Abbott Laboratories, 48, 249n63, 249n66
addiction: coca and, 112, 122, 126, 137–38, 156–59; enemy peddling of, 181–82, 194–95, 212–15, 268n16, 271n66; international regulation and, 112, 122, 126, 137–38, 143, 154–55; legal definitions of, 155–60, 202–3; national regulation and, 196–205, 273–4n96, 275n124; policing of, 9, 12, 114, 173, 195–205, 217–18; portrayal of, 64, 126, 158–61, 194–95, 202–5, 272n71, 275n126; potential for producing, 90, 154–5, 159–60, 203; race and, 126, 161, 194–202, 205–7, 215, 276n135; research into, 159–63, 267n11; war and, 48, 194
Addiction Producing Drugs Section (WHO), 143
Addiction Research Center (USPHS), 159–61, 202–3, 267n11. See also Narcotic Farm; Public Health Service
Africa, 209: drug markets and, 8, 72, 74, 145; political freedom and, 9, 164, 174–75, 187–91, 205, 213
African Americans: drugs, policing and, 90, 194–96, 198, 200–2, 205, 207, 208–9, 215, 227, 276n135; international solidarity and, 175, 182, 195, 209, 213–14
Agency for International Development (US), 165, 169
alchemy: drug control and, 80, 89, 91, 137–38, 177, 209; pharmaceutical industry and, 10, 71, 80, 134, 137–38; United States imperialism and, 136, 139, 163, 209
Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana, 114, 115, 257
Alien Property Custodian, 81
Allied Control Authority, 49
Allied Health Committee, 49
Allied Military Authorities, 50
Allies (World War II), 179, 188; coca, cocaine, Coca-Cola and, 20, 22, 25, 32; drug control and, 48–50, 254n9; drug provisioning, 16, 20–22, 25, 34, 39, 41, 51; economic controls and, 15, 22, 33, 41, 143; Latin America and, 35–37, 39, 41
American Anthropological Association, 119
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 133
American Cyanamid Company, 48
American Management Association, 164
American Pharmaceutical Association, 217
American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association, 17, 110, 191
American Psychiatric Association, 161
Andean Indian Project (United Nations), 166
Anslinger, Harry J., 237n23: coca market and, 25, 29–32, 81–83, 88–90, 98–99, 108–110, 127–129, 135–37, 139–42; Cold War, Red-baiting and, 115, 174–75, 179, 182–85, 189–92, 210–11, 269n33, 271n59, 271n66; drug manufacturers and, 20, 25, 29–32, 49–50, 66, 76, 81–83, 88–90, 108, 127–29, 136–37, 140–141, 217, 219, 255n24; drug stockpiling and, 18 20–22, 29–31, 56–58, 64, 66, 76; international drug control and, 4, 20, 25, 49–50, 55–58, 98–99, 108–110, 121, 128–29, 139–41, 155, 179, 182–85, 189–92, 217–219, 258n46, 269n33, 271n59; international police collaboration and, 113, 115, 129, 219, 257n44; national drug regulation and, 55–59, 135–37, 141–42, 155, 159–60, 182–83, 191, 196, 198, 200–3, 205, 217–18, 258n46, 271n59; World War II and, 18, 20–22, 29–32, 49–50, 55–56
anticolonialism. See empire
antimalarials, 21, 145–46, 263n31. See also chinchona; quinine
Argentina, 102, 111, 211, 237n29, 254n10, 254n12
Army and Navy Munitions Board, 21, 66, 77–78, 236n11
Army Chemical Center, 119
Army Chemical Warfare Service, 78
Army Medical Corps, 18
Axis powers, 48, 182; economic warfare against, 10, 15, 26, 38, 41, 43, 51; Latin American trade, 10, 26, 28, 35, 39, 42, 239n47
Aymara, 101, 104, 116, 123, 130, 134, 225. See also Indian
barbiturates, 203, 205, 273n108
Batista, Fulgencio, 210
