INDEX

abacuses, 211

Abbott, Charles, 60

accountability, 162

addiction, 165–166

adenosine, 114

adrenaline, 100

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 99, 100

affordances, 107

aggression, 127–128, 163, 168

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) hormone, 16–17

Ahrens, Misha, 89–90

Alcor Life Extension Foundation, 95, 208

alertness, 215

Alex (parrot), 60–61

algorithms, 159, 203

alienists, 178

Alzheimer’s disease, 42, 58, 79, 109

American Psychiatric Association, 189

amok, 189–190

amphetamine, 163, 215

amygdala, 161

Anderson, Alun, 52

Andreasen, Nancy, 167

Anschutz Medical Campus of University of Colorado, 173

anterior superior temporal gyrus (aSTG), 85

anthropocene age, 117

anthropomorphism, 152

antidepressants/antipsychotics, 193

anxiety, 100, 101, 112, 115, 175

apoplexy, 40

archeology, 13, 95

artificial intelligence, 203–204

Asch, Solomon, 136, 137

Asimov, Isaac, 31

astrocytes, 42, 56

asylums, 178, 179(fig.)

ATLAS particle detector, 54

attention, 111, 114, 132, 218

top-down/bottom-up attention, 133–136

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 215

auditory system, 122, 123, 124, 213

and irrelevant sound effects, 131–132

Aurora, Colorado, movie theater shooting at, 174–175

Autonomous Brain, The (Milner), 118

autonomy, 4, 126, 139, 158

autopsies, 19, 82, 160

Avempace, 53

Baartman, Sarah, 18

background noise, 132

bacteriotherapy, 112–113

Baker, David, 17

Baker, Gene, 130

Baker-Miller pink, 129–130

Barlow, Horace, 121

Barrett, Louise, 106

Barry, Keith, 199

Batali, Mario, 14

Baez, Joan, 188

Baugh, Les, 213

Beauregard, Mario, 76

beavers, 105–106, 109

Beckett, Samuel, 88

beetles, 210

behavioral issues, 127–128, 139, 143, 171, 183, 204–205, 220

applied behavioral analysis (ABA), 154

causal role of brain in, 161–162

external/internal views of behavior, 145, 163–164, 170

and nature vs. nurture, 144

behaviorism, 145, 151–157, 159, 170, 195

backlash against, 160

as dualistic, 156

Belliveau, Jack, 79

Bell Jar, The (Plath), 186

Bennati, Francesco, 104, 105

Bennett, Craig, 81

Bennett, Maxwell, 93

benzodiazepines, 175, 192

Beyond the Brain (Barrett), 106

bible, 39, 52, 60, 117

Bijou, Sydney, 154

biohackers, 205, 216. See also brains: hacking; hacking

bipolar disorder, 179, 183, 184, 185, 193, 194. See also depression

Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, 165

bloodletting, 40

blood pressure, 99, 115

“Blueprint for Neuroscience Research” (NIH), 20

Body and Brain Connection (video game), 39

body maps, 101–102, 102(fig.)

bone disease, 96

Bostrom, Nick, 210–211

Bowker, Matthew, 127

Bragen, Jack, 175

BrainGate electrode array, 201(fig.)

Brain Preservation Foundation, 95

brains, 158

allometric scaling of, 62

of ants, 62–63

areas/lobes of, 83(fig.), 84–88, 114, 123, 136–137, 160

as biological mediator, 235

of birds, 60

blood-brain barrier, 42

blood flow patterns in, 42–43, 78, 85, 109

books concerning, 20

brain-body dualism, 4, 27, 38, 39–40, 48, 49, 67, 69, 73, 91

brain/body ratios, 62

brain collecting, 18–19

brain function and human nature, 17, 73

brain imaging, 4, 43, 158 (see also brain scans)

brain implants, 114, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 220

brain in a vat, 2, 208, 221–235

brain-machine interface (BMI) technology, 114, 201(fig.), 202–203, 204, 206, 207, 210–211

of cats, 41(fig.)

