1. Paul Armstrong, “10,000 People in Copenhagen Are about to Determine a Better Future for You,” Forbes, August 23, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/paularmstrongtech/2019/08/23/10000-people-in-copenhagen-are-about-to-determine-a-better-future-for-you/?sh=6ea7e42b6aeb.
2. Jeff Orlowski-Yang, dir., The Social Dilemma (Boulder, CO: Exposure Labs and Argent Pictures, 2020), 1:34:00, https://www.thesocialdilemma.com/.
3. Geert Lovink, Sad by Design: On Platform Nihilism (London: Pluto Press, 2019).
4. Geert Lovink, Stuck on the Platform: Reclaiming the Internet (Amsterdam: Valiz, 2022), 102.
5. Payal Arora, Evelyn Austin, and Geert Lovink, “Stuck on the Platform Reclaiming the Internet,” panel at V2_Lab for the Unstable Media, November 9, 2022, https://v2.nl/events/stuck-on-the-platform-reclaiming-the-internet.
6. Safiya Umoja Noble, Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism (New York: New York University Press, 2018).
7. Emily Drabinski, “Ideologies of Boring Things: The Internet and Infrastructures of Race,” Los Angeles Review of Books, February 13, 2018, https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/ideologies-of-boring-things-the-internet-and-infrastructures-of-race/#.
8. Michelle Ruiz, “Safiya Noble Knew the Algorithm Was Oppressive,” Vogue, October 21, 2021, https://www.vogue.com/article/safiya-noble.
9. Amanda Silberling, “Facebook Whistleblower Frances Haugen Testifies before the Senate,” TechCrunch, October 5, 2021, https://techcrunch.com/2021/10/05/facebook-whistleblower-frances-haugen-testifies-before-the-senate/.
10. “Facebook Is Nearing a Reputational Point of No Return,” The Economist, October 9, 2021, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/10/09/facebook-is-nearing-a-reputational-point-of-no-return.
11. Tom Stafford, “Psychology: Why Bad News Dominates the Headlines,” BBC News, July 28, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140728-why-is-all-the-news-bad.
12. Stafford, “Psychology.”
13. Devrupa Rakshit, “Why We Find Pessimists to Be More Intelligent,” The Swaddle, July 25, 2022, https://theswaddle.com/why-we-find-pessimists-to-be-more-intelligent/.
14. Matt Ridley, The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010).
15. Leah Lynch and Chung Tsz Chung, E-commerce and Mobile Money for Poverty Reduction in China: Lessons for African Countries (Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, 2020), https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/e-commerce-and-mobile-money-poverty-reduction-china-lessons-african-countries.pdf.
16. Payal Arora, “Who Is in Charge of the Future of the Internet?,” Tedx Talks, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, January 10, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiQa78tgbMk.
17. Naomi Grimley, “Identity 2016: ‘Global Citizenship’ Rising, Poll Suggests,” BBC News, April 28, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-36139904.
18. Emma Broadbent, John Gougoulis, Nocole Lui, Vikas Pota, and Jonathan Simons, “What the World’s Young People Think and Feel: Generation Z: Global Citizenship Survey,” Varkey Foundation, January 2017, https://www.varkeyfoundation.org/media/4487/global-young-people-report-single-pages-new.pdf.
19. Broadbent et al., “World’s Young People,” 20.
20. Andres Manner y Tao, “What Do Youth Say about Higher Education in the Future?,” UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean, September 26, 2022, https://www.iesalc.unesco.org/en/2022/09/26/what-do-youth-say-about-higher-education-in-the-future/.
21. Payal Arora, The Next Billion Users: Digital Life beyond the West (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019).
22. “The Digital Leisure Divide and the Forcibly Displaced, Part 1: Desk Research,” UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, April 2022, https://www.unhcr.org/innovation/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/The-Digital-Leisure-Divide-and-the-Forcibly-Displaced.pdf.
23. “The Digital Leisure Divide and the Forcibly Displaced, Part 2: Field Research,” UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, April 2023, https://www.unhcr.org/innovation/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/The-Digital-Leisure-Divide-Field-Research.pdf.
24. “Digital Leisure Divide, Part 2.”
25. “The World’s Most Valuable Resource Is No Longer Oil, but Data,” The Economist, May 6, 2017, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2017/05/06/the-worlds-most-valuable-resource-is-no-longer-oil-but-data.
26. “Countries with the Largest Digital Populations in the World as of January 2023,” Statista, 2023, https://www.statista.com/statistics/262966/number-of-internet-users-in-selected-countries/.
27. Payal Arora, “The Biggest Myths about the Next Billion Internet Users,” Quartz, November 5, 2019, https://qz.com/1669754/tech-companies-misunderstand-the-next-billion-internet-users.
28. “Building for Everyone Everywhere,” Next Billion Users (blog), Google, accessed May 14, 2023, https://nextbillionusers.google/.
29. Sarah Perez, “Meta’s NPE Team Takes a Global Focus with Seed-Stage Investments, Offices in Emerging Markets,” TechCrunch, December 2, 2021, https://techcrunch.com/2021/12/02/metas-npe-team-takes-a-global-focus-with-seed-stage-investments-offices-in-emerging-markets/.
30. Lauren Hallanan, “Amazon Live Is Alibaba’s Live-Streaming without the Good Bits,” Forbes, March 15, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurenhallanan/2019/03/15/amazon-live-is-alibabas-live-streaming-without-the-good-bits/?sh=3761fb8d94ab.
31. Hallanan, “Amazon Live.”
32. “Top 15 Chinese eCommerce Websites in 2023,” TMO Group, February 17, 2023, https://www.tmogroup.asia/top-15-chinese-ecommerce-websites/.
33. “About Us,” Rest of World, accessed May 14, 2023, https://restofworld.org/about/.
34. “Defining Emerging Markets,” The Economist, accessed May 14, 2023, https://www.economist.com/special-report/2017/10/05/defining-emerging-markets.
35. Nour Dados and Raewyn Connell, “The Global South,” Contexts 11, no. 1 (2012): 12–13.
36. C. K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (Philadelphia: Wharton School Publishing, 2005).
37. Christian Fuchs, Digital Humanism: A Philosophy for 21st Century Digital Society (Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2022), 4.
38. Nick Couldry and Ulises A. Mejias, “Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject,” Television & New Media 20, no. 4 (2019): 336–349.
39. Lina Dencik, Arne Hintz, and Jonathan Cable, “Towards Data Justice? The Ambiguity of Anti-Surveillance Resistance in Political Activism,” Big Data & Society 3, no. 2 (2016).
40. Prahalad and Hart, Fortune at the Bottom.
41. Howard Jacob Karger, “The ‘Poverty Tax’ and America’s Low-Income Households,” Families in Society 88, no. 3 (2007): 413–417.
42. Names, unless mentioned, have been withheld to protect identity.
43. Personal communication.
44. Nimmi Rangaswamy and Payal Arora, “The Mobile Internet in the Wild and Every Day: Digital Leisure in the Slums of Urban India,” International Journal of Cultural Studies 19, no. 6 (2016): 611–626.
45. Bettina Berendt, “AI for the Common Good?! Pitfalls, Challenges, and Ethics Pen-Testing,” Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics 10, no. 1 (2019): 44–65.
46. Leonardo Sias, “The Ideology of AI,” Philosophy Today 65, no. 3 (2012): 505–522.
47. Istanbul Innovation Days, March 24, 2021, UNDP Accelerator Labs, accessed November 14, 2023, https://www.undp.org/acceleratorlabs/events/istanbul-innovation-days-2021-0.
