1. Bruce Gentry, “Biographical Comments for Unveiling of Flannery O’Connor Stamp,” June 14, 2015, http://andalusiafarm.blogspot.com/2015/06/biographical-comments-for-unveiling-of.html.
2. Lawrence Downes, “A Good Stamp Is Hard to Find,” New York Times, June 5, 2015, A26.
3. Joyce Carol Oates, Twitter post, May 27, 2015, 7:37 a.m., http://twitter.com/JoyceCarolOates.
4. Ralph C. Wood, “Flannery O’Connor: Stamped But Not Cancelled,” First Things, June 16, 2015, www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2015/06/flannery-oconnor-stamped-but-not-cancelled (accessed July 1, 2015).
5. Rodden, The Politics of Literary Reputation, 87.
6. Stephen Maine, “Flannery O’Connor: The Cartoons,” Art in America, May 17, 2012, www.artinamericamagazine.com (accessed October 13, 2012).
7. Glen Weldon, “Cartoons of the Artist as a Young Woman,” NPR Books, July 19, 2012, www.npr.org/2012/07/19/156506520/cartoons-of-the-artist-as-a-young-woman (accessed October 21, 2012).
8. Vanna Le, “Best-Kept Secret: Flannery O’Connor, the Cartoonist,” Forbes, July 13, 2011, www.forbes.com/sites/booked/2011/07/13/best-kept-secret-flannery-oconnor-the-cartoonist (accessed October 1, 2012).
9. Owen Heitman, “Writer Flannery O’Connor’s even shorter career as a cartoonist,” The Australian, August 18, 2012, www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/flannery-oconnors-even-shorter-career/story-fn9n8gph-1226451874246 (accessed September 21, 2012).
10. Casey Burchby, “How Flannery O’Connor’s Early Cartoons Influenced Her Later Writing,” Publishers Weekly, April 9, 2012, www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/51455-how-flannery-o-connor-s-early-cartoons-influenced-her-later-writing.html (accessed September 21, 2012).
11. Flannery O’Connor to Thomas Gossett, November 24, 1957, in The Habit of Being, 255.
12. Peter Wild, “A fresh look at Flannery O’Connor,” The Guardian Books Blog, July 5, 2011, www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2011/jul/05/fresh-look-flannery-o-connor-cartoons (accessed October 11, 2012).
13. Maine, “Flannery O’Connor,” 2012.
14. Daniel Elkin, review of Flannery O’Connor: The Cartoons, by Flannery O’Connor, Comics Bulletin, www.comicsbulletin.com/reviews/4479/review-flannery-oconnor-the-cartoons (accessed October 13, 2012).
15. See Peter Messent’s examination of this idea in The Cambridge Introduction to Mark Twain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 12–14.
16. Machor, “The American Reception of Melville’s Short Fiction in the 1850s,” 93.
17. Borges, “Kafka and His Precursors,” 200.
18. Gerald, Flannery O’Connor: The Cartoons, 99.
19. “By the Book: Bruce Springsteen,” New York Times Book Review, November 2, 2014, BR8. For others’ recommendations in the Book Review, see “By the Book: Dean Koontz,” July 27, 2014, BR7; “By the Book: Larry McMurtry,” July 13, 2014, BR6; and “By the Book: Colson Whitehead,” May 18, 2014, BR8.
20. Ohmann, Politics of Letters, 66.
21. Tyler, review of The Complete Stories, May 8, 2008, Goodreads.com (accessed September 21, 2013).
22. Bloom, Flannery O’Connor, 8.
23. Customer review of Flannery O’Connor: The Complete Stories, October 21, 1999, Amazon.com (accessed October 13, 2012).
24. O’Connor, The Violent Bear It Away, 15.
25. Robert Giroux to G. Roysce Smith, June 17, 1975, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc. records, Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.
26. See, for example, J. Bottum, “Flannery O’Connor Banned,” Crisis 18 (October 2000): 48–49.
27. Sally Fitzgerald, introduction to The Habit of Being, xvi.
28. Terry Eagleton, “Raine’s Sterile Thunder,” Prospect, March 22, 2007, www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/rainessterilethunder (accessed September 22, 2012).
29. See, for example, Lawrence H. Schwartz, Creating Faulkner’s Reputation: The Politics of Modern Literary Criticism (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988); Scott Donaldson, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Hemingway (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Charlotte Templin, Feminism and the Politics of Literary Reputation: The Example of Erica Jong (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995).
30. Friedman, The Added Dimension, ix.
31. See, for example, Tison Pugh, Queer Chivalry: Medievalism and the Myth of White Masculinity in Southern Literature (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2013), Timothy R. Vande Brake, “Thinking Like a Tree: The Land Ethic in O’Connor’s ‘A View of the Woods,’” Flannery O’Connor Review 9 (2011): 19–35, and Claire Raymond, Witnessing Sadism in Texts of the American South: Women, Specularity, and the Poetics of Subjectivity (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2014) as examples of esoteric O’Connor scholarship.
1. Gooch, Flannery, 117.
2. Rabinowitz, Before Reading, 46.
3. Gary Saul Morson, The Boundaries of Genre: Dostoevsky’s Diary of a Writer and the Traditions of Literary Utopia (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 46. Quoted in Rabinowitz, Before Reading, 49.
4. Rabinowitz, Before Reading, 53.
5. Sylvia Stallings, “Young Writer with a Bizarre Tale to Tell,” New York Herald Tribune Book Review, May 18, 1952, 3, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 151.
6. “Frustrated Preacher,” Newsweek, May 19, 1952, 114, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 9.
7. “May 15 Is Publication Date of Novel by Flannery O’Connor, Milledgeville,” Milledgeville Union-Recorder, April 25, 1952, 1, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 3–4.
8. John W. Simons, “A Case of Possession,” Commonweal 56 (June 27, 1952): 297.
9. William Goyen, “Unending Vengeance,” New York Times Book Review, May 18, 1952, 4.
10. “Frustrated Preacher,” 9.
11. Martin Greenberg, “Books in Short,” American Mercury 75 (July 1952): 113, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 15.
12. “Grave and Gay,” Times Literary Supplement, September 2, 1955, 505, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 25.
13. Mencken, “The Sahara of the Bozart,” 491.
14. Edward S. Shapiro, “The Southern Agrarians, H. L. Mencken, and the Quest for Southern Identity,” American Studies 13, no. 2 (1972): 77.
15. Transcript of the Galley Proof television program filmed in May 1955, in Magee, Conversations with Flannery O’Connor, 8.
16. O’Connor to Betty Hester, September 1, 1963, in The Habit of Being, 537.
17. “May 15 Is Publication Date,” in The Contemporary Reviews, 3.
18. “Miss O’Connor Adds Luster to Georgia,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, May 10, 1952, 4, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 5.
19. Ibid.
20. Martha Smith, “Georgian Pens Wise Blood, A First Novel,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, May 18, 1952, F 7, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 7.
21. Ibid.
22. “Frustrated Preacher,” 114.
23. Greenberg, “Books in Short,” 113.
24. Quoted in Elie, The Life You Save May Be Your Own, 501.
25. Greenberg, “Books in Short,” 113.
26. O’Connor to Betty Hester, September 22, 1956, in The Habit of Being, 176.
27. O’Connor to Sally and Robert Fitzgerald, April 1952, in The Habit of Being, 33.
28. Gooch, Flannery, 207–10.
29. Hazlitt, Lectures, 36.
30. Barasch, “Theories of the Grotesque,” 84–89.
31. “Wise Blood,” Bulletin from Virginia’s Kirkus’s Book Shop Service, May 1, 1952, 285, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 4.
32. “Damnation of Man,” Savannah Morning News, May 25, 1952, 40, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 11.
33. Sylvia Stallings, “Young Writer with a Bizarre Tale to Tell,” New York Herald Tribune Book Review, May 18, 1953, 3, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 8.
34. Unsigned review of Wise Blood, United States Quarterly Book Review 8 (Summer 1952): 256, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 18.
35. Oliver LaFarge, “Manic Gloom,” Saturday Review 35 (May 24, 1952): 22, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 10.
36. R. W. B. Lewis, “Eccentrics’ Pilgrimage,” Hudson Review 6 (Spring 1953): 148, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 24.
37. Carl Hartman, “Jesus Without Christ,” Western Review 17 (Autumn 1952): 75–80, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 19. Emphasis in original.
38. Both of the previously cited articles, “Damnation of Man” and John W. Simons, “A Case of Possession,” compare O’Connor’s work to Dostoevsky’s.
39. The unnamed author of “Damnation of Man” notes that Wise Blood recalls “the cruelty of Steinbeck.”
40. “New Creative Writers,” Library Journal, February 15, 1952, 354, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 3.
41. “Southern Dissonance,” Time, June 9, 1952, 110.
42. O’Connor, Wise Blood, 228.
43. “New Creative Writers,” 3.
44. Milton S. Byam, review of Wise Blood, Library Journal 77 (May 15, 1952): 894, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 5.
45. O’Connor, “The Fiction Writer and His Country,” in Mystery and Manners, 34.
46. “Frustrated Preacher,” 114.
47. O’Connor to Betty Boyd Love, September 20, 1952, in The Habit of Being, 43.
48. Stallings, “Young Writer,” 3.
49. Simons, “A Case of Possession,” 298.
50. O’Connor, Wise Blood, 22.
51. Isaac Rosenfeld, “To Win by Default,” New Republic 127 (July 7, 1952): 19.
52. LaFarge, “Manic Gloom,” 10.
53. Gooch, Flannery, 204.
54. Gooch, Flannery, 212.
55. Brainard Cheney, review of Wise Blood, Shenandoah 3, no. 3 (Autumn 1952): 57.
56. Ibid.
57. Cheney, review of Wise Blood, 59. Emphasis in original.
58. O’Connor to Brainard Cheney, February 8, 1953, in Stevens, The Correspondence of Flannery O’Connor and the Brainard Cheneys, 3.
59. Ibid., 4.
60. Brainard Cheney to O’Connor, March 22, 1953, in Stevens, Correspondence, 4.
61. O’Connor to Cecil Dawkins, July 17, 1961, in The Habit of Being, 445.
62. O’Connor to Betty Hester, June 10, 1961, in The Habit of Being, 442.
63. O’Connor to Sally and Robert Fitzgerald, May 7, 1962, in The Habit of Being, 473.
64. O’Connor, “Author’s Note to the Second Edition,” Wise Blood, 2nd ed., 1962.
65. O’Connor, The Violent Bear It Away, 34.
66. Hoke Norris, “A Classic from the Recent Past is Reissued,” Chicago Sun-Times, September 2, 1962, sec. 3, p. 2, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 190.
67. Paul Levine, review of Wise Blood, Jubilee 10 (December 1962): 47.
68. Leonard F. X. Mayhew, review of Wise Blood, Commonweal 108 (February 22, 1963): 576.
69. Thomas F. Smith, “Fiction as Prophecy: Novels of Flannery O’Connor Re-Read and Re-Evaluated,” Pittsburgh Catholic, March 28, 1963, “Fine Arts Supplement,” 1, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 194.
70. George Knight, “A Merited O’Connor Revival,” Tampa Tribune, September 30, 1962, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 191.
71. Charlotte K. Gafford, “Writers and Readers,” The Bulletin, October 27, 1962, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 192.
72. Dennis Powers, “Wise Blood Repays a Second Reading,” Oakland Tribune, August 24, 1962, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 188.
73. Dean Peerman, “Grotesquerie Plus,” Christian Century 80 (August 14, 1963): 1008.
74. “Long Day’s Preaching,” Times Literary Supplement, February 1, 1968, 101.
75. Paul Bailey, “Maimed Souls,” London Observer, February 11, 1968, 27, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 199.