chemocentric view of, 45, 47

of chimpanzees/gorillas, 61

circuits in, 33, 34, 35

computer-brain analogy, 4, 27, 30–31, 32(fig.), 33, 35, 36–37, 48, 49, 91, 200

creative, 167, 168

default mode network, 124, 126

density/composition of, 12

diseases/injuries concerning, 21, 42, 58, 59–60, 82, 161–162, 177, 183, 188, 191, 202 (see also broken brain)

dissecting, 11–12

eating, 11–25, 222

elastic modulus of, 12

electrical signals of, 32–33 (see also neurons)

electronic/computational analogies to brain function, 32(fig.), 34

enhancement of, 197, 216

and environment, 118–120, 127–131, 133, 139, 143, 144, 217, 234

executive system of, 118, 124

fluids in, 29, 41

functional connectivity patterns of, 125–126, 127

of goldfish, 34

hacking, 6, 199–205, 214

hemispherectomy of, 59

idealizing, 3, 145, 172, 206, 210 (see also cerebral mystique)

identifying with, 2, 16, 228, 233

interacting brains, 139

interacting/integrating with body, 94, 98, 110

interface with vasculature, 28–29

of isolated persons, 138

of mice, 17, 44, 58, 62, 63

mind as software of, 159

modules of, 158

of monkeys, 14, 35

motor output of, 123

and narcotics, 166 (see also drugs, illegal)

nonneuronal/nonelectrical features of, 48

personification of, 92, 93

poetic conceits concerning, 29–30

preserving after death, 2, 95

quantifying complexity of, 54, 56, 58, 64, 67, 91 (see also complexity)

sensory input to, 123, 124

as servant to mind, 76

of sheep, 11–12

sizes of, 58, 61(fig.), 61–63, 68

surgery on, 200–202, 225

as surrogate for soul, 140 (see also souls)

white matter of, 56

of zebrafish, 90

See also cerebral mystique; neurons; individual brain areas

brain scans, 71–90, 91

first clinical brain scan, 77

first to See brain’s processes, 78

localization studies, 82, 83, 84–88

and resting state data, 125

reporting results of, 84–85

“tip of the iceberg” problem concerning, 86–87

See also functional magnetic resonance imaging

Brideshead Revisited (Waugh), 135

Bridge, Steve, 95

Brindley, Giles Skey, 212

British Journal of Psychiatry, 194

British Medical Association (BMA), 218

Broca, Paul, 18, 82

Broca’s area, 83

broken brains, 171–196. See also brains: diseases/injuries concerning; mental illness

bromides, 179

Buck, Carrie, 176

Buddhism, 75, 117

Burrell, Brian, 167

Bush, George H. W., 19–20

Byron (Lord), 18

Cabrera, Laura, 208

Caenorhabditis elegans, 47

caffeine, 114–115, 191, 215

Cajal, Santiago Ramon y, 54

Calmeil, Louis-Florentin, 180

Camus, Albert, 126

cancer, 42, 200, 224

cannibalism, 15

capybaras, 62

Carlyle, Thomas, 169

carnivory, 13–14

Carter, Howard, 95

cartography, 89

Castel, Alan, 73, 74

Cattell, James, 150, 152, 159

Cavan, Ruth Shonle, 183

cell types, 63, 64, 65

cerebellum, 44, 59

cerebral cortex, 34, 42, 56, 59, 82, 124, 126, 140, 201

cerebral mystique, 3–6, 7, 49, 143, 159, 164, 169, 171, 172–173, 194, 204, 208, 234

and brain as a machine, 29

and brain-body dualism, 27

and complexity of brain, 58 (see also complexity)

