Notes

In the notes below, the reference numbers denote page and line of the print edition (the line count includes headings, but not rule lines). No note is made for material included in the eleventh edition of Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. Biblical references are keyed to the King James Version. Quotations from Shakespeare are keyed to The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974). Footnotes and bracketed editorial notes within the text were in the originals. For further historical and biographical background, references to other studies, and more detailed maps, see James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002); The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference, edited by Margaret E. Wagner, Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002); and Aaron Sheehan-Dean, Concise Historical Atlas of the U.S. Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

4.8 Stahel’s Division] The First Division of the Eleventh Corps had been commanded by Brigadier General Julius Stahel (1825–1912) until January 10, 1863, when Stahel was succeeded by Brigadier General Nathaniel C. McLean (1815–1905).

4.23–24 Colonel and Lieutenant Col.] Colonel Elias Peissner (1825–1863), a Bavarian-born professor of German and political economy at Union College in Schenectady, recruited the 119th New York Infantry in the summer of 1862 and commanded the regiment until May 2, 1863, when he was killed at Chancellorsville. Lieutenant Colonel John T. Lockman (1834–1912), a native of New York City, succeeded Peissner and led the regiment for the remainder of the war.

5.12 three letters from you] Theodore A. Dodge mailed portions of his wartime journal to his family in New York.

5.25 Von Steinwehr] Brigadier General Adolph von Steinwehr (1822–1877) commanded the Second Division of the Eleventh Corps.

6.32–33 Grand Divisions . . . Franklin] In November 1862 Burnside had organized the Army of the Potomac into three Grand Divisions: the Right, commanded by Major General Edwin V. Sumner (1797–1863); the Center, commanded by Major General Joseph Hooker (1814–1879); and the Left, commanded by Major General William B. Franklin (1823–1903). Each Grand Division was composed of two infantry corps and was assigned its own cavalry and artillery.

9.18 John] John Quincy Adams II (1833–1894), older brother of Henry Adams and Charles Francis Adams Jr. A lawyer, he served during the war on the staff of Massachusetts governor John A. Andrew.

10.8 Mary] Mary Adams (1845–1928), younger sister of Henry Adams and Charles Francis Adams Jr.

10.17 Lebe wohl.] Farewell.

12.36 Markoe] Captain Francis Markoe Bache (1833–1867), the son of Meade’s sister, Maria Del Carmen Meade Bache (1810–1877), and Lieutenant Colonel Hartman Bache (1798–1872), an officer in the Army Corps of Engineers. Francis Markoe Bache joined Meade’s staff in the summer of 1863 after the battle of Gettysburg.

12.37 Halleck] Major General Henry W. Halleck (1815–1872), general-in-chief of the Union armies from July 1862 to March 1864.

13.12 George] Lieutenant George Meade (1843–1897), General Meade’s son, was serving with the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry.

13.15 Doubleday . . . Reserves] Major General Abner Doubleday (1819–1893) had been assigned to command the Third Division of the First Corps, which Meade had led at South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. The division included thirteen infantry regiments that were formerly part of the Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, organized by the state authorities in May 1861 when Pennsylvania raised more troops than the federal government had initially called for.

13.18 Mr. Meredith] William M. Meredith (1799–1873) was secretary of the treasury, 1849–50, and attorney general of Pennsylvania, 1861–67.

13.21 my nomination] Meade had been appointed major general of volunteers on November 29, 1862.

14.8 Grand Division organization broken up] Hooker abolished the Grand Divisions on February 5, 1863, and Meade resumed command of the Fifth Corps.

14.27–28 Dan Butterfield & Dan Sickles] Major General Daniel Butterfield (1831–1901), a former superintendent of the American Express Company, had commanded a brigade in the Peninsula campaign and at Second Bull Run and a corps at Fredericksburg. Hooker appointed Butterfield chief of staff of the Army of the Potomac on January 29, 1863, and he served until July 9, 1863, when Meade replaced him with Major General Andrew A. Humphreys. Brigadier General Daniel E. Sickles (1819–1914) had served as a Democratic congressman from New York, 1857–61. Sickles had commanded a brigade during the Peninsula campaign and a division at Fredericksburg. Appointed commander of the Third Corps by Hooker on February 3, 1863, he served until July 2, 1863, when he was seriously wounded at Gettysburg.

15.18 Gibbons] Brigadier General John Gibbon (1827–1896) commanded a brigade at Second Bull Run, South Mountain, and Antietam, and a division at Fredericksburg.

15.39–40 we go to the James River] A week after the Union defeat at Fredericksburg, Major Generals William B. Franklin and William F. Smith had proposed to President Lincoln that the Army of the Potomac abandon its position on the Rappahannock River and instead advance on Richmond along the north and south banks of the James River.

16.12–13 General . . . Fremont, Hunter] Major Generals John C. Frémont (1813–1890), the Republican presidential nominee in 1856, and David Hunter (1802–1886) were both abolitionists.

16.20–21 Couch . . . Sedgewick] Darius Couch (1822–1897), commander of the Second Corps; Franz Sigel (1824–1902), commander of the recently formed Reserve Grand Division; Henry W. Slocum (1827–1894), commander of the Twelfth Corps; William F. Smith (1824–1903), commander of the Sixth Corps; John Sedgwick (1813–1864), who succeeded William F. Smith as commander of the Sixth Corps in February 1863.

