[ ] (square brackets)
in grep search keywords, 485–486
in regular expressions, 466
* (asterisk)
in traceroute output, 422
wildcard character, 465
\ (backslash)
line continuation character, 93
in sudoer aliases, 206
% (percent sign)
group name indicator, 204
Kickstart section indicator, 106
/ (slash), in IRC commands, 452
? (question mark), wildcard character, 464
@ (at sign), Kickstart task indicator, 106
# (hash mark), comment indicator
sources.list file, 72
Upstart, 31
^ (caret), Ctrl key symbol, 24
< (left angle bracket), redirection operator, 470–472
| (vertical line), pipe symbol, 466–467
. (dot)
alias for current directory, 20
package paragraph separator, 62–63
.. (dot dot), alias for directory above current, 20
> (right angle bracket), redirection operator, 470–472
>> (right angle brackets), redirection operator, 470–472
450 command, 155
A time, 12
a2enmod command, 142
aa-complain program, 209
aa-enforce program, 209
abort command, 149
Accessibility options, 4
access-key variable, 332
Account options, Kickstart, 109
Active/active clusters, 379
Active-backup or 1 mode, 373
Active-backup policy, 373
Active/passive clusters, 379
Adaptive load balancing, 374
Adaptive transmit load balancing, 374
—add command, 354
add-apt-repository command, 330
Administrator. See System administrator.
Advanced Package Tools (APT). See APT (Advanced Package Tools).
Alerts for software upgrades, 64
Aliases
for directories, 20
nesting, 21
newaliases command, 150
updating, 150
alloptions.cfg file, 85
allow command, 217
Amazon EC2. See also Juju.
availability zones, listing, 319
available AWS regions, listing, 318
AWS Management Console, 315–316
command-line interface, 316–319
description, 315
EBS (Elastic Block Storage), 321
prebuilt hard drive images, 320–324
presetting arguments, 318
private keys, displaying, 320
regions vs. availability zones, 319
registering an account, 315–316
ssh key pairs, creating, 319–320
Amazon EC2, instances
adding to groups, 325
creating, 321–324. See also Juju.
external IP, determining, 326–327
getting information about, 323–324
t1.micro, 315
AMIs (Amazon Machine Images). See also Amazon EC2.
Canonical Ubuntu defaults, 327
definition, 321
dynamic IP addresses, 327
ebs, 321
hostname, default, 327
instance store, 321
instance types, 321
user, default, 327
Apache. See also Web servers.
a2dissite script, 139
a2ensite script, 138
apache2-doc package, 141
CGI scripts directory, 43, 139
configtest command, 140
configuration files, checking, 140–141
configuring for WordPress, 142–143
document root directory, 43, 139
documentation, 141
environment variables for scripts, 136
/etc/apache2, 136
/etc/apache2/apache2.conf, 136
/etc/apache2/conf.d/, 137
/etc/apache2/envvars, 136
/etc/apache2/mods-available/, 137
/etc/apache2/mods-enabled/, 137–138
/etc/apache2/ports.conf, 136
/etc/apache2/sites-available/, 138
/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/, 138–139
graceful command, 140
graceful-stop command, 140
log files, 139
modules available to Apache, 137
multiple sites on same server, 138
port settings, 136
symlinks to .load and .conf files, 137–138
symlinks to virtual hosts, 138
/usr/lib/cgi-bin/, 139
/var/log/apache2/, 139
/var/www/, 139
virtual hosts, 138
apache2 package
installing, 116
in the LAMP server package, 14
apache2-doc package, 141
apache2-mpm-prefork package, 14
aa-complain program, 209
aa-enforce program, 209
configuration files directory, 210
/etc/apparmor/, 210
/etc/apparmor.d/, 210
/etc/init.d/apparmor, 210
file conventions, 210
init script directory, 210
log directories, 210
principle of least privilege, 206–207
rules directory, 210
/var/log/apparmor/, 210
/var/log/syslog, 210
apt-ftparchive package, 81
Aptitude program, 64
downloading packages automatically, 65
installing new package versions, 65
upgrading packages automatically, 65
apt pinning repositories, 75
apt-ftparchive package, 81
apt-get-upgrade command, 65
apt-install command, 103
Aptitude program
alternative to apt-get, 64
full-upgrade command, 76
removing packages, 69
upgrade command, 65
—arch option, 304
Archiving backups, 242
Arguments, editing boot defaults, 87–88
Arguments, listing
commands, 22
init scripts, 35
installation, 5
Asterisk (*)
in traceroute output, 422
wildcard character, 465
at command, 478–479. See also cron command.
At sign (@), Kickstart task indicator, 106
Audible alarms, servers, 487
authkeys file
definition, 381
Auto-expiration of sudo access, 202
auto_failback option, 384
Automatic
disk failure notification, 353
failback, 384
GRUB boot loader updates, 25
nodes joining clusters, 382–383
package downloading, 65
package upgrading, 65
software upgrades, 57
source discovery, Kickstart, 110
system upgrades, 76
updates, enabling, 97
Automating
chroot process, 103
Ubuntu Server installation. See Installing Ubuntu Server, automating; Kickstart; Preseeding.
autostart command, 310
Availability zones, 319
AWS Management Console, 315–316
AWS regions, listing, 318
Backing up data. See also BackupPC; Rescue and recovery; Restoring from backups; Snapshots.
archiving backups, 242
checksum-seed option, 258
excluding directories, 259–260
full backups, 241
FullAgeMax option, 262
FullKeepCnt option, 262
FullKeepCntMin option, 262
incremental backups, 241
limiting to one file system, 258–259
pg_dump tool, 248
with RAID, 241
retention options, specifying, 262
scheduling backups, 241, 261–263
to a separate system, 240
testing backups, 241
Backing up data, databases
number of backup files, specifying, 247–248
password requirements, 245, 247
pg_dump tool, 248
Backslash (\)
line continuation character, 93
in sudoer aliases, 206
Backup files, location, 266
BackupPC. See also Backing up data; Restoring from backups.
first backup, starting, 256–257
BackupPC, client machine
command-line interface, 256
BackupPC, configuration
SSH keys, 254
sudo, 255
BackupPC, rsync tweaks
backup retention, specifying, 262
checksum-seed option, 258
excluding directories, 259–260
FullAgeMax option, 262
FullKeepCnt option, 262
FullKeepCntMin option, 262
limiting to one file system, 258–259
balance-alb or 6 mode, 374
balance-rr or 0 mode, 373
balance-tlb or 5 mode, 374
balance-xor or 2 mode, 373
Bash commands, too many arguments, 488–489
Bash history, 489
—bcast option, 308
bcast option, 383
/bin directory, 40
Binary packages
overview, 63
BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain). See DNS servers, BIND.