and fMRI, 73, 88–89

influence of, 5, 23–25

and neurotechnology, 199, 220

overcoming, 94

and pictures of brain, 22–23

and scientific dualism, 38

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 41

Chalmers, David, 211

Change of Heart, A (Sylvia), 110

Charles II (English King), 40

Chicago area, 183–185

children, 144, 153, 154, 181, 216, 218

Chomsky, Noam, 156–157

chromotherapy, 129, 131

Churchland, Patricia, 93

circadian rhythms, 128, 129

Clark, Andy, 211

climate, 127

cognition, 3, 4, 12, 16, 28, 33, 37, 40–41, 49, 52, 59, 73

cognitive enhancement, 114–115, 206, 208, 210, 214–219, 220

cognitive revolution, 157–158, 159

and colors, 130

embodied, 105–106, 107

and emotional responses, 102–103

and exercise, 108–109

and glia, 44

localization of cognitive functions, 83, 87

and number of neurons, 60

See also intelligence

cognitive behavior therapy, 192, 195

colitis, 112

Collins, Stephen, 112

colors, 129–131

Combe, George, 18

compartmentalization, 4, 87, 235

complexity, 12, 34, 49, 51–52, 67–69, 153, 168, 181

inferring brain complexity from cultural complexity, 69

See also brains: quantifying complexity of

Computer and the Brain, The (von Neumann), 31

computers, 64, 159, 200, 206, 212. See also brains: computer-brain analogy

Concept of Mind, The (Ryle), 119

concussions, 21, 42

conditioning, classical/operant, 152–153, 154, 155, 156

conformity, 136, 137

connectonics, 57, 208

consciousness, 6, 30, 35, 47, 52, 87–88, 91, 96, 147, 150, 151, 152

correlates of, 37

downloading, 206, 207

universal consciousness, 37

conservatives/liberals, 143–144

Constitution of Man, The (Combe), 18

Corbetta, Maurizio, 125

Corey, Giles, 223–224

Cornell University, 20

Corrigan, Patrick, 176, 195

cortical columns, 63

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), 99, 100

cortisol, 99(fig.), 99, 100, 115

corvids, 60, 61

creativity, 109, 130, 167–168

cribriform plate, 94

Crick, Francis, 37–38, 39, 85, 92

Crime and Punishment (Dostoyevsky), 186

criminal justice, 5, 144, 162

crows, 60

Cryan, John, 113

cryonics, 208, 225

CT. See X-ray computed tomography

culture, 68, 69, 138, 165, 189, 220

Cuvier, Georges, 18

Cyberdyne company, 213–214

Dalai Lama, 75

Daly, Mark, 182

Damasio, Antonio, 103–104, 113

Darwin, Charles, 18, 62–63, 101

data compression, 35–36

data gathering vs. understanding, 66

Davidson, Richard, 75

Decade of the Brain, 19–20

decision making, 103, 104, 118, 131, 135, 168

deep brain stimulation (DBS), 202, 205

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 31, 204, 209

De Humani Corporis Fabrica (Vesalius), 29

Del Río Hortega, Pío, 41(fig.)

Denk, Winfried, 57

Dennett, Daniel, 87–88, 93

depression, 112, 128, 129, 171, 176, 180, 181, 184, 193, 196

major depressive disorder, 182, 183, 185

Descartes, René, 38, 87, 147

Desimone, Robert, 134

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 189

dialectics, 145–146

diffusion, 45–46, 48

digestive system, 111

dissections, 28

dissidents, 188, 189

divorce, 112

DNA, 54, 56, 96, 181

Dobbs, David, 84

Doctor Who television series, 22

Dodes, Lance, 166

Donne, John, 139

Donoghue, John, 202–203

dopamine, 35, 46, 134

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 186

drugs, illegal, 165–166, 185, 219

Dryden, John, 29

dualism, 38, 39, 75, 76, 81, 156. See also brains: brain-body dualism; mind: mind-body dualism; scientific dualism

Dunbar, Kevin, 167

Dunham, H. Warren, 183–185

Eagleman, David, 51–52, 118, 161–162

Economist, 52

education, 21, 138, 144, 167, 185, 194, 209, 210, 218, 220

Eerland, Anita, 108

Egypt (ancient), 94–95, 235

Eid al-Adha feast, 14

electroencephalography (EEG), 31–32, 80, 203

Elliott, Emily, 132

embalming, 94–95

Emotional Brain, The (LeDoux), 104

emotions, 98, 101–103, 112, 130, 131, 135, 161, 164, 168, 183, 226

emotional facial expressions, 137

Engel, George Libman, 192

Engines of the Human Body, The (Keith), 30

enhancements, 211, 214. See also brains: enhancement of; cognition: cognitive enhancement

enteric nervous system, 111

environmental stimuli, 152–153, 155–156, 167, 170. See also brains: and environment

enzymes, 43, 78

epilepsy, 32, 59, 82, 202

equality, 214–215, 217, 218, 219, 220

Esfandiary, Fereidoun M., 207

essentialism, 150. See also neuroessentialism

eugenics, 150, 159

evolution, 13, 60, 61, 62, 68, 84, 134, 165, 205, 210

exercise, 108–109

exoskeletons, powered, 213–214

face and vase illusion, 48(fig.)