48. Camille E Acey, Siko Bouterse, Sucheta Ghoshal, Amanda Menking, Anasuya Sengupta, and Adele G Vrana, “Decolonizing the Internet by Decolonizing Ourselves: Challenging Epistemic Injustice through Feminist Practice,” Global Perspectives 2, no. 1 (2021): 1–8.
49. Acey et al., “Decolonizing the Internet,” 6.
50. Dan Ariely, “Column: You Are What You Measure,” Harvard Business Review, June 2010, https://hbr.org/2010/06/column-you-are-what-you-measure.
1. Payal Arora, “AI Isn’t Going to Save Us,” Rest of World, March 5, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/ai-isnt-going-to-save-us/.
2. Graeme Green, “Five Ways AI Is Saving Wildlife—from Counting Chimps to Locating Whales,” The Guardian, February 21, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/21/five-ways-ai-is-saving-wildlife-from-counting-chimps-to-locating-whales-aoe.
3. “The State of Conservation Technology,” WildLabs, December 2021, https://wildlabs.net/state-of-conservation-technology.
4. “Pope Discusses Ethics of Artificial Intelligence with Microsoft Chief,” Reuters, February 13, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-technology-microsoft-pope-idUSKCN1Q22B0.
5. Fei-Fei Li, “Opening the Google AI China Center,” The Keyword (blog), Google, December 13, 2017, https://blog.google/around-the-globe/google-asia/google-ai-china-center/.
6. “What if AI Were Developed to Serve Humanity rather than Commerce,” About Us, AI for Good, accessed May 14, 2023, https://ai4good.org/about-us/.
7. “AI for the Global Goals,” Google, accessed May 14, 2023, https://globalgoals.withgoogle.com/globalgoals.
8. Jackie Snow, “How Africa Is Seizing an AI Opportunity,” Fast Company, October 3, 2019, https://www.fastcompany.com/90308114/how-africa-is-seizing-an-ai-opportunity.
9. Lisa Mendes, “‘Africa Is the Future’: All Eyes Turn to the Youngest Continent as the Next Frontier for Growth,” Trade Finance Global, August 24, 2022, https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/posts/africa-is-the-future-all-eyes-turn-to-youngest-continent-as-next-frontier-for-growth/.
10. R. A. Mashelkar, “Gandhian Engineering: More from Less for More” (lecture, Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management), accessed May 14, 2023, https://mashelkar.com/speeches/gandhian-engineering-more-from-less-for-more/.
11. Chris Nodder, Evil by Design: Interaction Design to Lead Us into Temptation (Indianapolis, IN: Wiley, 2013).
12. Kimberly Amadeo, “Why Trickle-Down Economics Works in Theory but Not in Fact: The Shortcomings of Supply-Side Economics,” The Balance, December 30, 2021, https://www.thebalancemoney.com/trickle-down-economics-theory-effect-does-it-work-3305572.
13. Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Macmillan, 2007).
14. Thomas Babington Macaulay, “Minute by the Hon’ble T. B. Macaulay, Dated the 2nd February 1835,” in Selections from Educational Records, Part I (1781–1839), ed. H. Sharp (Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing, 1920; repr. Delhi: National Archives of India, 1965), 107–117, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html.
15. Sumanta Banerjee, “Towards a Critique of Language Imperialism,” Economic and Political Weekly 27, no. 28 (1992): 1473–1475, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4398617#metadata_info_tab_contents.
16. Patricia Turner, “Why African-Americans Loathe ‘Uncle Tom,’” In Character, NPR, July 30, 2008, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93059468.
17. Immanuel Kant, “On the Use of Teleological Principles in Philosophy,” in Anthropology, History, and Education, ed. Günter Zöller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1788), 192–218.
18. Tabish Khair, “Kipling on the Phantom Rickshaw: Between Words and a Hard Place,” PN Review 27, no. 1 (2009): 9–10, https://www.proquest.com/docview/2418405482?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true.
19. Zia Khan, “A Bretton Woods for AI: Ensuring Benefits for Everyone,” Rockefeller Foundation (blog), August 7, 2020, https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/a-bretton-woods-for-ai-ensuring-benefits-for-everyone/.
20. Khan, “Bretton Woods for AI.”
21. Srinivas Mazumdaru, “Bretton Woods at 75: Has the System Reached Its Limits?,” Deutsche Welle, July 22, 2019, https://www.dw.com/en/bretton-woods-at-75-has-the-system-reached-its-limits/a-49687599.
22. Payal Arora, “Bottom of the Data Pyramid: Big Data and the Global South,” International Journal of Communication 10 (2016): 1681–1699.
23. Anthea Mulakala, “China’s Global Development Initiative: Soft Power Play or Serious Commitment?,” DevPolicy Blog, October 18, 2022, https://devpolicy.org/chinas-gdi-soft-power-play-or-serious-commitment-20221018/.
24. Mulakala, “China’s Global Development Initiative.”
25. Mazumdaru, “Bretton Woods at 75.”
26. Mimi Onuoha, “Side-by-Side Images Expose a Glitch in Google’s Maps,” Quartz, June 6, 2017, https://qz.com/982709/google-maps-is-making-entire-communities-invisible-the-consequences-are-worrying.
27. James Vincent, “AI Is Worse at Identifying Household Items from Lower-Income Countries,” The Verge, June 11, 2019, https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/11/18661128/ai-object-recognition-algorithms-bias-worse-household-items-lower-income-countries.
28. Vincent, “AI Is Worse.”
29. Joseph Henrich, Steven J. Heine, and Ara Norenzayan, “Most People Are Not WEIRD,” Nature 466 (2010): 29.
30. Arora, Next Billion Users.
31. Caroline Criado Perez, Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (Chicago: Abrams, 2019).
32. Nicola Erdmann and Sophia Ankel, “How the Design of iPhones, Toilets, and Crash Test Dummies Has Ignored Women—and Sometimes Put Their Lives at Risk,” Business Insider, October 12, 2019, https://www.businessinsider.com/design-details-show-the-world-been-built-for-men-2019-10?international=true&r=US&IR=T.
33. Sasha Costanza-Chock, Design Justice: Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020).
34. Steve Lohr, “Facial Recognition Is Accurate if You’re a White Guy,” New York Times, February 9, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/technology/facial-recognition-race-artificial-intelligence.html.
35. “Combatting the Illegal Wildlife Trade,” The Royal Family, March 16, 2016, https://www.royal.uk/combatting-illegal-wildlife-trade.
36. James Kehinde Omifolaji, Alice C. Hughes, Abubakar Sadiq Ibrahim, Jinfeng Zhou, Siyuan Zhang, Emmanuel Tersea Ikyaagba, and Xiaofeng Luan, “Dissecting the Illegal Pangolin Trade in China: An Insight from Seizures Data Reports,” Nature Conservation 46, no. 17 (2022), https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/57962/.
37. Jennifer Harper, “Rhino Horn Now More Valuable than Gold, Diamonds and Cocaine, at $60K a Pound,” Washington Times, May 17, 2015, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/17/rhino-horn-considered-cure-all-and-aphrodesiac-now/.
38. Sarah Wrigley and Toby Duthie, “The Illegal Wildlife Trade Is Still One of the Most Profitable Criminal Enterprises,” FCPA Blog, April 27, 2020, https://fcpablog.com/2020/04/27/the-illegal-wildlife-trade-is-still-one-of-the-most-profitable-criminal-enterprises/.