Bind 9 DNS server, 13
BIND configuration files, documentation, 134
bind9 package, 13
bind9-doc package, 13
Black hole, redirecting files to, 478
Blk_read: total blocks read, 412
Blk_read/s: blocks read per second, 412
Blk_wrtn: total blocks written, 412
Blk_wrtn/s: blocks written per second, 412
Blogging software. See WordPress.
Bond modes, Ethernet bonding, 373–374
Boot arguments, editing, 87–88
Boot flag, setting, 13
Boot loader, partitioning, 7. See also GRUB.
Boot parameters, listing, 5
Boot process, GRUB boot loader
automating updates to, 25
configuration file, 25
documentation for, 25
internal comments, 25
kernel options, defining, 25–26
menu.lst file, 25
update-grub program, 25
Boot process, kernel
init script, 27
initial RAM disk file, 26
initrd file, 26
root file system, mounting, 27
Boot process, /sbin/init program (System V init model). See also Upstart.
/etc/rc0.d — /etc/rc06.d scripts, 29
/etc/rc.local script, 29
/etc/rcS.d script, 29
force-reload command, 29
reload command, 29
reloading settings, 29
restart command, 29
runlevels, 28
start command, 29
starting/stopping, 29
status command, 29
stop command, 29
system states. See Runlevels.
user scripts, 29
Boot process, /sbin/init program (Upstart). See also System V init model.
# (hash mark), comment indicator, 31
comments, 31
default runlevel, changing, 33–34
script location, 31
script syntax, 31
start command, 32
starting/stopping jobs, 32
status command, 32
stop command, 32
Boot process services, definition, 34
Boot process services, managing with init scripts
arguments, listing, 35
chkconfig tools, 36
configuration, checking, 36
enabling/disabling services, 36
force-reload command, 35
PID, tracking, 36
reload command, 35
reloading configuration files, 35
restart command, 35
restarting scripts, 35
service command, 36
service status, checking, 35
skeleton script, 37
status command, 35
symlinks, creating, 38
update-rc.d program, 36
Boot process services, managing with xinetd
echo feature, 38
enabling services, 39
FTP feature, 39
system time, displaying, 38
TFTPD (Trivial File Transfer Protocol Daemon), 39
Boot prompts, responding to, 117
“Bootable flag” field, 13
Booting LTSP
boot option default, setting, 193
boot option timeout, setting, 193
boot: prompt, displaying, 193
from the local hard drive, 193–194
Bootloader options, Kickstart, 109
Bootstrap, Juju, 333
Botnets, 214
Bouncing e-mail messages, 153–154
Braille terminal, enabling, 4
Broadcast address, specifying, 308
broadcast or 3 mode, 373
Broadcast policy, 373
BusyBox shell, 16
Bypassing installation CDs at boot, 4
Caches, flushing, 166
Canonical, paid support, 450–451
Caret (^), Ctrl key symbol, 24
cd command, 20
CD ejection, disabling, 100
CDs for installation. See Installation CDs.
CGI scripts directory, Apache Web server, 139
Chaining commands, mdadm tool, 353
Character classes, 466
Charms, Juju, 334
check command, 149
Checking job status, Upstart, 32–33
Checksums, creating, 489
checksum-seed option, 258
chgrp command, 21
chkconfig tools, 36
chkrootkit program, 236
Choose a different root file system, menu option, 438
choose_interface option, 89–91
chown command, 21
chroot process, automating, 103
clean option, 431
Client connection, verifying, 416–417
Client machine, BackupPC, 254–256
Client problems vs. server, 416–417
Client root filesystem, 188
Client settings, defaults, 159
Clock (LTSP), setting, 187
Closed ports vs. firewalls, 423–424
Cloud computing. See Amazon EC2; Juju.
Clusters. See also Fault tolerance.
active/active, 379
active/passive, 379
adding hosts to, 279
fencing, 380
forcibly killing a server, 380
host status, determining, 379
monitoring nodes. See Heartbeat tool.
overview, 378
quorum, 379
replicated storage. See DRBD.
resource descriptions, 384–385
separate connection for node monitoring, 380
shooting the other node in the head, 380
split-brain syndrome, 379
becoming root, 24
sudo command, 24
Command-line administration, directories
. (dot), alias for current, 20
.. (dot dot), alias for directory above current, 20
cd command, 20
changing, 20
current, listing files in, 18–19
group, displaying, 20
home, confirming, 18
information about, listing, 19–20
last modification time, displaying, 20
links, displaying, 20
moving around the system, 18–21
name, displaying, 20
ownership, displaying, 20
permissions, displaying, 20
pwd command, 18
size, displaying, 20
symlinks, identifying, 20
Command-line administration, files
chgrp command, 21
chmod command, 21
chown command, 21
information about, listing, 19–20
last access time, displaying, 20
name, displaying, 20
ownership, 21
permissions, 21
size, displaying, 20
symlinks, 20
Command-line administration, running processes
monitoring in real time, 21–23
top command, 21
Commands. See also specific commands.
arguments, listing, 22
bash history, 489
pathname, finding, 486
repeating, 487
vs. services, 288
wildcard characters, 488
Commenting out configuration lines, 375, 376
Comments
# (hash mark), comment indicator, 31, 72
Upstart, 31
Common section, DRBD configuration file, 390
Communication timeout, setting, 383
Comparing files, 489
Complain mode, AppArmor, 209–210
configtest command, 140
configuration. See specific programs.
configuration files. See specific programs.
configurator tool, Kickstart, 111
Contact list, configuring, 289–290
Contacts, configuring, 287
Control file, source packages, 62–63
—copy option, 308
Copying
packages to another system, 77
SSH key files, 308
Copying files
from non-RAID disks to RAID, 356
from RAID 1 to RAID 5, 362
CPU, monitoring
idle time, 407
load, 272
system time, 407
user time, 407
create command, 166
—create option, 350
createdb command, 170
createuser command, 170
Critical thresholds, setting, 286
cron command, 480–483. See also at command.
crontabs, 483
Cryptographic keys, repositories, 72–73
cupsys package, 14
cupsys-bsd package, 14
Current directory
. (dot), alias for, 20
identifying, 18
Current load, analyzing, 313–315
-d option, 304
Database servers. See MySQL databases; PostgreSQL databases.