16.23 Reynolds] John Reynolds (1820–1863), commander of the First Corps.

16.26 Stoneman] George Stoneman (1822–1894), commander of the Third Corps, who became commander of the Army of the Potomac’s newly established Cavalry Corps in February 1863.

16.37 the Regulars.—Humphreys] Two brigades of regular U.S. infantry served in the Second Division of the Fifth Corps. Brigadier General Andrew A. Humphreys (1810–1883) commanded the Third Division in the Fifth Corps.

17.2 Secy.] Edwin M. Stanton (1814–1869), secretary of war, 1862–68.

17.5 Berry] Major General Hiram G. Berry (1824–1863) had led a brigade in the Peninsula campaign and at Fredericksburg. He commanded the First Division of the Third Corps from February 1863 to May 3, when he was killed at Chancellorsville. Like Butterfield and Sickles, Berry had not attended West Point.

17.14 en Prince] In a princely manner; lavishly.

17.21 South Mountain] The battle of South Mountain was fought in western Maryland on September 14, 1862.

18.30–32 I have heard, . . . a Dictator.] Henry J. Raymond (1820–1869), the editor of The New York Times, was told by his correspondent William Swinton on January 22, 1863, that Hooker had recently denounced Burnside as incompetent, described “the President and Government at Washington as imbecilic and ‘played out,’” and called for a dictator. Raymond had repeated these remarks to Lincoln at a White House reception on January 24.

21.9–10 Capt. Hallowell of the 20th Mass. Infantry] Captain Norwood Penrose (Pen) Hallowell (1839–1914), an 1861 graduate of Harvard College, had fought at Ball’s Bluff and Fair Oaks and had been wounded at Glendale and Antietam.

22.6 Oliver T. Beard] Lieutenant Colonel Oliver T. Beard of the 48th New York Infantry had led a company of the 1st South Carolina Volunteers, a recently organized black regiment, in successful raids along the Georgia and Florida coasts in November 1862. Beard resigned his commission on December 24, 1862.

23.18 Mr Stevens] Thaddeus Stevens (1792–1868) served in Congress as an antislavery Whig from Pennsylvania, 1849–53, and as a Republican from 1859 until his death.

24.2–3 “Our God is marching on.”] Julia Ward Howe (1819–1910), “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” (1862).

24.6 Capt Carpenter . . . Jessie Scouts] Captain Charles C. Carpenter commanded the Jessie Scouts, an irregular intelligence-gathering detachment formed in Missouri in 1861 by John C. Frémont and named in honor of his wife, Jessie Benton Frémont. After Frémont was relieved of his command in November 1861, Carpenter collected intelligence in Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee until the spring of 1862, when Major General Ulysses S. Grant ordered him expelled from his military district for horse stealing. Carpenter then rejoined Frémont in western Virginia, where he gave a dramatic account of his alleged exploits behind Confederate lines to the Philadelphia Inquirer in June 1862.

24.22 Washburne of Ill.] Elihu B. Washburne (1816–1887) was a Whig, and then Republican, congressman from Illinois, 1853–69. Washburne met Ulysses S. Grant shortly after the outbreak of the war and became his political patron.

24.24–27 the canal . . . the Yazoo] See Chronology, January–March 1863.

24.29–30 the gun boat . . . Vicksburg blockade] The Queen of the West. See Chronology, February 1863.

25.11 Joe Kernochan and Aspinwall] Joseph Kernochan (1789–1864) was a retired dry goods merchant. William H. Aspinwall (1807–1875) was a founder and former president of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company who had financed the construction of a railroad across the Isthmus of Panama in the 1850s.

25.13 at 823] 823 Broadway, between 12th and 13th Streets, the headquarters of the U.S. Sanitary Commission.

25.14 Murray Hoffman] Hoffman (1791–1878) was assistant vice-chancellor of New York, 1839–43, a judge of the New York Superior Court, 1853–61, and the author of several legal treatises.

25.15 Dr. Bellow’s] Henry Bellows (1814–1882), a Unitarian pastor from New York City, helped found the U.S. Sanitary Commission in 1861 and served as its president throughout the war.

25.16 Gibbs and Agnew] Oliver Wolcott Gibbs (1822–1908) was professor of chemistry at the Free Academy (later City College of New York), 1849–63, and at Harvard, 1863–87. Cornelius Rea Agnew (1830–1888), an ophthalmologist, was surgeon general of New York state, 1859–62. Both men served on the executive committee of the Sanitary Commission.

25.33 Rosecrans] Major General William S. Rosecrans (1819–1898) commanded the Union Army of the Cumberland, which was deployed around Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

26.20 vibices] Patches of effused blood beneath the skin.

26.39–40 fortem . . . mentem] Latin: to keep a resolute attitude in difficult circumstances.

27.6 adynamia] Lack of strength.

27.7 Bidwell] Marshall S. Bidwell (1799–1872), Strong’s law partner.

28.14 Wicks] Sergeant Oscar Wicks had served with Norton in Company K of the 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry. Wicks was medically discharged on January 21, 1863.