39. Natasha Rusch and Payal Arora, “AI-Based Strategies to Combat Wildlife Trafficking and Wet Markets in Asia: A Critical Review,” in The Next Digital Decade: Case Studies from Asia, vol. 1, Traces and Divides, ed. Dev Lewis, Katharina Naumann, and Ming Yin Ho (Singapore and Hong Kong: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Digital Asia Hub, 2021), https://www.digitalasiahub.org/publications/next-digital-decade-case-studies-from-asia-vol-1-traces-and-divides/.
40. “Intel AI Protects Animals with National Geographic Society, Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation,” Intel Newsroom, January 13, 2019, https://intercontactnews.com/2019/01/13/intel-ai-protects-animals-with-national-geographic-society-leonardo-dicaprio-foundation/.
41. TeamAG, “POACHERS—the People Behind the Statistics—a Reality Check,” Africa Geographic, October 21, 2020, https://africageographic.com/stories/poachers-the-people-behind-the-statistics-a-reality-check/.
42. Jun Wu, “Empathy in Artificial Intelligence,” Forbes, December 17, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2019/12/17/empathy-in-artificial-intelligence/?sh=3b8bfa363270.
43. Michael Timothy Bennett and Yoshihiro Maruyama, “Intensional Artificial Intelligence: From Symbol Emergence to Explainable and Empathetic AI,” ArXiv.org, preprint submitted April 23, 2021, https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.11573.
44. Ramya Srinivasan and Beatriz San Miguel González, “The Role of Empathy for Artificial Intelligence Accountability,” Journal of Responsible Technology 9 (2022): 100021, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666659621000147?via%3Dihub.
45. Rusch and Arora, “AI-Based Strategies.”
46. Rusch and Arora, “AI-Based Strategies.”
47. Personal communication.
48. “Life on the Frontline 2018: A Global Survey of the Working Conditions of Rangers,” World Wildlife Fund, October 9, 2018, https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/life-on-the-frontline-2018.
49. Natasha Rusch, “‘Intelligence That Will Win This War’: Investigating Artificial Intelligence for Conservation” (master’s thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 2020), https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/55368/Rusch-Natasha.pdf.
50. Rusch, “Intelligence That Will Win,” 49.
51. Andrew Marantz, “How ‘Silicon Valley’ Nails Silicon Valley,” New Yorker, June 9, 2016, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/how-silicon-valley-nails-silicon-valley.
1. Mohammed Zakaria, “Cops Tell Titillating Thai Street Vendor to Cover Up, Internet Creeps over Her Pics,” Asia One, November 26, 2021, https://www.asiaone.com/asia/cops-tell-titillating-thai-street-vendor-cover-internet-creeps-over-her-pics.
2. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2019).
3. Simon Kemp, “Digital 2021: Global Overview Report,” DataReportal, January 27, 2021, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-global-overview-report.
4. Matt Klein, “50 Million Join the ‘Creator Economy’ Thanks to Platforms Like OnlyFans, YouTube, Etsy and Twitch,” Forbes, September 23, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattklein/2020/09/23/50m-join-the-creator-economy-as-new-platforms-emerge-to-help-anyone-produce-content--money/?sh=1d14aa33165f.
5. Tom Huddleston, “Carly Fiorina Says the Chinese ‘Don’t Innovate,’” Time, May 26, 2015, https://time.com/3897081/carly-fiorina-china-innovation/.
6. Editorial board, “America Is Struggling to Counter China’s Intellectual Property Theft,” Financial Times, April 18, 2022, https://www.ft.com/content/1d13ab71-bffd-4d63-a0bf-9e9bdfc33c39.
7. Md. Shahinoor Rahman, “A Foreigner’s Perspective on Chinese Creativity and Innovation,” China Daily, January 30, 2019, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201901/30/WS5c516097a3106c65c34e75c8.html.
8. Rahman, “Foreigner’s Perspective.”
9. Susan Hodgett, “Sen, Culture and Expanding Participatory Capabilities in Northern Ireland,” Journal of Human Development 9, no. 2 (2008): 165–183.
10. Arora, Next Billion Users.
11. Arun Arora, Daniel Glaser, Aimee Kim, Philipp Kluge, Sajal Kohli, and Natalya Sak, “It’s Showtime! How Live Commerce Is Transforming the Shopping Experience,” McKinsey Digital, July 21, 2021, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/its-showtime-how-live-commerce-is-transforming-the-shopping-experience.
12. Arora et al., “It’s Showtime!”
13. Vivek Wadhwa, Ismail Amla, and Alex Sakever, “As Silicon Valley Fantasizes about Web3, India Leaps Ahead on Payments,” Fortune, June 30, 2022, https://fortune.com/2022/06/30/blockchain-india-upi-payments-global-reach/.
14. Vivek Wadhwa, Alex Salkever, and Ismail Amla, From Incremental to Exponential: How Large Companies Can See the Future and Rethink Innovation (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2020).
15. “Insights into Latin America’s $3.5 Billion Mobile Games Market: Players, Payers, Revenues, Esports & Market Dynamics,” Newzoo Blog, July 8, 2021, https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/insights-into-latin-americas-3-5-billion-mobile-games-market-players-payers-revenues-esports-market-dynamics.
16. Hanleigh, “The Future of Apps Is Lite: Lightening the Data Burden on Africa’s Cost-Conscious Mobile Community,” SME Tech Guru, October 13, 2020, https://www.smetechguru.co.za/the-future-of-apps-is-lite-lightening-the-data-burden-on-africas-cost-conscious-mobile-community/.
17. Yinka Adegoke, “Why an Abu Dhabi–Based Streaming App Is the Future of the Global Music Industry,” Rest of World, September 2, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/why-an-abu-dhabi-based-streaming-app-is-the-future-of-the-global-music-industry/.
18. Adegoke, “Abu Dhabi–Based Streaming App.”
19. Murray Stassen, “Why Anghami, with over 1M Paying Users, Doesn’t Feel Threatened by Spotify in the Middle East,” Music Business Worldwide, March 5, 2019, https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/anghami-with-over-1m-paying-users-doesnt-feel-threatened-by-spotify-in-the-middle-east/.
20. Stassen, “Why Anghami.”
21. Niharika Sharma, “Reliance Jio’s Cheap Data Turned India’s Internet Dreams into Reality,” Quartz, September 7, 2021, https://qz.com/india/2055771/reliance-jios-cheap-data-turned-indias-internet-dreams-into-reality.
22. “Defying Ban, Chinese Apps Quietly Grow in India, Again,” Times of India, August 30, 2021, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/defying-ban-chinese-apps-find-a-way-to-grow-in-indiaagain/articleshow/85745057.cms.
23. Saad Khan, “The Livestreaming App Connecting the Working Class,” Rest of World, December 21, 2020, https://restofworld.org/2020/app-connecting-south-asian-working-class/.
24. Khan, “Livestreaming App.”
25. Zhang Xiaoyu, “China-India Cooperation in Digital Economy Has Great Potential but with Conditions,” Global Times, January 31, 2022, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202201/1250262.shtml.
26. Hicham El Habti, “Why Africa’s Youth Hold the Key to Its Development Potential,” World Economic Forum, September 19, 2022, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/why-africa-youth-key-development-potential/.
27. Annamarie Kiaga and Vicky Leung, “The Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy in Africa” (Global Employment Policy Review background paper no. 4, International Labour Organization, December 2020), https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_792078.pdf.
28. “Democracy Index 2021: Less than Half the World Lives in a Democracy,” Economist Intelligence, February 10, 2022, https://www.eiu.com/n/democracy-index-2021-less-than-half-the-world-lives-in-a-democracy/.
