charlotte 149–50

Defence, HMS 203

della Rovere, Giuiliani 154

demonic possession 34

La Démonomanie des Sorciers 117

Deputy, The 226

Derneburg Castle 108

d’Este, Alfonso 143

di Cordova, Gonsalvo 146, 146

Dialogo Dei Massimi Sistemi 168, 169, 170–6

diplomacy 195

Domenichino, Zampieri 138

Dominic de Guzman 41, 67, 67

Dominican Order 41–2, 67

Dupanloup, Félix 201

Einstein, Albert 250

elections 220

Elisabeth of Thuringia 73, 73

Eugene III (1145–1153) 39

excommunication 41, 47, 50, 190

exorcism 34

Farnese, Giulia 137, 138, 140

Fascism 220–2

Ferdinand of Aragon 120, 123

Ferdinand of Germany 119

Filippo Doria Pamphili, Prince 246

First Crusade 49, 102

Fleury, Joseph-Nicolas Robert- 171

Formosus (891–896) 11, 11–18, 15, 20

Foscarini, Paolo Antonio 164

Franciscan Order 38

Franco-Prussian War 200–1, 204

Frank, Karl Hermann 235, 235

Franz Joseph I of Austria 208

Frederick II, King of Germany 76, 88

French policing 190–3, 194, 195, 199

French Revolution 181–4

Freppel, Charles-Émile 201

Galilei, Galileo 157, 161

   in Arceti 166–70

   confession 175–7

   death of 178

   fact as fiction 168, 170–2

   found guilty 177–8

   letters 165

   Messenger of the Stars, The 162–6

   scientific discoveries 159–62

   on trial 171, 172–5

   in Venice 158–9

Garibaldi, Giuseppe 190–3, 193, 195, 196, 200

Gaspari, Pietro 220

Gladstone, William 203

Golairan, William-Raymond 80

government 184–5, 185

Great Schism 76

Gregorovius, Ferdinand 201

Gregory VI (1045–1046) 13

Gregory IX (1227–1241) 63, 69

   credulity 98–100

   death of 83

   Decretals 74

   fighting back 79

   formidable foe 76–8

   guile of 74–6

   Inquisition returns 63, 70

   Omnipotentis Dei 118

   Robert le Bougre 75

   witchcraft 97–8

Gregory XIII (1572–1585) 163

Gregory XV (1621–1623) 121

Gregory XVI (1831–1846) 181

Gros, Raymond 79

Grottaferrata 13

Guido of Lucca 26

gunpowder 55

Guy of Spoleto 20

Heinrich II of Sayn 73

Helena, Saint 210

heliocentric theory 157–8, 166

Henri de Marcy 38, 40–1

heresy 37 see also crusades; Inquisition; witchcraft Hermann IV of Hesse 113–15

Heydrich, Reinhardt 226, 235

History of the Inquisition 98

Hitler, Adolf

   faithless Führer 232–6

   kidnap plot 238–9

   malevolent intentions 236–40

Hochhuth, Rolf 226

Hollweg, Theobald Bethmann- 227, 227

Holy Stairs see Sancta Scala Hound of Hitler, The 250

House of Spoleto 11

Hugh de Arcis 90

Hugh of Provence 24, 26

Humani Generis Unitas 237

Index of Prohibited Books 107, 182

indulgences 127, 159

Ingoli, Francesco 171

Innocent III (1198–1216) 37

   Albigensian Crusade 43

   excommunication of Cathars 40

   Fourth Lateran Council 59

   heresy a crime 37

   heretics persecuted 41–2

   Inquisition 63

   loot, land and power 60–2

   Primitive Rule 38

Innocent IV (1243–1254)

