Index
Abington, Mass., 194
Accomac County, Md., 69
Acworth, N.H., 250
Adams, Benjamin, 198
Adams, Daniel, 199
Adams, John, 382
Adams, Samuel, 23, 24, 184, 194, 200
Adgate, Matthew, 306
Agrarianism, 5–6, 9–10, 126; see also debtor relief laws; domestic insurrection
Agricultural property, weight of in Philadelphia Convention, 92; see also farmers; planters; slaveholdings
Akins, Jonathan, 308
Albany County, N.Y., 299, 306, 307, 308
Albemarle County, Va., 270, 274
Albemarle Sound, 33
Alden, Noah, 198
Aldrich, James, 343
Alexander, Robert, 277
Alexandria, Va., 257
Allen, John, 271
Allen, Nathaniel, 318
Allen, Phillip, 325
Allen, Samuel, 340, 341, 343, 345
Allen, Thomas (of Rhode Island), 342, 343, 345
Allen, Thomas (of Virginia), 278
Allen Township, Pa., 173
Allentown, N.H., 247
Allis, Josiah, 197
Allison, John, 176
All Saints’ Parish, S.C., 220
Allston, Thomas, 220
Allston, William, Jr., 221
Almy, William, 195
Alsop, Mary, 41
Alsop family (of New York), 298
Alstead, N.H., 248
American Herald (Boston), 183
American Revolution, ideals of, 126, 142, 189, 260n, 262, 384; see also political philosophy
Ames, Moses, 199
Amesbury, Mass., 193
Amherst, N.H., 249
Amherst County, Va., 278
Anderson, George, 128
Anderson, Thomas, 128
Andrews, Robert, 271
An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, see Beard, Charles A.
Annapolis, Md., 31, 152, 156, 159
Anne Arundel County, Md., 31, 152, 156, 157, 159, 160
Anti-Constitutionalist Party (Pennsylvania), 28, 29; see also Morris, Robert
Anti-intellectualism, 189
Anti-militarism. 141, 262; see also militarism
Antislavery feeling as element in ratification, 188, 344n; see also slaves
Apathy and information as elements in ratification, 189, 236–237, 239–241, 245, 311, 315, 316
Aristocracy, 130, 141, 150–153, 155, 289–290
Arms, Consider, 199
Arndt, John, 173
Arnold, Benjamin, Jr., 342
Arthurs, Thomas, 278
Articles of Confederation, 5, 8, 10, 37, 141, 292, 358, 362, 366, 396, 411, 416; proposals to amend, 11, 141, 287, 292, 324–325
Artisans and mechanics, 166, 170, 190, 374–375; attitudes of toward Constitution, 152, 165, 179, 184, 299–300; conditions in 1780’s, 300; in ratifying conventions, 192–193, 197, 201, 202, 218, 249, 341
Ashburnham, Mass., 199
Ashby, Mass., 198
Ashfield, Mass., 197
Ashley, John, Jr., 195
Ashmead, Samuel, 175
Ashton, Burdet, 271
Atherton, Joshua, 238, 249, 285
Athol, Mass., 195
Atkinson, George, 22
Attleborough, Mass., 195
Augusta, Ga., 36, 83, 129, 133
Augusta County, Va., 264n, 269, 270, 273
Austin, Benjamin, 23
Austin, Nicholas, 249
Badger, Joseph, 251
Baird, John, 180
Baker, Albert, 308
Baker, Hilary, 173
Baker, Samuel, 194
Baldwin, Abraham, 36; economic interests of, 82–83, 86, 88, 89, 90, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 102, 108
Balliet, Stephen, 175
Baltimore, Md., 30, 31, 68, 150, 152, 156, 157, 159, 167, 398n
Baltimore County, Md., 152, 160
Bancker, Abraham, 303
Bank of Massachusetts, 39, 389–390
Bank of New York, 42, 49, 83, 128, 144, 301, 302, 389, 390
Bank of North America, 39, 54–55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 65, 166–167, 170–171, 172, 176, 389–390
Bank of South Carolina, 229
Bank of the United States, 73, 82, 296n
Banks and banking, 389–390; see also paper money
Barclay, John, 176
Bard, Richard, 178
Barker, Abraham, 343
Barker, Elisha, 341
Barker, Joseph, 122
Barnes, Asa, 145
Barnes, Richard, 158
Barnstable, Mass., 193
Barnstead, N.H., 249
Barnwell, John, 221
Barnwell, Robert, 221
Barrell, Nathaniel, 195
Barrett, Charles, 250
Barrington, N.H., 248
Bartlett, Josiah, 248
Bartlett, Thomas, 249
Bascom, Moses, 199
Baskins, Andrew, 233
Bassett, Burwell, 271
Bassett, Richard, 30, 37, 116–117; economic interests of, 66, 86, 87, 91, 94, 121; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 103, 106, 108
Bath, Mass., 192
Baxter, John, Jr., 193
Bay, John, 306
Bayard, John, 169
Baylies, William, 194
Beach, John, 146
Beach, Samuel, 143
Bean, Joshua, 199
Bean, Nathaniel, 250
Beard, Charles A.: economic interpretation summarized, 4–18; economic interpretation reappraised (summary), 349–357, 400; factual errors of, 40n, 46n, 60n, 66n, 69n, 81n, 82n, 84n, 172n, 173n, 175n, 176n, 177n, 219n, 280n, 286n, 301n, 303n, 304n, 305n
Becket, Mass., 195
Bedford, Gunning, Jr., 30; economic interests of, 66–67, 86, 88, 90, 94, 121; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 103, 106, 108
Bedford, Mass., 198
Bedford, N.H., 249
Bedford County, Pa., 175, 179, 180
Bedford County, Va., 277, 278, 280
Bee, Thomas, 219
Beede, Daniel, 249
Beekman family (of New York), 298
Bell, David, 278
Bellinger, Edmond, 229
Bellingham, Mass., 198
Bellows, Benjamin, 248
Benson, Egbert, 339n
Benton, Lemuel, 221
Berkeley County, Va., 264n, 272, 275
Berks County, Pa., 62, 178, 179, 180
Betton, James, 249
Betts, Comstock, 200
Bigelow, Abraham, 194
Bigelow, David, 200
Billerica, Mass., 199
Bill of Rights, 313, 317, 321, 323
Bill of Rights, Virginia Constitution, 258
Bills of credit, defined, 386–388
Bird, Mark, 58
Bishop, John, 178
Bishop, Phaneul, 197
Bixby, Thomas, 251
Black, James, 122
Black, John, 174
Blair, John, 33; economic interests of, 74, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 269; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 99, 102, 107
Blair, Timothy, 198
Blake, Edward, 217
Blake, John, 221
Blanchard, Joseph, 247
Blaney, Benjamin, 192
Blanford, Mass., 198
Bloodworth, Timothy, 285
Blount, Benjamin, 272
Blount, William, 34, 314n; economic interests of, 77, 87, 88, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 99, 103, 108
Blue Ridge Mountains, 32, 33, 257, 266, 283, 362
Bodman, William, 198
Bohemia Manor, Md., 65
Bolton, Conn., 146
Bolton, Mass., 194
Booker, Edmund, 278
Boothbay, Mass., 195
Boscawen, N.H., 249
Boston, Mass., 23, 24, 81, 167, 183, 184, 185, 190, 192, 193, 194, 244, 260n, 363, 366, 378n, 379n, 380, 382
Boston Gazette, 183
Botetourt County, Va., 264n, 270, 273, 274, 276
Bourbon County, Va., 277
Bourjin, John Lewis, 229
Bourne, Sherjashub, 340, 342, 343
Bowdoin, James, 23, 24, 183, 187, 192, 200
Bowdoin, James, Jr., 192
Bowdoin faction (Massachusetts), 23–24
Bowen, Jonathan, 128
Bowie, Fielder, 158
Bowie, John, 229
Bowman, John, 228
Boxford, Mass., 196
Boyd,John, 173
Bozrah, Conn., 145
Bradbury, Jacob, 195
Bradford, William, 342
Bradley, Jesse, 199
Bradley, Phillip Burr, 146
Brainerd, Hezekiah, 145
Brandon, Thomas, 232
Brandywine, Battle of, 78
Brandywine River, 29; mills on, 118
Branford, Conn., 147
Branford, Mass., 195
Breading, Nathaniel, 178
Brearley, David, 27; economic interests of, 50–51, 86, 88, 90, 94, 128; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 102, 106, 108
Breckenridge, Robert, 266, 272
Breese, Samuel, 128
Brentwood, N.H., 248
Briggs, John Howell, 278
Brigham, Artemus, 197
Brimfield, Mass., 193
Brinsmade, Daniel Nathaniel, 143
Bristol, Mass., 197
Bristol, R.I., 322, 337, 340, 341
