B

• Babbage, Charles, 12–13

• Backslash \ use, 23

• Base (stopping) cases, 800

• Base class, 836, 838–839, 850–852, 860

• Base type, 381

• Bidirectional iterators, 968–971

• Big-O notation, 996–997

• Binary digits, 4

• Binary tree, 763–764

• Bits (binary digits), 4, 32

• Black box analogy, 204–207. See also Procedural abstraction

• Blocks, 135–137, 226–227

  • branching statements as, 137

  • functions and, 226–227

  • local variables and, 135–137, 226–227

  • nested, 137

  • scope, 137, 226–227

  • statement, 137

• bool values, 66, 116, 199

  • data type, 66

  • int, converting to, 116–118

  • programmer-defined functions returning, 199

• Boolean expressions, 66, 77–79, 84–87, 112–119

  • and (&&) operator used in, 78–79, 112–116

  • arithmetic operations compared to, 112–115

  • branching mechanisms using, 77–79, 112–119

  • complete evaluation, 116

  • data values, 66

  • evaluating, 112–116

  • int value conversion, 116–118

  • looping mechanisms using, 84–87, 112–119

  • not (!) operator, 79, 113, 118

  • or (||) operator, 78, 80, 112–116

  • parentheses ( ) for, 78–79, 84–86

  • precedence rules, 114–115

  • short-circuit evaluation, 115

  • subexpressions, 115

  • true/false values, 66, 116

  • truth tables, 112–114

• Braces { }, 24–25, 82, 84–86, 121–123, 137–138, 545, 549

• Branching mechanisms, 75–82, 112–139, 203

  • and operator (&&) for, 78–79

  • blocks, 135–137

  • Boolean expressions, 77–79, 112–120

  • braces { } used for, 82, 121–123, 137–138

  • break statements, 131–133

  • C++ flow of control using, 75–82

  • comparison operators for, 77–82

  • compound statements, 82

  • controlling expression, 130–132

  • flow of control using, 75–82, 112–139

  • if-else statements, 75–82, 120–128

  • indenting, 120–121, 123–125

  • local variables, 135–137

  • menus, 133–134

  • multiway, 120–139

  • nested statements, 120–123, 137

  • or operator (||) for, 78, 80

  • programmer–defined function calls in, 203

  • string of inequalities from, 80–81

  • switch statements, 128–135

• break statements, 131–133, 153–154

  • branching mechanisms, 131–133

  • flow of control using, 131–133, 153–154

  • loop mechanisms, 153–154

  • looping mechanisms, 153–154

  • nested loops using, 154

  • switch statements, 131–133

• Bubble sort, 423–425

• Bug, 29. See also Debugging

• Bytes, 4–5, 32