   Frederick II excommunicated 88

   insecurity of 84

   torture becomes official 92, 100, 100

Innocent VIII (1484–1492) 108, 108, 119

Inquisition see also witchcraft

   attack on 71–3

   Avignonet 80

   dead heretics 70

   deceiving the inquisitors 79–83

   extreme measures 65–6

   fighting back 79

   Gregory’s guile 74–6

inquisitors 67, 70

interrogations 70–4

   Madame Boursier 68

   no quarter given 66–70

   rebellion 83–8

   return of 63

Inquisitor General 116–17

interdict 47

Islam 24, 26, 37

Italian National Committee of Liberation 244

Italian Republic 185

Jews

   papacy avoiding the issue in WWII 243–5

   help for in WWII 244–9

   Nazi intentions 237

   Nazi retaliations 240–1

   Pope’s strategy in WWII 240–3

   Spanish Inquisition 122

John, King of England 47, 60

John Petrus 26–7

John VIII (872–882) 10, 10, 12, 14

John X (914–928) 23, 24–7

John XI (931–935) 19, 22, 27, 29

John XII (955–964) 29–32, 34

John XV (985–996) 32

John XXII (1316–1334) 118, 119

John XXIII (1958–1963) 249

John Paul II (1978–2005) 178

Juanes, Juan de 125

Julius II (1503–1513) 154

Kappler, Herbert 246, 246–9

Kepler, Johannes 168, 168

Knights Hospitaller 102

Knights of the Holy Sepulchre 102

Knights Templar 101–3, 103

Konrad von Marburg 72–3, 97–8

Kramer, Heinrich 108–13, 114–15

Kristallnacht 237, 240

La Mansenée, Desle 116–17

Lambert 11, 20

Lando I (913–914) 23

Lanza, Giovanni 203, 205

Lateran Treaty 220, 222, 223

Laurens, Jean Paul 76

Lavaur 83

Le Broussart, Pierre 106–7

Leaning Tower of Pisa 160

Lees-Milne, James 226–7

Leo V (903) 19

Leo VI (928) 26, 27

Leo VIII (963–965) 32, 32

Leo XIII (1878–1903) 207, 216–17

Leonardo da Vinci 149

Leonine City 203, 212

liberal constitutions 186–90

Lidice 235

limbo 178

Limboch, Philip 98

Liutprand of Cremona 23

Loubet, Émile 217

Louis IX 62, 85

Louis XII of France 150

Luna, Maria Enriquez de 144

Luther, Martin 159

Machiavelli, Niccolò 151, 151

Madonna Oriente 117

Malleus Maleficarum 108–12, 115

Manicheans 96

Manning, Henry Edward 203

Marinus I (882–884) 14

Marozia

   character of 20

   death of 32–4

   imprisonment 27–9

   islands of decadence 22, 22, 23

   Petrus murder 26–7

   revenge of 24–6

   Sergius III and 19

Martin V (1417–1431) 126

Maximilian I of Germany 119

Mazzini, Giuseppe 190

Mentana, Battle of 200

Messenger of the Stars, The 162–6, 174

Milton, John 177

mining 55, 55

Minnike, Heinrich 73

Miracle of the Books 39, 42

Mit Brennender Sorge 232, 234–6

modernity 181–2, 198–9

oath against 217

monastic life 38, 87

Montini, Giovanni 243, 249

Montségur

   burning grounds 65, 92

   defence of 88–93

   fortress 67, 83, 85

   inaccessibility 85–8

Muslims 24, 26, 37

Mussolini, Benito 219, 220–2, 221, 222

Napoleon III 190, 195–7, 199–200, 204

Nazis

   Concordat 229–32

   faithless Führer 232–6

   malevolent intentions 236–40

   O’Flaherty and 244–9

   retaliations 240–1

   view of Pius XII 226–7

   wartime atrocities 235, 236

nepotism 17

Two New Sciences 178

Niccolini, Francesco 172, 177, 178

Nicholas V (1447–1455) 126

Nuremberg Trials 237–40

Oath against Modernism 217

O’Flaherty, Hugh 245, 245–9

Omnipotentis Dei 118

onager 54–5

Oradour-sur-Glane 235, 236

Orisini family 145–6

Orte, Battle of 26

Otto I of Saxony 32

Ottoman Empire 127

Pacelli, Eugenio see Pius XII pagan beliefs 97

Palazzini, Pietro 250

papal bulls 98

papal infallibility 182, 189, 199–201

papal legates 190

papal nuncio 195

Papal Pornocracy 9, 20–4, 32–4

Papal States 189

Paul III (1534–1549) 157–8, 158, 163

Paul VI (1963–1978) 243, 249

Pelhisson, Graham 72

Peter of Verona 81

Philip II Augustus 62

Philip IV of France 35, 95, 101

Piccolomini, Enea Silvio 126

Pierre de Castelnau 41–3, 44

Pierre-Roger de Mirefoix 88, 90

Pisa 160

Pius II (1458–1464) 126

Pius IX (1846–1878)