Britain, 243, 375, 376, 409; American commercial relations with, 55, 119, 131, 185, 187, 213, 214, 244, 293, 374, 381, 382, 392; debts due merchants of, 26, 34, 150–151, 155, 207–208, 263–267, 283, 311, 334, 379, 391–392; depredations of during Revolutionary War, 79–81, 206–207, 217–234, 261, 263, 265, 315; military posts in United States, 263–267, 290
British West Indies, 131, 315, 338n; closed to American shipping, 44, 185, 187–188, 213, 214, 244, 364, 381–382
Broad, Hezekiah, 200
Brooke, Humphrey, 272
Brookline, Mass., 194
Brooks, David, 147
Brooks, Eleazer, 195
Brooks, John, 194
Broom, Jacob, 30, 37; economic interests of, 67, 87, 90, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 103, 106, 108
Brown, Gustavus, 158
Brown, Jacob, 233
Brown, John (of Hopkinton, R.I.), 342, 345
Brown, John (of North Carolina), 318
Brown, John (of Providence, R.I.), 325, 335
Brown, Joseph, 232
Brown, William, 179
Browne, Benjamin, 195
Browne, Shearjashub, 193
Brownfield, Robert, 227
Bruce, Donald, 227
Brunswick, Ga., 130
Brunswick, Mass., 192
Brunswick County, Va., 279
Bryan, George, 170n
Buchanan, Andrew, 278
Buckingham, Gideon, 144
Buckingham County, Va., 270, 278, 279
Buckminster, Lawson, 192
Buckland, Mass., 195
Bucks County, Pa., 176, 177, 178
Budd, John, 220
Bull, Thomas, 176
Bullard, Jonathan, 197
Bullitt, Cuthbert, 276
Bullock, Rice, 272
Bullock, Zachariah, 232
Burges, J., Jr., 229
Burke County, Ga., 133, 135, 136
Burkitt, --, Baptist minister, North Carolina, 311
Burr, Thaddeus, 144
Burwell, Nathaniel, 272
Butler, Pierce, 35; economic interests of, 81–82, 87, 91, 94, 210; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 99, 103, 106, 108
Butler, William, 232
Buxton, Mass., 195
Cabell, Samuel Jordan, 278
Cabell, William, 278
Cabot, Francis, 192
Cabot, George, 192
Calfe, John, 248
Calhoun, Joseph, 232
Calhoun, Patrick, 212
Callis, William Overton, 272
Calvert County, Md., 159
Cambridge, Mass., 24, 192, 195
Camden County, Ga., 134
Campbell, John, 318
Campbell, Thomas, 176
Campbell County, Va., 277
Campton, N.H., 247
Canada, 238
Candia, N.H., 250
Canfield, Samuel, 145
Cannon, Daniel, 218
Canterbury, N.H., 250
Cantine, John, 308
Canton, China, 60
Cape Fear, 33
Cape Lookout, 316
Capital, forms of in United States, 385–398
Capitalists, in ratifying conventions, 127, 172, 173, 178–179, 181, 250, 304–306, 318, 375–376; see also gentlemen-capitalists; manufacturers and manufacturing; mercantile interest groups; personalty interest groups
Capital of United States, location of, 57
Card, Bowen, 344
Carleton, Sir Guy, 275
Carman, Stephen, 305
Carnes, John, 194
Carolina County, Md., 158
Caroline County, Va., 270, 275, 281
Carpenter, Elisha, 195
Carrington, George, 278
Carroll, Charles of Carrollton, 30, 31
Carroll, Daniel, 31; economic interests of, 68, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 103, 107
Carroll, Nicholas, 156
Carroll faction (Maryland), 30–32
Carter, Thomas, 278
Carver, Samuel, 146
Cary, Richard, 278
Caswell faction (North Carolina), 33, 34
Caswell, Richard, 311
Cecil County, Md., 157, 158, 159
Cedar Park (plantation), Md., 70
Chadwick, Edmund, 248
Chaille, Peter, 158
Chamberlain, John, 200
Chambers, Stephen, 174
Chandler, John, 143
Chapman, Jabez, 146
Charles City County, Va., 277, 279
Charles County, Md., 31, 68, 158, 159
Charleston, N.H., 247
Charleston, S.C., 35, 79, 131, 207, 217–221, 223–228, 234, 260n, 378n, 379n, 380
Charleston Chamber of Commerce, 228
Charlestown, R.I., 343
Charlotte County, Va., 272, 280
Chase, Jeremiah Townley, 70, 159
Chase, Jonathan, 247
Chase, Samuel, 70, 148, 149, 150, 153, 159, 160, 285
Chase faction (Maryland), 30, 31, 285
Chatham, Conn., 146
Chatham County, Ga., 129, 133, 134
Chelmsford, Mass., 199
Chelsea, Mass., 194
Chenango River, 304
Cheney, Thomas, 177
Chesley, John, Jr., 159
Chesley, Jonathan, 249
Chesnut, John, 221
Chester, John, 146
Chester, N.H., 247
Chester County, Pa., 118, 173, 176
Chester District, S.C., 231, 232, 233
Chesterfield, N.H., 250
Chesterfield County, Va., 274, 276
Chetwood, John, 128
China, 55
Chisholm, John, 232
Choate, J., 195
Chowan County, N.C., 318
Chowan River, 33
Christ Church Parish, S.C., 217, 219, 220, 226
Christmas, Robert, 136
Claremont, N.H., 251
Clark, Abraham, 27
Clark, Ebenezer, 308
Clark, Israel, 195
Clark, John I., 340, 341, 342, 343
Clark, Jonathan, 227
Clark, Kimball, 194
Clark and Nightingale, 325, 334n
Class conflict, see debtor relief laws; domestic insurrection; economic interpretation; ratification
Clay, Charles, 277
Clay, Green, 278
Clayton, William, 272
Clergymen, 190; in ratifying conventions, 145, 147, 148, 174, 179, 181, 194, 198, 201, 202, 220, 247–248, 250, 271, 277, 281
Clermont, N.Y., 302
Clindinnen, George, 272
Clinton, George, 26, 71, 284–286, 289–293, 296–300, 304–305, 309, 390;
Clinton, James, 306
Clinton County, N.Y., 308
Clough, Jeremiah, 250
Clymer, George, 28; economic interests of, 59–60, 87, 89, 90, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 104n, 108
Cochran, Thomas, 369
Cockbum, N.H., 248
Cocke, John Hartwell, 272
Cockey, Edward, 160
Cogswell, Jonathan, 195
Coit, Wheeler, 145
Coleburn, N.H., 248
Coleman, Josiah, 147
Coleman, Robert, 173
Coles, Isaac, 276
Collins, John (of Rhode Island), 323, 334n
Collins, John (of South Carolina), 227
Collins, Josiah, 318
Columbia College, 46
Columbia County, N.Y., 306, 307
Commercial conditions in the 1780’s, 9, 9n, 38–39, 39n, 44, 44n, 125, 131–132, 138–141, 167–168, 185–188, 206–212, 291–292, 295–296, 315, 335
Commercial regulation, 5, 10; by foreign governments, 243, 381–382; by states, 119, 138–140, 187; desire for general, 187–188, 213–215, 243–244; effect of general, 364, 378–383; effect of general on southern states, 373–374; threat of United States against North Carolina and Rhode Island, 317, 339; see also mercantilism; tariffs
Commodity credit, 391–392; see also Britain, debts due merchants of; debtors
Communication as an element in ratification, see apathy and information as an element in ratification: propaganda
Comstock, Job, 329–331, 344, 345n
Concord, Mass., 192
Confiscated property, purchases of, 92, 133–135, 154–161, 205; see also speculation in confiscated property
Confiscation of American property by British, 206–207, 217–234
Congress, Continental, 29, 70, 72, 75, 76, 83, 132, 205–206, 237, 290–291, 292, 324, 326, 327, 330, 366, 386–387
Congress (under the Constitution), 313, 322, 345, 364, 373, 416
Connecticut, 15, 63, 64n, 83, 150, 238–239, 300, 315, 327, 338n–339n, 363, 364, 375, 376, 385, 387, 391, 405–408; delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 25, 37, 45–48, 93–110; ratification, 115, 136–148, 162, 241, 352–354, 357, 416–417
Connecticut River valley, 22–24, 186, 238–239, 240–242, 245–246, 366, 367
Constitutional Convention, see Philadelphia Convention
Constitutionalist Party (Pennsylvania), 28, 29, 164–171, 175
Continental army, 60, 61, 263n, 264n; see also military defense as an element in ratification; military service as an element in ratification; Revolutionary War; veterans in postwar politics
Continental Congress, see Congress, Continental
Continental creditors faction (Connecticut), 25