Databases, backing up
number of backup files, specifying, 247–248
password requirements, 245, 247
pg_dump tool, 248
pg_dumpall tool, 248
psql tool, 248
Databases, Tripwire
default directory, 232
“file does not exist” message, 229
“unknown file system type” message, 229
Databases, used by Samba, 176
ddrescue command, 445
deadtime option, 383
DEB (Debian) format. See Package management, DEB format.
debconf database, dumping, 85
debconf-get-selections, 85
DEFAULT keyword, 193
Default runlevel, changing, 33–34
Defense in depth, 201
defoma package, 14
Degraded arrays, 355
deity. See APT (Advanced Package Tools).
delete allow command, 217
delete command, 220
delete deny command, 217
Deleted files, recovering, 440–443
Deleting. See also Removing.
hosts, 289
mail queue messages, 149
services, 289
user accounts, PostgreSQL, 170
deny command, 217
Dependency checking, package management, 57, 59–60
Desktop alerts for software upgrades, 64
Destination directory, specifying, 304
Destination files, list of, 308
destroy command, 310
—detail argument, 352
—detail —scan command, 350–351
/dev directory, 44
device command, 110
Device files directory, 44
Device information directory, 45
/dev/mem, 478
/dev/null, 478
/dev/random, 478
devscripts package, 79
/dev/ttyS0, 478
/dev/urandom, 478
DHCP (Dynamic Host configuration Protocol)
automating Ubuntu Server installation, 118–123
leases, list of, 161
selection by static leases, 121–122
selection by subnet, 123
timeout duration, setting, 90
timing out, 90
configuration files, 161
DHCP leases, list of, 161
dynamic configuration, 161–162
/etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf, 161
file conventions, 161
installing, 160
log files, 161
overview, 160
setting up for PXE boot server, 112–113
/var/lib/dhcp3/dhcpd.leases, 161
/var/log/syslog, 161
diff command, 489
dig command, 50
dir command (Windows). See ls command.
Direct restore, 264
Directories. See also File system hierarchy; specific directories.
cd command, 20
changing, 20
command-line administration. See Command-line administration, directories.
excluding from backups, 259–260
group, displaying, 20
information about, listing, 19–20
last access time, 12
last modification time, 20
links, displaying, 20
moving around the system, 18–21, 489–490
moving back to previous, 489–490
name, displaying, 20
noatime option, 12
ownership, displaying, 20
permissions, displaying, 20
pwd command, 18
size, displaying, 20
symlinks, 20
A time, 12
variable size, directory for, 43
Directories, current
. (dot), alias for, 20
identifying, 18
disable command, 216
Disabled users. See Accessibility options.
Disk partitioning. See also Installing Ubuntu Server.
/boot directory, 7
for the boot loader, 7
for dual-boot capability, 8
grouping partitions or disks, 8
Guided, LVM, 8
Guided, with entire disk, 8
/home directory, 6
Kickstart, 110
KVM VMs, 306
for LTSP, 187
MD (multidisk) devices, 350
migrating from RAID 1 to RAID 5, 359–362, 364–365
migrating non-RAID disks to RAID, 355, 358
/opt directory, 6
partitions, maximum per disk, 10
for personal files for user accounts, 6
resizing current partitions, 8
for temporary files, 7
for third-party programs, 6
/tmp directory, 7
/usr directory, 7
/var directory, 6
for variable-size data, 6
Disk partitioning, manual
boot flag, setting, 13
“Bootable flag” field, 13
extended partitions, 10
file system, specifying, 10
initializing a blank drive, 9
inodes, setting number of, 12
inside extended partitions, 10
“Label” field, 12
logical partitions, 10
mount point, specifying, 11
“Mount point” field, 11
naming partitions, 12
partition size, specifying, 10
partitions as physical volumes, 10
primary partitions, 10
“Reserved blocks” field, 12
reserving space for the superuser, 12
“Typical usage” field, 12
Disk partitioning, preseeding
formatting partitions, 94
maximal size, 93
minimal size, 93
mountpoint, specifying, 94
overview, 91
partman-auto/choose_recipe option, 92
partman-auto/method option, 91
partman-auto/purge_lvm_from_device option, 91–92
partman/choose_partition option, 92
partman/confirm option, 92
partman-lvm/confirm option, 91–92
partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label option, 92
primary partition, 94
warning prompts, disabling, 91
Disk space
freeing, rescue and recovery, 430
reserving for the superuser, 12
Disk space, troubleshooting
excessive tmp files, 415
full file system, 415
usage, by file system, 414–415
Disks. See also Hard drives.
erasing, 486
failure, automatic notification, 353. See also Hard drives, rescue and recovery.
images, restoring from, 243
I/O, monitoring, 272
management, drbdadm command, 396–397
snapshots of, 8
DISPLAY option, 193
Distributions
definition, 53
specifying, 78
Dividing the problem space, 400–401
address, specifying, 308
administration, documentation, 134
ufw firewall example, 221
—dns option, 308
DNS queries, dig tool, 492–493
caching name server, 129
definition, 13
host e-mail address, specifying, 130
SOA (Start of Authority), specifying, 130
TTL (Time To Live), default setting, 130
configuration files, 128
configuration files, reloading, 134
current status, checking, 134
default log file, 129
/etc/bind/, 128
/etc/bind/db.*, 128
/etc/bind/named.conf, 128
/etc/init.d/bind9, 128
flush command, 134
init script, location, 128
installing, 127
managing with rndc, 134
as name server, 127
named.conf file, 128
reconfig command, 134
reload command, 134
retransfer zone command, 134
server caches, flushing, 134
slave zone files, location, 128
status command, 134
/var/cache/bind, 128
/var/log/syslog, 129
working directory, 128
zones, reloading, 134
DNS servers, BIND zone files
location, 128
ownership, 131
permissions, 131
referencing in named.conf, 131–132
reloading, 134
retransferring, 134
configuring the master server, 132–133
configuring the slave server, 133
overview, 132
Document root directory, 139
Documentation. See also Help and resources.
Apache Web server, 141
BIND configuration files, 134
DNS administration, 134
DNS servers, BIND GRUB boot loader, 25
doc files, 458
expert_recipe partitioning, 92–94
GroundWork front end, 296
installation CDs, 4
man command, 22
mdadm tool, 354
The Official Ubuntu Book, 64
online, 456
sudoers file, 204
troubleshooting problems and solutions, 402–403
Domain default, specifying, 307
Domain name for sent mail, 152
Domain Name System (DNS). See DNS (Domain Name System).