   armed guard 185–6

   Austrians hold off 207–8

   death of 214–16

   demonstrations against 186

   excommunicates king 189–90

   Franco-Prussian War 200–1

   inauguration 197

   Italian army attacks 210

   liberal constitutions 186–90

   liberalism 181–2, 184

   never give in 212–14

   no negotiations 203–5

   no religious freedom 198–9

   optimism 193–5

   optimism dashed 194–5

   panic 195

   papal infallibility 181, 182, 189, 199–201, 201, 203

   prisoner of the Vatican 205

   remorseless change 182–5

   non-revolution 195–8

   right-hand man 194

   support for 201–3

   Syllabus of Errors 198–9

Pius X (1903–1914) 217–18

Pius XI (1922–1939) 222, 222–3, 223, 237

Pius XII (1939–1958) 225

   as cardinal 228–36, 229, 232

   death of 251

   debates about 225–7, 234, 250

   difficult strategy 241–3

   helps Jews 243–5, 249–50

   kidnap plot 238, 238–9

   Nazi atrocities 236–41

   as papal nuncio 227–8

   as pope 233

   Soviets and 230

Popes

   Alexander VI (1492–1503) 125, 127–54, 145, 153

   Benedict IV (900–903) 23

   Benedict V (964) 10

   Benedict IX (1033–1044) 9, 13

   Benedict XV (1914–1922) 207, 218–22

   Boniface VI (896) 10

   Boniface VIII (1294–1303) 35, 35, 93

   Calixtus III (1455–1458) 125–7

   Celestine IV (1241) 83

   Celestine V (1294) 35

   Clement VIII (1592–1605) 126

   Clement XII (1730–1740) 178

   Eugene III (1145–1153) 39

   Formosus (891–896) 11, 11–18, 15, 20

   Gregory VI (1045–1046) 13

   Gregory IX (1227–1241) 63, 63, 69, 70, 74, 75, 74–9, 83, 97–100, 118

   Gregory XIII (1572–1585) 163

   Gregory XV (1621–1623) 121

   Gregory XVI (1831–1846) 181

   Innocent III (1198–1216) 37, 37, 38, 40, 41–3, 59, 60–3

   Innocent IV (1243–1254) 84, 88, 92, 100, 100

   Innocent VIII (1484–1492) 108, 108, 119

   John VIII (872–882) 10, 10, 12, 14

   John X (914–928) 23, 24–7

   John XI (931–935) 19, 22, 27, 29

   John XII (955–964) 29–32, 34

   John XV (985–996) 32

   John XXII (1316–1334) 118, 119

   John XXIII (1958–1963) 249

   John Paul II (1978–2005) 178

   Julius II (1503–1513) 154

   Lando I (913–914) 23

   Leo V (903) 19

   Leo VI (928) 26, 27

   Leo VIII (963–965) 32, 32

   Leo XIII (1878–1903) 207, 216–17

   Marinus I (882–884) 14

   Martin V (1417–1431) 126

   Nicholas V (1447–1455) 126

   Paul III (1534–1549) 157–8, 158, 163

   Paul VI (1963–1978) 243, 249

   Pius II (1458–1464) 126

   Pius IX (1846–1878) 181, 182, 184, 186, 181–90, 197, 194–205, 203, 207–8, 210, 212–16