Biological Warfare, 77, 179–81, 268n21
Biological Warfare Committee, 77
Blakey, Art, 175
Bloomfield, John J., 165
Board of Economic Warfare (US), 18, 33–34, 94, 164, 232. See also economic warfare
Boggs Act (1951), 197–98, 200, 273n108
Bolivia: coca cultivation, consumption, and trade, 22–24, 27, 30, 50, 94, 100–2, 104, 116, 122, 128, 166, 171, 237nn28–29, 238n32, 253n2, 254n7, 255n17, 266n83; indigenous peoples in, 9, 105, 124, 167–69, 171, 225; international drug control and, 9, 50, 98, 103–4, 106, 109–13, 115–18, 121–24, 130, 135, 166, 168, 211–12, 220–22, 224–26, 277n160; US economic influence and, 35–37, 47, 85, 94–95, 128, 163–65, 240nn67–68, 243n111, 257n40, 43, 258n45, 260n79, 265n76; World War II and, 16–17, 33, 36–40, 42–47, 241n91, 242n94,
Bolivian Development Corporation, 42
Bolivian Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene, 41, 118
Borneo, 24. See also Netherlands East Indies
Britain. See United Kingdom
Brown, James W., 223
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 77
Bureau of Prisons, 159
Burroughs Wellcome & Company, 110
Bustamente Rivera, José Luis, 114
camphor, 71
Canfield, Gordon, 198
cannabis, 10, 247n29. See also Marijuana
capitalism: foreign investment, 35, 37; global inequality and, 9, 87, 101, 106, 149, 191–92, 258n47; relationship to drug control, 1, 11–12, 55, 57, 107, 110, 161, 173, 176, 191–92, 225–27; social engineering and, 161, 163–66, 169, 171–73; US expansion and, 4, 8, 54, 68–69, 71, 73–75, 84–88, 93–95, 103, 227
Carnegie Institution, 119, 169
Carranza, Fortunato, 120
Castro, Fidel, 210–15, 277n174
Cataví Massacre, 37
Central Intelligence Agency, 63, 267n11
Cerro de Pasco Copper, 35, 244n121
Chemical Advisory Committee (Munitions Board), 78–9
China (People’s Republic of China), 175, 188; drug control and, 190–92, 195, 200, 271n59; drug trafficking accusations and, 6, 178–82, 192–94, 210; Korean War and, 63, 177–78, 183, 268n21; nationalists (Kuomintang), 177–78
chinchona, 145, 171, 240n68. See also quinine
cigarettes. See tobacco
Civil Rights, 2, 12, 227; anticolonialism and, 174–75, 206–9, 213–15; policing and, 194–96, 200–1
Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Company: coca flavoring extract and, 23–25, 27, 30, 80–83, 92, 97, 99, 102–3, 139, 222–23, 238n31, 250n77, 262n16; collaboration with US government and, 32, 76, 81–84, 89–92, 150; drug control and, 1, 7, 10, 25, 30, 81–83, 91–92, 99, 116, 127–29, 138–141, 219, 222–23, 238n31, 250n77, 278n8, 279n15; global expansion and, 32, 84–96, 138–40, 168, 171
Coca-Cola Export Corporation, 84
cocaine, 1; Coca-Cola and, 30, 88, 90, 93, 103, 129–30, 140, 222, 262n16; coca consumption and, 37, 112, 121–25, 128, 137–39, 158; international drug control and, 7–10, 20, 97, 100–1, 107, 112–13, 120, 137–39, 154–55, 211–212, 220–24, 258n52; Peruvian production and exports of, 23–29, 32, 46, 48, 83, 102, 107, 112–16, 218–19, 238n32, 254n11, 256n39, 257n41, 258n49, 258n52, 279n15; policing of, 4–6, 59, 65, 113–16, 129, 158, 165, 177, 197, 210–12, 218–19, 256n39, 256n39, 257n41, 257nn43–44, 258n49; synthetics and, 140–143, 155, 223, 239n46, 262n20; US drug policies and, 7–8, 10, 23–24, 56, 67, 88, 97, 102, 155, 176–77, 197, 203, 223; US manufacturing and exports of, 6–8, 24–27, 30–32, 103, 133, 140–42, 223–24; World War II and, 23–30, 259n61