Contract clause of the Constitution, 126, 170–171
Conway, Mass., 199
Cook, John, 230
Cooper, Isaac, 122
Cooper, Thomas, 278
Cooper River, 361
Cooper-Santee Canal Company, 397
Corbin, Francis, 272
Cornish, N.H., 247
Cornwallis, Lord, 224
Coulter, John, 156
Coventry, N.H., 250
Coventry, R.I., 330n, 340, 343
Coxe, Tench, 164
Craig, James, 232
Cramphin, Thomas, 158
Crane, David, 128
Crane, Thaddeus, 303
Crawford, William, 128
Credit, forms of private, 389–393; see also commodity credit; debtors
Creditors, see commodity credit; credit; debtors; money lenders; public creditors
Creek Indians, 46
Cripps, Whitten, 128
“Critical Period” tradition, 3, 9
Crocker, Zaccheus, 199
Crockett, Walter, 278
Cromwell, Nathan, 160
Crosskeys, John, 221
Cudworth, Benjamin, 229
Culpeper, Joseph, 230
Culpeper County, Va., 275, 278, 280
Cumberland, R.I., 342
Cumberland County, Pa., 62, 178, 179, 180
Cumberland County, Va., 278, 279
Cummings, Ebenezer, 251
Cummins, Daniel, 122
Cummins, Francis, 220
Cumru Township, Pa., 62
Cunningham, Mass., 195
Currency differences in the several states, 119n–120n, 385–386
Cushing, Joseph, 193
Cushing family (Massachusetts), 23
Custis, Edmund, 278
Cuthbert, John A., 221
Cutts, Thomas, 200
Dakin, Amos, 247
Danbury, N.C., 34
Daniell, Thomas, 134
Danvers, Mass., 197
Darien, Ga., 130
Darke, William, 272
Darrell, Edward, 217
Dartmouth, N.H., 248
Dauphin County, Pa., 179
Davenport, James, 144
Davenport, John, 144
Davie, William R., 34, 77–78, 86, 87, 91, 94, 99, 103, 312
Davis, Caleb, 200
Davis, Jenkin, 134
Davis, Joseph, 198
Davis, Moses, 193
Dayton, Elias, 52
Dayton, Jonathan, 27; economic interests of, 52–53, 88, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 102, 106, 108, 109
Deakins, William, Jr., 157
Deas, John, Jr., 221
Debt, public, see public debt
Debts, private, see debtors
Debtor relief laws, 204, 242, 391; effect of Constitution on, 9–10, 388–391; members of Philadelphia Convention vote for, 23, 26, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 349–350
Debtors, 5–6, 7, 8, 11, 150–151, 207–208, 211, 323–324, 331–333, 391; in Philadelphia Convention, 91; in ratifying conventions, 155, 160, 176, 234–235, 253–254, 266, 267n, 283, 341, 344; summary appraisal of Beard’s thesis regarding, 349–55; see also Britain, debts due merchants of; commodity credit; credit; debtor relief laws; money lending
Declaration of Independence, 142, 164, 409, 411
Deerfield, Mass., 198
Deerfield, N.H., 248
DeLancey, James, 298
DeLancey family (New York), 289
Delaware, 368, 385, 406–408; delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 29–30, 37, 64–67, 93–110; ratification, 115, 116–122, 123, 124, 150, 160, 162, 163, 350–351, 356, 416–417
Delaware River and valley, 28–29, 57, 119, 123, 125, 175, 361, 398
Democracy, 13, 149, 171, 338; see also elections; political philosophy; republicanism; suffrage
Denny, Samuel, 199
Deshler, David, 173
Devaux, Stephen, 222
DeWitt, John, 304
Dewitt, William, 222
Dexter, John S., 342, 339n, 345
Dickenson, Henry, 276
Dickinson, John, 29, 30; economic interests of, 64–65, 86–88, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 102, 106, 108
Dickinson-Read faction (Delaware), 29, 30
Digges, George, 158
Dinwiddie County, Va., 277, 281
District between Broad and Catawba Rivers, S.C., 230, 231
District between Savannah River and North Fork of the Edisto, S.C., 222, 225, 227, 228
District East of the Wateree, S.C., 221, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234
District of 96, S.C., 216, 220, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233
Dole, Stephen, 249
Dollard, Patrick, 230
Domestic insurrection, 153, 182, 187–188, 208–209, 360n, 362–363; see also Shays’ Rebellion
Done, John, 159
Donelson, Stokely, 314n
Dorchester, Mass., 192
Dorchester County, Md., 158, 159
Douglas, Mass., 198
Dow, Jonathan, 249
Downing, Richard, 173
Dracut, Mass., 195
Drayton, Charles, 222
Drayton, Glen, 222
Drew, Thomas H., 278
Driver, Matthew, 158
Duane, James, 301
Dublin, Ireland, 65
Dublin, N.H., 249
Dubose, Isaac, 222
Dubose, Samuel, 222
Duer, William, 43
Duff, Thomas, 122
Dunham, Cornelius, 195
Dunbar, William, 222
Dunlap, Thomas, 232
Dunstable, Mass., 195
Durham, Conn., 146
Durham, N.H., 246
Durham Township, Pa., 176
Dutch in United States, 368; see also Holland
Dutchess County, N.Y., 286n, 304, 306, 307
Duvall, Gabriel, 31
Duxbury, Mass., 194
Dwight, Elijah, 192
Dyer, Eliphalet, 143
Earle, Samuel, 227
Early, Joel, 278
Early, John, 278
Eastern Shore (Maryland), 29, 30, 31, 118, 150, 159
East Florida, 317
East Haven, Conn., 146
Eastman, Benjamin, 199
Easton, Mass., 197
East Windsor, Conn., 25, 46, 144, 145
Economic interest groups: Beard’s classification of, 9–10, 116; reclassification and summary of effects of Constitution upon, 358–399
Economic interpretation, usefulness of, 17–18, 401–414
Edenton, N.C., 34
Edgar, James, 180
Edgartown, Mass., 193
Edgecomb, Mass., 193
Edmiston, Samuel, 279
Edmondson, Peter, 158
Edmunds, Thomas, 279
Edwards, Benjamin, 157
Edwards, Enoch, 174
Edwards, John, 217
Edwards, Pierrepont, 144
Effingham, N.H., 249
Effingham County, Ga., 133, 134
Effington, N.H., 248
Eilbeck, Anne, 72
Elderkin, Jedadiah, 143
Eldredge, Jeremiah, 128
Elections, 148; to ratifying conventions, 117, 123–124, 129–130, 137, 149, 163–105, 183, 190, 203, 237, 256–258, 286, 310–313, 321–323
Elizabeth, N.J., 27
Elizabeth City County, Va., 261, 270, 275
Ellery, William, 345n
Elliott, Benjamin, 173
Elliott, John (of Connecticut), 147
Elliott, John (of Georgia), 134, 135, 136
Elliott, William, 222
Ellsworth, Oliver, lln, 25, 137, 387n; economic interests of, 25, 46–47, 86, 87, 89, 90, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 103, 106
Emery, Benjamin, 250
Enfield, Conn., 146
England, see Britain
Epsom, N.H., 247
Erie Canal, 308
Essex County, N.J., 27
Essex-Salem area, Massachusetts, 23, 24
Esten, Eseck, 344
Europe, American trade with, 71, 85, 125, 160, 213, 315; see also Britain, France, Holland, Ireland, Spain
Evans, John, 279
Evans, Samuel, 158
Evans, Thomas, 122
Everitt, Daniel, 143
Exchange, rates of, see currency differences in the several states
Exeter, N.H., 23, 39, 40, 246, 377
Eyre, Littleton, 273
Factors of foreign merchants, 33–35, 130, 150–151, 208, 210, 212–215, 217–218, 229, 234, 378–379
Faesch, John Jacob, 128
Fairfax County, Va., 32, 270, 271, 273
Fairfield, Conn., 144
Fairfield County, S.C., 230, 232, 233
Fales, David, 194
Falmouth, Mass., 193
Farley, Michael, 192
Farmers, 6–9, 11, 190, 191, 244; conditions in 1780’s, 119, 125, 131, 206–212; effects of Constitution on various kinds, 359–374; in Philadelphia Convention, 87; in ratifying conventions, 121–123, 128, 135, 140, 145–146, 147, 148, 172, 176–178, 180–181, 195, 199, 201–202, 227–228, 232–234, 248, 250–251, 318, 340; summary appraisal of Beard’s thesis regarding, 349–355; see also planters
Farmers-General (France), 55, 267
Fauquier County, Va., 272, 274
Faw, Abraham, 158
Fayette County, Va., 269–270, 279
Fayssoux, Peter, 229
Fearing, Israel, 195
Federal Convention, see Philadelphia Convention