—domain option, 307
Domains, accepting mail from, 152
do-release-upgrade program, 76
alias for current directory, 20
package paragraph separator, 62–63
Dot dot (..), alias for directory above current, 20
Downloading packages automatically, 65
dpkg option, 431
dpkg program
copying packages to another system, 77
file owner package, identifying, 71
listing installed packages, 76–77
manipulating installed packages, 69–71
querying installed packages, 69–71
searching installed packages, 69–71
configuring Heartbeat, 395–396
initializing resources, 393–395
for NFS, 396
for Samba, 396
DRBD, drbdadm command
drbd.conf file, changing, 397
initializing resources, 393–395
replacing failed disks, 397
solving split-brain problem, 398
DRBD configuration file, creating
common section, 390
global section, 390
split-brain policy, changing, 392
drbdadm command
drbd.conf file, changing, 397
initializing resources, 393–395
replacing failed disks, 397
solving split-brain problem, 398
drbd.conf file
changing, 397
condensed, 393
drbddisk script, 395
Driver information directory, 45
Drives. See Disks; Hard drives.
drop command, 166
dropuser command, 170
DSA keys, OpenSSH servers, 160
Dual boot
partitioning for, 8
Duplicate lines, removing from sorted output, 469–470
Dynamic configuration, DHCP servers, 161–162
Dynamic Host configuration Protocol (DHCP). See DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
Dynamic preseeding
preseed/early_command option, 103
preseed/late_command option, 103–104
running custom commands, 102–104
EBS (Elastic Block Storage), 321
ebs AMIs, 321
ec2-add-keypair command, 320
ec2-api-tools package, 317–319
ec2-authorize command, 324–325
ec2-describe-availability-zones command, 319
ec2-describe-group command, 324–325
ec2-describe-instances command, 323–324
ec2-describe-regions command, 318
ec2dre command, 318
ec2kill command, 328
ec2-revoke command, 325
ec2run command, 321–324, 328–330
ec2-run-instances command, 321–324
ec2start command, 328
ec2stop command, 328
echo feature, 38
Editing
command-line administration, 23–24
Edubuntu. See LTSP (Linux Terminal Server Project).
802.3ad or 4 mode, 373
E-mail. See also Mail.
bounced messages, avoiding, 153–154
mail servers, 14, 144. See also POP/IMAP servers; Postfix mail server.
sending a test via telnet, 490–491
sending notifications, 291
E-mail, example
domain name for sent mail, 152
domains, accepting mail from, 152
Internet host name, 152
mailbox size limit, setting, 153
mailbox_size_limit option, 153
mydestination option, 152
myhostname option, 152
myorigin option, 152
networks, relaying mail, 152–153
open relays, 153
overview, 150
relayhost option, 152
routing outbound mail, 152
spam exposure, 153
enable command, 216
Encryption. See also OpenSSH servers; SSH security.
LVM (Logical Volume Manager), 372
Tripwire settings, 232
Enforce mode, AppArmor, 209–210
Environment variables directory, 225
Environment variables for scripts, 136
Erasing disks, 486
/etc/aliases, 147
/etc/apache2, 136
/etc/apache2/apache2.conf, 136
/etc/apache2/conf.d/, 137
/etc/apache2/envvars, 136
/etc/apache2/mods-available/, 137
/etc/apache2/mods-enabled/, 137–138
/etc/apache2/ports.conf, 136
/etc/apache2/sites-available/, 138
/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/, 138–139
/etc/apparmor/, 210
/etc/apparmor.d/, 210
/etc/backuppc, 265
/etc/backuppc/apache.conf, 265
/etc/backuppc/config.pl, 251–252, 265
/etc/backuppc/hosts, 265
/etc/backuppc/htpasswd, 265
/etc/bind/, 128
/etc/bind/db.*, 128
/etc/bind/named.conf, 128
/etc/defaults/ufw, 225
/etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf, 161
/etc/dovecot/, 158
/etc/exports, 177
/etc/fstab file, pointing to arrays, 357, 362
/etc/hosts directory, 47
/etc/init.d/apparmor, 210
/etc/init.d/backuppc, 265
/etc/init.d/bind9, 128
/etc/init.d/dovecot, 158
/etc/init.d/mysql, 165
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server, 178
/etc/init.d/nmdb, 175
/etc/init.d/postfix, 148
/etc/init.d/postgresql, 171
/etc/init.d/smdb, 175
/etc/init.d/ssh, 160
/etc/init.d/ufw, 225
/etc/init/nmbd.conf, 175
/etc/init/smdb.conf, 175
/etc/mysql/, 164
/etc/mysql/conf.d/, 165
/etc/mysql/debian-cnf, 165
/etc/mysql/debian-start, 165
/etc/mysql/my.cnf, 164
/etc/network/interfaces directory, 46
/etc/postfix/, 146
/etc/postgresql/, 170
/etc/postgresql/9.1/main/pg_hba.conf, 171
/etc/postgresql/9.1/main/pg_ident.conf, 171
/etc/postgresql/9.1/main/postgresql.conf, 171
/etc/rc0.d — /etc/rc06.d scripts, 29
/etc/rc.boot, removing, 227
/etc/rc.local script, 29
/etc/rcS.d script, 29
/etc/resolv.conf directory, 47
/etc/samba/, 174
/etc/samba/smb.conf, 175
/etc/ssh/, 159
/etc/ssh/ssh_config, 159
/etc/ssh/sshd_config, 159
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key, 160
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub, 160
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa, 160
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa.pub, 160
/etc/tripwire/, 232
/etc/tripwire/*-local.key, 232
/etc/tripwire/*-site.key, 232
/etc/tripwire/tw.cfg, 232
/etc/tripwire/twcfg.txt, 232
/etc/tripwire/tw.pol, 232
/etc/tripwire/twpol.txt, 227, 232
/etc/ufw/after6.rules, 225
/etc/ufw/after.rules, 225
/etc/ufw/before6.rules, 225
/etc/ufw/before.rules, 225
Etherboot booting, 181
Ethernet bonding. See also Fault tolerance.