coca leaves, 1–2; derivative manufacturing, 6–7, 10, 17, 25, 77, 80–84, 89–91, 102–3, 132–42, 159, 219–25; drug control and, 7, 9–12, 17, 20, 23–25, 28, 30, 50, 59, 76, 81, 98–131, 135–42, 151, 154–58, 165–73, 182, 185, 211–12, 219–27, 255n17; South American cultivation and consumption of, 6, 9, 12, 16, 23–24, 27–29, 37, 46, 48, 83, 94, 100–106, 111–12, 117–136, 157–72, 224–27, 237n28, 254nn7, 254n9; US market power and, 8, 20, 22–30, 48, 80–84, 93, 96–98, 102–3, 132–34, 165, 173, 220–24; World War II and, 25–32, 254n9
Coleman, Ornette, 209
Colombia, 13, 27, 86, 111, 115, 209, 211, 253n2, 254n7, 277n160
colonial, colonialism. See empire
Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf (United Nations), 12, 103, 156, 176; Andean official collaboration with, 108–14, 118–2, 129, 256n26; coca chewing and, 105–13, 116–19, 120–21, 124, 126, 128–30, 134–35, 138, 166; coca market and, 27, 111–12, 116, 254n7, 255n17; US influence on, 106–11, 117, 121–22, 127–30, 134–35, 141
Commission on Narcotic Drugs (United Nations), 186; Anslinger and, 4, 50, 98–99, 108, 176, 217, 258n46; coca market and, 50, 99–101, 103, 108–11, 123, 155, 211, 220–22; drug control initiatives and, 11–12, 49, 99, 108–11, 150–51, 154–56, 159, 176, 219; drug trafficking and, 49, 178–80
Commission on Resource Mobilization (United States), 70–71
Committee on Foreign Relations (US Senate), 187, 193
communism, communists: challenges to US and, 91, 177–81, 189–90; Cold War containment and, 6, 54, 62–63, 68, 164, 186–87; drug trafficking accusations and, 6, 115, 175, 178–79, 181–82, 192, 195, 211, 214–15, 227, 268n24, 271n66; revolutionary struggles and, 169, 189–90, 206, 208–9, 213
Congress of Americanists, 119
Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs (1931). See Geneva Convention
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide (1948), (United Nations), 180
Cornell Peru Project, 157, 167–72
cortisone, 129
Council on Foreign Relations, 33
Cuba: drug trafficking accusations and, 4–6, 177, 210–12, 214, 277n174; revolution and, 175, 189, 209–213
Daniel, Price, 204
Dasso, David, 28
Department of Commerce, 51–2, 72, 79
Dow Chemical, 48
drugs. See narcotics
Drugs and Pharmaceutical Unit (Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce), 77
Drugs Disposal Committee (FBN), 58, 65–67
Drug Replacement Program (BEW), 41–42. See also economic warfare
Drug Resources Industry Advisory Committee (United States), 48, 78
Drug Supervisory Body (United Nations), 154, 224, 245n135
Dutch East Indies. See Netherlands East Indies
economic warfare, 11, 42, 94, 212, 235n2; blacklist and, 36–37, 241n91; commodity flows and, 15, 36, 240n58; drug trade and, 16–17, 33–34, 39–41, 43–45, 47, 49, 164; US pharmaceutical industry and, 44–46, 51, 164
Ecuador, 111, 167, 209, 211–12, 243n116, 254n7, 257n40, 277n160
empire, imperialism: challenges to, 69–70, 169, 187, 189, 213–14; coca, cocaine, Coca-Cola and, 23–24, 31–32, 84, 91–92, 94, 96–97, 126, 136, 182, 278n8; definition of, 73, 87; drug control and, 1, 8, 16–17, 51, 55, 67, 126, 149, 152–54, 182–84, 190–92, 226–27, 269n33; Latin America and, 5, 34–37, 95, 97, 114, 165, 257n40; pharmaceuticals and, 1, 22, 51, 55, 74, 95, 146, 243n116, 263n31; raw materials and, 35, 68, 182; science, public health and, 106, 147, 149, 154, 177; Soviet Union and, 152–53, 177, 184, 186–87, 213; United Nations representation and, 101, 153, 177, 186–89, 269n43, 270n56; United States territories and, 152, 187–88, 269n44