28.21 Malvern Hill] Union troops and artillery repulsed Confederate attacks at Malvern Hill near the James River on July 1, 1862, in the last of the Seven Days’ Battles.

28.28 L.] Norton’s sister Elizabeth Norton Poss, known as Libby.

29.9 hog-car] A railroad freight car used for transporting hogs.

29.19 Hanover Court House . . . Gaines’ Mill] The battle of Hanover Court House, fought north of Richmond on May 27, 1862, was a Union victory. Gaines’ Mill, the third of the Seven Days’ Battles, was fought on June 27, 1862, and ended with the Confederates driving Union forces south across the Chickahominy River.

33.20 Agnes] Eleanor Agnes Lee (1841–1873), Lee’s daughter.

33.25–27 Mrs. Jones . . . her husband] Sarah Taylor Jones (1831–1917), a niece of Zachary Taylor, was the widow of Major General David R. Jones, a division commander in Lee’s army who died of heart disease in Richmond on January 15, 1863.

33.27–28 Fitzhugh . . . Charlotte] Brigadier General William Henry Fitzhugh Lee (1837–1891), Lee’s son, who commanded a cavalry brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia; Charlotte Wickham Lee (d. 1863), the wife of W.H.F. Lee.

33.32–33 George . . . Perry] The brothers George and Perry Parks were slaves owned by Lee’s father-in-law, George Washington Parke Custis (1781–1857). Under the terms of Custis’s will, they were freed on December 29, 1862.

34.3 Annie Haggerty] The daughter of a wealthy New York auctioneer, Annie Kneeland Haggerty (1835–1907) met Shaw in 1861 and became engaged to him at the end of 1862.

34.30 Susie’s] Sarah Susannah Shaw Minturn (1839–1926), Shaw’s sister.

37.3 vast gathering at Exeter Hall] A public meeting held by the London Emancipation Society on January 29, 1863, at Exeter Hall on the Strand, which could hold three thousand people in its main hall and another thousand in a smaller room. Henry Adams attended the event, and wrote to his brother Charles the following day: “Every allusion to the South was followed by groaning, hisses and howls, and the enthusiasm for Lincoln and for everything connected with the North, was immense.”

38.4–5 “they who take . . . the sword.”] Cf. Matthew 26:52.

38.9–10 when your Senatorial . . . the 4th,] The third session of the 37th Congress ended on March 3, 1863, after which the Senate held a special session, March 4–14.

40.3 Mr. Speaker] Francis Hoffmann (1822–1903), Republican lieutenant governor of Illinois, 1861–65. (Under the 1848 Illinois constitution, the lieutenant governor served as speaker of the senate.)

41.6 Colonel Mack] Alonzo W. Mack (1822–1871), an attorney, served in the Illinois house of representatives, 1858–60, and the state senate, 1860–68. Mack organized the 76th Illinois Infantry in August 1862 and served as its colonel until January 1863, when he resigned his commission in order to return to the state senate.

44.18 Col Stone] William M. Stone (1827–1893) commanded the 22nd Iowa Infantry from August 1862 to August 1863, when he resigned to run for governor on the Republican ticket. He served as governor of Iowa, 1864–68.

44.29 Gen Bentons] Brigadier General William P. Benton (1828–1867) commanded the First Division of the Union Army of Southeast Missouri.

45.33 Lieutenant Murray] Neill Murray (1827–1899) was the first lieutenant of Company C, 22nd Iowa Infantry. Murray was wounded in the assault on Vicksburg on May 22, 1863, and resigned his commission on May 27.

45.36 Cyrus & Mary . . . the babys] Cyrus Milner (1822–1881), brother of Catherine Peirce and husband of Mary Milner (1824–1900), Taylor Peirce’s sister. Catherine and Taylor Peirce had three children: Sarah, born 1853; Frank, born 1858; and Ellis, born 1862.

45.34 Capt Ault] Adam T. Ault (1822–1883) commanded Company C until August 1863, when he resigned due to chronic dysentery.

47.3–4 Thomas Ewing Sr. . . . John Sherman] Thomas Ewing (1789–1871) served as a senator from Ohio, 1831–37 and 1850–51; as secretary of the treasury, 1841; and as secretary of the interior, 1849–50. William T. Sherman had married Ellen Ewing, his eldest daughter, in 1850. John Sherman (1823–1900) served as a Republican congressman from Ohio, 1855–61; as a senator, 1861–77 and 1881–97; as secretary of the treasury, 1877–81; and as secretary of state, 1897–98.

47.29–30 slips . . . Cincinnati Commercial] Ellen Ewing Sherman (1824–1888) had sent clippings of favorable pieces about Sherman’s leadership that appeared on January 24 and February 2, 1863.

48.10 Andre] Major John André (1750–1780), an aide to Sir Henry Clinton, was captured in civilian disguise by New York militiamen on September 23, 1780, after he secretly met with Benedict Arnold to arrange for the surrender of West Point. André was tried as a spy and hanged on October 2, 1780.