802.3ad or 4 mode, 373
active-backup or 1 mode, 373
active-backup policy, 373
adaptive load balancing, 374
adaptive transmit load balancing, 374
balance-alb or 6 mode, 374
balance-rr or 0 mode, 373
balance-tlb or 5 mode, 374
balance-xor or 2 mode, 373
broadcast or 3 mode, 373
broadcast policy, 373
commenting out configuration lines, 375, 376
enabling the bonded interface, 377–378
IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation, 373
ifenslave package, installing, 375–377
log entry, example, 378
new bond device, example, 377–378
round-robin policy, 373
testing fail-over, 378
XOR policy, 373
Ethernet bonding, network configuration
Ubuntu 12.04 and newer, 376–377
Ethernet devices, labeling, 46
ethtool program, 417
exec command, 488
exec option, 32
—execscript option, 308
Execute a shell in /dev/sdal, menu option, 436
Execute a shell in the installer environment, menu option, 437
exit command, 170
expert_recipe for preseeding partitioning, 92–94
Extended options, init scripts, 34–35
Extended partitions, 10
extended-status command, 167
Failed disks, replacing, 352–354, 397
Failed logins, monitoring, 213–214
Fail-over, testing, 378
fakeRAID, 344
hard drives. See RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks).
hot-swapping components, 342
LVM (Logical Volume Manager), 372
networks. See Ethernet bonding.
quick response time, 343
single points of failure, eliminating, 343
techniques. See Clusters; Ethernet bonding; RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks).
Favoring past solutions, 401–402
Fencing, 380
File cache, monitoring, 271
File conventions. See specific programs.
File servers. See also NFS; Samba.
overview, 174
role of, 15
File system hierarchy, core directories. See also Directories; Files.
/bin, 40
/boot, 42
core binaries, 40
core system libraries, 40
/dev, 44
device and driver information, 45
device files, 44
generic mount location, 44
GRUB configuration files, 42
intramfs files, 42
kernel images, 42
/lib, 40
/media, 44
/mnt, 44
non-critical binaries and libraries, 41
/opt, 42
removable media, mount location, 44
/root, 44
root user, home directory, 44
/sbin, 40
spool files, 43
/sys, 45
system configuration files, 42–43
system logs, 43
temporary file storage, 45
third-party programs, 42
/tmp, 45
/usr, 41
/usr/bin, 41
/usr/lib, 41
/usr/local, 41
/usr/sbin, 41
/var, 43
variable size files and directories, 43
/var/log, 43
/var/spool, 43
/var/www, 43
virtual file systems, 45
Web server’s directories, 43
File systems
formatting, MD (multidisk) devices, 350
root, mounting, 27
specifying for disk partitions, 10
unintentionally erasing, 433
will not unmount, 490
File systems, rescue and recovery
mount command, 432
mounted, displaying, 432
primary superblocks missing, 433
umount command, 432
unintentionally erasing, 433
UUID, discovering, 434
File types
inodes, 476
symlinks, 475
Files. See also specific files.
checksums, creating, 489
chgrp command, 21
chmod command, 21
chown command, 21
command-line administration. See Command-line administration, files.
comparing, 489
groups, 21
information about, listing, 19–20
last modification time, 20
MAC (Modify, Access, Change) times, 12
name, displaying, 20
noatime option, 12
open, listing, 490
permissions, 21
redirecting to a null device, 478
search and replace text, 487–488
size, displaying, 20
symlinks, 20
temporary storage, directory for, 45
A time, disabling, 12
for user accounts, partitioning for, 6
variable size, directory for, 43
variable size, partitioning for, 6
Files, copying
from non-RAID disks to RAID, 356
from RAID 1 to RAID 5, 362
Files, in packages
integrity verification, 58
owned by, identifying, 71
owner package, identifying, 71
Files, permissions
changing, 474
chmod command, 474
groups, listing, 473
groups command, 473
Filtering input to pipes, 467–468
find command, 488
Firewalls. See also ufw program, firewalls.
hardware, 215
Kickstart, 110
layers of protection principle, 215
software, 215
ufw command, 424
denying by default, 217
hacking, 214
undoing, 217
—firstboot option, 309
—firstlogin option, 309
Floating IPs, 379
flush-* commands, 166
Flushing
DNS server caches, 134
MySQL caches and settings, 166
foomatic-db package, 14
foomatic-filters package, 14
format option, 94
Formats, packages, 52
partitions, preseeding, 94
RAID arrays, 361
450 command, 155
Free software repositories, 73
FTP feature, 39
Full backups, scheduling, 241, 261–262
Full file system, 415
FullAgeMax option, 262
FullKeepCnt option, 262
FullKeepCntMin option, 262
full-upgrade command, 76
Fully-supported software repositories, 73
Ganglia monitor. See also Monitoring, tools for.
installing, on all hosts, 274–276
local RRD files, 274
mcast_join option, 275
port option, 275
Ganglia server
clusters, adding hosts to, 279
gmetad program, 273–274, 276–278
Ganglia Web front end
clusters, adding hosts to, 279
ganglia-webfrontend package, 278–279
monitor duration, changing, 279
ganglia-monitor package, 274–276
ganglia-webfrontend package, 278–279
Gateway access, verifying, 418–419
Gateway address, specifying, 308
Global section, DRBD configuration file, 390
gmetad program, 273–274, 276–278
graceful command, 140
graceful-stop command, 140
Graphical console, VMs (KVM), 313–314
Graphing aggregate statistics. See Ganglia.
[ ] (square brackets), in search keywords, 485–486
filtering input to pipes, 467–468
GroundWork. See Nagios, GroundWork front end.
Group-based access, sudo command, 202
Groups
chgrp command, 21
configuring, 288
displaying, 20
files, 21
hosts, 288
listing, 473
membership, displaying, 473
membership default, 98
partitions or disks, 8
groups command, 473
automating updates to, 25
boot device, specifying, 99
configuration file, 25
configuration files directory, 42
default setup, 99
definition, 25
documentation for, 25
internal comments, 25
kernel options, defining, 25–26
menu.lst file, 25
migrating from RAID 1 to RAID 5, 359
password protection, 100
reading from RAID 5 arrays, 355
update-grub program, 25
updating, rescue and recovery, 431
GRUB, manual install
migrating from RAID 1 to RAID 5, 366
migrating non-RAID disks to RAID, 358–359
grub option, 431
GRUB2, 25
Guided partitioning, 8
—gw, 308
ha.cf file
auto_failback option, 384
bcast option, 383
deadtime option, 383
definition, 381
initdead option, 383
keepalive option, 383
logfacility option, 384
node option, 384
ping option, 384
respawn option, 384
warntime option, 383
halt command, 39
Handicapped users. See Accessibility options.