England. See United Kingdom
Europe, 146; colonialism and, 22, 62, 70, 147, 149, 165, 182, 186–88; drug control and, 16, 102, 211; drug manufacturing and 7, 20, 24–27, 29, 97, 99, 222, 238n32, 254n11; US drug industry and, 27, 31, 48, 72–74, 84, 88–89, 95; World War II and, 20, 22, 24–26, 29, 31–32, 48, 254n11
Expert Committee on Drugs Liable to Produce Addiction (WHO), 155–58, 202–3
Export-Import Bank, 42
Fair Play for Cuba Committee, 213
Farley, James A., 88
Farmer, Art, 206
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (United States): Bolivia and, 128, 130; coca and, 25, 28–30, 46, 80–83, 108, 130, 134–41, 155, 176, 220, 223, 250n77; Coca-Cola and, 25, 32, 81, 84, 89, 91, 93, 129–30, 139–41, 238n31, 250n77; Cold War, communism and, 6, 115, 174, 179, 182, 194, 210–11, 214; domestic drug control and, 3, 55–61, 65–66, 76, 135–37, 155, 159–60, 162, 182, 196–205, 218, 226, 247n26, 248n54, 273n91, 274n97, 274n109; drug stockpiling and, 18, 21, 30, 55–61, 64–66, 72, 82–83, 236n11; international drug control and, 4, 20, 25–26, 98, 108–110, 130, 135, 139–41, 176, 182, 189, 196, 218–20, 226; international police collaboration and, 4, 6, 210–12; Peru and, 4, 26, 28–29, 32, 46, 108–9, 113–15, 128–29, 130; pharmaceutical industry and, 26–27, 30–31, 46, 58, 76, 78, 80–84, 91, 93, 108, 110, 128, 136–37, 140–41, 159–60, 218–20, 223, 226, 248n54, 250n77, 255n23; postwar national defense and, 18, 31, 55, 65–66, 71–72, 82–83; World War II and, 20–21, 29–31, 46, 49–50, 93, 139, 236n11
Federal Civil Rights Commission (United States), 201
Federal Security Administration (United States), 17, 20
First National Bank and Trust Company, 110
Foreign Economic Administration (United States), 47
Formosa (Taiwan), 24, 49, 177, 190, 192, 254
Fort Myer, 144
France, 24, 27, 89, 91, 111, 139, 188–89, 191, 248n47, 254n12, 269n43
French Togoland, 188
General Service Administration (United States), 66
Geneva Convention (1931, United Nations), 20, 25–6, 30, 56, 139, 221, 224, 245n135
Germany, 77; coca, cocaine, Coca-Cola and, 24–25, 28–29, 31–32, 85, 89, 139; drug manufacturing and, 16, 18, 22, 24–25, 33, 39, 43, 47–48, 248n47; Latin American market and, 34–35, 37–45, 47, 73, 241n91, 243n116; narcotics control and, 48, 50, 191, 251n78; synthetic drugs and, 18, 143, 159; US pharmaceutical industry and, 18, 43–44, 48–49, 51, 73, 80, 164, 249n69, 249n73
Getz, Stan, 206–7
Global Commission on Drug Policy, 226
Goldwater, Barry, 195
Gonzalez, Juan, 210
Government Commission on Resource Mobilization (United States), 70–71
Graham, Billy, 194
Gregg, Eddie, 65
Gutiérrez-Noriega, Carlos, 118–122, 124–25, 166, 260n84
Gutknecht, John, 202
Harrison Narcotic Act (United States), 2–3, 24, 99
Hartung, M.J., 82–3
hashish, dagga. See marijuana
Haya de la Torre, Victór Raúl, 115, 257–8n44
Hayes, Ralph, 81, 88, 91, 127–30
Hentoff, Nat, 208
Higgins, Lois L., 195
Howe, Hubert S., 204
Hughes, Langston, 208
imperialism. See empire
India, 21–2, 31, 74, 153, 184, 213, 227, 268n29
