* The Alexiad of Anna Comnena, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (Penguin, 1969), p. 439.

* See below, pp. 76, 82–5, 101, 106–7.

* See below, pp. 256–7.

* See below, p. xxxii.

* See below, p. 284.

† See below, p. 210.

* See below, p. 328.

† Thanks to a series of eminent scholar-bishops one of the intellectual powerhouses of eleventh-century France.

‡ See below, pp. 140–2.

§ See below, pp. 144–8, 329–33.

¶ See below, pp. 345–8.

** See below, pp. 240–3.

* See An Eyewitness History of the Crusades: The Second Crusade (Folio Society, London, 2004), pp. 5–59.

* i.e. the Byzantine empire.

† The length of a forearm.

* The Alexiad of Anna Comnena, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (Penguin, 1969), pp. 422–3.

† See below, pp. 78–86.

* See below, pp. 362–72.