Hard drives. See also Disks.
erasing, 486
failed, replacing, 352–354, 397. See also Hard drives, rescue and recovery.
grouping, 8. See also Disk partitioning.
partitioning. See Disk partitioning.
prebuilt images for Amazon EC2, 320–324
setting as faulty, 353
statistics monitoring, 272
Hard drives, rescue and recovery
dd command, 445
ddrescue command, 445
imaging partitions, 446
replacing failed disks, 352–354, 397
scanning for problems, 444–447
Hardware. See also specific hardware.
firewalls, 215
interrupts, 407
RAID, 344
troubleshooting. See Troubleshooting, hardware.
Hardware/software hybrid RAID. See fakeRAID.
haresources file
cluster resource descriptions, 384–385
definition, 381
Hash mark (#), comment indicator
sources.list file, 72
Upstart, 31
Headless server, installing Ubuntu Server on, 5
Hearing impaired users. See Accessibility options.
automatic failback, 384
cluster example, 381
communication timeout, setting, 383
configuration files, 381. See also specific files.
configuring, main methods, 380
installing, 382
ipfail script, starting, 384
network connectivity, gauging, 384
overview, 380
seconds between heartbeats, setting, 383
service loading timeout, setting, 383
syslog facility, specifying, 384
Heartbeat tool, authkeys file
definition, 381
Heartbeat tool, ha.cf file
auto_failback option, 384
bcast option, 383
deadtime option, 383
definition, 381
initdead option, 383
keepalive option, 383
logfacility option, 384
node option, 384
ping option, 384
respawn option, 384
warntime option, 383
Heartbeat tool, haresources file
cluster resource descriptions, 384–385
definition, 381
Heartbeat tool, nodes
automatically joining clusters, 382–383
communication, 383
manual definition, 384
Help and resources. See also Rescue and recovery; Troubleshooting.
Canonical, paid support, 450–451
general Ubuntu help, 452
IRC (Internet Relay Chat), 452–455
Juju, 339
LoCo (Local Community) Teams, 458
man command, 22
mouse-over for option help, 293
online support options, list of, 461
in other languages, 459
#ubuntu, 452
#ubuntu-server, 452
Web forums, 451
Help and resources, documentation
doc files, 458
online, 456
Hesios, 109
hi: hardware interrupts, 407
High I/O wait, troubleshooting, 411–413
High-contrast screen option, 4
history command, 489
Holding mail queue messages, 149–150
/home directory
confirming, 18
partitioning, 6
Host definitions, BackupPC, 265
Host network address, specifying, 307
Host status, determining, 379
Host-based access, sudo command, 202
Hosting your own packages, 81
Hostname
AMIs, default, 327
LTSP, specifying, 187
for mail servers, 152
translating to IP address. See DNS servers.
VM, specifying, 304
—hostname option, 304
Hosts
deleting, 289
grouping, 288
MAC address, determining, 162–163
service checks, adding, 291
Hosts, Groundwork
profiles, 287
selecting, 287
settings, specifying, 287
Hot-swapping components, 342
ICMP blocked, 423
id: CPU idle time, 407
IDSs (intrusion detection systems), 226–227. See also Tripwire.
IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation, 373
ifconfig command
configuring network interfaces, 49
confirming network configuration, 418
determining MAC addresses, 162–163
network card errors, 426
“Ifconfig: command not found” message, 49
ifdown command, 48
ifenslave package, installing, 375–377
ifup command, 48
Imaging
partitions vs. whole drives, 446
servers, 234
Immediate reboot, disabling, 100
chkrootkit program, 236
imaging the server, 234
prosecuting the intruder, 233
redeploying the server, 234–235
root kits, checking for, 236
Incremental backups, 241
Init scripts. See also System V init model; Upstart.
kernel boot process, 27
rescue and recovery, 434
respawning, 30
restarting, 35
Init scripts, managing services
arguments, listing, 35
chkconfig tools, 36
configuration, checking, 36
enabling/disabling services, 36
extended options, 35
force-reload command, 35
PID, tracking, 36
reload command, 35
reloading configuration files, 35
restart command, 35
restarting scripts, 35
service command, 36
service status, checking, 35
status command, 35
symlinks, creating, 38
update-rc.d program, 36
initdead option, 383
Initial RAM disk file, 26
Initializing
blank drives, 9
initrd file, 26
Inodes
hard links, 476
setting number of, 12
bypassing at boot, 4
checking for defects, 4
documentation, 4
as rescue disks, 4
Installing
DHCP servers, 160
DNS servers, BIND, 127
Ganglia Web front end, 278–279
Heartbeat, 382
KVM. See KVM, installing.
mdadm tool, 349
OpenSSH servers, 159
Samba, 174
ufw program, 216
WordPress, 142
Installing Ubuntu Server. See also Disk partitioning.
accessibility options, 4
arguments, listing, 5
Bind 9 DNS server, 13
bind9 package, 13
bind9-doc package, 13
boot parameters, listing, 5
Braille terminal, enabling, 4
BusyBox shell, 16
cupsys package, 14
cupsys-bsd package, 14
defoma package, 14
foomatic-db package, 14
foomatic-filters package, 14
on a headless server, 5
high-contrast screen option, 4
install mode, selecting, 4
installation log, viewing, 15–16
keyboard mapping, 4
keyboard modifiers, enabling, 4
memory, testing, 4
on-screen keyboard, 4
openssh-server package, 13
Postfix mail server, 14
postgresql package, 14
rebooting the system, 16
samba package, 15
samba-doc package, 15
screen magnifier, enabling, 4
screen reader, enabling, 4
server BIOSs, 3
smbfs package, 15
winbind package, 15
without a monitor, 5
Installing Ubuntu Server, automating. See also Kickstart; Preseeding; PXE boot server deployment.
DHCP approach, benefits of, 118
DHCP selection, by subnet, 123
DHCP selection, static leases, 121–122
multiple Kickstart files, 118–119
pxelinux menu, changing, 118
unattended install, 118
Installing Ubuntu Server, server roles
DNS, 13
LAMP, 14
mail server, 14
OpenSSH, 13
PostgreSQL database, 14
print server, 14
Samba file server, 15
instance store AMIs, 321
in-target command, 103
Internet, as troubleshooting reference, 403
Internet host name, for mail servers, 152
Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 452–455
Internet site option, 145
Internet with smarthost option, 145
intramfs files, directory for, 42
Intrusion detection systems (IDSs), 226–227. See also Tripwire.