Indian, indigenous peoples: coca market and, 9–10, 12, 23, 94–95, 100–1, 104–5, 108, 112, 116, 119–26, 128–30, 134, 136–40, 156–57, 165–67, 220, 22–25; development and, 36–37, 86, 95, 103–5, 109, 118–26, 165–69, 173, 227; drug control and, 9–10, 12–13, 100–1, 103, 105–6, 108–12, 116–26, 128, 130, 134, 136–40, 158, 165–66, 173, 220, 225; pharmaceutical markets and, 10, 37, 146–47, 101, 146–47, 149; social and political struggles and, 9, 12–13, 101, 103–6, 112, 116, 118–26, 130, 165, 169, 173, 209, 220, 222–26
Indonesia, 24, 145, 189, 220–1, 254n7
Institute of Andean Biology, 118
Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Peru), 119
Inter-American Congress of Indians, 126
Inter-American Meeting on the Illicit Traffic in Cocaine and Coca Leaves, 211–12
International Anesthesia Research Society, 145
International Cooperation Agency (United States), 165
International Labor Organization, 167
International Opium Convention (1912, United Nations), 16
International Opium Convention (1925, United Nations), 111, 245n135
International Symposium on High Altitude Biology, 119
Interpol, 211
Isbell, Harris, 202
Ishii Shiro, 179–80
ivory, 71
Iwo Jima, 24
Japan: coca cultivation and, 23–24, 254n7, 254n9; drug control and, 49–50, 178, 182, 192, 268n16; Latin American investments and, 35; US pharmaceutical industry and, 51, 62, 74, 85, 164; World War II and, 16, 22, 25–26, 29, 32, 38, 49–51, 56, 77, 179–80, 192, 241n91, 268n16
Java, 24–25, 29–30, 128, 254n7. See also Indonesia
Joint US-Bolivian Labor Commission, 37
Jones, LeRoi, 213
Jones Miller Narcotics Import Act (1922), 102
Kenya, 169, 174–5, 183, 185, 267n4
Kenya Land and Freedom Movement (Mau Mau), 174–75, 183, 267n4
Kenyatta, Jomo, 169, 174–75, 267n4
Kerr, Adelaide, 151
Khrushchev, Nikita, 54, 189, 213
Kitchen Debate, 54
Korea: drug control and, 49; Korean War and, 63, 68, 174–75, 177–78, 180–83, 194, 208, 215, 268n21, 273n86
Ku Klux Klan, 195
Lande, Adolph, 190–1
Lazarte, Jorge A., 109
League of Nations, 25, 33, 39, 98–9, 107, 111, 224, 255n23
Lechín, Juan, 115
Lidocaine, 142
Lindesmith, Alfred R., 201
Lovett, Robert A., 78
MacArthur, Douglas, 49, 197, 273n86
Mack, Raymond, 206
Magruder, Calbert, 37,
Malaysia, 22
mandatory minimum sentences, 176, 197, 212, 215
Mansfield, Mike, 203
Mao Tze-Tung, 193
marijuana, marihuana: African Americans and, 205, 207; drug control and, 10, 13, 66, 97, 185, 197–98, 203, 226, 247n26, 247n29, 273n90; traffic in, 65, 175, 247n24
Marijuana Tax Act, 10, 247n26, 29
Martí, José, 4–5
Materials Policy Commission (United States), 68
Mau Mau (Kenya Land and Freedom Movement), 174–5, 183, 267n4
Maywood Chemical Works: coca, cocaine, and Coca-Cola, 24, 30, 46, 80–84, 88, 91–93, 103, 107, 128, 140–41, 219–20, 223, 250n74, 250n77, 251n81, 255n23; drug control and, 24, 30, 81–82, 88, 91–92, 107, 128, 219–20, 248n54, 250n77; Peru and, 24, 32, 46, 83, 107, 128, 220; US government collaboration and, 30, 32, 46, 76, 80–84, 88, 91–93, 107, 128, 141, 220, 250n77, 255n23; World War II and, 30, 32, 46, 80–81, 249n73
McLeece, Henry Spencer, 58–59, 61
Medal for Merit, 77
Merchandise #5, 91–92, 103, 250n77. See also Coca-Cola
Merck, George W., 180
Merck & Company, Inc., 144; coca, cocaine and, 24, 29, 32, 76, 93, 103, 108, 128–29, 135–36, 140–41, 255n24; Cold War and, 162, 193; drug control and, 219, 248n54; pharmaceutical industry and, 79–80, 84, 122, 140–41, 160, 248n54; World War II and, 38, 44, 76–78, 180, 249n69
Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 77
Merck’s Institute for Therapeutic Research, 129
Merriam, Alan, 206
Mexico, 5, 13, 211, 225, 277n160
Mier y Teran, Alfonso, 212
Mingus, Charles, 206–9
Moliter, Hans, 129
Morales, Evo, 225
morphine, 51, 59, 78, 144, 155, 158–9, 197. See also opium
Munitions Board, 21, 66, 77–78, 236n11
Musician’s Clinic, 207
Narcotic Control Working Party (Allied Health Committee, United Nations), 49
Narcotic Farm (United States), 159–162, 202–3, 227. See also Addiction Research Center; Public Health Service
narcotics: accusations of dirty warfare with, 6, 175, 178–81, 194–96; Coca-Cola and, 25, 80–83, 88–94, 138–40; definitions of, 10, 20, 135, 154–55, 273n90; global supplies of, 28–31, 33; human research and, 159–62, 203, 227; international narcotic regulation and, 3, 20, 23, 25, 47–50, 56, 99–100, 110–11, 138–40, 152, 176, 182–85, 189–92, 196, 211–214, 218, 221–22, 247n29; national regulation and, 2–3, 10, 20, 24, 26, 55–56, 61, 81, 99, 102, 134–37, 196–205, 217, 247n29; pharmaceutical industry and, 25, 29–30, 227, 58, 66–67, 72, 76–81, 88–95, 110, 143, 159, 218; policing traffic in, 6, 47–50, 58–61, 65–67, 114; racial profiling and, 196–202, 206–7, 276n135; US global power and, 1, 18, 21, 28–31, 49–50, 72, 88–89, 134, 227; US stockpiles of, 18, 21–22, 56, 58, 62, 64–68, 72. See also Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Narcotics Control Act (1956, United States), 197–98, 205, 212
Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 213
National Advisory Council on Narcotics (United States), 207
National Biology Teachers’ Association (United States), 195
National Coca Monopoly (Peru), 113, 116, 121, 254n12
National Committee on Drug Addiction (US National Research Council), 160
National Defense Research Committee (United States), 150
National Guard (United States), 208
National Institutes of Health (United States), 123–24, 259n59
National Research Council (United States), 159–60
National Science Foundation (United States), 78, 145
National Security Act (1947, United States), 63
National Security Council (United States), 63
National Security Resources Board (United States), 78,
National Vitamin Foundation (United States), 110
Naval Supply Depot (United States), 59–61, 64, 246n11
Nehru, Jawarharlal, 213
Netherlands; 20–24, 26, 30, 188, 254n7, 269n43
Netherlands Antilles, 188
Netherlands East Indies, 20–21, 24, 26, 30, 145, 254n7
Newport Jazz Festival, 206–9
New York Academy of Medicine, 204
New York Federation of Women’s Clubs, 207
Nicholson, H.B., 85–87
Nixon, Richard, 2, 17, 54, 195–96
Non-Aligned Movement, 189, 213, 270n54
O’Brien, Mrs. Duncan, 193
Odría, Manuel A., 113–15, 129, 257n41, 44
Office of Defense Mobilization (United States), 67–68, 72
Office of Inter-American Affairs (United States), 165
Office of International Trade (United States), 72
Office of Scientific Research and Development (United States), 145
Office of US High Commission for Germany, 89, 139
opium, opiates, 158; Cold War, red-baiting and, 181–82, 190, 192–93, 271n59, 271n66, 272n70; drug control and, 2, 10, 16, 20, 49, 56, 59, 64, 77, 97, 100, 111, 154–55, 159, 177, 184–85, 203, 271n59; global supplies of, 18, 21, 31, 51, 177, 184; illicit trade in, 59, 64; pharmaceutical industry and, 18, 51, 64, 67, 77, 246n23; synthetic substitutes for, 18, 51, 159; US government stockpiling of, 17–18, 21, 56, 64, 67, 236n11, 237n24, 246n23