29. “New Report from Richard Florida Aims to Define Size and Propel the Creator Economy,” Globe Newswire, November 1, 2022, https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2022/11/01/2545774/0/en/New-Report-From-Richard-Florida-Aims-to-Define-Size-and-Propel-the-Creator-Economy.html.
30. “New Report from Richard Florida.”
31. “Digital Creativity in the Global South,” FemLab, accessed November 21, 2023, https://femlab.co/strongdigital-creativity-in-the-global-south/.
32. Trupti Shirodkar (@trupsfolio), “What is creativity for you?,” Instagram, March 26, 2022, https://www.instagram.com/p/CbkifjYJd46/?hl=en.
33. Personal communication.
34. Personal communication.
35. Personal communication.
36. Buzz Staff, “Kili Paul Honoured by Indian High Commission in Tanzania for Winning ‘Millions of Hearts,’” News18, February 22, 2022, https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/kili-paul-honoured-by-indian-high-commission-in-tanzania-for-winning-millions-of-hearts-4798532.html.
37. Personal communication.
38. Reels is an Instagram feature that allows users to film or upload video clips of up to sixty seconds. Users can edit, dub sound, and add effects before sharing clips on the app.
39. Personal communication.
40. ShareChat is an Indian social media platform with over 350 million monthly active users across fifteen Indian languages. Founded by Ankush Sachdeva, Bhanu Pratap Singh, and Farid Ahsan, it was incorporated on January 8, 2015. For more, see https://sharechat.com/. Moj is an Indian short-format video app. For more, see https://mojapp.in/. Josh is a video-sharing social platform. For more, see https://share.myjosh.in/. With more than 1.5 million storytellers/users, Nojoto claims to be India’s largest storytelling platform. For more, see https://nojoto.com/. Chingari is a video-sharing mobile app that allows users to add visual effects or voice-overs, lip-synch, or dance to movie scenes. For more, see https://chingari.io/.
41. Personal communication.
42. Personal communication.
43. Personal communication.
44. Personal communication.
45. Personal communication.
46. Kudzi Chikumbu, “Introducing More Ways to Tag and Credit Your Favorite Creators,” TikTok, May 18, 2022, https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/crediting-tools.
47. Chikumbu, “Introducing More Ways.”
48. Sarah Perez, “TikTok Launches Its First Creator Crediting Tool to Help Video Creators Cite Their Inspiration,” TechCrunch, May 18, 2022, https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/18/tiktok-launches-its-first-creator-crediting-tool-to-help-video-creators-cite-their-inspiration/.
49. Katerina Cizek and William Uricchio, Collective Wisdom: Co-creating Media for Equity and Justice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2022).
50. Upasana Bhattacharjee, Payal Arora, and Usha Raman, “Will E-commerce Revive Bangladesh’s Artisanal Economy,” GlobalDev Blog, November 8, 2021, https://globaldev.blog/blog/will-e-commerce-revive-bangladesh%E2%80%99s-artisanal-economy.
51. A template is a form, mold, or pattern used as a guide to make something. It allows the user to customize their content in ways fitting their purpose, context, and audience.
52. Drew Clemente, “Why Do Designers Hate Canva?,” Website Builder Insider, September 27, 2022, https://www.websitebuilderinsider.com/why-do-designers-hate-canva/.
53. Personal communication.
54. Personal communication.
55. Sudeshna Dutta, “National/Official Languages in India: Check All Official Languages,” Edudwar, January 10, 2023, https://www.edudwar.com/national-official-languages-in-india/.
56. Arora, Next Billion Users, 71.
57. Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, s.v. “Jugaad,” accessed November 1, 2023, https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/jugaad_2.
58. Kiran Vinod Bhatia, Manisha Pathak-Shelat, and Payal Arora, “DIY Education in the Digital Era: Youth-Driven Learning Strategies and Curricula for the Future of Work Opportunities,” Education and Information Technologies (2023): 1–20.
59. Personal communication.
60. Personal communication.
61. Personal communication.
62. Personal communication.
63. Personal communication.
64. Personal communication.
65. J. G. Navarro, “Influencer Marketing in Brazil: Statistics & Facts,” Statista, May 25, 2023, https://www.statista.com/topics/9465/influencer-marketing-in-brazil/.
66. George, “Brazil Has More Influencers than Dentists,” News Bulletin, May 28, 2022, https://newsbulletin247.com/economy/104592.html.
1. Mlungisi Mpela, “Top 10 Countries That Watch the Most Porn!,” Sun Daily, July 17, 2022, https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/lifestyle/top-10-countries-that-watch-the-most-porn-20220715.
2. Lee Brown, “Iranian Couple Sentenced a Decade in Prison for Dancing in the Street,” New York Post, January 31, 2023, https://nypost.com/2023/01/31/iranian-couple-get-10-5-years-prison-for-dancing-in-street/.
3. Robert Burton-Bradley, “China’s LGBT Community Caught Up in Xi Jinping’s Widening Crackdowns on Big Tech, Education and Celebrities,” South China Morning Post, October 7, 2021, https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/gender-diversity/article/3151504/chinas-lgbt-community-caught-xi-jinpings.
4. G. Sampath, “Is Kissing in Public an Obscene Act?,” Mint, November 4, 2014, https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/5DKL9wuITBg8LosTQFFX8O/Is-kissing-in-public-an-obscene-act.html.
5. Arline Groenewald, “Indonesia Blocks Popular Websites under New Censorship Law,” Privacy Hub, August 4, 2022, https://www.cyberghostvpn.com/en_US/privacyhub/indonesia-blocks-websites/.
6. Paul Bischoff, “Internet Censorship 2023: A Global Map of Internet Restrictions,” Comparitech, last updated October 16, 2023, https://www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/internet-censorship-map/.
7. Mpela, “Top 10 Countries.”
8. Love Matters Naija, “Nipples are not an erogenous zone for everybody,” Facebook, November 30, 2022, https://www.facebook.com/LoveMattersNaija/photos/a.430131877454703/1536470013487545/?type=3.
9. RNW Media, “RNW Media Welcome Event 2022—Full Event,” June 16, 2022, YouTube video, 1:48:41, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_Ebd1MbOO0.
10. Personal communication.
11. Personal communication.
12. Mahwish Gul, “Biological Facts Every Girl Must Know,” D+C, December 30, 2021, https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/new-digital-app-helps-break-taboo-surrounding-girls-menstruation-pakistan.
13. Jacob Poushter and Nicholas Kent, “The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists,” Pew Research Center, June 25, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/.
14. Arjun Appadurai, “The Haptic and the Phatic in the Era of Globalization,” Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics, and Innovation, no. 1 (2022): 1–13, http://doi.org/10.12893/gjcpi.2022.1.2.
15. Appadurai, “Haptic,” 4.
16. Roshnee Burma, “World Sexual Health Day 2020,” Are We Listening? (blog), International Planned Parenthood Federation, September 4, 2020, https://sar.ippf.org/blogs/are-we-listening.
17. Chris Stokel-Walker, YouTubers: How YouTube Shook Up TV and Created a New Generation of Stars (Surrey: Canbury Press, 2019), 16.
18. “2021 Year in Review,” Pornhub Insights, accessed November 21, 2023, https://www.pornhub.com/insights/yir-2021.
19. “2021 Year in Review.”
20. Pallavi Barnwal, “‘Indians Don’t Talk about Sex—So I Help Them,’” BBC News, July 11, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-56838660.