I/O wait, 407
iotop program, 413
IP addresses
displaying, 50
LTSP, tied to MAC addresses, 191–192
translating hostnames to. See DNS servers.
—ip option, 307
ipchains program, 215
ipfail script, starting, 384
iptables, rules directory, 225
iptables program, 215
IRC (Internet Relay Chat), 452–455
Java, Tomcat server, 15
JeOS, 302
Job status, querying with Upstart, 32–33
Juice. See JeOS.
bootstrap, 333
charms, 334
destroying entire environment, 339
online resources, 339
overview, 330
status, displaying, 333
~/.juju/environments.yaml file, 331
juju bootstrap command, 331, 333
juju deploy mysql command, 334–337
juju destroy-environment command, 339
juju destroy-service command, 338
juju expose command, 337
juju status command, 333, 335–337
juju unexpose command, 337
keep option, 94
keepalive option, 383
Keeping it simple
security principle, 200
troubleshooting principle, 401
Kerberos 5, Kickstart support, 109
Kernel boot process
init script, 27
initial RAM disk file, 26
initrd file, 26
root file system, mounting, 27
Kernel flavor, specifying, 303–304
Kernel images, directory for, 42
Kernel options, defining with GRUB boot loader, 25–26
Key-based authentication, 211–213
Keyboard
layout, LTSP, 186
mapping at installation, 4
modifiers, enabling, 4
on-screen, 4
Kickstart. See also Installing Ubuntu Server; Preseeding; PXE boot server deployment.
@ (at sign), task indicator, 106
% (percent sign), section indicator, 106
account options, 109
automated source discovery, 110
bootloader options, 109
configurator tool, 111
configuring for a CD-ROM, 104–108
device command, 110
excluding %packages packages, 110
firewalls, 110
Hesios, 109
initial user settings, 109
Kerberos 5, 109
launching, 105
LDAP, 109
lilo options, 109
local disk support, 110
NFS support, 110
overview, 104
package group names, 110
%post section scripts, 110–111
root password, disabling, 109
root privileges, enabling, 109
rootpw command, 109
running custom commands, 110–111
Samba authentication, 109
shell scripts, 110
supplemental driver disk, 110
system-config-kickstart package, installing, 105
user command, 109
xconfig —monitor option, 110
kill command, 167
MySQL, 167
Postfix, 149
setting up users, 299
support BIOS, enabling, 299
testing the installation, 299–300
ubuntu-vm-builder script, 299. See also vmbuilder tool.
virtualization extensions, confirming, 298
—bcast option, 308
broadcast address, specifying, 308
default setup, 300
defaults, configuring, 300
DNS address, specifying, 308
—dns option, 308
domain default, specifying, 307
domain option, 307
—domain option, 307
gateway address, specifying, 308
—gw, 308
host network address, specifying, 307
—ip option, 307
—mask option, 307
—net option, 307
static IP address, assigning, 307
subnet mask, specifying, 307
wireless adapters, bridging support, 302
KVM virtual machines. See VMs (KVM).
“Label” field, 12
LABEL localboot option, 193
LAMP servers, 14
Language, specifying, 3–4, 186
Last access time
directories, 12
logging, 94
Launchpad
bug reporting, 459
help and resources, 459
hosting your own packages, 81
Layers of protection principle, 201, 215
LDAP, in Kickstart, 109
Left angle bracket (<), redirection operator, 470–472
less program, 23
—level option, 350
/lib directory, 41
Lib/ufw/user6.rules, 225
/lib/ufw/user.rules, 225
—libvirt option, 304
Licensed software repositories, 74
lilo options, in Kickstart, 109
Links, displaying, 20
Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP). See LTSP (Linux Terminal Server Project).
Listing
boot parameters, 5
files in current directory, 19–20
mail queue messages, 149
open files, 490
processes, MySQL, 166
Listing arguments in
commands, 22
init scripts, 35
installation, 5
Ln command
hard links, creating, 476
symlinks, creating, 475
Local devices for LTSP, 195–196
Local disk support, Kickstart, 110
Local keys directory, Tripwire, 232
Local only option, 146
Localhost
documentation, 457–458. See also Help and resources.
troubleshooting. See Troubleshooting, localhost.
LoCo (Local Community) Teams, 458
Log directories
AppArmor, 210
Tripwire, 233
Log entry, example, 378
Log files
Apache Web server, 139
BackupPC, 266
DHCP servers, 161
DNS servers, BIND, 129
Dovecot, 158
MySQL, 165
NFS, 178
OpenSSH servers, 160
PostgreSQL, 171
Samba, 176
syslog facility, 384
system logs, directory for, 43
logfacility option, 384
Logging access, sudo command, 203
logging command, 217
Logging last access time, 94
Logical partitions, 10
Logical storage. See LVM (Logical Volume Manager).
Loopback (lo) interface, 46
lsof command, 490
LTSP (Linux Terminal Server Project)
availability in Ubuntu, 183
boot process, technical details, 181–182
and Edubuntu, 180
Etherboot booting, 181
initial booting, 181
PXE booting, 181
required network cards, 181
thin clients, 183
LTSP servers, configuring
boot option default, setting, 193
boot option timeout, setting, 193
boot: prompt, displaying, 193
booting from the local hard drive, 193–194
booting from the network, 189–190
client root filesystem, 188
clock, 187
DEFAULT keyword, 193
DISPLAY option, 193
first user, creating, 188
hostname, 187
IP addresses, changing, 194–195
keyboard layout, 186
LABEL localboot option, 193
language, 186
NICs (network interface cards), 184–186
partitioning the hard disk, 187
PROMPT option, 193
screen resolution, 188
sound, 197
SOUND=True statement, 197
SSH keys, updating, 195
TIMEOUT option, 193
LTSP servers, installing
coexisting with a DHCP server, 191–192
IP addresses, tied to MAC addresses, 191–192
from the Ubuntu alternate CD, 186–188
LTSP servers, password suppression, 195
encryption, 372
fault tolerance, 372
Guided partitioning, 8
LVs (logical volumes), 370
overview, 369
PEs (physical extents), 370
PVs (physical volumes), 370
redundancy, 372
theory of, 370
VGs (volume groups), 370
LVs (logical volumes), 370
MAC address, determining, 162–163
MAC (Modify, Access, Change) times, 12
Magnifier (screen), enabling, 4
Mail queues. See also E-mail.
postqueue command, 149
privileged operations on, 149
status, checking, 149
Mail queues, messages
deleting, 149
hold time before bouncing, 154
listing, 149
Mail servers, 14, 144. See also POP/IMAP servers; Postfix mail server.