76. Ibid.
77. West, “The Iconic Dust Jacket,” 277.
78. Genette, Paratexts, 407.
79. O’Connor to Sally and Robert Fitzgerald, April 1952, in The Habit of Being, 33.
80. O’Connor to Robert Giroux, October 21, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 113.
81. O’Connor to “A.,” September 17, 1960, in The Habit of Being, 408.
82. Roxanna Bikadoroff, email message to author, October 14, 2012.
83. Brad Leithauser, “A Nasty Dose of Orthodoxy,” New Yorker 64, no. 38 (November 7, 1988): 154.
84. Amy Hungerford, “The American Novel Since 1945: Lecture 3 Transcript,” Open Yale, www.core.org.cn/mirrors/Yale/yale/oyc.yale.edu/english/american-novel-since-1945/content/transcripts/transcript-3-flannery-oconnor-wise-blood.htm (accessed October 16, 2012).
85. O’Connor to John Selby, February 18, 1949, in The Habit of Being, 10.
1. Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, 929.
2. O’Connor to Betty Hester, September 6, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 100.
3. Rogers, The Terrible Speed of Mercy, 105–6.
4. Gooch, Flannery, 174.
5. Rabinowitz, Before Reading, 21. Emphasis in original.
6. Ibid, 194.
7. Martin A. Sherwood, “Unlimited Prophets,” Montreal Gazette, June 4, 1960, 39. Sherwood also describes Tarwater’s rape as a “rather unfortunate experience with a homosexual” rather than the spiritual trigger that the novel suggests it is. In Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 145–46.
8. O’Connor to Dr. T. R. Spivey, May 25, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 334.
9. O’Connor, quoted in “Recent Southern Fiction: A Panel Discussion,” in the Bulletin of Wesleyan College, January 1961. Reprinted in Magee, Conversations with Flannery O’Connor, 73–74.
10. See Algene Ballif, “A Southern Allegory,” Commentary 30 (October 1960): 358–62, where Ballif states, “What seems to lie at the heart of all this dualism and imagesplitting and spiritual tug-of-war is an elaborate fantasy of what one can call only homosexual incest. The language of the novel is penetrated with images that suggest it.” In Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 151.
11. O’Connor to John Hawkes, November 28, 1961, in The Habit of Being, 457.
12. O’Connor to Betty Hester, August 2, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 92.
13. O’Connor to Betty Hester, August 28, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 97.
14. O’Connor to Betty Hester, November 25, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 118.
15. O’Connor to Betty Hester, October 31, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 357.
16. O’Connor to Andrew Lytle, February 4, 1960, in The Habit of Being, 373.
17. O’Connor to Betty Hester, April 4, 1958, in The Habit of Being, 275.
18. Doris Betts, “Total Commitment to Christian Frame,” Houston Post, March 17, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 118.
19. O’Connor to Dr. T. R. Spivey, October 19, 1958, in The Habit of Being, 299–300.
20. O’Connor to Betty Hester, November 12, 1956, in The Habit of Being, 179.
21. O’Connor, “The Nature and Aim of Fiction,” in Mystery and Manners, 79.
22. O’Connor, “The Church and the Fiction Writer,” in Mystery and Manners, 145.
23. O’Connor, “The Nature and Aim of Fiction,” 78.
24. O’Connor, “The Church and the Fiction Writer,” 146.
25. O’Connor to Betty Hester, December 9, 1961, in The Habit of Being, 458. Emphasis in original.
26. James Greene, “The Comic and the Sad,” Commonweal 62 (July 22, 1955): 404, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 43.
27. Granville Hicks, “A Belated Tribute to Short Stories by Eudora Welty and Flannery O’Connor,” New Leader 38 (August 15, 1955), 17, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 45.
28. Robert Martin Adams, “Fiction Chronicle,” Hudson Review (Winter 1956): 627, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 66.
29. John Cook Wyllie, “The Unscented South,” Saturday Review, June 4, 1955, 15, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 33.
30. Unsigned review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Grail 38 (January 1956): 59, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 64.
31. Greene, “The Comic and the Sad,” 43.
32. Unsigned review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Harper’s Bazaar (July 1955), 72, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 41.
33. Fred Bornhauser, “Book Reviews: Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find and The Bride of Innisfallen,” Shenandoah 7 (Autumn 1955): 71–81, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 51.
34. Ben W. Griffith Jr., “Stories of Gifted Writer Acquire Stature of Myths,” Savannah Morning News, June 5, 1955, sec. 6, p. 60, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 34.
35. John A. Lynch, “Isolated World,” Today, October 11, 1955, 31, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 46–48.
36. Unsigned review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, U.S. Quarterly Book Review 11 (December 1955), 472, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 62.
37. In his introduction to The Complete Stories (1972), Robert Giroux calls it a “masterpiece of a story”; in The Life You Save May Be Your Own (2003), Paul Elie notes that, in 1955, “A Good Man Is Hard to Find” was “being canonized as her greatest story.” See Giroux, introduction to The Complete Stories, xii, and Elie, The Life You Save May Be Your Own, 236.
38. John Cook Wyllie, “The Unscented South,” 33.
39. Francis J. Ullrich, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Best Sellers, June 15, 1955, 59, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 40.
40. Fanny Butcher, “Ten Pokes in the Ribs with a Poisoned Dart,” Chicago Sunday Tribune Magazine of Books, July 3, 1955, sec. 4, p. 3, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 42.
41. Susan Myrick, “New Stories of Georgia Farm Life: O’Connor Book Rates with the Best,” Macon Telegraph, May 26, 1955, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 31.
42. “Such Nice People,” Time, June 6, 1955, 114.
43. O’Connor, “A Good Man Is Hard to Find,” in A Good Man Is Hard to Find, 22.
44. O’Connor to Ben Griffith, July 9, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 89.
45. Sylvia Stallings, “Flannery O’Connor: A New, Shining Talent Among Our Story tellers,” New York Herald Tribune Book Review, June 5, 1955, 1, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 36.
46. Lynch, “Isolated World,” 46.
47. Unsigned review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Virginia Quarterly Review 31 (Autumn 1955): 101, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 59.
48. Louis D. Rubin Jr., “Two Ladies of the South,” Sewanee Review 63 (Autumn 1955): 680, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 61.
49. Ullrich, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, 40.
50. Unsigned review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Grail 38 (January 1956): 59, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 64.
51. Butcher, “Ten Pokes in the Ribs,” 42.
52. O’Connor, “The Displaced Person,” in A Good Man Is Hard to Find, 243.
53. Rubin, “Two Ladies of the South,” 60.
54. Thomas H. Carter, “Rhetoric and Southern Landscapes,” Accent 15 (Autumn 1955): 293–97, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 53.
55. Bornhauser, “Book Reviews,” 49.
56. Gooch, Flannery, 254.
57. O’Connor to Maryat Lee, March 10, 1957, in The Habit of Being, 209.
58. See O’Connor to Betty Hester, November 2, 1957: “Anyway, without permission, [the publisher] has changed the title of the collection to The Artificial Nigger and on the jacket has featured a big black African, apparently in agony, granite agony; which is supposed to be an artificial nigger.” In The Habit of Being, 249.
59. Butcher, “Ten Pokes in the Ribs,” 42.
60. Hicks, “A Belated Tribute,” 45.
61. Celestine Sibley, “Georgia Writer Shuns Escapism,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, May 17, 1955, 24, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 29–30.
62. Orville Prescott, “Books of the Times,” New York Times, June 10, 1955, 23.
63. Ray Dilley, “Flannery O’Connor’s Telling of Stories Shockingly Impressive,” Savannah Evening Press, June 4, 1955, B16, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 32.
64. O’Connor, “A Good Man Is Hard to Find,” in A Good Man Is Hard to Find, 22.
65. Ullrich, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Best Sellers, 40.
66. Caroline Gordon, “With a Glitter of Evil,” New York Times Book Review, June 12, 1955, 5.
67. O’Connor to Betty Hester, July 20, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 90.
68. “Briefly Noted: Fiction,” New Yorker, June 18, 1955, 93.
69. O’Connor to Betty Hester, July 20, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 90.
70. Ralph Wood, “Flannery O’Connor,” Religion and Ethics Newsweekly, PBS, November 20, 2009.
71. Unsigned review of Wise Blood, New Yorker, March 19, 1960, 179.
72. Joel Wells, “A Genius Who Frustrated Critics,” National Catholic Reporter, November 19, 1971, 6, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 435.
73. Greene, “The Comic and the Sad,” 43.
74. Dale Francis, “Flannery O’Connor,” Commonweal 62 (August 12, 1955): 471.
75. Martin, The True Country, 10. Martin’s was one of the first examinations of O’Connor’s Catholic themes, and as such, it reveals that these themes needed to be pointed out and elucidated for O’Connor’s readers.
76. O’Connor to Frances Neel Cheney, September 7, 1955, in Stevens, The Correspondence of Flannery O’Connor and the Brainard Cheneys, 22.
77. O’Connor to Cecil Dawkins, June 8, 1958, in The Habit of Being, 287.
78. In Jonathan Rogers’s recent biography of O’Connor, for example, he describes the recently baptized Caroline Gordon as possessing “all the zeal of a convert,” as if converts were automatically more zealous than those raised in the faith or, as the expression goes, “more Catholic than the Pope.” See Rogers, The Terrible Speed of Mercy, 51.
79. Orwell, “Inside the Whale,” 239.
80. O’Connor to Elizabeth Bishop, April 23, 1960, in The Habit of Being, 391.
81. O’Connor to John Hawkes, March 3, 1961, in The Habit of Being, 434.
82. O’Connor to Fr. J. H. McCown, May 9, 1956, in The Habit of Being, 157.
83. Lynch, “Isolated World,” 46.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid, 47.
86. Ibid.
87. Walter Elder stated, “I suggest that her stories are morally absolute” and that O’Connor “dares to assault the readers.” Walter Elder, “That Region,” Kenyon Review 17 (Autumn 1955): 661–70, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 55–58.
88. “Miss O’Connor is in essence a religious writer. Knowledge of god and evil is at the heart of her stories.” See Rubin, “Two Ladies of the South,” 61.
89. Hicks, “A Belated Tribute,” 45.
90. Unsigned review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Commonweal 66 (February 22, 1957): 541.
91. R. L. Morgan, “Potentiality for Greatness: The Violent Bear It Away, Exciting New Fiction Effort,” Arkansas Gazette, July 24, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 147.
92. Ben Czaplewski, “Sin and Salvation,” Nexus, October 1960, 7, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 153.
93. Donald C. Emerson, review of The Violent Bear It Away, Arizona Quarterly 16 (Autumn 1960): 284, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 156.
94. P. Albert Duhamel, “Flannery O’Connor’s VIOLENT View of Reality,” Catholic World 190 (February 1960): 280–85, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 94.
95. C. B. J., “An Exciting New Novel by Young Southerner,” Washington Star, February 28, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 86.
96. “New Creative Writers,” Library Journal, February 15, 1952, 354, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 3.
97. Quoted by Frank Bigley in “Back South with Too Much Despair,” Montreal Daily Star, April 16, 1960, 34, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 130.
98. Ana C. Hunter, “Micawbre [sic] Note Struck by Writer in Powerful Expose of Fanatic,” Savannah Morning News Magazine, February 21, 1960, 13, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 76.
99. “Hard-Hitting Dixie Belle,” Detroit News, February 21, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 74.
100. Deborah Walker, “Flannery O’Connor’s Original . . . ,” Providence Journal, February 28, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 92.
101. Thomas F. Gossett, “The Religious Quest,” Southwest Review 46 (Winter 1961): 86–87, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 166.