   Pius X (1903–1914) 217–18

   Pius XI (1922–1939) 222, 222–3, 223, 237

   Pius XII (1939–1958) 225, 225–36, 229, 232, 233, 236–45, 238, 249–50, 251

   Romanus (897) 18

   Sergius III (904–911) 19, 19, 20, 24

   Sixtus IV (1471–1484) 119, 120

   Sixtus V (1585–1590) 210

   Stephen VII (928–931) 10, 11, 15, 15–18, 20

   Stephen VIII (939–942) 27

   Stephen IX (1057–1058) 10

   Theodore II (897) 18, 18–20

   Urban VIII (1623–1644) 169–70, 172–5, 178

   Victor III (1086–1087) 13

Prince, The 151

prisoners of war 245

Prohibited Books 107, 182

Protestantism, Catholicism versus 159

Ptolemy 170, 170, 172

purgatory 178

Quanta Cura 198

Quéribus 88, 90, 92

railways 181–2

Ratti, Achille 222

Raymond Roger III de Trencavel 51–2, 56–9

Raymond Roger IV de Trencavel 59, 83–5

Raymond V of Toulouse 38

Raymond VI of Toulouse 42–4, 43, 52, 62, 62–3

Raymond VII of Toulouse 75–6, 79, 83–5, 92

Reformation 159

Reichskonkordat 229–32

Reichstag 231

religious freedom 198–9

Renaissance 117

revolution 181–4

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium 157–8, 163, 166

Risorgimento 188–94

Rizi, Francisco 120

Robert le Bougre 75

Roc de la Tour 90

Roger II de Trencavel 38, 40

Roger, Peter 80

Romanus (897) 18

Rome

   as capital 201

   French policing 185, 190–3, 195, 199

   Italian army attacks 208, 208–12

   liberation 249

   March on Rome 222

   no negotiations 203–5

   spontaneous unrest 203

   support for Pius IX 201–3

   unification and 189–93

   World War II 239, 240, 241, 244

Roncalli, Angelo 249

Rossi, Pellegrino 182–6, 185

Rule of the Harlots 9, 20–4, 32–4

Russell, Odo 194, 197, 198

Russian Revolution 219

Sancta Scala (Holy Stairs) 210

Saracens 24, 26

Sardinia 187–8

Savelli, Silvio 151–2

The Scarlet and the Black (Film) 245

Second War of Italian Independence 191

Seila, Peter 75–6, 79

self-flagellation 67

September Convention 190–3, 194, 195

Sergius III (904–911) 19, 19, 20, 24

Sforza, Giovanni 141

siege towers 54

siege warfare 54–5

Simon de Montfort IV 59–60, 60

Simon Magus 17

simony 17

Sixtus IV (1471–1484) 119, 120

Sixtus V (1585–1590) 210

Socialist Party 220

Soler, Guillaume de 79

Song of the Cathar Wars 45

Soviet Union 230

Spanish Inquisition 120–3

Spartacist revolutionaries 227, 228

Sprenger, James 108–13, 114–15

St Nazaire Cathedral 53

Stephen of St Thibéry 79, 80

Stephen VII (928–931) 10, 11, 15, 15–18, 20

Stephen VIII (939–942) 27

Stephen IX (1057–1058) 10

strappado 98, 99

supernova 161

Syllabus of Errors 198–9

Taylor, Myron 243

telescopes 159

Tetzel, Peter 159

Theodora 20, 23–4, 26

Theodora (the younger) 23

Theodore II (897) 18, 18–20

Titian 145

Tittmann, Harold H. 242

Tocqueville, Alexis de 184

Torquemada, Tomas de 122–3

torture

   becomes official 92, 100, 100

   exclusions 92

   false clemency 115–17

   instruments 68, 98, 105, 110, 113, 114

   tariff of 113–15

Toulouse 60, 62

Treaty of Paris 62, 65

Umberto I 216–17, 217

unification 188–94

Urban VIII (1623–1644) 169–70, 172–5, 178

vasi 55

Vatican City 220

Vendôme column 214

Veneziano, Bartolomeo 143

Victor III (1086–1087) 13

Vigoros de Bacone 75

Visconti-Venosta, Emilio 203, 212

Vittorio Emanuele II

   becomes king 188, 188–90

   death of 214–16

   diplomacy 208

   excommunication 190

   Garibaldi and 190–3

   Italian army attacks 210

   panic in the Vatican 195

   pledges independence 204

Vittorio Emanuele III 217–18, 218, 221

Voltaire 45

Wannsee Conference 242

warfare 54–5

Weizsäcker, Ernst von 237, 239

white magic 103–7

Wilhelm I of Prussia 201

William of Tudela 48

   witchcraft

   backlash 107–8

   beliefs 110–13

   deluded victims 96–7

   First Inquisition 97–100

   history of 95

Knights Templar 101–3

loopholes 108–10

white magic 103–7

The Witches Hammer 108–12, 115

Witches’ Sabbath 112

Wladyslaw II Jagiello of Poland 96, 96

Wolff, Karl Otto 238–9, 239

World War I 218, 227, 228

World War II 224–251 see also Nazis

Zolli, Israel 250, 250