21. Barnwal, “‘Indians Don’t Talk about Sex.’”
22. Emma Whitford, “Students Viewed This Type of TikTok 412 Billion Times—and It’s Not Porn,” Forbes, October 18, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/emmawhitford/2022/10/18/students-viewed-this-type-of-tiktok-412-billion-times-and-its-not-porn/?sh=663349407e9c.
23. Koh Ewe, “We Asked the Math Tutor Who Posts His Lessons on Pornhub: Why?,” Vice, November 11, 2021, https://www.vice.com/en/article/dyp8wa/math-tutor-video-lessons-pornhub-changhsu.
24. Jimena Ledgard, “Getting Political Is Becoming Profitable for Influencers in Peru,” Rest of World, March 12, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/getting-political-is-becoming-profitable-for-influencers-in-peru/.
25. Jean Lin and Jeroen de Kloet, “Platformization of the Unlikely Creative Class: Kuaishou and Chinese Digital Cultural Production,” Social Media + Society 5, no. 4 (2019): 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119883430.
26. “Tencent-Backed Kwai App Ranked Most Popular Social Short Video App,” Business Insider, May 28, 2018, https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/tencent-backed-kwai-app-ranked-most-popular-social-short-video-app-1025560745.
27. Lin and de Kloet, “Platformization.”
28. Tony Xu, “The Stars Who Vanished from China’s Live-Streaming Galaxy,” TechNode, April 15, 2019, https://technode.com/2019/04/15/the-stars-who-vanished-from-chinas-live-streaming-galaxy/.
29. “China Divided as WeChat Deletes LGBT Accounts from Platform,” BBC News, July 8, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57759480.
30. Andrew Deck and William Yang, “To Survive, China’s Biggest Dating App Became a Pharmacy,” Rest of World, August 27, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/china-bluecity-healthcare-dating-apps/.
31. “Owner of China’s Biggest Gay Dating App Enters Online Healthcare Business Focusing on Men’s Health,” Global Times, April 20, 2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202104/1221615.shtml.
32. Deck and Yang, “To Survive.”
33. Emma Hine and Luciano Floridi, “New Deepfake Regulations in China Are a Tool for Social Stability, But at What Cost?,” Nature Machine Intelligence 4 (2022): 608–610, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-022-00513-4.
34. “2021 Year in Review.”
35. Simon Denyer and Annie Gowen, “Too Many Men,” Washington Post, April 18, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/world/too-many-men/.
36. Snigdha Poonam and Samarth Bansal, “Inside the Chinese Dating Apps Exploiting the Loneliness of India’s Men,” Quartz, March 13, 2020, https://qz.com/india/1811151/chinese-dating-apps-are-exploiting-loneliness-of-indias-men.
37. Poonam and Bansal, “Inside the Chinese Dating Apps.”
38. Poonam and Bansal, “Inside the Chinese Dating Apps.”
39. Kate Devlin, “Sex Robots: How Do Sex Robots Work and Can You Buy a Sex Robot?,” Cosmopolitan, July 12, 2021, https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/love-sex/sex/a36480612/sex-robots/.
40. Claire Wolters, “Asia’s Live-Streaming Industry Promises Intimacy. So Why Are Users So Lonely?,” National Geographic, July 31, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/asia-live-streaming-industry-creates-loneliness.
41. Charlie Yi Zhang, Dreadful Desires: The Uses of Love in Neoliberal China (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2022).
42. Elen C. Carvalho Nascimento, Eugênio da Silva, and Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista, “The ‘se’ of Sex Robots: A Bioethical Issue,” Asian Bioethics Review 10, no. 3 (2018): 231–240.
43. Carina S. González-González, Rosa Gil-Iranzo, and Patricia Paderewski-Rodríguez, “Sex with Robots: Analyzing the Gender and Ethics Approaches in Design,” Interacción ’19: Proceedings of the XX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (2019): 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1145/3335595.3335609.
44. Nicola Döring, M Rohangis Mohseni, and Roberto Walter, “Design, Use, and Effects of Sex Dolls and Sex Robots: Scoping Review,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 7 (2020): e18551.
45. Döring, Mohseni, and Walter, “Design, Use, and Effects.”
46. Kiran Vinod Bhatia, Payal Arora, and Manisha Pathak-Shelat, “Good Girls Don’t Go Online: Unpacking the Quotidian Playful Resilience Influencing Girls’ Social and Digital Engagements,” International Journal of Communication 15 (2021): 4755–4733.
47. Bhatia, Arora, and Pathak-Shelat, “Good Girls Don’t Go Online,” 4765.
48. Bhatia, Arora, and Pathak-Shelat, “Good Girls Don’t Go Online,” 4764.
49. Bhatia, Arora, and Pathak-Shelat, “Good Girls Don’t Go Online,” 4767.
50. Bhatia, Arora, and Pathak-Shelat, “Good Girls Don’t Go Online,” 4767.
51. “Digital Leisure Divide,” 47.
52. Viola Zhou, “This Chinese Social Network Thinks the Key to Quality Conversation Is Anonymity,” Rest of World, August 30, 2022, https://restofworld.org/2022/3-minutes-with-zhang-lu-soul/.
53. Zhou, “Chinese Social Network.”
54. “Secret App Banned in Brazil, But Loopholes Exist,” International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP), last modified August 26, 2014, https://iapp.org/news/a/secret-app-banned-in-brazil-but-loopholes-exist/.
55. Lucy Swinnen et al., “Telegram: Where Women’s Nudes Are Shared without Consent,” BBC News, February 16, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60303769.
56. Tejika Bajaj, “Bengaluru Based Startup FRND Raises $6.5 Million in Series A Round of Funding,” Startup Story, December 21, 2021, https://startupstorymedia.com/insights-12-21-frnd-raises-6-5-million-in-series-a-round-of-funding/.
57. The Pleasure Project, How to Embark on a Digital Pleasure Journey (Nairobi: International Planned Parenthood Federation: Africa, October 2023), https://thepleasureproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/TYP-Best-Practice-Note.pdf.
1. Ma Zhenhuan, “Dance with Zhejiang Couple Lifts Spirits of Millions,” China Daily, June 8, 2020, https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202006/08/WS5ede16e7a3108348172519a3.html.
2. Émile Durkheim, “Elementary Forms of Religious Life,” in Social Theory Re-Wired: New Connections to Classical and Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wesley Longhofer and Daniel Winchester (New York: Routledge, 2016), 52–67.
3. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (London: Profile Books, 2019).
4. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage Books, 1993).
5. Jacobs, Death and Life, 55.
6. Chelsea Carrick, “‘Our Main Demand Is Not to Get Killed’: Mexican Women Find Safety in Location-Tracking Facebook Groups,” Rest of World, September 12, 2022, https://restofworld.org/2022/mexico-women-location-tracking-facebook-whatsapp-groups/.
7. Xiao Han and Giselinde Kuipers, “Humour and TikTok Memes during the 2020 Pandemic Lockdown: Tensions of Gender and Care Faced by Chinese Mothers Working from Home,” China Information 35, no. 3 (2021): 393–419.
8. Maud Ceuterick, “An Affirmative Look at a Domesticity in Crisis: Women, Humour and Domestic Labour during the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Feminist Media Studies 20, no. 6 (2020): 896–901.
9. Tom McTague, “Yes, Make Coronavirus Jokes,” The Atlantic, April 3, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/04/humor-laughter-coronavirus-covid19/609184/.
10. “Envious Suburban Lifestyle of Urban Angst,” Global Times, June 4, 2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1225406.shtml.