face perception, 87, 89, 134, 137

Farah, Martha, 74, 75

Faris, Robert, 183–185

fecal transplants, 112

Felker, Bradford, 97

feminine mystique, 24

Ferriss, Tim, 216

Feynman, Richard, 64

F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 78

Fleck, Ludwik, 181

fMRI. See functional magnetic resonance imaging

FM-2030, 207, 208

Food and Drug Administration, 216

Fore people, 15

Foucault, Michel, 172

Fowler, Orson and Lorenzo, 18, 85

free will, 3, 4, 37, 52, 85, 89, 91, 139

Freud, Sigmund, 25, 38, 152

Friedan, Betty, 24

frontal cortex, 124, 126, 201

Fuchs, Konrad, 19

Fukuyama, Francis, 214–215, 216

functional hyperemia, 43

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 72–77, 83, 84, 85, 90, 167, 168

analyzing data from, 81, 125

first published study, 79

limitations of, 80–81

See also brain scans

GABA, 192

Gage, Phineas, 113

Gajdusek, Carleton, 15

Galen, 27–29, 30

Galilei, Galileo, 53, 54

Gall, Franz, 17, 18, 82–83, 168

Gallant, Jack, 80

Gallardo-Pujol, David, 168

Gallistel, Randy, 36

Galton, Sir Francis, 150

ganglion cells, 121, 122, 129

Gauss, Carl, 19, 105

Gazzaniga, Michael, 139

general paresis, 180–181, 191, 194

genes, 55, 65, 181, 182, 183, 189

Genesis (biblical), 117

Gestalt school, 152

Gibson, James, 107

glial cells, 27, 41(fig.), 41–47, 48, 63

gliotransmitters, 45

influencing behavior, 43–44

glioblastoma multiforme, 42

glossolalia, 76

glucose, 78

glutamate, 46

Gödel, Escher, Bach (Hofstadter), 47–48

God/gods, 14, 15, 22, 37, 117, 197, 209, 210, 219

Godwinson, Harold (King), 97

Goffman, Ken, 219

Goldberger, Joseph, 180

Golgi, Camillo, 54

Golonka, Sabrina, 105

Gorbaneyskaya, Natalya, 187–188

Greeks (ancient), 53, 219

Greely, Henry, 217

Greene, Joshua, 169

Grolier publishing company, 154

Gropius, Walter, 155

gut microbiome, 112–113

Hacker, Peter, 93

hacking, 123, 199–200, 219. See also biohackers; under brains

“Hacking the Brain” (Konnikova), 199

Haggard, Patrick, 118

Haldane, J. B. S., 210

Hallervorden, Julius, 177

Handford, Martin, 134

Hannaford, Alex, 162

Harvard Brain Bank (Belmont, Massachusetts), 19

Hawass, Zahi, 96

Haxby, James, 86

Hayworth, Ken, 95

heart/vascular system, 28, 111, 130

Hegel, G. W. F., 145

Helfer, Bartosz, 194

Helmholtz, Hermann von, 147

Herculano-Houzel, Suzana, 54, 55

heritability, 182, 183

Hinduism, 53, 121

hippocampus, 32(fig.), 109, 202

Hippocrates, 3, 28, 92

history, Great Man theory of, 169

Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy (film), 31

Hochberg, Leigh, 203

Hofstadter, Douglas, 47–48

Holmes, James, 174–175

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 176

hominins, 13, 14

Hook, Cayce, 74, 75

hormones, 16, 64, 99, 129, 165

Hounsfield, Godfrey, 77

H+ video series, 207

Hsiang, Solomon, 127

Human Brain Project, 64

human nature, 17, 73, 91, 143, 158, 170

essentialist view of, 150

humors, 40

hunger, 16–17, 128, 231

Hutchinson, Cathy, 201(fig.), 203, 213

hypothalamus, 16, 161

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), 99(fig.), 99–101, 109

Imagine (Lehrer), 85

immortality, 206, 207, 208, 209, 230

implants, 213. See also brains: brain implants

individuality, 3, 52, 150, 235

information theory, 35, 36