Federalist Papers, 13, 257, 284, 312
Federalists, see ratification
Federal Republican clubs, 285
Fell, John, 128
Fenwick, John, 222
Few, William, 36, 83–84, 87, 90, 91, 94, 102, 108, 133, 136
Field, Samuel, 198
Fifield, Stephen, 250
Finances, public, see fiscal policies
Fiscal policies: of the states in the 1780’s, 119–120, 126, 132, 138–141, 153–155, 166–169, 187, 205–206, 293–296, 323–338, 345–346, 364–366; effects of Constitution upon, 120, 139–140, 206, 296n, 361, 365, 393–394
Fisher, Daniel, 273
Fisher, Jabez, 195
Fishing industry, 44, 243, 381–382
Fisk, Amos, 200
Fiske, John, 9
Fitch, Hezekiah, 144
Fitch, Jabez, 143
Fitchburg, Mass., 197
Fitzpatrick, William, 230
Fitzsimons, Thomas, 28, 59–60, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 104n, 108
Fitzwilliam, N.H., 251
Fleet, William, 273
Flora (ship), 62
Fluvanna County, Va., 279, 280
Fogartie, Lewis, 228
Fogg, Jeremiah, 248
Foot, Daniel, 246
Foot, Isaac, 146
Forbes, Daniel, 199
Fowler, John, 279
Framingham, Mass., 192
France, 63, 386, 409; American commercial relations with, 54–55, 244, 381, 382; see also Farmers-General; French West Indies
Francestown, N.H., 251
Franklin, Benjamin, 28, 29, 136, 165; economic interests of, 63, 88, 90, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 104n, 108, 109
Franklin, State of, 79
Franklin, Mass., 195
Franklin County, Ga., 84
Franklin County, Pa., 176
Franklin County, Va., 278
Frederick, Md., 31
Frederick County, Md., 156, 158
Frederick County, Va., 264n, 270, 272, 276
Freeman, Jonathan, 249
Frelinghuysen, Frederick, 128
French West Indies, 38–39, 244, 315, 364, 382
Frey, John, 307
Frierson, William, 222
Frye, John, 197
Fryeburg, Mass., 199
Fuller, Abraham, 192
Gadsden, Christopher, 208n, 218
Gadsden, Thomas, 218
Gale, George, 157
Gale, John, 157
Garner, Melcher, 230
Gaskill, Jonathan, 250
Gaskins, Thomas, 273 General Lee (brig), 62
Gentlemen-capitalists, 194–195, 198–199, 201, 202
“Genuine Information, The,” 149
Geographical distribution of the vote on ratification, 6, 14–15, 140, 154, 164–165, 171, 238, 300–301
George’s River, 250
Georgetown, Md., 157
Georgia, 56, 150, 176, 215, 317, 370, 372–373, 385, 388, 391, 394, 399, 406–408; delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 36, 93–110; ratification, 115, 129–136, 162, 350–351, 356, 416–417
Germans in the United States, 130, 368
Germantown, Battle of, 78
Gerrish, Joseph, 249
Gerry, Elbridge, 24, 276, 285, 387n; economic interests of, 44, 87, 88, 90, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention and attitude toward Constitution, 98, 103, 105, 108n, 109, 184
Gibbons, Thomas, Sr., 130n
Gibbons, William, 177
Gillett, Jonathan, 147
Gilman, Nicholas, 23, 39–41, 88, 90, 94, 102, 104, 106, 108
Gilmantown, N.H., 251
Gilpin, Joseph, 159
Girard, Stephen, 64
Glasgow, University of, 76
Glastenbury, Conn., 146
Glaze, John, 222
Glidden, Charles, 249
Gloucester, R.I., 330n
Gloucester County, Va., 261, 274
Glynn County, Ga., 36, 134, 135
Goddard, Josiah, 195
Goffstown, N.H., 251
Gold, William, 147
Goldsborough, Robert, Jr., 158
Goldsbury, John, 199
Goochland County, Va., 274, 279, 280
Goodall, Parke, 276
Goodman, Noah, 192
Goodrich, Wait, 146
Gordon, James (of Lancaster, Va.), 273
Gordon, James (of Orange, Va.), 273
Gorham, Nathaniel, 24; economic interests of, 43–44, 87, 88, 92, 94, 192; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 102, 107
Gorham, Mass., 199
Goshen, Conn., 146
Goshen, N.Y., 308
Goss, Nathan, 247
Gouvemeur, Isaac, 295n
Graff, Sebastian, 174
Grafton, Mass., 196
Grahame, Charles, 159
Granby, Mass., 199
Granger, William, 158
Grantham, N.H., 247
Granville County, N.C., 311
Gray, George, 175
Gray, James, 247
Gray, John, 230
Gray, Mass., 194
Grayson, William, 258, 261, 276, 285
Great Barrington, Mass., 192
Great Dismal Swamp, 361
Green, Ezra, 246
Green, Jonathan, 199
Greenbriar County, Va., 264n, 272, 275
Green Dragon Inn, 184
Greene, Christopher, Jr., 342, 343, 345
Greene, Job, 344
Greene, Nathaniel, 176
Greene County, Ga., 133, 134, 136
Greenfield, Mass., 199
Greenland, N.H., 247
Greensville County, Va., 273, 274
Grier, David, 174
Griffin, Samuel, 249
Grimke, John F., 219
Gristmills, 118, 120, 125, 173, 178–179, 197, 244, 246–247, 303, 304, 375
Griswold, Matthew, 143
Groton, Conn., 144
Grout, Daniel, 250
Grout, Jonathan, 198
Guerrant, John, 279
Guilford, Conn., 147
Guilford, N.C., 78
Haddam, Conn., 145
Haden, Joseph, 279
Hadley, Mass., 195
Haig, George, 223
Hale, Moses, 197
Hale, Samuel, 248
Hall, Aaron, 248
Hall, Asaph, 146
Hall, Benjamin, 158
Hall, Daniel, 146
Hall, William, 122
Halsey, Jeremiah, 144
Hamilton, Alexander, 53, 294n; debt funding plan, 15–16, 104, 168, 346 (see also Loan of 1790); economic interests of, 48–49, 86, 87, 89, 94, 301; in state politics in 1780’s, 26, 284n–285n, 297–298, 299; leads ratification movement in New York, 284, 286, 287; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 102
Hamilton, Andrew, 232
Hamilton, Paul, 223
Hamilton, William, 58n
Hammond, Nicholas, 159
Hampshire County, Mass., 45
Hampshire County, Va., 264n, 273, 276
Hampton, John, 232
Hampton, N.H., 246
Hampton Falls, N.H., 248
Hancock, John, 23, 24, 183, 184–185, 189, 192
Hand, Jesse, 128
Handley, George, 134, 135, 136
Hanna, John Andre, 179
Hannum, John, 177
Hanover, Mass., 193
Hanover County, Va., 32, 276, 279
Hanson, Alexander Contee, 156
Hardenbergh, Jacob, 128
Hardwick, Mass., 196
Hardy County, Va., 264n, 274, 275
Harford County, Md., 152, 159, 160
Haring, John, 307
Harlestone, Isaac, 223
Harper, William (of New Hampshire), 250
Harper, William (of New York), 308
Harpswell, Mass., 195
Harris, John (of Pennsylvania), 180
Harris, John (of South Carolina), 220
Harrisburg, Pa., 179
Harrison, Benjamin (of Maryland), 160
Harrison, Benjamin (of Virginia), 261, 266
Harrison, Richard, 301
Harrison, Robert Hanson, 31
Harrison County, Va., 264n, 269, 274
Hart, William, 145
Hartford, Conn., 25, 137, 139, 143, 144, 185, 378n
Hartford County, Conn., 143
Hartford Woolen Mills, 375
Hartley, Thomas, 174
Hartshorne, Joachim, 233
Harvard College, 194
Harvey, Solomon, 250
Harwich, Mass., 194
Harwood, David, 199
Hastings, John, 195
Hatfield, Richard, 301
Hatfield, Mass., 195
Havana, 366
Havens, Jonathan N., 305
Haverhill, N.H., 250
Hay, Samuel, 128
Hazard, George, 340
Hazard, Jonathan J., 328–331, 343, 344
Hebron, Conn., 147
Hedges, David, 306
Heister, Joseph, 178
Hemsley, William, 158
Henley, David, 258n
Henniker, N.H., 248
Hennion, Cornelius, 128
Henry, Patrick, 32, 256n, 257–259, 261–262, 266, 276, 285, 314
Henry County, Va., 32, 276, 278, 279
Herkimer County, N.Y., 307
Heron, James Gordon, 158
Herrick, Jacob, 195
Hertford County, N.C., 311, 318
Hessian fly, 125
Heyward, Thomas, Jr., 220
Hicks, Benjamin, Jr., 223
Hill, William, 230
Hillary, Christopher, 134, 135, 136
Hillsborough, N.H., 248
Historiography of the Confederation period, 4; see also Beard, Charles A.; Fiske, John; “critical period” tradition
Historical methodology, 7, 16, 18, 401–414; see also Beard, Charles A.