48.32–33 the Manassas movement . . . McDowell] Brigadier General Irvin McDowell (1818–1885) advanced with 30,000 men into northeastern Virginia on July 16, 1861, with the objective of defeating the 20,000 Confederate troops at Manassas Junction under General Pierre G. T. Beauregard (1818–1893). General Joseph E. Johnston (1807–1891) shifted his command of 11,000 men by rail out of the Shenandoah Valley and reinforced Beauregard at Manassas, leading to the Union defeat at the first battle of Bull Run on July 21.

48.36–37 Beauregard at Corinth] Beauregard moved his headquarters to Corinth, Mississippi, in late March 1862 and retreated there after the battle of Shiloh, April 6–7. His army remained at Corinth until May 29, when Beauregard ordered its evacuation.

48.40 Halleck . . . Forts Henry & Donaldson] As commander of the Department of the Missouri, Halleck was Grant’s immediate superior in February 1862 when Grant’s forces captured the two forts.

49.4 post of Arkansas] See Chronology, January 1863.

50.13–15 Dr. Hewit . . . Dr. McMillan] Henry S. Hewit (1825–1873) became the medical director of Grant’s army in February 1862. Correspondent Whitelaw Reid, writing as “Agate,” published a report in the Cincinnati Gazette on April 4 accusing Hewit of incompetence, drunkenness, and disloyalty. Hewit was removed from his post in late April, but was reinstated later in the year. Charles McMillan (c. 1825–1890) was the medical director of Sherman’s corps.

50.35 do.] Ditto.

52.20 Peter Hagner] Hagner (1772–1850) was an accounting clerk in the War Department, 1793–1817, and auditor of the U.S. Treasury, 1817–49.

53.26–27 The Captain . . . badly, cowardly] Frank W. Flanner was dismissed from the service on March 2, 1863.

53.30–31 Island No. 10] An island in the Mississippi near New Madrid, Missouri.

57.22 Mr. Speaker] Schuyler Colfax (1823–1885) was presiding as speaker pro tempore. A Republican congressman from Indiana, 1855–69, he was speaker of the house, 1863–69, and vice president of the United States, 1869–73.

57.31 Mr. Olin] Abram B. Olin (1808–1879) was a Republican congressman from New York, 1857–63.

58.4 Mr. Campbell] James H. Campbell (1820–1895) was a Republican congressman from Pennsylvania, 1859–63.

58.13 His threat] In his speech earlier in the day, Campbell had defended the Lincoln administration for arresting “spies and traitors” in the North and said: “Let me tell gentlemen on the other side that so far from condemning these arrests, it would be better for them if they could read the writing on the wall, and make their peace with liberty and their country while there is yet time. If they cannot see the evidence of a healthy reaction among the masses they are blind to the signs of the times. The error of the Government has been leniency. If it had given to traitors a drum-head court-martial and hempen cord, it would have better pleased the loyal men of the United States. [Applause in the galleries.] If I mistake not, the day is not far distant when the people will be so aroused against rebellion that traitors, their aiders and abettors, will call upon the rocks and mountains to cover them.”

58.40 Mr. ROBINSON] James Robinson (1823–1886) was a Democratic congressman from Illinois, 1859–65 and 1871–75.

59.4 Mr. COX] Samuel Cox (1824–1889) was a Democratic congressman from Ohio, 1857–65, and from New York, 1869–73, 1873–85, and 1886–89.

59.17 Mr. ROSCOE CONKLING] Conkling (1829–1888) was a Republican congressman from New York, 1859–63 and 1865–67, and a senator, 1867–81.

59.22 Mr. JOHNSON] Philip Johnson (1818–1867) was a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania, 1861–67.

59.33 Mr. VERREE] John Paul Verree (1817–1889) was a Republican congressman from Pennsylvania, 1859–63.

60.17–21 a gentleman . . . State and city] John Van Buren (1810–1866), son of Martin Van Buren, was a prominent New York Democrat who had supported John C. Breckinridge in the 1860 presidential election. Speaking to a Democratic meeting on February 10, 1863, Van Buren had said that “until the South can put down the men who led her into rebellion, the war must go on.” In a speech to a Democratic campaign rally on October 13, 1862, Van Buren proposed that McClellan “be authorized” to take Richmond, after which a convention would be held at which “our Southern brethren” would be free to either rejoin the Union “under the Constitution as it is” or to separate.

60.22–23 “wayward sisters depart in peace.”] In his October 13, 1862, speech, John Van Buren had read a letter sent by General Winfield Scott to William H. Seward on March 3, 1861, outlining four alternative policies the new administration could adopt toward the seceding states: offer new constitutional concessions, impose a blockade, launch an invasion with an army of 300,000 men, or “Say to the seceded States—wayward sisters, depart in peace.”

60.34 the recent election] In the fall 1862 elections, the Democrats won the governorships of New Jersey and New York, legislative majorities in Illinois, Indiana, and New Jersey, and gained thirty-four seats in the House of Representatives, although the Republicans retained control of Congress.

61.29–30 “healthy reaction” . . . Mr. Campbell] See note 58.13.

63.22 Baba] Turkish for “father,” sometimes used as an honorific in the Ottoman Empire.

63.25 Turkish bow-string and the sack] Enemies of the Ottoman sultan were sometimes strangled with a bow-string or thrown in sacks into the Bosphorus.