102. Unsigned review of The Violent Bear It Away, Information: The Catholic Church in American Life 74 (April 1960): 57–58, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 125.
103. Pat Somers Cronin, “Books,” Ave Maria, July 2, 1960, 25, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 147.
104. There are dozens of reviews that feature this term. One representative example: “The young Southern novelist Flannery O’Connor inhabits a world as grotesque as anything in contemporary American literature.” Harry Mooney Jr., “Dark Allegory,” Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, February 28, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 87.
105. Louis Dollarhide, “Significant New Work by Flannery O’Connor,” Jackson Clarion-Ledger, March 27, 1960, D6, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 122.
106. Duhamel, “Flannery O’Connor’s VIOLENT View of Reality,” 97.
107. Butcher, “Ten Pokes in the Ribs,” 42.
108. Frank J. Warnke, “A Vision Deep and Narrow,” New Republic 142 (March 14, 1960): 18–19, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 117.
109. Betts, “Total Commitment to Christian Frame,” 117.
110. Emerson, review of The Violent Bear It Away, 157.
111. Harold C. Gardiner, “A Tragic Image of Man,” America 103 (March 5, 1960): 682–83, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 108.
112. Paul Engle, “Insight, Richness, Humor, and Chills,” Chicago Sunday Tribune: Magazine of Books, March 6, 1960, sec. 4, p. 3, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 112.
113. Gossett, “The Religious Quest,” 166.
114. Brainard Cheney, “Bold, Violent, Yet Terribly Funny Tale,” Nashville Banner, March 4, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 107.
115. Walter Clemons, “Acts of Grace,” Newsweek, November 8, 1971, 116.
116. Ibid.
117. O’Connor, The Violent Bear It Away, 243.
118. O’Connor to Maryat Lee, July 5, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 339.
119. O’Connor to Cecil Dawkins, July 17, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 340.
120. O’Connor to Dr. T. R. Spivey, July 18, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 341.
121. O’Connor to Sally and Robert Fitzgerald, October 11, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 355.
122. O’Connor to Elizabeth Bishop, August 2, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 344.
123. O’Connor to Betty Hester, January 30, 1960, in The Habit of Being, 372.
124. O’Connor to Betty Hester, July 25, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 343.
125. Ibid.
126. O’Connor to John Hawkes, September 13, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 350.
127. “A Few to Keep,” America 103 (May 14, 1960): 245, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 136.
128. Sister Bede Sullivan, “Prophet in the Wilderness,” Today 15 (March 1960): 36–37, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 122.
129. Sullivan, “Flannery O’Connor and the Dialogue Decade,” Catholic Library World, May–June 1960, 518, 521, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 143. Ellipses in original.
130. Bud Johnson, “A Literary Gourmet’s Delight: Flannery O’Connor’s Novel,” Catholic Messenger, June 2, 1960, 15, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 145.
131. Eileen Hall, review of The Violent Bear It Away, The Bulletin, March 5, 1950, 5, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 109.
132. Paul Levine, review of The Violent Bear It Away, Jubilee 8 (May 1960): 52, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 141.
133. Duhamel, “Flannery O’Connor’s VIOLENT View of Reality,” 94.
134. Ibid.
135. Harry Mooney Jr., “Dark Allegory,” Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, February 28, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 88.
136. Walter Sullivan, “Violence Dominates Fresh Tale,” Nashville Tennessean, April 24, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 132.
137. Paul Pickrel, “The New Books: Other Novels,” Harper’s Magazine 220 (April 1960): 114.
138. Cronin, “Books,” 147.
139. Gossett, “The Religious Quest,” 167.
140. O’Connor to John Hawkes, October 6, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 352.
141. O’Connor to Sally and Robert Fitzgerald, April 20, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 329.
142. O’Connor to Catherine Carver, April 18, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 327.
143. “Fiction,” Kirkus Bulletin, December 15, 1959, 931, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 71.
144. Charles A. Brady, “A Powerful Novel Turns on Religious Dilemma of Boy, 14,” Buffalo Evening News, February 20, 1960, B6, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 73.
145. Granville Hicks, “Southern Gothic with a Vengeance,” Saturday Review, February 27, 1960, 18, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 84.
146. Ruth Wolfe Fuller, “Backwoods Story Is Real Tragedy,” Boston Herald, February 28, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 86.
147. Webster Scott, “The Struggle of Ideals Is Reality,” Kansas City Star, March 5, 1960, 7, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 110.
148. Grady M. Long, “Mad Tennessee Prophet Casts Backwoods Shadow,” Chattanooga Times, March 6, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 113.
149. H. B. H., “A Southern Tale by Flannery O’Connor,” Springfield Republican, March 6, 1960, D5, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 112.
150. Hicks, “Southern Gothic with a Vengeance,” 83.
151. Fuller, “Backwoods Story Is Real Tragedy,” 86.
152. O’Connor to Cecil Dawkins, November 8, 1958, in The Habit of Being, 302–3.
153. H. B. H., “A Southern Tale,” 113.
154. William H. Bocklage, review of The Violent Bear It Away, Cincinnati Enquirer, n.d., in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 106.
155. Prescott, “Books of the Times,” 35.
156. T. M., “Violence in Story Evolution Mars New O’Connor Novel,” Houston Chronicle, March 13, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 114.
157. B. P., “O’Connor Novel Is Arresting,” Huntington Advertiser, March 20, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 120.
158. Frank Bigley, “Back South with Too Much Despair,” 130.
159. Mary Elizabeth Reedy, “Conflict of Wills,” Omaha World-Herald, April 24, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 132.
160. Francis X. Canfield, review of The Violent Bear It Away, Critic 18 (April–May 1960), 45, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 134.
161. G. K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy (Hollywood, Fla.: Simon & Brown, 2012), 13.
162. V. G. S., “O’Connor Novel Good,” New Bedford Standard-Times, March 13, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 116.
163. Reedy, “Conflict of Wills,” 132.
164. Richard Daw, “Georgia Author, Flannery O’Connor, Pens Gripping Story of Backwoods Boy,” Pensacola News Journal, March 6, 1960, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 111.
165. O’Connor, The Violent Bear It Away, 19.
166. “About,” Renascence: Essays on Values in Literature www.marquette.edu/renascence/about.html (accessed November 30, 2012).
167. Robert O. Bowen, “Hope vs. Despair in the New Gothic Novel,” Renascence 13 (Spring 1961), 147–52, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 161.
168. Ibid, 164.
169. Ibid, 165.
170. Ibid.
171. Frederick S. Kiley, “In Print: Bargain Book,” Clearing House 36 (November 1961): 188, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 166.
172. Thomas F. Smith, “Fiction as Prophecy: Novels of Flannery O’Connor Re-Read and Re-Evaluated,” Pittsburgh Catholic, March 28, 1963, “Fine Arts Supplement,” 1, 3, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 170.
173. Hall, review of The Violent Bear It Away, 110.
1. O’Connor, introduction to A Memoir of Mary Ann, 3.
2. John J. Quinn, S.J., review of A Memoir of Mary Ann, Best Sellers 21 (December 15, 1961), 394, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 178.
3. Celestine Sibley, “Nuns Tell Inspirational Story, Convey ‘Mystery’ in Child’s Life,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, November 15, 1961, B7, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 176.
4. Edward F. Callahan, “In and Out of Print: Death of a Holy Innocent,” Boston Pilot, January 27, 1962, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 181.
5. A. C. H., “Emissary of Love,” Savannah Morning News Magazine, January 7, 1962, 9, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 180.
6. Obituary of Flannery O’Connor, The Indiana (Penn.) Gazette, August 4, 1964, 13.
7. “Deaths Elsewhere: Novelist O’Connor,” Washington Post, August 4, 1964, B4.
8. “Flannery O’Connor Dead at 39,” New York Times, August 4, 1964, 29.
9. Ibid.
10. “Milestones,” Time, August 14, 1964.
11. John J. Quinn, foreword, Esprit: A Journal of Thought and Opinion 8 (Winter 1964): 2.
12. John F. Judge, email message to author, February 9, 2013.
13. Quinn, “Flannery O’Connor’s Country,” Esprit, 4.
14. John J. Clarke, “The Achievement of Flannery O’Connor,” Esprit, 9.
15. Rev. Leonard F. X. Matthew, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 34.
16. P. Albert Duhamel, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 22.
17. Introduction to “Gracious Greatness,” Esprit, 50.
18. Saul Bellow, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 13.
19. J. F. Powers, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 40.
20. Charles Brady, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 16.
21. Robert Drake, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 19.
22. James F. Farnham, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 23.
23. Sr. Mariella Gable, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 25.
24. Louis D. Rubin, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 44.
25. Nathan A. Scott Jr., “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 45.
26. Robert Penn Warren, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 49.
27. Elizabeth Hardwick, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 30.
28. Caroline Gordon, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 28. Emphasis in original.
29. Brother Antonius, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 13.
30. Elizabeth Hardwick, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 28.
31. J. Franklin Murray, S.J., “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 37.
32. Robie Macauley, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 34.
33. Cleanth Brooks, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 17.
34. Kay Boyle, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 16.
35. Elizabeth Bishop, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 16.
36. Warren Coffey, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 18.
37. Robert Lowell, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 33.
38. Lawrence Perrine, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 40.
39. Katherine Anne Porter, “Gracious Greatness,” Esprit, 50.
40. John Hawkes, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 30.
41. Francis L. Kunkel, “Flannery O’Connor—A Tribute,” Esprit, 33.
42. Bernard A. Yanavich Jr., “The Peacock and the Phoenix,” Esprit, 82.
43. Charles Poore, “The Wonderful Stories of Flannery O’Connor,” New York Times, May 27, 1965, 35.
44. Eugenia Thornton, “A Mask of Virtue Hides Wickedness,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, June 13, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 252.
45. Rex Barley, “Flannery O’Connor’s Legacy of Fiction—Short Stories,” Arizona Republic, May 23, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 212.
46. “Grace Through Nature,” Newsweek, May 31, 1965, 85–86, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 231.
47. R. V. Cassill, “A Superb Final Effort,” Chicago Sun-Times, June 13, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 245.
48. “Grace Through Nature,” Newsweek, 231.
49. Alan Pryce-Jones, “A Poignant Knowledge of the Dark,” New York Herald Tribune, May 25, 1965, 23, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 217.
50. Riley Hughes, “Books in the Balance,” Columbia 45 (July 1965): 34, 36, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 274.
51. Unsigned review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, Newsday, May 29, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 224.
52. Robert Ostermann, “A World Without Love, as Seen by Miss O’Connor,” National Observer, June 28, 1965, 19, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 260.
53. Eric Lloyd, “Reading for Pleasure,” Wall Street Journal, July 9, 1965, 8.
54. Naomi Bliven, “Nothing But the Truth,” New Yorker 41 (September 11, 1965), 220–21, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 286.
55. Paul J. Hallinan, archbishop of the Diocese of Atlanta, wrote of O’Connor, “She wrote of the South, but her vision was of the world” (Georgia Bulletin, August 12, 1965, 8, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 278). An unsigned review in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch stated that O’Connor’s new stories “are set in the South that their author knew so well, but each of them has a universality that makes all of them true to life anywhere” (St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 16, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 210). Walter Sullivan stated that “the South as locale and source was quite peripheral” (“Flannery O’Connor, Sin, and Grace: Everything That Rises Must Converge,” Hollis Critic 2 [September 1965]: 1–10, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 295). The most expansive praise of O’Connor’s universality may be a remark from Choice, the magazine of the American Library Association: “Miss O’Connor’s real region may not be the South, but Teilhard’s noosphere” (Choice 2 [September 1965]: 387, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 294).
56. Marilyn M. Houston, “Potomac Reader,” Georgetowner, June 24, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 259.