Hobart, John Sloss, 301
Hoge, Jonathan, 178
Holcom, Henry, 220
Holcomb, Hezekiah, 147
Holden, Stephen, 199
Holden, Mass., 198
Holland, 82, 157, 176, 227, 386
Holland, Israel, 172
Holland Company, 56
Hollingsworth, Henry, 157
Hollyday, James, 158
Holt, Caleb, 146
Hooper, Robert, 58
Hooper, William, 250
Hoops, Robert, 128
Hopkinson, N.H., 248
Hopkins, David, 308
Hopkins, Joseph, 25, 137n, 142, 143
Hopkins, Samuel, 277
Hopkinton, R.I., 342
Horry, Daniel, 209n
Horry, Thomas, 223
Horsefield, Joseph, 175
Horse raising, see stock farming
Hosmer, Joseph, 192
House of Representatives, United States, 53, 174
Houston, William C., 27, 51–52, 86, 88, 94, 98, 102, 128
Houstoun, Patrick, 85
Houstoun, William, 36, 85–86, 87, 91, 94, 95, 103
Howard, Daniel, Jr., 195
Howell, Thomas, 230
Howels, Richard, 128
Howes, Jonathan, 193
Hubley, John, 174
Hudson River, 26, 125, 383; see also manor lords; tenant farmers
Huger, John, 223
Huguenots, 216
Humphrey, Daniel, 147
Humphreys, Ralph, 273
Hunn, John, 175
Hunt, James G., 229
Hunter, Andrew, 128
Hunter, John, 228
Hunterdon County, N.J., 128
Huntington, Isaac, 145
Huntington, Jedadiah, 144
Huntington, Samuel, 144
Huntington County, Pa., 173
Hutchins, Joseph, 250
Hutchinson, Israel, 197
Hutchinson, Matthias, 223
Hutson, Richard, 220
Hutson, Thomas, 223
Imprisonment for debt, 26n, 56
Income tax (Delaware), 65n
Independence Hall, 3
Independent Journal (New York), 284
India, 55
Indians, 77, 129, 130, 132, 136, 162, 395
Industrial revolution, 124–125; see also manufacturers and manufacturing
Ingersoll, Tared, 28, 29; economic interests of, 63–64, 84, 86, 87, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 104n, 108
Ingersoll, Jared (father of the delegate), 63
Ingersoll, John, 195
Ingram, John, 122
Inner Temple, 84
Innes, James, 269
Insurance Company of North America, 60
Insurrection, see domestic insurrection
Internal improvement companies, 397, 398
Internal transportation, 316, 360–362, 397–398
Intrastate sectionalism, 21–37, 164–165, 171, 211–212, 216, 240–242
Iredell, James, 312
Iredell County, N.C., 318
Iron manufacture, 125, 128, 159, 173, 174, 176n, 178, 197, 376
Irvine, William, 169
Isle of Wight County, Va., 269
Izard, Ralph, Jr., 223
Jackson, George, 269
Jaffrey, N.H., 251
James, John, 121
James City County, Va., 75, 261, 271, 272
James River Company, 397
Jamestown, R.I., 337, 341, 342
Janes, Ebenezer, 193
Jay, John, 286, 288n, 302, 309n
Jay family (New York), 298
Jay-Gardoqui negotiations, 259, 314, 366–367; see also Mississippi River; Havana; Spanish possessions and interests in America
Jefferson County, Va., 272
Jefferson faction (Virginia), 32
Jenifer, Daniel of St. Thomas, 30, 31; economic interests, 69, 87, 88, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98–99, 103, 107
Jenkins, Daniel, 223
Jenkins, Isaac, 223
Jenkins, Thomas, 325
Jenks, Nicholas, 197
Jennings, John, 198
Johns, Kensey, 121
Johnson, James, 269
Johnson, William, 218
Johnson, William Samuel, 3n, 25, 45–46, 87, 88, 94, 98, 103, 143
Johnston, Samuel, 33
Johnston County, N.C., 318
Johnston faction (North Carolina), 33
Johnston, R.I., 343
Jones, Adam Crain, 230
Jones, Benjamin, 250
Jones, Binns, 279
Jones, Gabriel, 269
Jones, John (of Delaware), 122
Jones, John (of Virginia), 279
Jones, Thomas (of Massachusetts), 200
Jones, Thomas (of South Carolina), 224
Jones, Walter, 271
Jones, William, 197
Jones, Willie, faction in North Carolina, 33, 34
Jordan, James, 233
Joyner, John, 218
Judd, William, 144
Judges in ratifying conventions, 143, 144, 147, 148, 156, 175, 194, 301, 307
Kalteisen, Michael, 218
Karwon, Thomas, 224
Kean, John, 224
Keene, N.H., 248
Kello, Samuel, 273
Kennedy, William, 228
Kennon, Richard, 279
Kensington, N.H., 248
Kent, Connecticut, 45
Kent County, Del., 30, 121–122
Kent County, Md., 156, 158, 159
Kentucky, 32, 33, 56, 72, 257, 259, 260, 270, 272, 277, 278, 370
King, Miles, 271
King, Rufus, 11n, 24; economic interests of, 41–42, 86, 87, 89, 90, 94, 189; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 102, 105, 107, 108
King, William B., 343
King and Queen County, Va., 273, 280
King George County, Va., 271, 275
Kings County, N.Y., 286n, 299, 303
Kingston, Mass., 194
Kingston, N.H., 248
King William County, Va., 280
Kinlock, Cleland, 224
Kinlock, Francis, 223
Kinsley, Martin, 196
Kittredge, Thomas, 198
Knox, James, 231
Kuhl, Frederick, 169
Lacy, Edward, 233
Ladson, James, 224
Lake Champlain, 26
Lake Winnipesaukee, 360
Lancaster, Mass., 193
Lancaster, N.H., 248
Lancaster County, Pa., 173, 174, 180
Lancaster County, Va., 273, 275
Landholdings: importance of among Philadelphia Convention delegates, 91–92; summaries of holdings in ratifying conventions, 282, 319–321; see also farmers; manor lords; planters; speculation in vacant lands
Land speculation, see speculation in vacant lands
Langdon, John, 22–23, 43; economic interests of, 38–39, 43, 87, 89, 90, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 102, 104, 106; in New Hampshire ratifying convention, 238, 241, 242, 243, 246
Langdon, Samuel, 248
Langdon faction (New Hampshire), 22–23
Lansing, John, 26; economic interests of, 49, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention and opposition to the Constitution, 103, 108, 109
Lansingburgh, N.Y., 49
Latimer, George, 172
Latimer, James, 121
Laurens, Henry, Jr., 224
Law, Richard, 143
Lawrence, Elisha, 128
Lawrence, John, 295n
Lawrence, Nathaniel, 305
Laws, John, 122
Laws, Thomas, 122
Lawson, Mr. – – –, 65
Lawyers, 130, 169, 190, 383–384; in Philadelphia Convention, 86, 87, 88; in ratifying conventions, 121, 128, 133, 143–144, 146, 148, 156, 159–160, 172, 174, 175, 179, 181, 193, 197, 201, 202, 218–219, 229, 234, 247, 249, 269–270, 276–277, 281, 301–302, 304–318, 341
Lazell, Edmund, 195
Learned, Amasa, 144
Learned, Jeremiah, 199
Lebanon, Conn., 143
Lebanon, N.H., 247
Lee, Andrew, 145
Lee, Arthur, 56n
Lee, Henry (of Bourbon County, Kentucky-Virginia), 277
Lee, Henry (of Westmoreland County, Virginia), 262, 266, 273
Lee, Richard Henry, 32, 257, 285
Lee, Mass., 199
Lefferts, Peter, 303
Legare, Thomas, 224
Leicester, Mass., 199
Lempster, N.H., 250
Lenoir County, N.C., 33
Leominster, Mass., 195
Leonard, Nathaniel, 196
Lesterjette, Lewis, 217
Lewis, Thomas, 273
Lewis, Warner, 273
Lexington, Mass., 195
Libby, Orin G., 14, 153, 216, 242, 244
Liberty County, Ga., 133, 134, 136
Lightwood, Edward, 224
Lightwood, John, 224
Lincoln, Abraham, 179
Lincoln, Benjamin, 23, 195, 200
Lincoln, James, 231
Lincoln, Mass., 195
Lincoln County, Va., 258n, 279, 280
Lindsay, John, 234
Litchfield, Conn., 143
Little Compton, R.I., 322, 340, 341
Littlepage, John Carter, 279
Little River District, S.C., 228, 233
Littleton, Mass., 197
Livermore, Samuel, 22, 238, 242, 246, 247
Liverpool, England, 54
Livestock, trade in, 38–39, 39n, 45, 138–139; see also stock farmers