65.3 Mr. White] Chilton White (1826–1900) was a Democratic congressman from Ohio, 1861–65.

65.29 insurrection in Poland] An insurrection against Russian rule began in Poland on January 22, 1863. It was suppressed in 1864.

67.22–23 a single day . . . the king] The prohibition of a political banquet by the government of King Louis-Philippe led to demonstrations in Paris on February 22, 1848, that quickly turned into a popular revolution. Louis-Philippe abdicated on February 24, and the Second Republic was proclaimed that evening.

68.34–37 “inquire into . . . treasonable practices”] This provision was omitted from the seventh section of the final bill, which gave provost marshals the power to arrest deserters and spies.

69.8 act . . . twenty-fifth Edward III] The Treason Act of 1351, passed in the twenty-fifth year of the reign of Edward III.

69.15 act of Henry IV] The Treason Act of 1399, which repealed several laws expanding the crime of high treason enacted during the reign of Richard II (1377–99).

69.19 Lord Hale observes] Sir Matthew Hale (1609–1676), in his posthumously published Historia Placitorum Coronæ: The History of the Pleas of the Crown (2 vols., 1736).

69.37 Blackstone remarks,] William Blackstone (1723–1780), Commentaries on the Laws of England (4 vols., 1765–69), bk. IV, ch. 6.

70.23–24 Erskine . . . Hardy] Thomas Erskine (1750–1823) successfully defended Thomas Hardy (1752–1832), secretary of the radical London Corresponding Society, against charges of high treason in 1794. The speech quoted by Vallandigham was given by Erskine on February 5, 1781, at the trial of the anti-Catholic agitator Lord George Gordon (1751–1793), who had been charged with high treason for inciting the London “No Popery” riots of 1780. Gordon was acquitted.

70.39–40 declaration of Montesquieu] Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755), The Spirit of the Laws (1748), bk. XII, ch. 7.

71.2 Madison, in the Federalist] The Federalist No. 43, January 23, 1788.

71.11–12 Story, . . . declared] Joseph Story (1779–1845), Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (3 vols., 1833), bk. III, ch. 39, sec. 1793. Story was an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1811–45.

72.30 Barré] Isaac Barré (1726–1802) was a member of Parliament, 1761–90.

72.35–36 Ohio Senator . . . who said] Thomas Corwin (1794–1865), in a speech in the Senate on February 11, 1847, said: “If I were a Mexican, I would tell you, ‘Have you not room in your own country to bury your dead men? If you come into mine, we will greet you with bloody hands, and welcome you to hospitable graves.’” Corwin was a Whig congressman, 1831–40; governor of Ohio, 1840–42; a U.S. senator, 1845–50; and secretary of the treasury, 1850–53. He served in Congress as a Republican, 1859–61, and as U.S. minister to Mexico, 1861–64.

72.40–73.2 Abraham Lincoln . . . this House?] In a speech delivered on January 12, 1848.

74.1 Forts Warren and La Fayette?] Fort Warren, on Georges Island in Boston Harbor, and Fort Lafayette, on the Brooklyn side of the entrance to New York harbor, were used to hold political prisoners during the Civil War.

75.32–33 Hamilton . . . Federalist] Cf. The Federalist No. 84, May 28, 1788.

77.7–11 twenty-fifth section . . . confinement indefinitely] Under the twenty-fifth section of the final bill, persons convicted of resisting the draft were subject to a $500 fine and two years’ imprisonment.

77.12–13 the draft . . . complete] The Militia Act of July 17, 1862, made all able-bodied male citizens from eighteen to forty-five members of their respective state militias and authorized the president to call state militia into federal service for up to nine months. On August 4 the Lincoln administration summoned 300,000 militia into service, subject to the number of voluntary enlistments in each state. Although many states filled their recruiting quotas with volunteers, several states conducted militia drafts.

77.30–32 Keyes . . . Mr. May] John W. Kees, the editor of the Circleville Watchman, a Democratic weekly in Ohio, was arrested on June 29, 1862, and held in the Old Capitol prison in Washington, D.C., for seventeen days before being released. Edson B. Olds (1802–1869), a former Democratic congressman from Ohio, was arrested on August 12, 1862, and held in Fort Lafayette until his release on December 12, 1862. During his imprisonment Olds was elected to the Ohio house of representatives. Dennis A. Mahony (1821–1879), editor of the Dubuque Herald, was arrested on August 14, 1862, and David Sheward (1825–after 1895), editor of the Fairfield Constitution and Union, was detained three days later. The two Iowa Democrats were held in the Old Capitol prison until November 11, 1862, when they were discharged after swearing allegiance to the United States. Mahony wrote about his arrest and detention in his book The Prisoner of State (1863). Kees, Olds, Mahony, and Sheward were all arrested on orders from Secretary of War Stanton for disloyalty and discouraging enlistments, although none of the men were ever charged. William J. Allen (1829–1901) was a Democratic congressman from Illinois, 1862–65, who advocated letting southern Illinois decide whether it should join the Confederacy. Allen was arrested on August 14, 1862, two months after winning a special election to Congress, and taken to Washington, where he was paroled to a hotel because of illness. President Lincoln ordered his discharge on September 16, 1862. Henry May (1816–1866) was a Unionist congressman from Maryland, 1861–63. He was arrested on suspicion of disloyalty on September 13, 1861, and imprisoned at Fort Lafayette. May was paroled on October 14 and discharged on December 12, 1861.