57. William Kirkland, “Posthumous O’Connor,” Charleston Gazette, July 19, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 270.
58. “When I read Flannery I don’t think of Hemingway, or Katherine Anne Porter, or Sartre, but rather of someone like Sophocles. What more can be said of a writer? I write her name with honor, for all the truth and all the craft which shows man’s fall and his dishonor.” Thomas Merton, “Flannery O’Connor: A Prose Elegy,” Jubilee, November 1964. Reprinted in A Thomas Merton Reader (New York: Doubleday, 1989), 257.
59. Unsigned review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, Booklist 61 (July 1, 1965): 1015, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 264.
60. Ralph Bergamo, “Gallant Georgian’s Legacy,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, May 23, 1965, B2, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 213.
61. Florence Moran, “Top Newspapers and Magazines Pay Tribute to Flannery O’Connor,” Milledgeville Union-Recorder, June 10, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 244.
62. Webster Schott, “Flannery O’Connor: Faith’s Stepchild,” The Nation 201 (September 13, 1965): 142–44, 146, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 290–91.
63. Walter Sullivan, “Flannery O’Connor, Sin, and Grace: Everything That Rises Must Converge,” Hollins Critic 2 (September 1965): 1–10, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 295.
64. Paul Levine, “Flannery O’Connor’s Genius,” Jubilee, October 1965, 52–53, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 301.
65. Sullivan, “Flannery O’Connor, Sin, and Grace,” 295.
66. Levine, “Flannery O’Connor’s Genius,” 301.
67. Warren Coffey, “Flannery O’Connor,” Commentary 40 (November 1965): 93–99, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 307.
68. Richard Poirier, “If You Know Who You Are You Can Go Anywhere,” New York Times Book Review 70 (May 30, 1965): 6, 22, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 226–27.
69. “Memento Mori,” Times Literary Supplement, March 24, 1966, 242, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 317. Emphasis in original.
70. Ibid, 318.
71. John Coleman, “Small Town Miseries,” London Observer, March 27, 1966, 27, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 321.
72. Anthony Burgess, “New Fiction,” The Listener 75 (April 7, 1966): 515, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 324.
73. Irving Howe, “Flannery O’Connor’s Stories,” New York Review of Books 5 (September 30, 1965): 16–17, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 292.
74. Louis D. Rubin Jr., “Southerners and Jews,” Southern Review 2 (1966): 697–713, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 332.
75. Bloom, Flannery O’Connor, 2.
76. John S. Kennedy, “A Sense of Mystery,” Catholic Transcript, June 3, 1965, 5, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 234.
77. John J. Quinn, S.J., “Short Stories,” Best Sellers 25 (June 1, 1965): 124–25, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 233.
78. Thomas Hoobler, “Feature Review,” Ave Maria 102 (July 17, 1965): 18, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 266.
79. Stanley Edgar Hyman, “Flannery O’Connor’s Tattooed Christ,” New Leader, May 10, 1965, 9–10, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 207.
80. Ibid, 209.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid, 210.
83. Ibid.
84. One representative example from a review of Wise Blood: “The style itself, incidentally, is reminiscent of everyone and no one—Erskine Caldwell and Nathanael West, among others, come strongly to mind at various points—but what is here is very much Miss O’Connor’s own.” Carl Hartman, “Jesus Without Christ,” Western Review 17 (Autumn 1952): 75–80, in The Contemporary Reviews, 21.
85. Ann Hulbert, “A Generation of Wingless Chickens,” Times Literary Supplement, May 3, 1991, 20, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 466.
86. Gooch, Flannery, 9.
87. Elie, The Life You Save, 14.
88. O’Connor to Betty Hester, April 20, 1957, in The Habit of Being, 216.
89. Unsigned review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, Emporia (Kans.) Gazette, July 30, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 272.
90. Roy Newquist, “A Lament for Flannery,” Chicago Heights Star, May 27, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 217.
91. Bergamo, “Gallant Georgian’s Legacy,” 213.
92. Howell Pearre, “Posthumous Collection of Southern Stories,” Nashville Banner, May 28, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 221.
93. Poore, “Wonderful Stories,” 35.
94. Unsigned review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, Newsday, May 29, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 224.
95. James F. Farnham, “The Essential Flannery O’Connor,” Cross Currents 15 (Summer 1965): 376–78, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 280.
96. See Gooch, Flannery, 365–67, and Sally Fitzgerald, “Chronology,” in Flannery O’Connor: Collected Works (New York: Library of America, 1988), 1256.
97. O’Connor to Sally Fitzgerald, December 26, 1954, in The Habit of Being, 74.
98. Cash, Flannery O’Connor, 318.
99. Robert Fitzgerald, introduction to Everything That Rises Must Converge, by Flannery O’Connor (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1965), x.
100. “A Good Man Is Hard to Find,” Virginia Quarterly Review 31 (Autumn 1955): ci, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 59.
101. Russell Kirk, “Memoir of Humpty Dumpty,” Flannery O’Connor Bulletin 8 (1979): 14–16. Quoted in Cash, Flannery O’Connor, 214.
102. Whitt, Understanding Flannery O’Connor, 114–15.
103. Minnie Hite Moody, “Last, Rare Fruitage of Fine, Brave Talent,” Columbus Dispatch, June 6, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 240.
104. Nancy A. J. Porter, “Flannery O’Connor’s Last Stories,” Providence Journal, June 13, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 251.
105. Hughes, “Books in the Balance,” 274.
106. Quinn, “Short Stories,” 233.
107. Hoobler, “Feature Review,” 268.
108. Patrick Cruttwell, “Fiction Chronicle,” Hudson Review 18 (Autumn 1965): 442–50, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 308.
109. Elie, The Life You Save, 375.
110. Rosenfeld, “To Win by Default,” 19–20.
111. Joyce Carol Oates, “Flannery O’Connor’s Tragic People,” Detroit Free Press, August 22, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 279.
112. “Grace Through Nature,” Newsweek, 232.
113. William Schemmel, “Southern Comfort,” Travel-Holiday, June 1988, 72. Quoted in Gooch, Flannery, 208.
114. O’Connor to Maryat Lee, March 5, 1960, in The Habit of Being, 380.
115. “God-Intoxicated Hillbillies,” Time, February 29, 1960, 118.
116. V. S. Pritchett, “Satan Comes to Georgia,” New Statesman 71 (April 1, 1966): 469, 472, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 322.
117. Joseph Nicholson, “Stories Adhere to Grotesque Theme,” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, June 20, 1965, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 258.
118. Rubin, “Southerners and Jews,” 332.
119. Rene Jordan, “A Southern Drawl from Beyond the Grave,” British Association for American Studies Bulletin 12–13 (1966): 99–101, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 331.
120. “Memento Mori,” TLS, 318.
121. O’Connor, The Violent Bear It Away, 16.
122. In Book Week, O’Connor was compared, in her thinking about religious fiction, to Eliot (Beverly Fields, “An Ethically Fearless Voice,” Book Week, May 18, 1969, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 360); in the Wichita Falls Times, she was compared to Keats in terms of her desire to not allow science to “clip an angel’s wings” (“Southern Writer Stresses Creativity,” Wichita Falls Times, May 25, 1969, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 368); in Catholic World, her “universal literary theory” was compared favorably to those of Aristotle, Pope, and James (Charles J. Huelsbeck, “Of Fiction, Integrity, and Peacocks,” Catholic World 210 [December 1969], in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 398); in Sewanee Review, her ability to depict the workings of the imagination was compared to Thoreau’s skill at the same (Miles D. Orvell, “Flannery O’Connor,” Sewanee Review 78 [1970], in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 401); in Cross Currents, she was compared to Sidney, Wordsworth, Coleridge, James, Eliot, Dickens, and Hardy in terms of how well she could “write about writing” (James F. Farnham, “Flannery O’Connor and the Incarnation of Mystery,” Cross Currents 20 [Spring 1970], in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 408); and W. A. Sessions compared her to Blake as both artist and critic (W. A. Sessions, Studies in Short Fiction 8 [1971], in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 419).
123. Unsigned review of Mystery and Manners, New Yorker 45 (July 19, 1964): 84.
124. John J. Quinn, Best Sellers 29 (May 15, 1969): 76, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 358.
125. Unsigned review of Mystery and Manners, Publishers Weekly, November 10, 1969, 51, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 398.
126. Valarie Edinger, “Articles and Essays by Flannery O’Connor,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, August 24, 1969, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 397.
127. Maggie Irving, “The Presence of a Gift,” Worcester Telegram & Gazette, June 22, 1969, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 376.
128. D. Keith Mayo, review of Mystery and Manners, New York Times Book Review, May 25, 1969, 6–7, 20, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 367.
129. Unsigned review of Mystery and Manners, Kirkus Reviews, March 1, 1969, 289–90, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 347.
130. W. M. Kirkland, “Flannery O’Connor’s Last Essays,” Charleston (W.V.) Gazette, August 17, 1969, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 391.
131. Saul Maloff, “On Flannery O’Connor,” Commonweal 90 (August 8, 1969): 490–91, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 388.
132. M. Thomas Inge, “Flannery O’Connor’s Works Examined in New Critiques,” Lansing State Journal, July 27, 1969, E7, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 386.
133. Fredrick P. W. McDowell, “Toward the Luminous and the Numinous: The Art of Flannery O’Connor,” Southern Review 9 (October 1973): 998–1013, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 426.
134. Edel, The Prefaces of Henry James, 15.
135. Joe O’Sullivan, “Mystery and Manners,” Springfield (Mass.) Republican, July 13, 1969, 68, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 385.
136. Jane Mushabac, review of Mystery and Manners, Village Voice, July 3, 1969, 7.
137. Charles Thomas Samuels, “Flannery O’Connor: From Theology to Fable,” Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1969, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 351.
138. Kirkland,” O’Connor’s Last Essays,” 391.
139. John Raymond, “Flannery O’Connor: She Wrote Because She Was Good at It,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, May 11, 1969, D10, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 355.
140. “Paradox of the Peacock,” Times Literary Supplement, February 25, 1972, 213, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 422.
141. Charles J. Huelsbeck, “Of Fiction, Integrity, and Peacocks,” Catholic World 210 (December 1969), 128–29, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 399.
1. Scott, “Flannery O’Connor, a Brief Biographical Sketch,” in Flannery O’Connor, xix.
2. Joyce topped the list of all indexed authors by appearing in 59 percent of the anthologies, followed by Lawrence and Chekhov, each appearing in 54 percent. The leading American authors were Faulkner and James (both at 52 percent), followed by Hemingway (44 percent), Porter (41 percent), Welty (38 percent), Anderson (37 percent), and Crane (36 percent). See Landon C. Burns, “A Cross-Referenced Index of Short Fiction and Author-Title Listing,” Studies in Short Fiction 7, no. 1 (Winter 1970): 6.
3. “A Good Man Is Hard to Find” appeared in fifteen anthologies; “The Displaced Person” in three.
4. Gooch, Flannery, 373.
5. Christopher Lehman-Haupt, “Robert Giroux, Editor, Publisher and Nurturer of Literary Giants, Is Dead,” New York Times, September 6, 2008, B6.
6. PEN American Newsletter 47 (September 1981): 3. The newsletter item concerned Giroux and Roger Straus being awarded the fifth annual PEN Publisher Citation on April 8, 1981.
7. West, American Literary Marketplace, 59–70. West uses O’Connor’s experience with Rinehart editor John Selby as the exception to the general rule that young authors tend to buckle under the pressure of “high-handed” editors.
