1. Caletha Crawford, “Cushman & Wakefield’s Retail Predictions for 2018 Are Not What You Want to Hear,” Sourcing Journal, January 10, 2018, https://sourcingjournal.com/topics/business-news/retail-apocalypse-2018-cushman-wakefield-prediction-76866 [accessed December 19, 2018].
2. CB Insights Research, “Here Are 40 Casualties of the Retail Apocalypse and Why They Failed,” October 17, 2018, https://www.cbinsights.com/research/retail-apocalypse-timeline-infographic [accessed December 19, 2018].
3. Rebecca McClay, “2018: The Year of Retail Bankruptcies,” Investopedia, August 3, 2018, https://www.investopedia.com/news/year-retail-bankruptcies-looms-m/ [accessed December 19, 2018].
4. Michael Bucy et al., “The ‘How’ of Transformation,” McKinsey & Company, May 2016, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/the-how-of-transformation [accessed December 19, 2018].
5. Nadir Hirji and Gale Geddes, “What’s Your Digital ROI? Realizing the Value of Digital Investments,” Strategy&/PwC, October 12, 2016, https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/report/whats-your-digital-ROI [accessed December 19, 2018].
6. Michael Sheetz, “Technology Killing Off Corporate America: Average Life Span of Companies Under 20 Years,” CNBC, August 24, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/24/technology-killing-off-corporations-average-lifespan-of-company-under-20-years.html [accessed December 19, 2018].
7. Bruce Rogers, “Why 84% of Companies Fail at Digital Transformation,” Forbes.com, January 7, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucerogers/2016/01/07/why-84-of-companies-fail-at-digital-transformation/#14f3cddc397b [accessed December 19, 2018].
8. Art & Architecture Quarterly, “Long Island Museum: The Carriage Collection,” http://www.aaqeastend.com/contents/portfolio/long-island-museum-carriage-collection-finest-collection-of-horse-drawn-vehicles/ [accessed December 19, 2018].
9. Park City Museum, “Transportation in America and the Carriage Age,” September 2007, https://parkcityhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Teacher-Background-Information.pdf [accessed December 19, 2018].
10. Kent C. Boese, “From Horses to Horsepower: Studebaker Helped Move a Nation,” Smithsonian Libraries, http://www.sil.si.edu/ondisplay/studebaker/intro.htm [accessed December 19, 2018].
11. Richard M. Langworth, Studebaker 1946–1966: The Classic Postwar Years (Minneapolis, MN: Motorbooks International, 1993).
12. Boese, “From Horses to Horsepower.”
13. B.R., “A Crash Course in Probability,” The Economist, January 29, 2015, https://www.economist.com/gulliver/2015/01/29/a-crash-course-in-probability [accessed December 19, 2018].
14. Salim Ismail, Michael S. Malone, and Yuri van Geest. Exponential Organizations: Why New Organizations Are Ten Times Better, Faster, and Cheaper Than Yours—And What to Do About It (New York: Diversion Books, 2014).
15. BT Group, “Digital Transformation Top Priority for CEOs, Says New BT and EIU Research,” GlobalServices.bt.com, September 12, 2017, https://www.globalservices.bt.com/en/aboutus/news-press/digital-transformation-top-priority-for-ceos [accessed December 19, 2018].
16. Gartner, “Gartner 2016 CEO and Senior Business Executive Survey Shows That Half of CEOs Expect Their Industries to Be Substantially or Unrecognizably Transformed by Digital,” https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3287617 [accessed December 19, 2018].
17. Josh Bersin, “Digital Leadership Is Not an Optional Part of Being a CEO,” Harvard Business Review, December 1, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/12/digital-leadership-is-not-an-optional-part-of-being-a-ceo [accessed December 19, 2018].
18. Ibid.
19. Calleam Consulting, “Denver Airport Baggage System Case Study,” 2008, http://calleam.com/WTPF/?page_id=2086 [accessed December 19, 2018].
20. Kirk Johnson, “Denver Airport Saw the Future. It Didn’t Work,” New York Times, August 27, 2005, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/27/us/denver-airport-saw-the-future-it-didnt-work.html [accessed December 19, 2018].
21. Justin Bariso, “What Your Business Can Learn From Netflix,” Inc.com, December 4, 2015, https://www.inc.com/justin-bariso/the-secrets-behind-the-extraordinary-success-of-netflix.html [accessed December 19, 2018].
22. Timothy Stenovec, “One Reason for Netflix’s Success—It Treats Employees Like Grownups,” Huffington Post, December 6, 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/27/netflix-culture-deck-success_n_6763716.html [accessed December 19, 2018].
23. Chris Ueland, “A 360 Degree View of the Entire Netflix Stack,” High Scalability (blog), November 9, 2015, http://highscalability.com/blog/2015/11/9/a-360-degree-view-of-the-entire-netflix-stack.html [accessed December 19, 2018].
24. Larry Barrett and Sean Gallagher, “Fast Food Fails Digital Networking Test,” Baseline, http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Projects-Supply-Chain/McDonalds-McBusted [accessed February 7, 2019].
25. Larry Barrett and Sean Gallagher, “Fast Food Fails Digital Networking Test,” Baseline, July 2, 2003, http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Projects-Supply-Chain/McDonalds-McBusted [accessed December 19, 2018].
26. Spencer E. Ante, “Case Study: Bank of America,” June 18, 2006, Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2006-06-18/case-study-bank-of-america [accessed December 19, 2018].
27. John Hagel III, John Seely Brown, and Lang Davison, “How to Bring the Core to the Edge,” Harvard Business Review, February 6, 2009, https://hbr.org/2009/02/how-to-bring-the-edge-to-the-c.html [accessed December 19, 2018].