78.26 Festus] See Acts 25:16.

79.2 prisoner of Chillon] Poem (1816) by Lord Byron.

79.10 Weed] Thurlow Weed (1797–1882), editor of the Albany Evening Journal, 1830–62, and a close political associate of William H. Seward.

79.15–16 minion of Mr. Seward] Seth C. Hawley (1810–1884), a New York attorney Seward had engaged to examine the cases of political prisoners being held in New York and Boston.

80.37–81.2 lad of fifteen . . . “disloyal practices”] A similar story, regarding an unnamed thirteen-year-old boy, appeared in the Columbus Crisis on December 24, 1862, and was later circulated in Democratic campaign literature in 1864.

81.10–13 hump-back carrier . . . Fort La Fayette] George A. Hubbell, a news agent on the Naugatuck Railroad who suffered from a spinal deformity, was arrested on September 20, 1861, and imprisoned in Fort Lafayette on the orders of Secretary of War Simon Cameron for selling the New York Daily News after its circulation in Connecticut had been banned by U.S. marshal David H. Carr. Nathan Hubbell, a Methodist preacher and Republican, wrote to President Lincoln on September 21 vouching for his brother’s loyalty, and Hubbell was released on Seward’s orders on September 26, 1861. Benjamin Wood (1820–1900), a Democratic congressman from New York, 1861–65 and 1881–83, was editor and publisher of the New York Daily News, 1860–1900. His brother, Fernando Wood (1812–1881), was the Democratic mayor of New York, 1855–57 and 1860–61, and served in Congress, 1841–43, 1863–65, and 1867–81.

81.17 Hamilton declares] In The Federalist No. 84, May 28, 1788.

81.19 Blackstone declares] In Commentaries on the Laws of England (4 vols., 1765–69), bk. I, ch. 1.

81.26 “the pestilence . . . darkness.”] Psalm 91:6.

83.4 Patrick Henry, in the Virginia Convention] Cf. Patrick Henry’s speech in the Virginia Ratifying Convention, June 5, 1788.

83.17 Hamilton, in the Federalist] The Federalist No. 29, January 9, 1788.

84.7 answer of Hamilton] In The Federalist No. 29.

85.6 indemnity and suspension bill] The bill, which became law on March 3, 1863, authorized the president to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus “during the present rebellion” and indemnified government officials against legal proceedings brought against them for arrests made under presidential authority.

85.9 an Attorney General] Edward Bates (1793–1869) served as attorney general, 1861–64. He submitted an opinion to Congress on July 13, 1861, defending the constitutionality of Lincoln’s suspension of the writ of habeas corpus.

85.19–21 Chief Justice . . . supreme court of Wisconsin] While sitting as a U.S. circuit court judge in Baltimore, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled in Ex parte Merryman on May 28, 1861, that President Lincoln lacked the constitutional authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. The Supreme Court of Wisconsin issued a writ of habeas corpus on December 4, 1862, for Nicholas Kemp, who had been arrested by the military for participating in a riot against the militia draft in Port Washington on November 10. When the army refused to respond, the court ruled 3–0 on January 13, 1863, that Lincoln’s suspension of the writ was legally void, but did not attempt to enforce its decision.

85.40 opinion of Story] In Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (3 vols., 1833), bk. III, ch. 32, sec. 1336.

86.24 Mr. Sheffield] William P. Sheffield (1820–1907) was a Union congressman from Rhode Island, 1861–63.

86.29–30 the bill . . . Senate in 1807] On January 22, 1807, President Thomas Jefferson sent a special message to Congress in which he accused former vice president Aaron Burr of conspiring to foment war with Spain and detach the western states from the Union. William Branch Giles, a Democratic-Republican senator from Virginia, immediately introduced a bill in Congress suspending the writ of habeas corpus in cases of treason for three months. It passed the Senate on January 23 with only one dissenting vote, but was rejected by the House of Representatives, 113-19, on January 26.

87.33–34 the words . . . Job] Job 2:4.

87.38 Mr. Biddle] Charles J. Biddle (1819–1873) was a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania, 1861–63.

90.25 Hartford Times] A Democratic newspaper that supported Thomas H. Seymour’s candidacy for governor.

91.3 western Egypt] “Egypt” was a popular name for southern Illinois.

91.33–34 “winter of our discontent”] Richard III I.i.1.

93.22–23 columbiad] A large cannon used for coastal defense.

94.21 Genesis Point] The peninsula on which Fort McAllister was built.

94.38–40 General Walker . . . Taliaferro] Brigadier General William H. T. Walker (1816–1864), Brigadier General Thomas L. Clingman (1812–1897), Brigadier General William B. Taliaferro (1822–1898).

97.25 Your dear baby] Mary Ruth Jones (1861–1934) was born on June 25, 1861, seven days before the death of her sister Julia Berrien Jones (1859–1861) from scarlet fever, and twelve days before the death of her mother Ruth Berrien Jones (1837–1861) from puerperal fever.