8. Donald Hall, “Robert Giroux: Looking for Masterpieces,” New York Times, January 6, 1980, BR1.
9. PEN American Newsletter 47 (September 1981): 3.
10. Caroline Gordon to Giroux, September 12, 1964. Unless otherwise noted, all correspondence quoted in this chapter is located in the Farrar, Straus and Giroux archives at the New York Public Library.
11. Henry Raymont, “Book Publishers See Better Times: But They Differ on Impact of Growth on Authors and Quality of Fiction,” New York Times, April 10, 1972, 1.
12. PEN American Newsletter 47 (September 1981): 4. The comparison was made by Paul Horgan. In his 1980 New York Times portrait of Giroux, referenced above, the American poet Donald Hall made the same comparison: “He is the only living editor whose name is bracketed with that of Maxwell Perkins.”
13. Ibid.
14. Quoted in Berg, Maxwell Perkins, 44–45.
15. PEN American Newsletter 47 (September 1981): 5.
16. Giroux to Elizabeth McKee, March 7, 1973.
17. A high school junior from New Orleans who wrote Giroux in 1973 described her term paper—due in six days—and stated, “I am looking for a book that she has written about what she feels about being a writer or writing in particular.” Giroux responded that she should read Mystery and Manners (Jan Binder to Giroux, October 13, 1973). Another student from what he described as “the small town (pop 2000) of Tunnel Hill, Georgia” wrote on the eve of his senior term paper to ask Giroux six questions about O’Connor, all of which he answered in short phases penciled on the student’s original letter: “How much of her work is biographical? None” (Gandi Vaughn to Giroux, April 22, 1988). A member of the Kettering, Ohio, Literary Club wrote to ask his advice about giving a talk on “O’Connor’s heroines”; a book collector wrote to describe his copy of Everything That Rises Must Converge to see if it was a first edition; a couple interested in starting a foundation to raise money to cure lupus solicited his advice. The range and number of requests that Giroux answered is impressive; the Farrar, Straus and Giroux Archives at the New York Public Library house these and many similar requests.
18. Gary B. Brockman to Giroux, November 19, 1973.
19. Giroux to Gary B. Brockman, November 27, 1973.
20. Giroux to Regina O’Connor, August 7, 1964.
21. Giroux to Robert Fitzgerald, December 29, 1966.
22. Giroux to Regina O’Connor, September 16, 1966.
23. K. K. Merker to Giroux, June 12, 1970.
24. Giroux to Elizabeth McKee, December 29, 1966.
25. Robert Fitzgerald to Elizabeth McKee, August 14, 1967.
26. Giroux to Elizabeth McKee, September 14, 1967.
27. Robert Fitzgerald to Giroux, September 20, 1969.
28. Paul Engle to Giroux, July 13, 1971. All subsequent quotations in this paragraph are from this letter.
29. Robert Giroux, introduction to O’Connor, The Complete Stories, vii.
30. Colman McCarthy, “The Servant of Literature in the Heart of Iowa: Paul Engle’s Years of Bringing People Who Write to a Place Where People Farm,” Washington Post, March 27, 1983, G1.
31. Frances Florencourt, interview of Robert Giroux, January 24, 2007, in At Home with Flannery O’Connor, 84.
32. Elie, The Life You Save, 145.
33. Gooch, Flannery, 117.
34. O’Connor, The Violent Bear It Away, 242.
35. Elie, The Life You Save, 432.
36. Robert Giroux, “Thomas Merton’s Durable Mountain,” New York Times, October 11, 1998.
37. Joel Wells, “A Genius Who Frustrated Critics,” National Catholic Reporter, November 19, 1971, 16, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 435.
38. J. J. Quinn, review of The Complete Stories, by Flannery O’Connor, America 125 (December 11, 1971): 519, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 442.
39. Melvin J. Friedman, “Flannery O’Connor: The Canon Completed, the Commentary Continuing,” Southern Literary Journal 5 (Spring 1973): 116–23, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 457.
40. George Core, “Unflinching Honesty, Rare Perception—That’s O’Connor,” Nashville Tennessean, February 27, 1972, C10, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 449.
41. Jim Vollmar, “Flannery O’Connor: An Authentic Voice of the American South,” The Month 24 (September–October 1991): 443–47, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 472.
42. Robert Drake, “Her Sacred Office,” Modern Age 16, no. 3 (Summer 1972): 322–24, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 452.
43. Martha Duffy, “At Gunpoint,” Time, November 21, 1971, 88.
44. Friedman, “Flannery O’Connor,” 458.
45. Frederick P. W. McDowell, “Toward the Luminous and the Numinous: The Art of Flannery O’Connor,” Southern Review (New Series) 9, no. 4 (1973): 998–1013, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 458, 463.
46. Elie, The Life You Save, 432.
47. Wells, “A Genius Who Frustrated Critics,” 435.
48. Thomas Lask, “Death Never Takes a Holiday,” New York Times, December 3, 1971, 37.
49. Guy Davenport, “Even as the Heathen Rage,” National Review 123 (December 31, 1971): 1473–74, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 444.
50. Webster Schott, “Flannery O’Connor: Faith’s Stepchild,” The Nation 201 (September 13, 1965): 142–46, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 288.
51. Richard Freedman, “The Pride of the Peacock Is the Glory of God,” Washington Post, January 30, 1972, 11, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 447.
52. Ibid, 448.
53. Ibid.
54. Chesterton, Chesterton on Dickens, 96.
55. Edward M. Hood, “Rural Georgia and the Starry Universe,” Shenandoah 16 (Summer 1965): 109–14, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 284.
56. Richard A. Duprey, “New Books,” Catholic World 202 (October 1965): 54, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 299.
57. James F. Farnham, “The Essential Flannery O’Connor,” Cross Currents 15 (Summer 1965): 376–78, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 282.
58. Alfred Kazin, review of The Complete Stories, by Flannery O’Connor, New York Times Book Review, November 28, 1971, 1.
59. Donovan Young, “3 New Books Cull Stories, Letters of Flannery O’Connor,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, April 8, 1984, H9, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 464.
60. Warren Coffey, review of The Complete Stories, by Flannery O’Connor, Commentary 40, no. 5 (November 1965): 97.
61. Walter Clemons, “Acts of Grace,” Newsweek, November 8, 1971, 116–17, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 431.
62. John Alfred Avant, review of The Complete Stories, by Flannery O’Connor, Library Journal 97 (January 1, 1972): 85, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 445.
63. John Idol, review of The Complete Stories, by Flannery O’Connor, Studies in Short Fiction 10 (1973): 103–5, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 454.
64. Freedman, “The Pride of the Peacock,” 447.
65. Drake, “Her Sacred Office,” 452.
66. Chris Savage King, review of Wise Blood, in New Statesmen and Society 4 (February 8, 1991): 37–38, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 465.
67. Clemons, “Acts of Grace,” 431.
68. King, review of Wise Blood, 465.
69. William Jovanovich to Giroux, October 13, 1971.
70. Mildred V. Cabrera to Giroux, October 2, 1979.
71. Michael Hefner to Giroux, July 2, 1971.
72. Denver Lindley to Giroux, October 26, 1971.
73. Hajime Noguchi to Giroux, January 27, 1988.
74. Giroux to Michael Hefner, November 4, 1971.
75. Wise Blood was not nominated, but A Good Man Is Hard to Find was in 1956; it lost to John O’Hara’s Ten North Frederick, a novel about a decidedly un–Mr. Smith figure who goes to Washington. In 1961 The Violent Bear It Away was nominated, along with Rabbit, Run, A Separate Peace, and To Kill a Mockingbird but lost to Conrad Richter’s The Waters of Kronos. Everything That Rises Must Converge was nominated in 1966 but lost to The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter.
76. Wells, “A Genius Who Frustrated Critics,” 435.
77. “How the National Book Awards Work,” National Book Foundation, www.nationalbook.org/nba_process (accessed April 2, 2013).
78. Trimmer, The National Book Awards for Fiction, xiv.
79. Quoted in Trimmer, National Book Awards, xvi.
80. Trimmer, National Book Awards, xvii.
81. The Last Whole Earth Catalogue eventually won the award: see “Judge Resigns in Dispute: ‘Whole Earth Catalogue’ Gets Award,” Daytona Morning Beach Journal, April 12, 1972, 10.
82. Henry Raymont, “Notes of Concern Mark Book Awards Ceremony,” New York Times, April 14, 1972, 21.
83. William McPherson, “The National Book Awards,” Washington Post, April 12, 1972, c1.
84. Larry Powell, “O’Connor Book Honored,” Savannah News-Press, April 23, 1972, F 5, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 450.
85. Farrar, Straus and Giroux press release, March 15, 1966.
86. Harry Gilroy, “Book Awards Go to 4 U.S. Writers,” New York Times, March 16, 1966, 42.
87. Ibid.
88. Raymont, “Notes of Concern.”
89. Ibid.
90. Robert Giroux, copy of acceptance speech for National Book Award, 1972, Farrar, Straus and Giroux Archives, New York Public Library.
91. Quoted in Gooch, Flannery, 372.
92. Giroux to Regina O’Connor, April 13, 1972.
93. “Author! Author!” New York Times, April 15, 1972, 30.
94. Christopher Lehman-Haupt, “Confessions of a Book Award Judge,” Saturday Review of the Arts 1, no. 4 (April 1973): 35.
95. Susan Myrick, “Flannery O’Connor,” Marion Telegraph, January 27, 1972.
96. Sally Foster, “O’Connor Reception at Georgia College Library,” Milledgeville Union-Recorder, January 20, 1972.
97. “Flannery O’Connor Papers to Be Presented Sunday,” Milledgeville Union-Recorder, January 13, 1972.
98. Mayor John P. Rousakis, proclamation, “Flannery O’Connor Day,” January 13, 1972.
99. Foster, “O’Connor Reception.”
100. Ibid.
101. The statistic about eight hundred visitors is found in the Georgia College Bulletin 57, no. 7 (March 1972), as well as a letter of February 23, 1972, from Dorrie P. Neligan, director of Alumni Affairs, to Robert Giroux.
102. Program for O’Connor reception at Georgia College Library, Farrar, Straus and Giroux Archives, NYPL.
103. Sally Foster, “O’Connor Peacocks Presented to the Stone Mountain Plantation,” Milledgeville Union-Recorder, January 13, 1972.
104. Leonard Melfi to Giroux, September 28, 1964; Mark Harris to Giroux, September 17, 1974.
105. Giroux to Leonard Melfi, September 30, 1964.
106. Giroux to Mark Harris, September 25, 1974.
107. O’Connor to Betty Hester, July 5, 1958, in The Habit of Being, 290.
108. Elizabeth McKee to Mary Stephen, April 9, 1970.
109. Elizabeth McKee to Giroux, April 28, 1972.
110. Giroux to Gerald Beecham, April 18, 1977.
111. Sally Fitzgerald, proposal for Research Apprentice Program at Radcliffe College, January 1978. Farrar, Straus and Giroux Archives, NYPL.
112. Robert Giroux, letter of recommendation for Sally Fitzgerald’s application for the Research Apprentice Program at Radcliffe College, January 15, 1978. Farrar, Straus and Giroux Archives, NYPL.
113. John Farrar to Jean Wylder, January 6, 1967.
114. Giroux to Regina O’Connor, December 11, 1968.
115. Giroux to Robert Fitzgerald, July 24, 1974.
116. Robert Fitzgerald to Giroux, September 12, 1974.
117. Sally Fitzgerald to Giroux, undated memorandum. Farrar, Straus and Giroux Archives, NYPL.
118. Giroux to G. Roysce Smith, June 17, 1975.
119. Email message to author from David Pavelich, head of Research Services, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University, April 16, 2013.
120. Giroux to Mary Louise Black, March 26, 1976.
121. Thomas F. Gossett, “Flannery O’Connor’s Opinions of Other Writers: Some Unpublished Comments,” Southern Literary Journal 6, no. 2 (Spring 1974): 82.