11. Echo Zhan, “Li Ziqi Breaks YouTube Subscribers Record for Chinese Language Channel,” Guinness World Records, February 3, 2021, https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2021/2/li-ziqi-breaks-youtube-subscribers-record-for-chinese-language-channel-647202.
12. Malcolm Gladwell, “I Was a Stranger and You Welcomed Me,” July 28, 2022, in Revisionist History, produced by Pushkin Industries, podcast, MP3 audio, 38:46, https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/revisionist-history/i-was-a-stranger-and-you-welcomed-me.
13. Beverly L. Jenkins, “Monica Lewinsky Creates ‘Goodness Bot’ to Combat Mean Tweets and Cyberbullying,” InspireMore, December 4, 2019, https://www.inspiremore.com/monica-lewinsky-goodness-bot/.
14. Olivia Seaman, “How TikTok’s Body Positivity Movement Overshadows Body Shaming,” The Torch, December 14, 2021, https://www.torchonline.com/opinion/2021/12/14/how-tiktoks-body-positivity-movement-overshadows-body-shaming/.
15. “Bringing Light to the Dark Side of TikTok’s Algorithm,” Within Health, updated January 9, 2023, https://withinhealth.com/explore/tiktok-research.
16. Andrew Deck and Vittoria Elliott, “How Line Is Fighting Disinformation Without Sacrificing Privacy,” Rest of World, March 7, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/how-line-is-fighting-disinformation-without-sacrificing-privacy/.
17. Laura DeNardis, The Internet in Everything: Freedom and Security in a World with No Off Switch (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020), 3.
18. Agatha Mattos, Michela Bertolotto, and Gavin McArdle, “Mapping Slums with Deep Learning Feature Extraction” (paper presented at CDCEO 2022: 2nd Workshop on Complex Data Challenges in Earth Observation, Vienna, Austria, July 25, 2022), https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3207/paper5.pdf.
19. Mattos, Bertolotto, and McArdle, “Mapping Slums.”
20. Kehren Weitzberg, Margie Chessman, Aaron Martin, and Emrys Schoemaker, “Between Surveillance and Recognition: Rethinking Digital Identity in Aid,” Big Data & Society 8, no. 1 (2021): 1–7.
21. “Informal Economy in India,” Daily Updates, Drishti IAS, May 30, 2022, https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/informal-economy-in-india#:~:text=An%20Informal%20economy%20represents%20enterprises,urban%20squalor%2C%20poverty%20and%20unemployment.
22. David Murakami Wood and Rodrigo José Firmino, “Empowerment or Repression? Opening Up Questions of Identification and Surveillance in Brazil through a Case of ‘Identity Fraud,’” Identity in the Information Society 2, no. 3 (2009): 299.
23. Hayden Field, “Remote Employee Monitoring Tech Is Surging,” Tech Brew, November 23, 2022, https://www.emergingtechbrew.com/stories/2022/11/23/remote-employee-monitoring-tech-is-surging.
24. Field, “Remote Employee Monitoring Tech.”
25. Shweta Mohandas and Deepika Nandagudi Srinivasa, “The Boss Will See You Now: The Growth of Workplace Surveillance in India, Is Data Protection Legislation the Answer?,” Centre for Internet and Society, December 31, 2020, https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/the-boss-will-see-you-now-the-growth-of-workplace-surveillance-in-india-is-data-protection-legislation-the-answer.
26. “Sanitation Workers Protest against GPS Enabled Watches, Chandigarh MC Refuses to Budge,” Hindustan Times, March 13, 2020, https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/sanitation-workers-protest-against-gps-enabled-watches-chandigarh-mc-refuses-to-budge/story-sYJLH96Yi6smfctGtz0BII.html.
27. Sabah Gurmat, “India Is Creating a ‘Surveillance Segregation’ State by Tracking Lower-Caste Workers,” Daily Dot, November 6, 2022, https://www.dailydot.com/debug/india-sanitation-workers-gps-watches-surveillance-segregation/.
28. “e-Shram: Shramev Jayate, National Database of Unorganised Workers,” Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India, last updated October 27, 2023, https://eshram.gov.in/.
29. Atikh Rashid, “Migrant Workers Gone, Pune Grapples with Shortage of Labourers; Work Speed Down to 20%,” Indian Express, June 1, 2020, https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/effects-of-migrant-exodus-metro-sites-wear-desolate-look-progress-of-work-down-to-20-per-cent-of-usual-capacity-in-pune-6436392/.
30. Shweta Mahendra Chandrashekhar, “Migrant Workers and Digital Inclusion in the Construction Sector in India,” in Feminist Futures of Work: Reimagining Labour in the Digital Economy, ed. Payal Arora, Usha Raman, and René König (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2023), 167–184.
31. Priyanka Parashar, “Female Workforce in India Declined to 9% Since Covid Pandemic. Here’s Why,” Mint, June 3, 2022, https://www.livemint.com/news/india/female-workforce-in-india-declined-to-9-since-covid-pandemic-here-s-why-11654254827989.html.
32. Bhatia et al., “Good Girls Don’t Go Online,” 19.
33. Personal communication.
34. Personal communication.
35. Personal communication.
36. Sreelakshmi Ramachandran and Snehil Singh, “Women in the Driving Seat: Studying the Interplay between Gender and Asset Ownership in the Platform Economy,” Ola Mobility Institute, March 2021, https://olawebcdn.com/ola-institute/women_asset_ownership_platform_economy.pdf.
37. Sai Amulya Komarraju, Payal Arora, and Usha Raman, “Agency and Servitude in Platform Labour: A Feminist Analysis of Blended Cultures,” Media, Culture & Society 44, no. 4 (2022): 672–689.
38. Komarraju, Arora, and Raman, “Agency and Servitude,” 11.
39. Komarraju, Arora, and Raman, “Agency and Servitude,” 7–8.
40. Achyutha Sharma, “Women Resellers in India’s Gig Economy: From Access to Confidence,” in Feminist Futures of Work: Reimagining Labour in the Digital Economy, ed. Payal Arora, Usha Raman, and René König (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2023), 77–86, https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.2711713.10.
41. Tatiana Melnichuk, “Why Does Emotional Intelligence Matter in Recruiting?,” Forbes, October 18, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeshumanresourcescouncil/2021/10/18/why-does-emotional-intelligence-matter-in-recruiting/?sh=65e55bdb2f62.
42. Marc Brackett and Christina Cipriano, “Emotional Intelligence Comes of Age,” Cerebrum (2020), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409775/.
43. Ben Highmore, “Bitter after Taste: Affect, Food and Social Aesthetics,” in The Affect Theory Reader, ed. Melissa Gregg and Gregory J. Seigworth (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), 118.
44. Service Civil International, “Picturing the Global South: The Power behind Good Intentions,” version 3, Service Civil International Toolkit, 2018, http://www.sci.or.at/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/picturingtheglobalsouth_toolkit_v1.pdf.
45. Jacqueline Holler, “The History of Emotions in Colonial Latin America,” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History, May 23, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.533.
46. Ann Laura Stoler, “Affective States,” in A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics, ed. David Nugent and Joan Vincent (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004), 4–20.
47. Holler, “History of Emotions.”
48. Stoler, “Affective States,” 18.
49. William Reddy, The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
50. Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock, “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 24 (2014): 8788–8790.
51. James Vincent, “Microsoft to Retire Controversial Facial Recognition Tool That Claims to Identify Emotion,” The Verge, June 21, 2022, https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/21/23177016/microsoft-retires-emotion-recognition-azure-ai-tool-api.