Livingston, Gilbert, 304
Livingston, Philip, 302
Livingston, Robert R., 286, 302
Livingston, William, 27, 49, 53, 86, 88, 91, 94, 102, 106, 108, 123
Livingston family (New York), 289, 297, 310
Livingston Lower Manor, 302
Lloyd, Edward, 157
Lloyd, John, 224
Lloyd-Tilghman family (Maryland), 156
Loan of 1790, pp. 12, 39–41, 42n, 45, 59, 60, 142, 180, 206, 302, 345; see also Hamilton, Alexander, debt funding plan
Long, Pierse, 246
Longfellow, Stephen, Jr., 199
Long Island, N.Y., 26, 139, 298
Lotz, Nicholas, 179
Loudon County, Va., 61, 268n, 269, 277
Love, Andrew, 233
Love, William, 160
Low, Nathaniel, 198
Lower District between Broad and Saluda Rivers, S.C., 229, 232, 233, 234
Low family (New York), 298
Lowndes, Edward, 203
Lowry, John, 232
Lowry, Samuel, 229
Loyalists, 63, 68, 154–155, 185, 198, 205, 216, 263–267, 289, 290, 298–299; confiscation of property of, 154–155, 263–267, 289
Ludlow, Mass., 198
Ludwig, John, 180
Lumber industry and exports, 38–39, 131, 243; see also sawmills; wood farmers
Lunenburg County, Va., 278, 280
Lushington, Richard, 218
Lutherans, 130
Luxury goods, trade in, 55
Luzerne County, Pa., 175
Lydenborough, N.H., 250
Lyme, Conn., 146
McCaleb, William, 227
McCaw, John, 233
McClenachan, Blair, 62
McClerry, William, 273
McClurg, James, 32, 72–73, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 99, 102
McClurg, Walter, 73
McCobb, William, 195
McFerran, Martin, 274
McHenry, James, 31, 95- 149; economic interests of, 68, 88, 91, 94, 156; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 103, 107, 108
McHenry, John, 68
McKean, Thomas, 175
McKee, William, 274
McLane, Allen, 122
M’Lellan, Joseph, 192
McPherson, John, 224
McPherson, William, 175
Maclaine, Archibald, 312
Macomb, Alexander, 305
Madison, James, 32, 75, 259, 261, 269; economic interests of, 72–73, 87, 88, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108
Madison County, Va., 279
Mahams, Hezekiah, 223
Maine, James, 225
Maine, 23, 24, 41, 188, 250, 391, 394, 395
Malden, Mass., 192
Manchester, Isaac, 340, 342, 343, 345
Manchester, Mass., 195
Manigault, Gabriel, 225
Manigault, Joseph, 217
Manlove, George, 122
Manning, Richard, 200
Manor lords of the Hudson, 9–10, 49, 301–309, 369; see also tenant farmers
Mansfield, Conn., 146
Mansfield, Mass., 199
Manufacturers and manufacturing, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 125, 138, 140, 150–151, 186, 190, 191, 192, 300, 315; conflicts of interests with those of speculators, 398; effect of Constitution on kinds of, 374–376, 397; in Philadelphia Convention, 88; in ratifying conventions, 128, 143, 146, 159, 161, 173, 178–179, 181, 196, 201, 202, 246–247, 249–250, 319
Marblehead, Mass., 24, 44, 184, 192
Marchant, Henry, 342
Marcy, K. L., 112
Marlborough, Mass., 197
Marlborough, N.H., 251
Marlborough, Va., 70
Marlow, N.H., 250
Marr, John, 279
Marsh, Nathaniel, 197
Marshall, Humphrey, 257n, 269–270
Marshall, James, 180
Marshall, John, 259, 265, 266, 270
Marshfield, Mass., 194
Martin, Alexander, 33–34, 78, 86, 87, 91, 94, 99, 103
Martin, Edmund, 233
Martin, James (of Maryland), 158
Martin, James (of Pennsylvania), 180
Martin, James (of South Carolina), 231
Martin, Luther, 31; economic interests of, 69–70, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 159–160; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 103, 107; opposes Constitution, 109, 149, 150, 159
Martinique, 364
Marvin, Elihu, 147
Maryland, 65, 72, 83, 209, 285, 370, 371–372, 379, 392, 405; delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 30–32, 37, 68–71, 92, 93–110; ratification, 115, 116, 148–161, 162, 352–354, 356–357, 416–417
Mason, George, 32, 266; economic interests of, 72, 87–89, 91, 94, 109; opposes Constitution, 72, 109, 256–257, 258, 261, 265, 285; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 99, 106, 107
Mason, Stephens Thomson, 277
Mason, William, 274
Mason, N.H., 247
Mason and Dixon Line, 406
Masonic Order, 50
Massey, William, 233
Massachusetts, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 252–254, 285, 296, 315, 325, 338n–339n, 360, 363, 366, 382, 385, 387, 391; delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 23–24, 37, 41–45, 93–110; ratification, 115, 116, 148, 163, 182–202, 354, 357, 405–408, 417
Massachusetts Centinel (Boston), 183
Mathews, George, 134, 135, 136
Matthews, Thomas, 274
Matthewson, Noah, 344
Matthewson, William, 344
Mawney, Pardon, 344
Maxson, Jesse, 343
Maxwell, Solomon, 122
Maxwell, Thompson, 195
May, Elisha, 195
Mayhew, William, 193
Maynard, Malachi, 199
Maynard, Stephen, 197
Mayrant, John, 225
Mechanics, see artisans and mechanics
Mecklenburg County, Va., 277, 279
Medbury, N.H., 250
Medfield, Mass., 193
Medford, Mass., 194
Medway, Mass., 197
Meek, Adam, 233
Mepkin, S.C., 35
Mercantile interest groups, 6, 12, 125, 191, 213–215, 299; delineation of kinds and analysis of effects of Constitution upon, 376–383; in Philadelphia Convention, 86–87; in ratifying conventions, 127, 181, 319; see also merchants; shippers; tradesmen
Mercantilism, 138, 409–411; see also commercial regulation; fiscal policies
Mercer, John Francis, 31; economic interests of, 70–71, 86, 87, 90, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 98, 103, 107; opposes Constitution, 109, 159–160
Merchants, 8, 38–39, 125, 130, 150–151, 166, 169, 213–215, 333–335, 369; in ratifying conventions, 127, 133–134, 144, 147, 148, 157, 159–161, 172, 178, 181, 191–192, 196, 201, 202, 217, 228, 234, 246, 269, 276, 281, 303, 318, 339–340, 341, 344; see also mercantile interest groups
Merchants’ faction (South Carolina), 33–35
Meredith, N.H., 248
Merrick, Aaron, 199
Merrill, Samuel, 195
Merrimac, N.H., 249
Merrimac River and valley, 22–23, 240–242, 245, 250
Meyer, William, 231
Miami Land Company, 128
Miami River, 52
Michaux, Joseph, 279
Middle country planters faction (South Carolina), 34–35
Middleborough, Mass., 194, 195, 197, 199
Middlesex County, Va., 272, 280
Middletown, Conn., 144
Middletown, N.H., 249
Middletown, R.I., 330n, 337, 341
Mifflin, Jonathan, 61
Mifflin, Thomas, 28; economic interests of, 61–63, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 104, 108
Mikel, Ephraim, 225
Miles, Daniel, 146
Miles, Lewis, 225
Miles, William, 231
Milford, Conn., 144
Milford, Mass., 197
Militarism, 141
Military defense as an element in ratification, 126–127, 129–130, 204–205, 261, 289, 315–316
Military service as an element in ratification, 257–258, 260, 262–263, 264n
Milton, Mass., 194
Miller, Asher, 144
Miller, John (of South Carolina), 227
Miller, John (of Virginia), 279
Miller, Simeon, 195
Mills, Elisha, 146
Mississippi River, 178, 259, 261, 268, 361, 362, 366–367, 394, 395
Mitchell, Stephen Mix, 144
Mitchell family (Delaware), 29
Monangahela County, Va., see Monongalia County, Va.