122. Giroux to Maryat Lee, April 20, 1977.
123. Giroux to Sally Fitzgerald, June 7, 1976.
124. Ibid.
125. Giroux to Sally Fitzgerald, June 16, 1976.
126. Maryat Lee to Giroux, April 25, 1976.
127. Regina O’Connor to Maryat Lee, May 9, 1976.
128. Maryat Lee to Regina O’Connor, May 18, 1976.
129. Regina O’Connor to Maryat Lee, May 30, 1976.
130. Regina O’Connor to Maryat Lee, June 4, 1976.
131. Maryat Lee to Regina O’Connor, June 4, 1976.
132. Sally Fitzgerald to Giroux, February 14, 1977.
133. Maryat Lee to Sally Fitzgerald, February 12, 1977.
134. Sally Fitzgerald to Maryat Lee, February 21, 1977.
135. Maryat Lee to Giroux, March 7, 1977.
136. Sally Fitzgerald to Regina O’Connor, May 1, 1977. Emphasis in subsequently quoted passages in original.
137. Robert Fitzgerald, introduction to Everything That Rises Must Converge, xiv. Also see Gooch, Flannery, 181.
138. O’Connor to Sally and Robert Fitzgerald, April 26, 1954, in The Habit of Being, 71.
139. Sally Fitzgerald to Regina O’Connor, May 1, 1977. Emphasis in original.
140. Sally Fitzgerald to Giroux, May 2, 1977. All emphases in subsequent quotations are in the original.
141. Giroux to Sally Fitzgerald, May 6, 1977.
142. Sally Fitzgerald to Regina O’Connor, May 4, 1977. Emphasis in original.
143. O’Connor to Betty Hester, December 14, 1957, in The Habit of Being, 258.
144. Regina O’Connor to Sally Fitzgerald, May 15, 1977. All emphases in subsequent quotations are in the original.
145. Sally Fitzgerald to Regina O’Connor, May 18, 1977. Emphasis in original.
146. Sally Fitzgerald to Giroux, May 18, 1977.
147. Gooch, Flannery, 317.
148. O’Connor to Cecil Dawkins, April 3, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 326.
149. Cash, Flannery O’Connor, 173.
150. Sally Fitzgerald, introduction to The Habit of Being, ix.
151. Giroux to Regina O’Connor, January 8, 1979.
152. Giroux to Regina O’Connor, February 5, 1979.
153. Giroux to Regina O’Connor, March 12, 1979.
154. Robert Phillips, “On Being Flannery O’Connor,” Commonweal 106 (April 13, 1979): 220.
155. Quentin Vest, “An Intensity of Intelligent Purpose,” Library Journal 104 (January 15, 1979): 194.
156. John R. May, “Seekers and Finders,” America 140 (June 16, 1979): 499.
157. Richard H. Brodhead, “A Life of Letters,” Yale Review 69, no. 3 (Spring 1980): 451.
158. Graham Greene, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, The Observer (December 7, 1980), 27.
159. John Leonard, “Impatient with Freudian’s Down-Home Humor,” New York Times, March 9, 1979, C23.
160. Richard Gilman, “A Life of Letters,” New York Times Book Review, March 18, 1979, 1.
161. Michael True, “The Luminous Letters of a Writer of Genius,” Chronicle of Higher Education, (April 16, 1979, R7.
162. Melvin J. Friedman, “ ‘The Human Comes Before Art’: Flannery O’Connor Viewed Through Her Letters and Her Critics,” Southern Literary Journal 12, no. 2 (1980): 115.
163. See, for example, Janet Groth’s reflection on the power of epistolary collections in Commonweal, December 1, 1979. Other reviewers drew similar comparisons between Nabokov and O’Connor as letter-writers.
164. “A Selection of the Best Books of 1979,” New York Times, November 25, 1979, BR4.
165. Douglas Hill, “As She Lay Dying,” Books in Canada 8, no. 5 (May 1979): 17.
166. Quoted in Friedman, “ ‘The Human Comes Before Art,’” 119.
167. Brodhead, “A Life of Letters,” 452.
168. Frank E. Moorer and Richard Macksey, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, Modern Language Notes, 94, no. 5 (December 1979): 1274.
169. Gilman, “A Life of Letters,” 32.
170. Brodhead, “A Life of Letters,” 452.
171. Paul Gray, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, Time 113, no. 10 (March 5, 1979): 87.
172. Unsigned review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, Publishers Weekly 216, no. 3 (January 15, 1979): 120.
173. Edmund Fuller, “A Gallant Life Amidst Profound Insight,” Wall Street Journal 193 (March 12, 1979): 18.
174. John F. Desmond, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, World Literature Today 54, no. 2 (Spring 1980): 289.
175. J. O. Tate, “The Village Theist,” National Review 31, no. 11 (March 16, 1979): 364.
176. Unsigned review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, Kirkus Reviews 47 (January 15, 1979): 109.
177. Miles Orvell, “Blessed in Deprivation,” American Scholar 48, no. 4 (Autumn 1979): 562.
178. John Keates, “Balancing Act,” Spectator 243 (December 22, 1979): 29.
179. Helen Ruth Vaughn, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, New Catholic World 222 (July–August 1979): 188.
180. Mary Gordon, “The Habit of Genius,” Saturday Review, April 14, 1979, 43. Gordon’s full quotation states her assumption about O’Connor: “Isolated as she was, O’Connor made and kept many friends through her correspondence.”
181. Robert H. Brinkmeyer Jr., review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, Southern Quarterly 18, no. 2 (1980): 92.
182. Paul Granahan, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, Best Sellers 40, no. 3 (June 1980): 109.
183. Jan Norby Gretlund, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, South Carolina Review 12, no. 1 (Spring 1980): 61.
184. Sally Fitzgerald to Giroux, March 16, 1977.
185. Giroux to Sally Fitzgerald, April 7, 1977.
186. Robert B. Shaw, “Jane Austen in Milledgeville,” The Nation 228, no. 16 (April 28, 1979): 474.
187. Friedman, “ ‘The Human Comes Before Art,’” 114.
188. Eugene Current-Garcia, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, Southern Humanities Review 14 (1979): 373.
189. Josephine Hendin, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, New Republic 180, no. 10 (March 10, 1979): 35.
190. Janet Varner Gunn, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, American Literature 53, no. 3 (November 1981): 522.
191. Brodhead, “A Life of Letters,” 456.
192. Gray, review of The Habit of Being, 87.
193. See, for example, the Atlantic Monthly, where the reviewer states, “One stream of letters (most notably directed to a young woman known only as ‘A’) takes readers further into the forests of theology than most non-Catholics will want to travel, but they show the singular force and flexibility of her mind.” Unsigned review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, Atlantic Monthly 243, no. 6 (June 1979): 96.
194. Robert Fitzgerald to Giroux, February 16, 1979.
195. Desmond, review of The Habit of Being, 289.
196. Tate, “The Village Theist,” 364.
197. T. C. Holyoke, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, Antioch Review 37, no. 3 (Summer 1979): 373.
198. “The Habit of Being,” Kirkus, 109.
199. May, “Seekers and Finders,” 498.
200. Ibid.
201. Orvell, “Blessed in Deprivation,” 562.
202. David Livingstone, review of The Habit of Being, by Flannery O’Connor, Maclean’s, April 23, 1979, 64.
203. Bette Howland, “An Unsuspecting Autobiographer,” Ms. 8, no. 1 (July 1979): 39.
204. Giroux to John Loudon, June 17, 1985.
205. Giroux to Elmer O’Brien, March 19, 1990.
206. Giroux to Deborah Baker, September 21, 1992. Fitzgerald’s papers are now housed at Emory University. Bruce Gentry, editor of the Flannery O’Connor Review, has described what Giroux called a “first draft” as more of a series of essays “written toward the greater work of putting it all together as a biography.” Bruce Gentry, email message to author, October 3, 2013.
207. Herbert Mitgang, “Flanagan and Taylor Win Book Prizes,” New York Times, January 8, 1980, C9.
208. Sally Fitzgerald, speech to the National Book Critics Circle, January 17, 1980. Farrar, Straus and Giroux Archives, NYPL.
209. Ibid. Emphasis in original.
1. Robert Giroux to Robert Fitzgerald, March 29, 1968. Farrar, Straus and Giroux Archives, New York Public Library. Unless otherwise stated, all letters are from this collection.
2. Boyum, Double Exposure, 175.
3. Giroux to Elizabeth McKee, June 30, 1966.
4. Giroux to Regina O’Connor, September 16, 1966.
5. Michael Fitzgerald, “Interview,” Wise Blood DVD, directed by John Huston (Criterion Collection, 2009).
6. Ibid.
7. Madsen, John Huston, 212–13.
8. Vincent Canby, “Many Try, But ‘Wise Blood’ Succeeds,” New York Times, March 2, 1980, D19.
9. David Thomson, “John Huston,” 425. Huston’s desire to adapt more literary works continued after Wise Blood: his next film was Under the Volcano and his last was The Dead.
10. Jim Harrison, Off to the Side (New York: Grove, 2002), 261. Quoted in Meyers, John Huston, 66. Huston’s The Maltese Falcon was the third attempt to film Hammett’s novel; Huston’s success in adapting it came from his painstakingly replicating so much of the novel’s exact dialogue and structure.
11. Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, “Loners and Sin,” New Statesman, January 18, 1980, 102.
12. Benedict Fitzgerald, “Interview,” Wise Blood DVD.
13. John Simon, “Christ Without Christ; Nijinsky Without Nijinsky,” National Review, May 2, 1980, 543.
14. Joy Gould Boyum, “Two Artists: John Huston and Flannery O’Connor,” Wall Street Journal, February 22, 1980, 21.
15. Huston was paid $125,000 instead of his usual $400,000. See Meyers, John Huston, 372.
16. Archer Winsten, “ ‘Blood’ Repels and Attracts,” New York Post, February 18, 1980, 26.
17. Andrew Sarris, “Of Blood and Thunder and Despair,” Village Voice, February 25, 1979, 39.
18. Andrew Sarris, “Blood Tells,” Village Voice, October 8, 1979, 40.
19. Huston, An Open Book, 369.
20. “Nepotism Runs in the Blood,” Premiere, December 1979, 9.
21. Grobel, The Hustons, 714.
22. Frank Rich, “The Sound and the Fury,” Time, February 25, 1980, 50.
23. Gene Moskowitz, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, Variety, June 6, 1979.
24. David Ansen, “Huston at His Best,” Newsweek, March 17, 1980, 101.
25. Jim Robbins, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, Box Office, April 14, 1980.
26. Rex Reed, “Huston Triumphs with ‘Wise Blood,’” New York Daily News, February 27, 1980, 29.
27. O’Connor to Elizabeth McKee, February 17, 1949, in The Habit of Being, 9.
28. O’Connor to McKee, July 21, 1948, in The Habit of Being, 6.
29. O’Connor to McKee, February 3, 1949, in The Habit of Being, 9.
30. Press kit for Wise Blood, New Line Cinema, Archives of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. All subsequent quotations from the press kit are from this source.