28. Ismail et al., Exponential Organizations.
29. Jonathan L. S. Byrnes, “Middle Management Excellence,” jlbyrnes.com, December 5, 2005, http://jlbyrnes.com/uploads/Main/MiddleManagementExcellenceHBSWK12-05.pdf [accessed December 19, 2018].
30. Quentin Hardy, “Google’s Innovation—and Everyone’s?” Forbes.com, July 16, 2011, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quentinhardy/2011/07/16/googles-innovation-and-everyones/#4a314d4a3066 [accessed December 19, 2018].
31. Bansi Nagji and Geoff Tuff, “Managing Your Innovation Portfolio,” Harvard Business Review, May 2012, https://hbr.org/2012/05/managing-your-innovation-portfolio [accessed December 19, 2018].
32. Biography, “Richard Branson,” https://www.biography.com/people/richard-branson-9224520 [accessed December 19, 2018].
33. Richard Feloni, “Why Richard Branson Is So Successful,” Business Insider, February 11, 2015, https://www.businessinsider.com/how-richard-branson-maintains-the-virgin-group-2015-2 [accessed December 19, 2018].
34. Richard Branson, “Richard Branson on Intrapreneurs,” msnbc.com, January 31, 2011, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41359235/ns/business-small_business/t/richard-branson-intrapreneurs/#.XBqusWhKg2w [accessed December 19, 2018].
35. Gianna Scorsone, “5 Hot and High-Paying Tech Skills for 2018,” CIO.com, April 23, 2018, https://www.cio.com/article/3269251/it-skills-training/5-hot-and-high-paying-tech-skills-for-2018.html [accessed December 19, 2018].
36. Susan Caminiti, “4 Gig Economy Trends That Are Radically Transforming the US Job Market,” CNBC, October 29, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/29/4-gig-economy-trends-that-are-radically-transforming-the-us-job-market.html [accessed December 19, 2018].
37. Susan Caminiti, “AT&T’s $1 Billion Gambit: Retraining Nearly Half Its Workforce for Jobs of the Future,” CNBC, March 13, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/13/atts-1-billion-gambit-retraining-nearly-half-its-workforce.html [accessed December 19, 2018].
38. John Donovan and Cathy Benko, “AT&T’s Talent Overhaul,” Harvard Business Review, October 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/10/atts-talent-overhaul [accessed December 19, 2018].
39. Prachi Bhardwaj, “An Adobe Executive Once Accidentally Leaked Plans to the Press Before Discussing Them with the CEO—And It Was the Best Thing to Happen to the Company’s Productivity,” Business Insider, July 14, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/adobe-donna-morris-productivity-hr-2018-7 [accessed December 19, 2018].
40. David Burkus, “How Adobe Scrapped Its Performance Review System and Why It Worked,” Forbes.com, June 1, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidburkus/2016/06/01/how-adobe-scrapped-its-performance-review-system-and-why-it-worked/#64fd21fa55e8 [accessed December 19, 2018].
41. David Burkus, “Inside Adobe’s Innovation Kit,” Harvard Business Review, February 23, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/02/inside-adobes-innovation-kit [accessed December 19, 2018].
42. Infinit Contact, “10 Zappos Stories That Will Change the Way You Look at Customer Service Forever,” infinitcontact.com, October 29, 2013, https://www.infinitcontact.com/blog/zappos-stories-that-will-change-the-way-you-look-at-customer-service [accessed December 19, 2018].
43. Tony Hsieh, “How I Did It: Tony Hsieh, CEO, Zappos.com,” Inc.com, September 1, 2006, https://www.inc.com/magazine/20060901/hidi-hsieh.html [accessed December 20, 2018].
44. Craig Silverman, “How to Create a Culture and Structure for Innovation,” American Press Institute, May 27, 2015, https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/strategy-studies/culture-and-structure-for-innovation/ [accessed December 19, 2018].
45. Joshua Benton, “The Leaked New York Times Innovation Report Is One of the Key Documents of This Media Age,” Nieman Lab, May 15, 2014, http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/05/the-leakednew-york-times-innovation-report-is-one-of-the-key-documents-of-this-media-age/ [accessed December 19, 2018].
46. Allana Akhtar, “Elon Musk Says SpaceX Didn’t Have a Business Model When It Started,” Money.com, March 12, 2018, http://time.com/money/5195687/elon-musk-business-model-space-x [accessed December 19, 2018].
47. Marco della Cava, “Elon Musk: Rockets and Electric Cars ‘Dumbest’ Possible Business Ventures,” USA Today, March 12, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/03/12/elon-musk-sxsw-rockets-and-electric-cars-dumbest-possible-business-ventures/416670002/ [accessed December 19, 2018].
48. Louis Anslow, “SpaceX: A History of Fiery Failures,” Timeline.com, September 1, 2016, https://timeline.com/spacex-musk-rocket-failures-c22975218fbe [accessed December 19, 2018].
49. IBM, “The C-Suite Study,” https://www.ibm.com/services/insights/c-suite-study [accessed December 19, 2018].
50. Chunka Mui, “How Kodak Failed,” Forbes.com, January 18, 2012, https://www.forbes.com/sites/chunkamui/2012/01/18/how-kodak-failed/#67b8a2fa6f27 [accessed December 19, 2018].
51. Maxwell Wessel, “Why Preventing Disruption in 2017 Is Harder Than It Was When Christensen Coined the Term,” Harvard Business Review, September 4, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/09/why-preventing-disruption-in-2017-is-harder-than-it-was-when-christensen-coined-the-term [accessed December 19, 2018]