innovation, 5, 6, 69, 167, 203

Insel, Thomas, 195

Institution for Creation Research, 52

insular cortex, 85

intelligence, 58, 60, 62, 63, 152, 159

enhancing, 199, 206–207, 214–215

intelligence tests, 150

internet, 67–68, 195, 196, 210

introspection, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152

iPhones, 85, 200

I, Robot (Asimov), 31

Istvan, Zoltan, 205, 206

James, William, 101, 133, 146(fig.), 147, 148–149, 150, 156, 159, 169

Jesus, 39, 60

Johnson, Cheryl, 110

Johnson, Mark, 107

Jung, Carl, 23, 152

Kahneman, Daniel, 104

Kaku, Michio, 204

Kalistratova, Sofia, 187

Kandel, Eric, 92, 171

Kanwisher, Nancy, 82, 84

Keith, Arthur, 30

Kennedy, Ted, 42

Keramidas, Natacha, 17

kidneys, 64, 111

King, Adam, 36

kissing, 132

Klunk, William, 78

Koch, Christof, 51

Konnikova, Maria, 168, 199

Kreibig, Sylvia, 101

Kreutzer, Hans-Joachim, 97

Kristof, Nicholas, 217

Kuhn, Thomas, 209

Kurzweil, Raymond, 203–204, 207

Lake Victoria (Kenya), 13

Lakoff, George, 105, 107

language, 6, 82, 83–84, 107, 108

language organ in brain, 158

responses to, 137

Lapouge, Georges Vacher de, 68

laughing sickness (kuru), 15

Lauterbur, Paul, 79

learning, neural basis of, 35

Leary, Timothy, 92

Leborgne, Louis, 82

Le Corbusier, 155

LeDoux, Joseph, 104, 161

Lehrer, Jonah, 85

Leucht, Stefan, 194

Levergne, Gary, 161

Lewy, Alfred, 128

Libet, Benjamin, 118

life expectancy, 165

light, 128–129

Lilienfeld, Scott, 72, 166, 193

Lindenbaum, Shirley, 15

Lindstrom, Martin, 85

livers, 57, 111

Logothetis, Nikos, 89

London Telegraph, 110

loom metaphor, 30

love, 85, 101, 102, 111

Lozano, Andres, 199

Lunts, Daniil, 187, 188, 189

McCabe, David, 73, 74

McGurk effect, 132

machine learning, 35, 36

mad cow disease, 15, 16

Madness and Civilization (Foucault), 172

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 43, 71, 79. See also functional magnetic resonance imaging

magnetoencephalography (MEG), 80, 125

malaria, 96

Marr, David, 159

marriage/divorce, 138, 185

Marx, Karl, 145, 146

Mashford, Kevin, 110

mathematics, 105

Matsui, Ko, 43–44

medicine/medical research, 5, 20

Medina, John, 135

meditation, 75

medulla oblongata, 23

Mehrabian, Albert, 130

Meister, Markus, 122

melatonin, 129

membrane potential, 32

memory, 6, 36, 59, 93, 111, 158, 202, 215, 218, 234

short-term visual memory, 131

Mennell, Stephen, 16

Mental Disorders in Urban Areas (Faris and Dunham), 186

mental illness, 5–6, 161, 171–196

biomedical/biopsychosocial models concerning, 192

environmental/cultural contributions to, 173, 183, 185, 189, 195

internal/external influences on, 181, 182

medications for, 175

multifactorial causation of, 186

myth of, 191

psychosocial model concerning, 192, 194, 195

stigma concerning, 175–176, 195

mentalism, 152, 157

Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff and Johnson), 107

methylphenidate, 215

mice, 57, 112–113, 128, 190. See also under brains

microbiome-gut-brain axis, 113

microscopes, 53, 89

Midgley, Mary, 164

Miles, Lynden, 108

Milgram, Stanley, 168–169

Milky Way, 53, 54

Miller, Ron, 130

mind, 5, 6, 12, 14, 16, 49, 52, 76, 94, 143

cognitive decline and exercise, 108–109 (see also cognition)