97.26–27 Daughter, Robert, . . . Stiles] Mary Sharpe Jones Mallard (1835–1889), daughter of Charles C. Jones Sr. and Mary Jones; her husband, Robert Q. Mallard (1830–1904), a Presbyterian clergyman; Katherine Clay Stiles (1832–1916), a family friend.

98.17 L. M. CHILD] Lydia Maria Child (1802–1880), a novelist and author of popular advice books, had edited the National Anti-Slavery Standard from 1841 to 1843; her antislavery works included An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans (1833) and Correspondence between Lydia Maria Child and Gov. Wise and Mrs. Mason of Virginia (1860).

99.27 New York Evangelist] The Home Evangelist, a monthly magazine published in New York by the American Baptist Home Mission Society, printed an article, “A Visit to the Freedmen,” in its March 1863 number that said: “The three vices that prevail are lying, thieving and licentiousness. Drunkenness is increasing.”

99.30 Gen. Saxton] Brigadier General Rufus Saxton (1824–1908), the Union military governor of coastal South Carolina and Georgia, 1862–65.

102.1 butternuts] A term, derived from the use of butternut dyes in homespun clothing and military uniforms, for upland southerners; for upland southerners who had settled in the southern counties of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio; and for Confederate soldiers.

102.5 Yellville] Town in northern Arkansas, about forty miles southeast of Forsyth, Missouri.

102.25 Hindman at Prairie Grove] Major General Thomas C. Hindman (1828–1868) unsuccessfully attacked Union forces at Prairie Grove in northwest Arkansas on December 7, 1862, before retreating the next day. The battle engaged about 11,000 Confederate and 9,000 Union soldiers, and cost the Confederates about 1,300 men killed, wounded, or missing, and the Union about 1,250.

102.30 Blunt] Brigadier General James G. Blunt commanded a Union division at Prairie Grove.

104.16 “Nincy” and Ab. Buckles] Absalom Nincehelser (1833–1907) and Abner J. Buckles (1833–1909) served with Clayton in Company H of the 19th Iowa Infantry.

104.21–22 Lt. Ferguson . . . Lt. Sommerville] Walter Ferguson commanded Company H in January 1863 before being sent home due to illness. He was discharged on February 26, 1863. George W. Sommerville (1819–1896) later commanded Company H and published a history of the unit in 1890.

105.29–30 General Banks] Major General Nathaniel P. Banks (1816–1894) commanded the Army of the Gulf, December 1862–May 1864.

106.35–36 “hewers of . . . of water.”] Joshua 9:23.

108.27 Gen’l Hurlbert] Major General Stephen A. Hurlbut (1815–1882) commanded the Sixteenth Corps in the Army of the Tennessee.

108.28 Columbus] Columbus, Kentucky.

108.29 Jackson] Jackson, Tennessee.

108.31 Gen’l McPherson] Major General James B. McPherson (1828–1864) commanded the Seventeenth Corps in the Army of the Tennessee.

109.5–6 Col. Bissell’s . . . Regiment] Josiah Wolcott Bissell (1818–1891) commanded the “Engineer Regiment of the West,” organized in the fall of 1861 with men from Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri.

109.14–15 Admiral Porter] Acting Rear Admiral David D. Porter (1813–1891), commander of the Mississippi Squadron.

109.18 Sunflower and Blackwater expeditions] Unsuccessful Union attempts to reach the Yazoo River to the northeast of Vicksburg via Steele’s Bayou and the Sunflower River, and by way of Yazoo Pass and the Coldwater River. See Chronology, February–March 1863.

109.28 Parrotts] Muzzle-loading rifled cannon, named after the New York ordnance manufacturer Robert R. Parrott (1804–1877).

109.32 Hewit] See note 50.13–15.

110.37 Captain Janney] William L. Jenney (1832–1907) was a civilian engineer who had joined the Union army in 1861.

111.1 Cranch] Christopher Pearse Cranch (1813–1892), a Unitarian minister, poet, and painter who lived in Paris, 1853–63.

111.2 Politechnique and Centrale] The École Polytechnique, scientific school founded in Paris in 1794 to train managers for the French civil service, and the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, engineering school founded in Paris in 1829. Janney had studied at the École Centrale.

111.10–11 Farragut’s . . . Hartford] Rear Admiral David G. Farragut (1801–1870), commander of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, had run past the batteries at Port Hudson, Louisiana, on the night of March 14 in his flagship, the steam sloop Hartford.

111.12 Dick Taylor’s] Major General Richard Taylor (1826–1879), the son of Zachary Taylor, commanded the Confederate District of West Louisiana. Olmsted had visited his sugar plantation near New Orleans in 1853.

111.13–17 McMillan . . . Herald’s correspondent.] Charles McMillan had been accused of “criminal oversight” by Thomas W. Knox (1835–1896), correspondent for the New York Herald, in a January 18, 1863, dispatch story that led to Knox’s court-martial; see headnote on p. 47 in this volume.

111.26 Gen’l Steele] Major General Frederick Steele (1819–1868) commanded the First Division in Sherman’s Fifteenth Corps.

111.30 Gen’l Blair’s] Brigadier General Frank Blair (1821–1875) commanded a brigade in Sherman’s corps. Blair served as a Republican congressman from Missouri, 1857–59, 1861–62, and 1863–64. He was the brother of Montgomery Blair, postmaster general, 1861–64, and the son of Francis Preston Blair, an adviser to President Lincoln.