31. O’Connor to Elizabeth Bishop, April 23, 1960, in The Habit of Being, 391.
32. O’Connor to Betty Hester, September 24, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 105.
33. O’Connor to John Hawkes, September 13, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 350.
34. Michael Fitzgerald, “Interview,” Wise Blood DVD.
35. O’Connor to John Hawkes, September 13, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 349.
36. Vincent Canby, “ ‘Wise Blood,’ Huston’s 33d Feature,” New York Times, September 29, 1979, 12.
37. Michael Fitzgerald, “Interview,” Wise Blood DVD.
38. Grobel, The Hustons, 715.
39. Rich, “The Sound and the Fury,” 50.
40. Jack Kroll, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, Newsweek, October 22, 1979, 101.
41. Tim Pulleine, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, Sight and Sound, Winter 1979–80, 57.
42. Ansen, “Huston at His Best,” 101.
43. Rob Edelman, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, Films in Review, January 1980, 115.
44. Ibid, 116.
45. Kathleen Carroll, “ ‘Wise Blood’ Is a Low-Budget Miracle,” New York Daily News, February 18, 1980, 23.
46. Roger Angell, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, New Yorker, February 25, 1980, 113.
47. Joe Lee Davis, “Outraged or Embarrassed,” Kenyon Review 15 (Spring 1953), in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 23.
48. “Damnation of Man,” Savannah Morning News, May 25, 1952, 40, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 11.
49. “Wise Blood Guarantees to Frighten and Intrigue,” Wichita Eagle, August 2, 1962, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 187.
50. Winsten, “ ‘Blood’ Repels and Attracts,” 26.
51. Melwyn Breen, “Satanic Satire,” Saturday Night, July 19, 1952, 2–3, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 18.
52. Stanley Kauffmann, “Unwise Bloods,” New Republic, March 15, 1980, 24.
53. Philip French, “In the Bible Belt,” London Observer, January 13, 1980, 14.
54. Robert Hatch, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, The Nation, March 8, 1980, 283.
55. Boyum, “Two Artists,” 21.
56. Ansen, “Huston at His Best,” 101.
57. David Denby, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, New York, March 10, 1980, 85.
58. Simon, “Christ Without Christ,” 543.
59. Winsten, “ ‘Blood’ Repels and Attracts,” 26.
60. Rich, “The Sound and the Fury,” 50.
61. Stephen Farber, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, New West, May 5, 1980.
62. Connie Koenenn, “Turn-ons and Turn-offs in Current Home Entertainment Releases,” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 1986.
63. French, “In the Bible Belt,” 14.
64. Robert Asahina, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, New Leader, November 5, 1979, 24.
65. Gene Moskowitz, review of Wise Blood, Variety, June 6, 1979.
66. Howard Kissel, “Wise Blood,” Women’s Wear Daily, February 14, 1980, 20.
67. Carroll, “ ‘Wise Blood’ Is a Low-Budget Miracle,” 23.
68. O’Connor, “The Grotesque in Southern Fiction” in Mystery and Manners, 40.
69. Hatch, review of Wise Blood, 283.
70. “Nepotism Runs in the Blood,” 9.
71. Angell, review of Wise Blood, New Yorker, 114.
72. Ansen, “Huston at His Best,” 101.
73. Farber, review of Wise Blood, New West, May 5, 1980.
74. Sarris, “Blood Tells,” 40.
75. Carroll, “ ‘Wise Blood’ Is a Low-Budget Miracle,” 23.
76. Rob Baker, “American Gothics,” Soho Weekly News, October 11, 1979, 38.
77. Francine Prose, “Wise Blood: A Matter of Life and Death,” The Criterion Collection, May 11, 2009, www.criterion.com/current/posts/1132-wise-blood-a-matter-of-life-and-death (accessed June 12, 2013); also included in supplemental material for the Criterion DVD edition of Wise Blood.
78. Canby, “Many Try, But Wise Blood Succeeds,” D19.
79. Michael Ciment, “Two Encounters with John Huston,” 138.
80. Ibid.
81. Angell, review of Wise Blood, New Yorker, 113.
82. Canby, “Many Try, But Wise Blood Succeeds,” D19.
83. James McCourt, “Reports from the New York Film Festival,” Film Comment, November/December 1979, 64.
84. David Sterrit, “Missing the Flannery O’Connor Mood,” Christian Science Monitor, March 7, 1980, 19.
85. Nowell-Smith, “Loners and Sin,” 102.
86. Asahina, review of Wise Blood, New Leader, November 5, 1979, 24.
87. Pulleine, review of Wise Blood, Sight and Sound, 57.
88. Michael Tarantino, review of Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, Film Quarterly 33, no. 4 (Summer 1980): 17.
89. Kauffmann, “Unwise Bloods,” 24.
90. Angell, review of Wise Blood, New Yorker, 114.
91. Meyers, John Huston, 372.
92. Alan Yuhas, “As The Great Gatsby Opens, What Makes for a Good Adaptation Anyway?” The Guardian, May 7, 2013, www.guardian.co.uk (accessed May 22, 2013).
93. Harold Clurman, “New York Film Festival,” The Nation, October 27, 1979, 409.
94. Sarris, “Of Blood,” 39.
95. Boyum, Double Exposure, 71.
96. O’Connor, Wise Blood, 222.
97. Ibid, 224. Ellipses in original.
98. O’Connor to John Hawkes, September 13, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 349–50.
99. Ibid.
100. Boyum, “Two Artists,” 21.
101. Denby, review of Wise Blood, New York, 85.
102. Kroll, review of Wise Blood, Newsweek, 101.
103. Ansen, “Huston at His Best,” 101.
104. Ibid.
105. Pulleine, review of Wise Blood, Sight and Sound, 57.
106. Nowell-Smith, “Loners and Sin,” 102.
107. French, “In the Bible Belt,” 14.
108. Boyum, “Two Artists,” 21.
109. Boyum, Double Exposure, 176.
110. Brett Taylor, “From Cuckoo Patient to Deadwood Doc: An Interview with Brad Dourif,” Shock Cinema, Fall 2004, 33.
111. Isaac Rosenfeld, “To Win by Default,” in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 17.
112. Angell, review of Wise Blood, New Yorker, 114.
113. “Dan Shor Interview,” TV Store Online, http://blog.tvstoreonline.com/2013/05/actor-dan-shor-talks-with-tv-store.html, May 29, 2013 (accessed June 10, 2013).
114. Taylor, “From Cuckoo Patient to Deadwood Doc,” 33.
115. Quoted in Grobel, The Hustons, 712.
116. Brad Dourif, “Interview,” 2008, Wise Blood DVD.
117. Benedict Fitzgerald, “Interview,” 2008, Wise Blood DVD.
118. Ibid.
119. Dourif, “Interview,” Wise Blood DVD.
120. Grobel, The Hustons, 710.
121. O’Connor to Louise Abbot, [undated] Saturday, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 353.
122. Haddox, Hard Sayings, 39.
123. William Walsh, “Flannery O’Connor, John Huston, and Wise Blood: In Search of Taulkingham,” Flannery O’Connor Review 9 (2011): 95.
124. Meyers, John Huston, 371.
125. Trailer for Wise Blood, 1980, Wise Blood DVD.
126. Wise Blood, directed by John Huston (1980; Macon, Georgia: The Criterion Collection, 2009), DVD.
127. See “Shining (romantic comedy),” The Trailer Mash, www.thetrailermash.com/shining-romantic-comedy (accessed May 22, 2013).
128. Canby, “Many Try, But ‘Wise Blood’ Succeeds,” D19.
129. George Knight, “A Merited O’Connor Revival,” Tampa Tribune, September 30, 1962, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 192.
130. Harkins, Hillbilly, 206.
131. Denis Lim, “Huston’s ‘Wise Blood’ Takes on the New Faith of a Nonbeliever,” Los Angeles Times, May 10, 2009.
132. Meyers, John Huston, 372.
133. Huston, An Open Book, 370.
134. O’Connor to Cecil Dawkins, November 5, 1963, in The Habit of Being, 546.
135. O’Connor to Cecil Dawkins, November 8, 1963, in The Habit of Being, 547.
136. Ibid.
137. Press release for The Displaced Person, Archives of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
138. Cecil Dawkins, “Thinking About Evil’s Consequences,” New York World Journal Tribune, December 25, 1966, 26.
139. Ibid.
140. Ibid.
141. Michael Smith, “Theatre: The Displaced Person,” Village Voice, January 5, 1967, 17.
142. Richard Gilman, “Dark Amalgam,” Newsweek, January 9, 1967, 71.
143. George Oppenheimer, “American Place Theatre Offers ‘Displaced Person,” News-day, December 30, 1966, page unknown.
144. Ibid.
145. Robert Giroux to Robert Fitzgerald, December 29, 1966, Farrar, Straus and Giroux Archives, NYPL.
146. “Director Karin Coonrod Brings Flannery O’Connor Triptych to the Stage,” Columbia News, November 16, 2001.
147. Karin Coonrod, “Director’s Note,” program for Everything That Rises Must Converge. New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
148. Ibid.
149. Susan Srigley, “Flannery O’Connor in the Public Square: Karin Coonrod’s Everything That Rises Must Converge,” Flannery O’Connor Review 11 (2013): 99.
150. Bruce Weber, “Southern Stories, on the Stage and on Their Own,” New York Times, November 3, 2001, A13.
151. David Cote, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, directed by Karin Coonrod, Time Out New York, November 18, 2001, 149.
152. Jessica Winter, “A Doom of One’s Own,” Village Voice, November 6, 2001.
153. “Galley Proof: A Good Man Is Hard to Find,” in Magee, Conversations with Flannery O’Connor, 5.
154. Ibid, 8.
155. Harvey Briet, “In and Out of Books: Visitor,” New York Times, June 12, 1955, in Magee, Conversations, 11.
156. “Galley Proof,” Conversations, 8.
157. O’Connor, “Writing Short Stories,” in Mystery and Manners, 96.
158. O’Connor to Catharine Carver, May 24, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 83.
159. O’Connor to Robie Macaulay, May 18, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 82. O’Connor added the article to the television show’s title.
160. O’Connor to Ben Griffith, June 8, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 84.
161. O’Connor to Elizabeth Fenwick Way, September 13, 1956, in The Habit of Being, 175.
162. O’Connor to Betty Hester, September 8, 1956, in The Habit of Being, 174.
163. O’Connor to Sally and Robert Fitzgerald, December 10, 1956, in The Habit of Being, 186.
164. O’Connor to Betty Hester, December 28, 1956, in The Habit of Being, 191.
165. O’Connor to Betty Hester, March 9, 1957, in The Habit of Being, 207.
166. O’Connor to Denver Lindley, March 6, 1957, in The Habit of Being, 206.
167. O’Connor to Betty Hester, March 9, 1957, in The Habit of Being, 208; O’Connor to Mrs. Rumsey Haynes, March 3, 1957, in The Habit of Being, 205.
168. O’Connor to Brainard and Frances Cheney, January 3, 1957, in Stevens, Correspondence, 47.
169. R. F. S., “Gene Kelly in Debut on ‘Schlitz Playhouse,” New York Times, March 2, 1957.
170. O’Connor, “Writing Short Stories,” 94–95.
171. F. J. Fontinell to Elizabeth McKee, January 22, 1965, Farrar, Straus and Giroux Archives, NYPL.
172. Richard Gilman, “Flannery O’Connor,” Directions ’65 television program, National Council of Catholic Men, April 25, 1965.
173. Gilman, “On Flannery O’Connor,” New York Review of Books 13 (August 21, 1969): 24.
174. Gilman, “Flannery O’Connor.”
175. Ibid.
176. Foote, Genesis of an American Playwright, 199.
177. Robert Donahoo, “A Tribute to Horton Foote, 1916–2009,” Flannery O’Connor Review 7 (2009): 55.
178. Foote, Genesis, 183.
179. O’Connor to Betty Hester, August 24, 1956, in The Habit of Being, 171. Punctuation appears as in original.
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91. Goldfield, Still Fighting the Civil War, 7.
92. “New Creative Writers,” Library Journal, February 15, 1952, 354, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 3.
93. Walter Elder, “That Region,” Kenyon Review 17 (Autumn 1955): 661–70, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 58.