52. Stéphane Hulaud, Identification of Taste Attributes from an Audio Signal, US Patent 10,891,948 B2, filed February 21, 2018, and issued January 12, 2021, https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/files/2021/01/SPOT-Patent.pdf.
53. Fight for the Future, “25+ Human Rights Organizations Demand Zoom Abandon Emotion Tracking and Analysis,” May 11, 2022, https://www.fightforthefuture.org/news/2022-05-10-25-human-rights-organizations-demand-zoom-abandon-emotion-tracking-and-analysis-ai.
54. “Seeing AI,” Microsoft AI, Microsoft, accessed October 27, 2023, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/ai/seeing-ai.
55. Amanda M. Gengler, “Emotions and Medical Decision-Making,” Social Psychology Quarterly 83, no. 2 (2020): 174–194.
56. Gengler, “Emotions.”
57. Chad A. Melton et al., “Fine-Tuned Sentiment Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine–Related Social Media Data: Comparative Study,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 10 (2022): e40408.
58. “mHealth Apps Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report,” report ID GVR-1-68038-555-7, Grand View Research, accessed December 14, 2023, https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/mhealth-app-market/segmentation.
59. “Meditation Apps—Worldwide,” Statista, accessed May 14, 2023, https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/digital-health/digital-fitness-well-being/digital-fitness-well-being-apps/meditation-apps/worldwide#global-comparison.
60. Sylvie Borau, Tobias Otterbring, Sandra Laporte, and Samuel Fosso Wamba, “The Most Human Bot: Female Gendering Increases Humanness Perceptions of Bots and Acceptance of AI,” Psychology & Marketing 38, no. 7 (2021): 1052–1068.
61. Borau et al., “Most Human Bot,” 1065.
62. “Gallup Global Emotions 2022,” Gallup, 2022, https://img.lalr.co/cms/2022/06/29185719/2022-Gallup-Global-Emotions-Report-2022_compressed.pdf.
63. “Gallup Global Emotions 2022,” 2.
64. “How the West Fell Out of Love with Economic Growth,” The Economist, December 11, 2022, https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/12/11/how-the-west-fell-out-of-love-with-economic-growth.
1. AIA, “Materials Pledge,” American Institute of Architects, accessed May 14, 2023, https://www.aia.org/pages/6351155-materials-pledge.
2. “Sustainable Product Policy,” EU Science Hub, European Commission, accessed November 3, 2023, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/sustainable-product-policy_en.
3. “Climate Change Mitigation,” United Kingdom Green Building Council, accessed December 13, 2023, https://ukgbc.org/our-work/climate-change-mitigation/; “Circular Economy Products,” Ellen MacArthur Foundation, June 15, 2021, https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/articles/circular-economy-products.
4. Climate Tech Report 2022 (London: TechNation, 2023), https://technation.io/report/climate-tech-report-2022/.
5. International Finance Corporation, Climate Investment Opportunities in Emerging Markets: An IFC Analysis (Washington, DC: International Finance Corporation, 2016), https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/mgrt/3503-ifc-climate-investment-opportunity-report-dec-final.pdf.
6. “Climate Justice,” Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, last modified May 31, 2019, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/climate-justice/.
7. Design for Planet mission statement, Design Council, November 21, 2023, https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/our-mission/.
8. Kate Raworth, Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2017).
9. Angelica Gustilo Ong and Eduardo Gustale, “Frugal Innovations to Accelerate Sustainable Development,” Accelerator Labs (blog), United Nations Development Program, December 30, 2020, https://www.undp.org/acceleratorlabs/blog/frugal-innovations-accelerate-sustainable-development.
10. Osprey Orielle Lake, “Women Rising for the Earth,” Earth Island Journal (Autumn 2018), https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/women-rising-for-the-earth/#:~:text=Vandana%20Shiva%20has%20said%3A%20%E2%80%9CWe,by%20climate%20change%20and%20environmental.
11. “Why Is the EU’s Right to Repair Legislation Important?,” News, European Parliament, April 4, 2022, updated November 23, 2023, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20220331STO26410/why-is-the-eu-s-right-to-repair-legislation-important.
12. George Alfred James, Ecology Is Permanent Economy: The Activism and Environmental Philosophy of Sunderlal Bahuguna (Albany: SUNY Press, 2013).
13. “EU’s Right to Repair Legislation.”
14. “How Asia Is Crucial in the Battle against Climate Change,” The Economist, October 27, 2021, https://www.economist.com/special-report/2021/10/27/how-asia-is-crucial-in-the-battle-against-climate-change.
15. Mabel Gergan, Sara Smith, and Pavithra Vasudevan, “Earth beyond Repair: Race and Apocalypse in Collective Imagination,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38, no. 1 (2020): 91–110.
16. Heather Alberro, “Why We Should Be Wary of Blaming ‘Overpopulation’ for the Climate Crisis,” The Conversation, January 28, 2020, https://theconversation.com/why-we-should-be-wary-of-blaming-overpopulation-for-the-climate-crisis-130709.
17. Paul R. Ehrlich, “The Population Bomb,” New York Times, November 4, 1970, https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/04/archives/the-population-bomb.html.
18. Alberro, “Why We Should Be Wary.”
19. United Nations, “SDG Indicators,” UN Statistics Division, accessed November 21, 2023, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/.
20. Alberro, “Why We Should Be Wary.”
21. “Africa Will Remain Poor Unless It Uses More Energy,” The Economist, November 3, 2022, https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/11/03/africa-will-remain-poor-unless-it-uses-more-energy.
22. Graham Pickren, “Political Ecologies of Electronic Waste: Uncertainty and Legitimacy in the Governance of E-waste Geographies,” Environment and Planning A 46, no. 1 (2014): 26–45.
23. Roldan Muradian, “Frugality as a Choice vs. Frugality as a Social Condition: Is De-growth Doomed to Be a Eurocentric Project?,” Ecological Economics 161 (2019): 257–260.
24. J. Martinez-Alier, “The Environment as a Luxury Good or ‘Too Poor to Be Green’?,” Ecological Economics 13, no. 1 (1995): 1–10.
25. Eugenia Recio and Dina Hestad, “Still Only One Earth: Lessons from 50 Years of UN Sustainable Development Policy,” International Institute for Sustainable Development, April 22, 2022, https://www.iisd.org/articles/deep-dive/indigenous-peoples-defending-environment-all.
26. “Why Protecting Indigenous Communities Can Also Help Save the Earth,” The Guardian, October 12, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/climate-academy/2020/oct/12/indigenous-communities-protect-biodiversity-curb-climate-crisis.
27. Julia Kerkelä, “‘Land Is Life’: Climate Change Is Destroying the Arctic and the Sámi Way of Life,” The Greens, February 6, 2022, https://www.greens-efa.eu/opinions/sami-climate-change-in-the-arctic/.
28. Jana-Chin Rué Glutting and Apoorva Shankar, “Sustainability in the Global South Isn’t One-Size-Fits-All—Here’s Why,” Circle Economy, November 22, 2022, https://www.circle-economy.com/blogs/sustainability-in-the-global-south-isnt-one-size-fits-all-heres-why.
29. Kate Crawford, The Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021).
30. Couldry and Mejias, “Data Colonialism.”
31. Georgette Kilgore, “Carbon Footprint of Data Centers & Data Storage per Country (Calculator),” 8 Billion Trees, March 28, 2023, https://8billiontrees.com/carbon-offsets-credits/carbon-ecological-footprint-calculators/carbon-footprint-of-data-centers/.
32. Payal Arora, “General Data Protection Regulation—a Global Standard? Privacy Futures, Digital Activism, and Surveillance Cultures in the Global South,” Surveillance & Society 17, no. 5 (2019): 717–725.