Monarchy, movement to establish in America, 136
Money, forms of in America, 385–393; see also fiscal policies; paper money
Money lenders, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 389, 390–391
Monongalia County, Va., 264n, 273, 279
Montague, Mass., 197
Montgomery, James, 279
Montgomery, John, 233
Montgomery County, Md., 152, 157, 158
Montgomery County, N.Y., 307, 308
Montgomery County, Pa., 174, 177
Montgomery County, Va., 277, 278
Mood, Fulmer, 409n
Moody, Amos, 248
Moore, Andrew, 270
Moore, William (of Delaware), 122
Moore, William (of Pennsylvania), 169
Morgan, Abner, 193
Morgan, J. P., 54
Morris, Gouverneur, 28; economic interests of, 59, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 99, 100, 104n, 105, 108
Morris, James, 177
Morris, Lewis (of New York), 302
Morris, Lewis (of South Carolina), 225
Morris, Robert, 58–59, 258n, 294; economic interests of, 39, 54–57, 60, 87–91, 94, 166, 174, 267–268; influence on ratification movement, 170–171, 244, 261, 267–268; political faction in Pennsylvania, 28, 29, 64, 65, 164, 166; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 94, 102, 104n, 108; see also anti-Constitutionalist party
Morris, William, 158
Morse, Benjamin, 198
Morss, Joshua, 248
Moseley, Joseph, 146
Motte, Isaac, 225
Moultrie, William, 225
Mount Vernon, Va., 32
Muncreef, Richard, Jr., 225
Murfree, Hardy, 318
Murray, David, 198
Nansemond County, Va., 274
Nanticoke River, 29
Narragansett pacer, 364
Narragansett planters, 364–365
Nasson, Samuel, 196
Nationalism, 171, 297–298, 316; of delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 22–37
Navy, need for in 1780’s, 381
Needham, Mass., 195
Nelson, Thomas, 32
Nevill, John, 177
New Acquisition District, S.C., 220, 229, 230, 231, 233
New Bedford, Mass., 194
New Bern, N.C., 34
Newberry, Roger, 145
New Brunswick, N.J., 27
Newburyport, Mass., 22, 23, 41, 190, 193, 194, 240, 250
Newcastle, Mass., 198
Newcastle, N.H., 246
New Castle County, Del., 29, 30, 117, 121–122
New England, 186, 190, 360, 363, 375, 376, 379, 381–382
New Gloucester, Mass., 196
New Hampshire, 285, 290, 316, 317, 360, 385, 399; delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 22–23, 38–41, 93–110, 237n; ratification, 115, 116, 163, 235–254, 283–284, 287, 312, 352–354, 356, 405, 417
New Hanover County, N.C., 318
New Hartford, Conn., 143
New Haven, Conn., 25, 47, 144, 378n
New Haven County, Conn., 140, 142
New Ipswich, N.H., 250
New Jersey, 58, 62, 65, 150, 300, 361, 368, 385, 388, 391, 405–408; delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 26–28, 50–53, 93–110; ratification, 115, 123–129, 162, 350–351, 356, 416–417
New London, Conn., 25, 143, 144, 378n
Newmarket, N.H., 246
New Marlborough, Mass., 195
New Milford, Conn., 45–46, 143, 145
Newport, N.H., 250
Newport, R.I., 322, 331, 337, 340, 342, 345, 366, 378n, 380
Newton, Seth, 200
Newton, Conn., 143
Newton, Mass., 192
New York, 9, 41–42, 43, 53, 56, 72, 75, 126, 139, 140, 245, 257, 325, 330, 338n–339n, 366, 368, 369, 385, 388–389, 394, 399, 405; delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 26, 37, 48–50, 93–110; ratification, 113, 115, 116, 255, 283–310, 311, 312, 354–355, 357, 417
New York Chamber of Commerce, 41
New York City, 26, 41–42, 58, 71, 74, 83, 85, 124, 125, 167, 186, 203, 260n, 276, 286–292, 294–304, 305, 308, 328, 366, 380, 417
New York County, N.Y., 286, 287
Nicholas, George, 259, 261, 270
Nicholas, Wilson Cary, 274
Nichols, William, 344
Nightingale, Joseph, 340
Niles, Samuel, 194
Ninety-Six, S.C., see District of, 96, S.C.