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97. Lori, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, December 18, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 18, 2013). Emphasis in original.
98. Dave Hikegrin, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, December 1, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 18, 2013).
99. Margot, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, August 5, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 18, 2013).
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101. Annie Schoening, review of The Complete Stories, February 4, 2008, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 18, 2013).
102. Sara Shepherd, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, June 11, 2013, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 18, 2013).
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105. Jeff Golick, review of Wise Blood, June 29, 2013, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 9, 2013).
106. Cobb, Away Down South, 1.
107. O’Connor to Robert Giroux, November 12, 1960, in The Habit of Being, 417.
108. O’Connor, “Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction,” in Mystery and Manners, 38.
109. “I have found that anything that comes out of the South is going to be called grotesque by the Northern reader, unless it is grotesque, in which case it is going to be called realistic.” Ibid, 40.
110. Harvey Breit, “Galley Proof: A Good Man Is Hard to Find,” in Magee, Conversations with Flannery O’Connor, 8.
111. Ellmann, James Joyce, 557.
112. MillCityPress, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, June 20, 2007, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 31, 2013).
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115. Regan Sharp, review of The Complete Stories, www.goodreads.com, April 1, 2011 (accessed August 5, 2013).
116. O’Connor, “The Life You Save May Be Your Own,” in A Good Man Is Hard to Find, 53.
117. C. Ross Mullins, “Flannery O’Connor: An Interview,” Jubilee 11 (June, 1963): 32–35, in Magee, Conversations with Flannery O’Connor, 103.
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141. Shane, review of The Complete Stories, June 10, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 13, 2013).
142. Cheeseblab, review of The Complete Stories, December 27, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
143. Jacob, review of The Complete Stories, July 2, 2009, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 17, 2013).
144. Eliza Griffith, review of The Complete Stories, October 12, 2011, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
145. Allen Smith, review of The Complete Stories, June 1, 2008, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
146. Clark, review of The Complete Stories, June 13, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
147. Angie Harmon, review of The Complete Stories, May 5, 2013, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
148. Mei, review of The Violent Bear It Away, May 9, 2013, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
149. O’Connor, The Violent Bear It Away, 16.
150. Joe, review of The Violent Bear It Away, February 5, 2011, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
151. O’Connor, The Violent Bear It Away, 34.
152. Ibid, 16.
153. Diane, review of The Violent Bear It Away, March 2, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
154. Rowland Bismark, review of The Violent Bear It Away, September 19, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
155. Judy Krueger, review of The Violent Bear It Away, September 28, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 20, 2013).
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157. Paul Bryant, review of The Violent Bear It Away, August 21, 2013, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 20, 2013).
158. Ricky Orr, review of The Violent Bear It Away, September 19, 2009, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 20, 2013).
159. Ryan, review of The Violent Bear It Away, October 10, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
160. O’Connor to John Hawkes, September 13, 1959, in The Habit of Being, 350. On the subject of how readers react to Rayber and Mason, a student of mine once remarked, “It’s funny how readers will automatically question Mason but never Rayber. Perhaps O’Connor should have drawn even larger and more startling figures.”
161. Bunting, “An Afternoon with Walker Percy,” 47.
162. Wood, Flannery O’Connor, 30.
163. Andrew Warsinske, review of The Violent Bear It Away, February 7, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
164. Charlaralotte, review of The Violent Bear It Away, March 13, 2009, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
165. Paul Hinman, review of The Violent Bear It Away, March 14, 2011, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
166. Erick Nordenson, review of The Violent Bear It Away, June 18, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
167. Diane, review of The Violent Bear It Away, March 2, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 17, 2013).
168. Melissa, review of The Violent Bear It Away, December 12, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
169. O’Connor, “The Fiction Writer and His Country,” in Mystery and Manners, 34.
170. Michael Tucker, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, June 11, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
171. C. J. Lipsky, review of The Complete Stories, July 24, 2011, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
172. Kaylee, review of The Complete Stories, August 15, 2011, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
173. Matt Middlebrook, review of The Complete Stories, May 26, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 2, 2013).
174. Jenny, review of The Complete Stories, December 31, 2014, www.goodgreads.com accessed March 1, 2015).
175. N W James, review of The Complete Stories, November 24, 2014, www.goodreads.com (accessed March 1, 2015).
176. Larry Bassett, review of The Complete Stories, November 19, 2011, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 2, 2013).
177. Stephen Hyter, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, August 5, 2011, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
178. Joy Lesknick, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, August 6, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
179. Ed, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, August 21, 2011, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
180. O’Connor to Betty Hester, September 1, 1963, in The Habit of Being, 537.
181. As mentioned in my introduction, in The Cambridge Introduction to Mark Twain, Peter Messent notes that the novel’s reception has changed over time and explains that, upon its release in 1885, American readers were upset not because of Twain’s treatment of race but because he supposedly glorified juvenile delinquency. See Messent, The Cambridge Introduction to Mark Twain, 12–14.
182. Ellen, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, June 25, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 4, 2013).
183. Ryan Wolf, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, November 8, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 4, 2013).
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185. Melissa, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, August 21, 2007, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
186. Lisa N, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, December 31, 2010, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
187. David, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, July 1, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 2, 2013).
188. Karolyn Sherwood, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, April 1, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
189. Tracy Nicolaysen, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, February 10, 2009, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 3, 2013).
190. Smith Nickerson, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, April 12, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 4, 2013).
191. O’Connor, “The Life You Save May Be Your Own,” in A Good Man Is Hard to Find, 57.
192. Karen, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, July 14, 2009, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 7, 2013).
193. Becky, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, April 8, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
194. C, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, December 17, 2012, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 6, 2013).
195. Lily Brent, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, October 3, 2008, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 6, 2013).
196. Amber, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, December 31, 2008, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 4, 2013).
197. Alexis Quinian, review of The Complete Stories, January 23, 2009, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 7, 2013).
198. Valerie, review of The Complete Stories, May 21, 2013, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
199. Jamie, review of Everything That Rises Must Converge, August 13, 2011, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 3, 2013).
200. Sarah Walker, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, August 7, 2007, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
201. O’Connor, “A Good Man Is Hard to Find,” in A Good Man Is Hard to Find, 22.
202. Chrissy, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, April 4, 2013, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
203. Martha, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, August 27, 2009, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
204. Northpapers, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, July 25, 2013, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
205. See J. Bottum, “Flannery O’Connor Banned,” Crisis 18, no. 9 (October 2000): 48–49.
206. “Flannery O’Connor,” www.goodreads.com (accessed September 19, 2015).
207. Steven Salaita, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, July 2, 2009, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 31, 2013).
208. Rhonda, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, January 20, 2009, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 11, 2013).
209. Marc Goldstein, review of The Violent Bear It Away, March 20, 2013, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
210. Paquita Maria Sanchez, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, January 13, 2001, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 31, 2013).
211. Dara, review of Wise Blood, June 24, 2013, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 24, 2013).
212. Matt Hanson, review of A Good Man Is Hard to Find, February 12, 2008, www.goodreads.com (accessed August 17, 2013).
213. Consuelo, review of The Violent Bear It Away, April 1, 2014, www.goodreads.com (accessed March 1, 2015).
1. O’Connor to Elizabeth and Robert Lowell, March 17, 1953, in The Habit of Being, 57.
2. O’Connor to Betty Hester, June 28, 1956, in The Habit of Being, 163.
3. “A Good Man Is Hard to Find.”
4. O’Connor to John Lynch, November 6, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 114.
5. O’Connor to Betty Hester, December 16, 1955, in The Habit of Being, 126.
6. Transcript of the Galley Proof television program filmed in May 1955, in Magee, Conversations with Flannery O’Connor, 8.
7. O’Connor to Cecil Dawkins, in The Habit of Being, 307.
8. O’Connor to Elizabeth and Robert Lowell, in The Habit of Being, 20.
9. W. A. Sessions, introduction to A Prayer Journal, viii.
10. Mary Loftus, “ ‘Straightforward as a Gunshot’: Exploring Flannery O’Connor’s Tough-Minded Faith,” Emory News Center, http://news.emory.edu/stories/2013/09/spirited_flannery_oconnor_lecture/campus.html (accessed January 21, 2015).
11. Lindsay Gellman, “Newly Discovered Journal Reveals Glimpse of Young Flannery O’Connor,” Wall Street Journal, November 19, 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/11/19/newly-discovered-personal-journal-reveals-glimpse-of-young-flannery-oconnor (accessed February 2, 2015).
12. Marian Ryan, “The Prayers of Flannery O’Connor,” Slate, November 6, 2013, www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/2013/11/flannery_o_connor_and_catholicism_a_prayer_journal_reviewed.html (accessed January 30, 2015).
13. Hilton Als, “Genius Breaking Through,” New York Review of Books 61, no. 13 (August 14, 2014), www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/aug/14/flannery-oconnor-genius-breaking-through (accessed September 19, 2015).
14. Patrick Samway, review of A Prayer Journal, Flannery O’Connor Review 12 (January 1, 2014): 117.
15. Max Radwin, “Lost ‘Journal’ Reveals a Candid, Meditative Side to Flannery O’Connor,” Michigan Daily, November 22, 2013, www.michigandaily.com/arts/11book-review-flannery-oconnor22 (accessed September 19, 2015).
16. James Parker, “The Passion of Flannery O’Connor,” Atlantic, October 23, 2013, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/the-passion-of-flannery-oconnor/309532 (accessed September 19, 2015).
17. Sarah Gordon, review of A Prayer Journal, Georgia Review 67, no. 4 (January 1, 2013): 756.
18. Patrick Reardon, review of A Prayer Journal, Chicago Tribune, December 20, 2013.
19. Carlene Bauer, “God’s Grandeur: The Prayer Journal of Flannery O’Connor,” Virginia Quarterly Review 90, no. 1 (January 6, 2014), www.vqronline.org/gods-grandeur-prayer-journal-flannery-oconnor (accessed September 19, 2015).
20. Casey N. Cep, “Inheritance and Invention: Flannery O’Connor’s Prayer Journal,” New Yorker, November 12, 2013, www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/inheritance-and-invention-flannery-oconnors-prayer-journal (accessed September 19, 2015).
21. “A Prayer Journal,” Goodreads.com, accessed January 21, 2015.
22. O’Connor, The Violent Bear It Away, 4.
23. O’Connor, “Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction,” in Mystery and Manners, 37.
24. O’Connor to Betty Hester, February 13, 1960, in The Habit of Being, 374.
25. O’Connor to John Hawkes, March 3, 1961, in The Habit of Being, 434.
26. O’Connor to Cecil Dawkins, January 26, 1962, in The Habit of Being, 463.
27. Richard Gilman, “On Flannery O’Connor,” New York Review of Books 13 (August 21, 1969): 24–26, in Scott and Streight, The Contemporary Reviews, 395.
28. O’Connor to Cecil Dawkins, October 26, 1958, in The Habit of Being, 301.
29. Cep, “Inheritance and Invention,” New Yorker.
30. Andrea DenHoed, “Flannery O’Connor’s Manhattan Memorial,” New Yorker, November 8, 2014, www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/flannery-oconnors-manhattan-memorial (accessed September 19, 2015).
31. Ellen Douglas, “Inside Flannery O’Connor’s Universe,” New Republic, July 5, 1975, www.newrepublic.com/article/117146/inside-flannery-oconnors-universe (accessed September 19, 2015).
32. Ibid.
33. Cobb, Away Down South, 3.
34. Goldfield, Still Fighting the Civil War, 6.
35. Cox, Dreaming of Dixie, 82.
36. Johnson, “Preface to the Plays of William Shakespeare,” 423.
37. Zinn, The Southern Mystique, 218.