Pan American Sanitary Bureau, 11, 45, 220
Pan American Union, 132
Paraguay, 211
Parke, Davis & Company, 45–6, 160, 249n63, 249n66
Parker, William H., 201
Passman, Otto E., 200
Patiño Mines and Enterprises, Inc., 35, 37
Paul Winter Sextet, 209
Peace Corps, 169
Pearl Harbor, 17, 20, 32, 38, 45, 272n70
Penick Company, S.B., 81–82, 249n63, 250n77
Pepsi-Cola, 82
Perkins, George, 78
Permanent Central Opium Board (United Nations), 27, 49, 245n135, 262n14
Peru: coca and, 6, 22–24, 27–30, 50, 83, 98–102, 104, 106–15, 118–26, 128–30, 157, 167, 211–12, 220, 237n28, 254n7, 255n17, 258n52, 277n160; cocaine and, 4–6, 24–31, 102, 115–16, 124, 211–12, 218–19, 238n32, 254nn10–11, 257n40, 258n52, 277n160, 279n15; Cornell Vicos Project, 168–72; drug control and, 4–6, 9, 17, 26, 50, 98–102, 105–26, 130, 135, 163, 211–12, 218–22, 224, 253n112, 256n26, 256n39, 258n52, 277n160; pharmaceutical industry and, 24–25, 32, 39–48, 83, 99–100, 107, 128–30, 149, 163, 220, 242n95, 243n116, 244n121, 254n11; US economic influence and, 16–17, 29–30, 35–36, 39–48, 94–95, 102–3, 163–65, 168–72, 244n121, 253n112, 257n40, 258n47, 260n79; US police collaboration with, 4–5, 218–19; World War II and 16–17, 22–32, 35, 38–48, 241n91, 242n95, 243n116
Peruvian Chief of Narcotics, 117
Peruvian Indian Institute, 168
Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 107
Peruvian Ministry of Public Health, 41
Peruvian Ministry of Work and Indigenous Matters, 129
Peruvian National Coca Monopoly, 113, 116, 121, 254n12
Peruvian National Committee on Coca, 118, 128–29
Pinillos, Alfred, 107
poppy plant: cultivation geography of, 22; drug control and, 20, 97, 154, 182. See also opium
Portugal, 88
Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Nationals, 38–46, 241n91
Protocol Bringing Under International Control Drugs Outside the Scope of the Convention of 13 July 1931 for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs (1948, United Nations), 151–60
Protocol for Limiting and Regulating the Cultivation of the Poppy Plant, the Production of, International and Wholesale Trade in, and Use of Opium Protocol (1953, United Nations), 182–86, 190, 193, 270n57, 271n59
Public Health Service (United States): addiction research and, 156, 159–62, 203, 267n11; coca and, 123–24, 259n59; drug control and, 156, 185, 202–3; Narcotic Farm and, 159–162, 202–3, 227, 267n11
Puerto Rico, 28, 187–89, 238n39, 255n24, 269n44
qat, 8
Quechua, 101, 104, 116, 123, 130, 134. See also Indian
quinine, 17, 21, 26, 38, 40, 71, 79, 145–46, 237n24, 240n68. See also antimalarials; chinchona; malaria
Ramsey, Henry, 42
Roa, Raul, 213–14
Roach, Max, 207–8
Robeson, Paul, 175
Rockefeller Foundation, 119
Rogers, J.A., 175
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 151–52
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 17, 38, 40
Rostow, Walt, 87
Russia. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Sánchez de Lozada, Enrique, 167
Schwab, Robert S., 135–37, 141
Sears, Mason, 187
Security Council (United Nations), 188
Sharman, C.H.L., 109
Sharpe & Dhome, 79, 249n63, 249n66. See also Merck & Company, Inc.