Mail spool directory, 147
Mailbox size limit, setting, 153
mailbox_size_limit option, 153
mail.err file, 147
mail.info file, 147
mail.log file, 147
mail.warn file, 147
Main repositories, 73
Man pages, 457–458. See also Help and resources.
DNS servers, BIND, 134
packages. See Package management.
Managing boot process services, with init scripts
arguments, listing, 35
chkconfig tools, 36
configuration, checking, 36
enabling/disabling services, 36
force-reload command, 35
PID, tracking, 36
reload command, 35
reloading configuration files, 35
restart command, 35
restarting scripts, 35
service command, 36
service status, checking, 35
status command, 35
symlinks, creating, 38
update-rc.d program, 36
Managing boot process services, with xinetd
echo feature, 38
enabling services, 39
FTP feature, 39
system time, displaying, 38
TFTPD (Trivial File Transfer Protocol Daemon), 39
Managing services with init scripts
arguments, listing, 35
chkconfig tools, 36
configuration, checking, 36
enabling/disabling services, 36
force-reload command, 35
PID, tracking, 36
reload command, 35
reloading configuration files, 35
restart command, 35
restarting scripts, 35
service command, 36
service status, checking, 35
status command, 35
symlinks, creating, 38
update-rc.d program, 36
Managing VMs (KVM)
autostart command, 310
destroy command, 310
power off, 310
restore command, 310
rolling back to snapshots, 310
save command, 310
setmaxmem command, 311
setmem command, 311
shutdown command, 310
shutting down, 310
starting at boot time, 310
suspending current state, 310–311. See also Snapshots.
Manual partitioning. See also Disk partitioning.
boot flag, setting, 13
“Bootable flag” field, 13
extended partitions, 10
initializing a blank drive, 9
inodes, setting number of, 12
inside extended partitions, 10
“Label” field, 12
logical partitions, 10
mount point, specifying, 11
“Mount point” field, 11
naming partitions, 12
partition size, specifying, 10
primary partitions, 10
“Reserved blocks” field, 12
reserving space for the superuser, 12
“Typical usage” field, 12
Manuals. See Documentation.
—mask option, 307
Mauelshagen, Heinz, 369
mcast_join option, 275
MD (multidisk) devices, creating and using
file system, 350, formatting
mounting, 350
number of active devices, specifying, 350
partitions, specifying, 350
RAID level, specifying, 350
md5sum tool, 489
mdadm tool
chaining commands, 353
—create option, 350
—detail argument, 352
—detail —scan command, 350–351
disk failure, automatic notification, 353
disks, setting as faulty, 353
documentation, 354
installing, 349
—level option, 350
—query argument, 352
—raid-devices option, 350
replacing a failed disk, 352–354
resyncing swapped disks, 354
software RAID management, 351–354
/media directory, 44
Memory. See RAM.
menu.lst file, 25
Metrics, troubleshooting localhost
hi: hardware interrupts, 407
id: CPU idle time, 407
ni: nice CPU time, 407
si: software interrupts, 407
st: steal time, 407
sy: system CPU time, 407
us: user CPU time, 407
wa: I/O wait, 407
Migrating from RAID 1 to RAID 5
booting GRUB, 359
copying files to new system, 362
creating mount points, 361
destroying original, 364
disk partitioning, 359–362, 364–365
/etc/fstab file, pointing to arrays, 362
formatting RAID arrays, 361
GRUB, manual install, 366
overview, 359
partitions, detecting as RAID devices, 366
“partitions contain a file system” warning, 361
rebooting, 363
rescue disk, 359
starting at boot, 362
syncing arrays, 366
update-initramfs argument, changing, 362
Migrating to software RAID from non-RAID disks
adding original partitions, 358
changing the UUID, 358
copying files to new system, 356
creating arrays, 355
degraded arrays, 355
disk partitioning, 355
/etc/fstab file, pointing to arrays, 357
partitions, detecting as RAID devices, 359
rescue disc, 355
starting at boot time, 356–357
syncing arrays, 358
temporary mount points, 356
mirror/country option, 97
Mirroring
RAID disks, 345
the Ubuntu archive, 116
/mnt directory, 44
Modify, Access, Change (MAC) times, 12
Monitor, installing Ubuntu Server without, 5
Monitoring
aggregating statistics. See Ganglia.
alerts. See Nagios.
file cache, 271
memory, 271
multicast IP traffic, 276
network I/O, 272
performance, 272
running processes, in real time, 21–23
selected time periods, 272–273
swap cache, 271
trending. See Nagios.
alerts. See Nagios.
ganglia-monitor package, 274–276. See also Ganglia.
smartd daemon, 269
tcpdump program, 276
trending. See Nagios.
mount command, file system rescue and recovery, 432
Mount location, 44
Mount options, partitions, 11–12
“Mount point” field, 11
Mount points
migrating from RAID 1 to RAID 5, 361
migrating non-RAID disks to RAID, 356
partitions, 11
preseeded partitions, specifying, 94
temporary, 356
Mounted file systems, displaying, 432
Mounting
MD (multidisk) devices, 350
root file system, 27
mountpoint option, 94
Mouse-over for option help, 293
Moving around the system, 18–21
MTA (Mail Transport Agent), 227
Multicast IP traffic, monitoring, 276
Multidisk (MD) devices. See MD (multidisk) devices.
Multiverse repositories, 74
mydestination option, 152
myhostname option, 152
myorigin option, 152
mysql command, 246
MySQL databases. See also PostgreSQL databases.
configuring for WordPress, 143
create command, 166
creating/deleting, 166
current status, checking, 165
database files, location, 165
drop command, 166
/etc/init.d/mysql, 165
/etc/mysql/, 164
/etc/mysql/conf.d/, 165
/etc/mysql/debian-cnf, 165
/etc/mysql/debian-start, 165
/etc/mysql/my.cnf, 164
extended-status command, 167
files, 165
flush-* commands, 166
init script, 165
kill command, 167
log files, 165
overview, 163
password command, 166
phpMyAdmin program, installing, 167–168
process management scripts, 165
processlist command, 167
removing, 166
restoring from backups, 246
settings, flushing, 166
status, checking, 167
status command, 167
ufw firewall example, 222
/var/lib/mysql/, 165
/var/log/syslog, 165
mysql-client-5.0 package, 14
mysql-server-5.0 package, 14