33. Worldcoin, accessed November 20, 2023, https://worldcoin.org/.
34. Eileen Guo and Adi Renaldi, “Deception, Exploited Workers, and Cash Handouts: How Worldcoin Recruited Its First Half a Million Test Users,” MIT Technology Review, April 6, 2022, https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/04/06/1048981/worldcoin-cryptocurrency-biometrics-web3/.
35. Sy Zygy, “How a Carbon-Backed Cryptocurrency Is Tackling Climate Change,” World Economic Forum, July 12, 2022, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/carbon-backed-cryptocurrency-tackling-climate-change/.
36. Meaghan Tobin, “Why China’s Crypto Cowboys Are Fleeing to Texas,” Rest of World, August 11, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/bitcoin-miners-china-texas/.
37. Mark Thompson, “Global Banking Crisis: What Just Happened?,” CNN, March 20, 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/17/business/global-banking-crisis-explained/index.html.
38. Evin Cheikosman, “Why the Debate about Crypto’s Energy Consumption Is Flawed,” World Economic Forum, March 23, 2022, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/crypto-energy-consumption/.
39. Sarah Rainsford, “Bitcoin Babushkas: Cryptocurrency Mining in Siberia,” BBC News, December 29, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-46634596.
40. Abubakar Nur Khalil, “The Nigerian Election and Naira Crisis Are Fueling Bitcoin Adoption,” Forbes, March 15, 2023, https://www.forbes.com/sites/abubakarnurkhalil/2023/03/01/nigerian-election-and-naira-crisis-is-fueling-bitcoin-adoption/?sh=296bb3cb35d4.
41. Chainalysis team, “The 2022 Global Crypto Adoption Index,” Chainalysis (blog), September 14, 2022, https://blog.chainalysis.com/reports/2022-global-crypto-adoption-index/.
42. Indy Johar and Kate Raworth, “The Big Picture,” presented at the Design for Planet Festival 2022, Vimeo video, 52:45, https://vimeo.com/657489496.
43. Payal Arora, “The Folksong Jukebox: Singing Along for Social Change in Rural India,” Asian Journal of Communication 22, no. 4 (2012): 337–352.
44. Don Norman, Design for a Better World: Meaningful, Sustainable, Humanity Centered (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2023).
45. Payal Arora, The Leisure Commons: A Spatial History of Web 2.0 (New York: Routledge, 2014).
46. Deborah Lupton, The Internet of Animals: Human-Animal Relationships in the Digital Age (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2023).
47. Thilo Hagendorff, Leonie N. Bossert, Yip Fai Tse, and Peter Singer, “Speciesist Bias in AI: How AI Applications Perpetuate Discrimination and Unfair Outcomes against Animals,” AI and Ethics 3, no. 3 (August 2023): 717–734.
48. Hagendorff et al., “Speciesist Bias in AI.”
49. Lupton, Internet of Animals.
50. Rosabelle Boswell, David O’Kane, and Jeremy Hills, The Palgrave Handbook of Blue Heritage (London: Springer Nature, 2022).
51. Brigitte Osterath, “Why Life Thrives in the Foggy Namib Desert,” Deutsche Welle, August 14, 2017, https://www.dw.com/en/why-life-thrives-in-the-foggy-namib-desert/a-39622196.
52. Lauren Parater, “Beyond Destruction: Innovation as an Offering for Repair, Renewal and Reparations,” Project Unsung, Medium, February 11, 2022, https://medium.com/project-unsung/beyond-destruction-innovation-as-an-offering-forrepair-renewal-and-reparations-4a3c89293350.
53. Amit Katwala, “The Spiralling Environmental Cost of Our Lithium Battery Addiction,” Wired, August 5, 2018, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-batteries-environment-impact.
54. Chris Benner and Manuel Pastor, Solidarity Economics: Why Mutuality and Movements Matter (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2021).
55. Katwala, “Spiralling Environmental Cost.”
56. “The Cloud: Is It Bad for the Environment?,” BBC News, February 19, 2023, https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/64625655.
57. Daniel Haberly and Dariusz Wójcik, Sticky Power: Global Financial Networks in the World Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022), 400.
58. Eduardo Kohn, How Forests Think: Toward an Anthropology beyond the Human (Oakland: University of California Press, 2013).
59. Kohn, How Forests Think.
60. Parater, “Beyond Destruction.”
61. Vandana Shiva, Monocultures of the Mind: Perspectives on Biodiversity and Biotechnology (London: Zed Books, 1993).
62. Vandana Shiva, The Violence of the Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture, Ecology and Politics (London: Zed Books, 1991).
63. “Reliance JioMart and Meta to Enable Grocery Shopping on WhatsApp,” Retail Insight Network, August 30, 2022, https://www.retail-insight-network.com/news/jiomart-whatsapp-grocery-retail/.
64. Xiaowei Wang, Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China’s Countryside (New York: FSG Originals x Logic, 2020).
65. Wang, Blockchain Chicken Farm.
66. Arora, Next Billion Users.
67. Bala Srinivasa, “CavinKare—Shampoo Sachet That Was the True Pioneer of Middle India Market,” The Guardian, November 12, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sachet-packaging-low-income-communities-wastenightmare.
68. Srinivasa, “CavinKare.”
69. Axel Klimek and Alan AtKisson, Parachuting Cats into Borneo: And Other Lessons from the Change Café (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2016).
70. Horst W. J. Rittel and Melvin M. Webber, “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning,” Policy Sciences 4 (1973): 155–169, https://www.sympoetic.net/Managing_Complexity/complexity_files/1973%20Rittel%20and%20Webber%20Wicked%20Problems.pdf.
71. “Shampoo Sachets Are Not Plastic as They Appear,” News, The Fletcher School, Tufts University, December 14, 2022, https://fletcher.tufts.edu/news-events/news/shampoo-sachets-are-not-plastic-they-appear.
1. Personal communication.
2. Personal communication.
3. “Mapping Shifts in Learning,” FemLab, accessed November 21, 2023, https://femlab.co/mapping-shifts-in-learning-since-the-pandemic-in-india-2022-23/.
4. Lucy Mangan, “Unknown: Killer Robots Review—the Future of AI Will Fill You with Unholy Terror,” The Guardian, July 10, 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/jul/10/unknown-killer-robots-review-the-future-of-ai-will-fill-you-with-unholy-terror.
5. Michael T. Klare, “The Future of AI Is War,” The Nation, July 17, 2023, https://www.thenation.com/article/world/artificial-intelligence-us-military/; Chris Vallance, “Artificial Intelligence Could Lead to Extinction, Experts Warn,” BBC News, May 30, 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65746524.
6. Julia Zorthian, “OpenAI CEO Sam Altman Asks Congress to Regulate AI,” Time, May 16, 2023, https://time.com/6280372/sam-altman-chatgpt-regulate-ai/.
7. Merriam-Webster, s.v. “manual,” accessed November 21, 2023, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manual.
8. Dan Swinhoe, “Africa Data Centres Acquires Land in Accra, Ghana,” DCD, May 19, 2023, https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/africa-data-centres-acquires-land-in-accra-ghana-set-to-begin-construction-soon/.
9. Ban Ki-moon, “Secretary-General Warns Two Thirds of Global Population Could Face Water-Stressed Conditions,” UN press release, March 18, 2016, https://press.un.org/en/2016/sgsm17610.doc.htm#:~:text=By%202025%2C%20nearly%201.8%20billion,central%20to%20addressing%20climate%20change.