Norfolk, Va., 257, 260n, 261, 271, 274, 275, 379n
Northampton County, Pa., 165, 173, 175
Northampton County, Va., 273, 275
Northborough, Mass., 197
North Carolina, 51, 56, 83, 285, 361, 370–371, 376, 385, 388, 389, 391, 406–408; delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 33–34, 37, 75–78, 93–110; ratification, 115–116, 255, 310–321, 351–352, 356, 417
Northern Neck, Va., 263
Northfield, Mass., 193
Northfield, N.H., 249
North Hampton, N.H., 248
North Providence, R.I., 340, 343
North Side of Saluda (district, South Carolina), 227, 228
Northumberland, N.H., 248
Northumberland County, Pa., 57, 165, 173, 176
Northumberland County, Va., 271, 273
Northwood, N.H., 247
North Yarmouth, Mass., 193, 195
Norton, Mass., 198
Norwich, Conn., 144
Noyes, Daniel, 194
Noyes, William, 146
Nyre, Samuel, 194
Oakham, Mass., 197
Officeholders, 142, 190, 383; in Philadelphia Convention, 87, 88; in ratifying conventions, 121, 123, 134, 143–147, 194
Ogden, Robert, 128
Ohio, 52
Oothoudt, Henry, 307
Orange, Mass., 199
Orange County, N.Y., 286n, 305, 307, 308
Orange County, N.C., 318
Orange County, S.C., 217, 225, 227
Orange County, Va., 32, 269, 273
Orangeburg, S.C., 35
Orient, American trade with, 54–55, 60
Orne, Azor, 200
Orth, Adam, 179
Orton, Samuel, 145
Osborne, Adlai, 318
Osborne, Samuel, 147
Owen, Daniel, 344n
Oxford, Mass., 199
Paca, William, 159
Packersfield, N.H., 249
Page, William, 251
Paine, Thomas, 294n
Palmer, John, 225
Palmer, Mass., 199
Pamlico River, 33
Pamlico Sound, 33
Pankey, Stephen, 276
Paper money, 5–6, 49, 53, 123, 132, 153–154, 155, 166–187, 204, 242, 253–254, 264, 268n, 293–295, 323–345, 391; comparisons of attitudes toward with votes for ratification, 123, 136, 154, 217–234, 234–235, 343–344; identification of advocates with public creditor interests, 126, 166–167, 293–295, 309–310; summary appraisal of Beard’s thesis regarding, 349–55; kinds and effect of Constitution upon, 386–389; see also fiscal policies
Paris, France, 72
Parker, Abel, 251
Parker, George, 270
Parker, Ichabod, 308
Parker, Isaac, 225
Parker, John, Jr., 219
Parker, Timothy, 199
Parnham, John, 158
Parsons, Samuel H., 144
Paterson, William, 27, 51, 86, 87, 92, 94, 103
Patten, Willis, 193
Patteson, Charles, 279
Patteson, Jonathan, 280
Patteson, William, 274
Patton, Robert, 233
Payne, Elisha, 247
Payson, Phillips, 194
Peachey, William, 274
Pearce, Samuel, 343
Pedan, Benjamin, 177
Peggy and Nancy (schooner), 57
Perley, Samuel, 194
Pelham, N.H., 248
Pembroke, Mass., 195
Pendleton, Edmund, 259, 261, 266, 270
Pendleton, Nathaniel, 36
Penniman, Thomas, 251
Pennsylvania, 126, 294, 330, 361, 368, 376, 385, 388, 394, 395; delegates to Philadelphia Convention, 28–29, 37, 54–64, 93–110; ratification, 15, 115, 116, 123, 163–182, 252–254, 354–355, 357, 405, 417
Pennsylvania, University of, 170n, 171
Pepper, Isaac, 196
Perkins, Daniel, 146
Perkins, Isaac, 158
Perkins, Thomas, 318
Peronneau, Henry, 209n
Personal influences, role of in ratification, 136, 189, 238, 242, 245, 257, 260–262, 297–298, 312, 317
Personalty interests: Beard’s classification of groups, 5–18; behavior in Philadelphia Convention, 93–110; of delegates in ratifying conventions, 120–123, 127–129, 143–148, 156–161, 172–182, 199–202, 217–234, 246–251, 269–283, 301–309, 318–319, 339–344; reclassification and reappraisal of effects of Constitution upon, 358–399, summary appraisal of Beard’s thesis regarding, 349–355; see also mercantile interest groups; manufacturers and manufacturing; public creditors; speculators
Persons, Thomas, 311
Petersham, Mass., 198
Pettigrew, James, 228
Peyre, John, 225
Phelps, Charles, 145
Phelps, John, 143
Phelps, Noah, 147
Phelps, Oliver, 43
Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, 59
Philadelphia, Pa., 3, 23, 57, 62, 64, 67, 75, 178, 398n; center of Federalist propaganda, 151–152, 164–165, 183, 203, 311; commerce of, 85, 119, 124, 125, 167–168, 260n, 379n, 380; nationalist center, 23, 244, 317; politics in, 169–170; representatives in Philadelphia Convention, 54, 59, 60, 65; representatives in Pennsylvania ratifying convention, 172, 174–176
Philadelphia Convention, 3–4, 116–117, 119, 136, 164, 182, 183, 256, 285, 311, 373, 374, 415–416; Beard’s thesis regarding, 5, 6–7, 11–12, 16, 91, 92; political factions and geographical areas represented in, 21–37; economic interests of the delegates in, 38–92; economic interests and voting behavior of the delegates in, 93–110; summary appraisal of Beard’s thesis regarding, 349–350, 400
Philadelphia County, Pa., 28, 164–165, 173, 174, 175
Philipse Manor, N.Y., 303
Physicians, 190; in Philadelphia Convention, 87; in ratifying conventions, 121, 127–128, 133, 145, 147, 148, 156, 161, 172, 181, 193, 196, 197, 201, 202, 220, 229, 247, 250, 270–271, 277, 281, 307, 318, 341
Pickering, Timothy, 175
Pickett, Martin, 274
Pierce, Edward, 200
Pierce, William, 36, 68, 84–85, 87, 92, 94, 103
Pierce, White, and Call, 84
Piercy, N.H., 248
Piermont, N.H., 250
Pinckney, Charles, 35; economic interests of, 80–81, 86, 87, 88, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 99, 102, 104, 105, 108; votes for ratification, 219
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 35; economic interests of, 80, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94; votes in Philadelphia Convention, 99, 103, 108; votes for ratification, 219
Pinckney family (South Carolina), 210
“Pine Barren Act,” 211
Piracy, 383
Piscataqua River and valley, 22–23, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244
Pitkin, Elisha, 146
Pitt County, N.C., 34
Pitts, John, 195
Pittsfield, Mass., 197
Pittsylvania County, Va., 281
Plainfield, Mass., 195
Planters’ faction (South Carolina), 33–35
Planters, 9, 130, 150–153, 369–374; in Philadelphia Convention, 68–85; in ratifying conventions, 134–135, 157–161, 220–227, 229–232, 234, 271–281, 318
Plater, George, 156
Plattsburg, N.Y., 304, 305, 307
Plymouth, N.H., 248
Plymouth County, Mass., 194
Political parties and factions: represented in Philadelphia Convention, 21–37; in states in 1780’s, 129, 141–142, 153–155, 164–171, 183–185, 189, 241–242, 252, 289–292, 368
Political philosophy, 12, 13, 141, 142, 149, 171, 184–185, 188–189, 338, 384; see also American Revolution, ideals of; democracy; republicanism
Porter, Elisha, 195
Porter, Joshua, 145
Portsmouth, N.H., 22, 23, 39, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242, 246
Portsmouth, R.I., 331, 340, 343
Postell, Benjamin, 231
Postell, James, 225
Postell, William, 226
Potomac River, 30, 31, 32, 150, 361, 383
Potomac River Company, 68, 397
Potter, David, 128
Potter, James, 146
Potter, Samuel J., 329–331, 343, 344
Potts, Richard, 156
Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 285–286, 287, 304
Powell, Joseph, 179
Powhatan County, Va., 274, 281
Pownalborough, Mass., 192, 194
Preble, Esias, 197
Presbyterians, 130, 174, 305, 368
Prescutt, Henry, 246
Prices, 125, 167–168; of ships, 56n; of bank stock, 54n; of paper money, 132, 298, 335; see also public securities, price fluctuations of
Pride, John, 280
Prince Edward County, Va., 32, 276, 279
Prince Frederick’s Parish, S.C., 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231
Prince George County, Md., 31, 158, 159
Prince George County, Va., 277, 280
Prince George’s Parish, S.C., 221
Prince George’s Parish, Winyah, S.C., 220, 224, 226
Princess Anne County, Va., 271, 275
Princeton, Mass., 198
Princeton, N.J., 50
Princeton College, 50, 51, 52, 128, 238
Prince William County, Va., 276
Prince William’s Parish, S.C., 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226
Pringle, John J., 219
Propaganda, 4, 13, 132–133, 136–137, 184, 236, 238, 256–257; New York as a center of anti-Federalist, 203, 284–285, 311; Philadelphia as center of Federalist, 151–152, 164–165, 183, 203, 311
Property rights under the Constitution, 5–6; see also economic interest groups
Providence, R.I., 322, 323, 325, 331, 334n, 337, 340, 345, 366
Prunty, John, 274
Public debtors, 56, 147, 155, 160, 301–303, 344; see also speculation in confiscated property and in vacant lands
Public creditors, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 120, 169, 187–188, 189, 203, 204, 243, 315, 324–339; in Philadelphia Convention (summary), 89–90; in ratifying conventions, 121–123, 127–129, 133, 136, 143–148, 156–161, 172–182, 199–202, 217–234, 246–251, 253–254, 269–281, 283, 301–310, 318, 341–343, 344; conflicts between state and continental, 141–142, 324–325; conflicts of interest with other interest groups, 394–396, 398; summary appraisal of Beard’s thesis regarding, 355–357; see also fiscal policies; public debt; public securities, price fluctuations in; speculators
Public debt: assumption of national debt by states, 55, 59, 60, 126, 168–169, 293–296, 394; funding and retirement by states, 42, 43, 63n, 119, 126, 132, 187, 205–206, 293–296, 323–338, 394; funding by the United States, 126, 205–206, 296n (see also Loan of 1790); interest burden on states, 120, 126, 187, 327; kinds and interests of holders of, 393–394; see also fiscal policies; public creditors
Public domain, see public debts; speculation
Public securities, price fluctuations, 40–41, 42, 52, 56n, 295, 396, 397; ruinous effect of appreciation upon speculators in land and confiscated estates, 43, 52–53, 55–56, 91, 155, 295, 395–397; total appreciation resulting from funding by United States, 393, 393n
Pulling, Edward, 193
Putman, Daniel, 197
Quakers, 171
Quasi-public bills, 389