Shearing, George, 206–7
Sherman, Gene, 201
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961, United Nations), 3, 139, 184–85, 191; coca market and, 139, 222, 224–25; US FBN’s involvement, 185, 189–90, 271n59; US pharmaceutical manufacturers and, 219–21
Siragusa, Charles, 210–12
Sobéron, Andrés Arelino, 29, 115, 258n49
Sociedad de Proprietarios de Yungas (Bolivia), 111
Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 119
South Africa, 74
Spellman, Francis, 194
State Department (United States): drug control and, 43–45, 49, 107, 193, 271n59; Latin American market and, 28–29, 33, 37, 39–49, 107; postwar expansion and, 146–47, 193, 208–9; World War II and, 28–29, 33, 37, 39–49
Steinig, Leon, 111–12
Stepan Pharmaceutical, 223. See also Maywood Chemical Works
Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act (1946, United States), 63
Strategic Materials Act (1939, United States), 63
Sumatra, 74. See also Netherlands East Indies
Suriname, 188. See also Netherlands Antilles
Surplus Property Act (1944, United States), 63
Switzerland, 27, 91, 125, 191, 248n47, 254n11
Taiwan. See Formosa
taxation, taxes: Andean governments and, 35, 101, 116, 122, 266n83; US drug control and, 10, 28, 82, 98, 102, 247n29
Tennyson, Alfred L., 82
Thailand, 35
Third World: anticolonialism and, 173, 183, 187, 213–14; Cold War and, 62, 149, 175, 183, 185, 190; drug control and, 62, 149, 175, 185, 191, 248n50
Thorp, Willard L., 146–47
tin, 15, 35–37, 47, 171, 240n58, 67
tobacco, 156, 157, 173, 198, 213
Tovell, Ralph M., 144
tranquilizers, 204–5
Treasury Department (United States); drug control and, 3, 28, 56–58, 65–66, 82, 102, 134; Latin American markets and, 28, 48, 82, 121, 132; national defense and, 2, 18, 64–66, 72, 132–134
Truman, Harry, 63, 68, 78, 273n86
trust territories, trusteeship (United Nations), 152, 187, 269nn43–44
Turkey, 21–22, 184, 208, 268n29
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: coca commodities market and, 29, 31–32, 91; Cold War and, 54, 62–64, 69, 91, 146, 152, 164, 175, 177–90, 208, 213–14, 219; drug control and, 152–53, 177–90, 269n33; United Nations and, 152–53, 177–90, 267n9; World War II and, 20, 29, 31–32
United Kingdom: drug control and, 2, 152, 174, 188, 191, 193, 254n12, 258n46; imperialism and, 24, 32, 35, 74, 152–53, 188–89, 269n43; Latin American market and, 25, 33, 35–36, 43, 254n12, 260n79; pharmaceutical industry and, 21–22, 24, 27, 31, 43, 248n47; United Nations and, 152–53, 188–89, 258n46, 269n43; World War II and, 21, 25, 31, 36, 43, 188
United Nations Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf. See Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf
United Nations Committee of 24, 189
United Nations Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 189
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 225
United Nations Drug Supervisory Body, 154, 224, 245n135
United Nations Economic and Social Council, 177–78
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 119
United Nations General Assembly, 152, 177, 188, 189, 213, 225
United States Air Force, 118–19, 259n59, 259n61
United States Attorney’s Office, 65
United States Bureau of Chemistry, 90
United States Center of Military History, 180
United States Department of Agriculture, 28, 90
United States Drug Enforcement Agency, 223
United States Military Academy, 53–54, 63, 70
United States Naval Medical Research Center, 119
United States Navy Air Corps, 141–42
United States Office of Inter-American Affairs, 165, 244n121
United States Office of Naval Research, 135, 141
United States Office of Scientific Research and Development, 145
United States-Peru Trade Agreement (1942), 28
United States Public Health Service. See Public Health Service
United States Senate Subcommittees on Foreign Relations, 183, 187, 193
United States State Department. See State Department
United States Treasury Department. See Treasury Department
Utah State Hospital, Utah State Prison, 58–60
Vanadium Corporation of America, 35
Venezuela, 111, 211–12, 254n7, 277n160
Vicos, Peru, 157, 168, 169, 171, 172
vitamins, 18, 26, 77, 110, 121–22, 128, 138, 142
War Assets Administration, 59, 61, 65
War Department, 49
“War on Drugs”, 1–3, 13, 16–17, 193, 234n2, 254n7
War Production Board, 44
War Shipping Administration, 44
Welfare Council of the City of New York, 196
Western Hemisphere, 11, 23, 98, 100, 182; consumer market 18, 75; German influence 33, 51; raw materials 17, 34
Wiley, Alexander, 193
Williams, Robert F., 213
Wilson, Charles Morrow, 33
Winick, Charles, 207
Winthrop Pharmaceuticals, 48
World Health Organization, 11; defining addiction, 154–57, 159, 202–3; drug control and, 143, 220–23; synthetic drugs, and, 145–46
WR Grace & Co., 45, 243n116, 244n121
Wright, Specs, 207
X, Malcolm, 213
Yates, G.E., 109