as completely material, 74–75

as information-processing device, 159

mind-body dualism, 3, 22, 38, 39, 73, 87, 92, 149

mind-computer analogy, 30 (see also brains: computer-brain analogy)

mind-posture relationship, 108

Plato’s analogy for, 29–30, 121

See also introspection; mental illness

MIN/MAX device, 154

Minnesota Starvation Experiment, 17

MIT hackers, 200

mitochondria, 56

Molaison, Henry, 202

Moniz, António Egas

monkeys, 120–121. See also under brains

Moore’s Law, 20

morality, 164, 168–169, 191–192, 195

Morton, Samuel George, 68

Mosso, Angelo, 43

MRI. See magnetic resonance imaging

multiple sclerosis, 42

Münsterberg, Hugo, 150

Murray, Robin, 52

music, 132

mysticism, 52, 76

mystiques, 24–25, 68. See also cerebral mystique

narcotics, 46, 165–166

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 172

National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), 166

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 20, 128

natural selection, 63

Nature magazine, 217

Neanderthals, 68

Nedergaard, Maiken, 44

Negroponte, Nicholas, 207

nematode worms, 47, 65

Neolithic Revolution, 68

nephrons, 64

neuroelectricity, 29, 31, 41, 45, 48

neuroessentialism, 159–160, 162, 163, 164, 168, 170, 173

neuroexceptionalism, 68

neuroimaging. See brain scans; individual methods

neuromodulators, 44, 46, 56

neurons, 20, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46–47, 48, 92

action potential (spikes) of, 33, 35, 36, 121–122

degeneration of, 180

dendrites/axons, 54, 56

formation of new, 109

nucleus of, 54–56

numbers of, 54, 60, 61, 63

presynaptic/postsynaptic, 33 (see also synapses)

soma of, 53

virtual, 64

neuroprotective agents, 191

neuroscience, 21–22, 43, 48, 57, 71, 91, 170, 171, 186, 193

big neuroscience, 65

convergence with psychology, 158

fundamental lesson of, 220, 234

in Nazi era Germany, 177, 178

and voluntary action, 118

neurotechnology, 197–220

peripheral, 213–214, 217

neurotheology, 75–76. See also spirituality

neurotransmitters, 33, 42, 45, 46, 56, 134, 192, 215

neurotrophic factors, 109

Newberg, Andrew, 76

New Guinea, 69

New Phrenology, The (Uttal), 87

New York Times, 85, 188

Nicholas II (Czar), 97

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 92

Nobel Prize, 15, 71, 167

Ig Nobel prize, 81

nootropic substances, 215–216

norepinephrine, 134

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 79

Nummenmaa, Lauri, 101

Núñez, Rafael, 105

Obama, Barack, 144

obesity, 73, 74(fig.), 111–112

obsessive compulsive disorder, 202

occipital lobe, 123

O’Donnell, John, 146

O’Donovan, Michael, 182

offal, 16

Ogawa, Seiji, 79

olfactory system, 122, 123

omic scale data, 65

On the Freedom of the Will (Schopenhauer), 120

Opezzo, Marily, 109

optogenetic stimulation, 43, 114

Oremus, Will, 110

organelles, 55

organ of Corti, 122

Orientalism, 24

Paganini, Niccolò, 104–105, 109

pancreas, 64

Parfit, Derek, 93

Parkinson’s disease, 202

parrots, 60–61

Pascual, Leo, 168

Pavlov, Ivan, 133, 152–153

pellagra, 180–181, 194

Penrose, Roger, 37, 39

Pepperberg, Irene, 60

perception, 6, 12, 33, 59, 132, 156

personal identity, 93

personality changes, 111–112, 113

PET. See positron emission tomography

Phelps, Michael, 78

Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience (Hacker and Bennett), 93

Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein), 93

phosphenes, 212

phrenology, 17–18, 83, 84

physicalists, 74–75

Picasso, Pablo, 23

pineal gland, 129

Pinel, Philippe, 172, 179

Pinker, Steven, 158

pituitary gland, 99(fig.), 99

placenta, 100

Plath, Sylvia, 186

Plato, 29–30, 121

Pleasonton, Augustus, 129, 131

plethysmograph, 43

Poldrack, Russell, 84

political issues, 143–144, 146, 188

positron emission tomography (PET), 43, 78–79, 83, 85

posole, 14

posture, 108

poverty, 166, 231

Prabhakar, Arati, 204

prefrontal cortex, 73, 103, 165

prefrontal lobotomy, 200–202

pregnancy, 100–101

primary visual cortex, 123

Principles of Psychology (James), 149

problem solving, 85, 103, 111, 158

Prometheus, 219

Prosser, Aaron, 194

prosthetics, 201(fig.), 205, 212–213, 231

Proust, Marcel, 135

psychiatric incarceration, 187–188

psychiatric patients/treatment, 97, 192

Psychological Review, 151

psychology, 5, 20–21, 145–146

convergence with neuroscience, 158

experimental, 147–148

first university psychology departments, 149

and synthesis of internal/external views of behavior, 146

“Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It” (Watson), 151

psychotherapy, 192, 193

Purkinje cells, 53–54

Purkyně, Jan, 53

pyramidal tracts, 123

Pythagoreans, 16

quantum physics, 37

racetams, 215

racism, 24, 68

radiotracers, 78

Raichle, Mark, 124, 126

Ravindran, Shruti, 138

reading, 131, 148, 210

Reagan, Ronald, 144

redundancy, 59

relationships, interpersonal, 137

religion, 4, 38, 39, 76, 117. See also bible; God/gods; souls; spirituality

research laboratory notebooks, 173–174

retinas, 45, 121, 122, 129, 212–213

risk-taking, 165

robots/nanobots, 30–31, 106, 203, 207, 210

rodents, 62. See also mice

Rodrigues, Paulo, 168

Rosen, Bruce, 72, 79

Rosen, Jeffrey, 162

Rosenthal, Norman, 128

Roskies, Adina, 159

Ryle’s regress, 119

sadness, 101, 102

Sagan, Carl, 54

salient stimuli, 133–134, 135

Samelson, Franz, 152

Sapolsky, Robert, 162

Satel, Sally, 72, 166, 193

Schauss, Alexander, 130

Scheuerrman, Jan, 204, 213

schizophrenia, 171, 175, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 193, 200

diagnosis of, 189

and ethnic minority status, 185

sluggish, 187, 188, 189

and urban environments, 184–185, 194

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 120

Schultz, Laura, 114

Schultz, Wolfram, 35

Schumann, Robert, 96–97

Schrödinger, Erwin, 37, 39

Schwartz, Daniel, 109

science fiction, 6, 30–31

Science magazine, 130

Scientific American, 76, 84

scientific dualism, 38, 39–40, 48, 91, 118, 140, 159

Searle, John, 156

seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 128, 185

self-control, 73, 74(fig.), 128, 138, 162, 165

self-determination, 136

self-worth, 175, 178

selves, 92, 118, 159, 211

sensory system, 121–126, 233. See also auditory system; visual system

Serbsky Institute in Russia, 187

serotonin, 129, 175, 192

Seung, Sebastian, 57

Shannon, Claude, 35

Sherrington, Charles, 30

shootings, 174

Shuster, Joe, 198

Siegel, Jerome, 198

Sistine Chapel, 67

skin, 122

Skinner, B. F., 146(fig.), 153–154, 155, 156–157, 164, 170

sleep, 129

smartphones, 206, 211–212

Snezhnevsky, Andrei, 187, 188, 189

Sniper in the Tower, A (Levergne), 161

Snowden, Edward, 219

social control, 152

social stimuli, 136, 137, 138

Society for Neuroscience conferences, 20

sociology, Chicago School of, 183

solitary confinement, 137

somatic disorders, 97

somatic markers, 103

souls, 2, 4, 7, 12, 16, 25, 29, 37, 38, 39, 49, 69, 74, 76, 118, 140, 146, 149, 159, 171, 174, 204, 207, 220, 234, 235

South America, 69

Soviet Union, 187–188, 189

speech priming, 137–138

spirituality, 24–25, 36–37, 76. See also neurotheology; religion; souls

Spurzheim, Johann, 18

stars, 52–53

Star Trek, 30, 103

sterilization, 176

stimulants, 215

Stoltzfoos, Gerry, 76

stomach surgery, 111–112

Stone Age, 69

Stranger, The (Camus), 126–127

stress, 100, 112, 113, 115, 218

stroke, 40, 42, 203

structuralism, 147, 148, 149, 158

Suetonius, 135

suicides, 172, 219

sulci, 19

Sullivan, Patrick, 182

Sumerians, 211

Suozzi, Kim, 2, 95

Superman, 197–198

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 129

Sur, Mriganka, 42

Swartz, Aaron, 219

Sylvia, Claire, 110

synapses, 33, 36

number of, 55, 57

synaptic cross-talk, 46

syphilis/neurosyphilis, 96–97, 180, 181, 191

Szasz, Thomas, 191

tachistoscopes, 147–148

tactile stimuli, 124, 132

Talbot, Margaret, 216

targeted muscle reinnervation, 213

teaching machines, 154

technology, 5, 6, 69, 152, 195, 196, 212. See also Neurotechnology

TED lecture series, 199

teenagers, 164–165

telescopes, 53

temperature and behavior, 127–128, 163

temporal lobe, 123–124

Ter-Pogossian, Michel, 78

terrorism, 217

Texas Tower shooting in 1966 (University of Texas), 160–164, 174

thalamus, 123

Titchener, Edward, 148, 149, 152

Tokugawa Ieyasu, 120

Tokyo, 67

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 203, 205

transhumanism, 205–214

Transhumanist Wager, The (Istvan), 206

transplants of organs/tissue, 110–111

Tuke, Samuel, 172, 179

Tutankhamen (Pharaoh), 94–95, 95–96

Tversky, Amos, 104

twins, 167, 181–182

unemployment, 185

University of Texas at Austin, 160–161

brains missing from, 162–163

US National Library of Medicine, 20

Uttal, William, 87

Valdesolo, Piercarlo, 196

Valdez, Patricia, 130

values, 143, 182, 208, 218, 220

Vanderwal, Tamara, 125

ventral tegmental area, 35

ventricles of the brain, 29, 41

ventrolateral preoptic area, 114

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), 103

Verbal Behavior (Skinner), 156–157

Vesalius, Andreas, 29

Victorian era, 178–180

visual system, 121–122, 123, 124, 132, 212–213

mammalian, 34–35

See also retinas

vitamin B₃, 180

Vita-More, Natasha, 207–208

Voltaire, 52

volume transmission, 46

von Neumann, John, 31, 36–37, 39, 91

Voorhes, Adam, 162

Vul, Ed, 81

Vyasa, 52–53

Wagner, Rudolf, 19

Waiting for Godot (Beckett), 88

Walden Two (Skinner), 155

Wall Street Journal, 92

Ward, Adrian, 196

Washington University in St. Louis, 78

Watson, Amy, 176, 195

Watson, John, 146(fig.), 151–152, 153, 155, 164, 170

Watters, Ethan, 189–190

Waugh, Evelyn, 135

Wernicke’s area, 83

Wertheimer, Max, 152

Where’s Waldo? (Handford), 134

Whitaker, Robert, 193

Whitman, Charles, 161, 162, 163, 174

Wiesel, Elie, 186

Wilson, Andrew, 105

Wilson, Robert Anton, 206–207

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 92–93

World War I, 150, 151, 152

World War II, 24

Wright, Frank Lloyd, 155

writing, invention of, 211

Wundt, Wilhelm, 146(fig.), 147–148, 149, 150, 158, 159, 170

X-ray computed tomography (CT), 71, 77–78, 96

Yerkes, Robert, 150, 152, 159

zar, 189