114.24 Governors of Iowa and Wisconsin] Samuel J. Kirkwood (1813–1894) was the Republican governor of Iowa, 1860–64 and 1876–77; a senator, 1866–67 and 1877–81; and secretary of the interior, 1881–82. Edward Salomon (1828–1909) was the Republican governor of Wisconsin, 1862–64.

114.27 Governor of Illinois] Richard Yates (1815–1873) was the Republican governor of Illinois, 1861–65. Yates served in Congress as a Whig, 1851–55, and in the Senate as a Republican, 1865–71.

115.4–5 Governor of Indiana] Oliver Perry Morton (1823–1877) was the Republican governor of Indiana, 1861–67, and a senator, 1867–77.

115.20–21 his adjutant General] Lieutenant Colonel John A. Rawlins (1831–1869).

115.32 Breese his flag-captain] Lieutenant Commander Kidder Randolph Breese (1831–1881) was the captain of Porter’s flagship Black Hawk, a converted river steamboat.

118.10 “A man’s . . . a’ that.”] Song (1795) by Robert Burns.

118.11–12 American citizen, . . . highest legal adviser] Attorney General Edward Bates issued an opinion on November 29, 1862, declaring that free black persons born in the United States were American citizens.

120.14 another Detroit] William Faulkner, a Detroit tavern keeper, was arrested on February 26, 1863, for allegedly raping a nine-year-old white girl. Although Faulkner claimed to be of Spanish and American Indian ancestry, he was identified in the newspapers as a “negro.” The case was extensively covered in the Detroit Free Press, a Democratic newspaper that for months had been warning its readers that the Emancipation Proclamation would result in racial “amalgamation” and the loss of jobs for white labor. Faulkner was convicted of rape on March 6 and sentenced to life imprisonment. After an attempt to lynch him outside the courthouse failed, white mobs began attacking black residents and setting fire to their homes and businesses. Two men, one white and one black, were killed and approximately thirty-five buildings destroyed before troops ended the rioting before midnight. Faulkner was pardoned in 1870 after his accuser recanted her story.

123.2–3 Tallahatchie and at Deer Creek,] See Chronology, March 1863.

123.27 Governor Letcher] John Letcher (1813–1884) was governor of Virginia, 1860–64. He had previously served in Congress as a Democrat, 1851–59.

123.34 Col. I. W. Garrett] Isham W. Garrott (1816–1863) and William M. Brooks had practiced law together in Marion, Alabama, before the war. Garrott became the colonel of the 20th Alabama Infantry in 1861 and led the regiment until June 17, 1863, when he was killed at Vicksburg.

125.10 Judge Campbell] John A. Campbell (1811–1889) was an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1853–61, and an assistant secretary in the Confederate War Department, 1862–65.

125.11 Judge Meredith] John A. Meredith (1814–1882) was judge of the Richmond circuit court, 1852–69. Meredith had ruled on February 24, 1863, in a habeas corpus case that every citizen of Maryland, and every foreigner, who had previously enlisted in the Confederate service for any length of time was subject to conscription.

125.14–15 the mayor] Joseph C. Mayo (1795–1872) was mayor of Richmond, 1853–65 and 1866–68.

125.38–39 Gen. Elzey . . . Secretary of War] Major General Arnold Elzey (1816–1871), commander of the Richmond defenses; Brigadier General John H. Winder (1800–1865), the Confederate provost marshal; James A. Seddon (1815–1880), Confederate secretary of war, 1862–65.

126.11 Gen. D. H. Hill] Major General Daniel Harvey Hill (1821–1889), commander of the Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia.

126.23–24 the tax bill] See Chronology, April 24, 1863.

126.25–26 Gen. Blanchard . . . Massachusetts] Brigadier General Albert G. Blanchard (1810–1891) had been relieved of his command in northern Louisiana for failing to stop raids by the Union forces camped along the Mississippi near Vicksburg. A West Point graduate, Blanchard had settled in Louisiana after resigning from the army in 1840.

126.31–32 the capture . . . five guns] The Union gunboat Diana ran aground in Berwick Bay, Louisiana, on March 28, 1863, after being damaged by Confederate artillery fire and was captured by troops from the 13th Battalion Texas Cavalry and the 28th Louisiana Infantry. On April 14, 1863, the Confederates burned the Diana to prevent her from being retaken by Union forces after their victory at Bayou Teche.

126.34–35 Charleston . . . the forts] See Chronology, April 7, 1863.

129.22 Liverpool Point] On the Maryland shore of the lower Potomac, about thirty-five miles south of Washington.

130.5–6 General Hunt] Brigadier General Henry J. Hunt (1819–1889) was chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac, 1862–65.

130.7–8 Fifth . . . Franklin] Major General Fitz John Porter (1822–1901) commanded the Fifth Corps, May–November 1862. He was cashiered from the army on January 21, 1863, after being convicted at court-martial of disobedience and misconduct at Second Bull Run. Major General William B. Franklin commanded the Sixth Corps from May to November 1862, when he became commander of the Left Grand Division of the Army of the Potomac (see note 6.32–33).

130.12–13 Major DePeyster . . . Howe’s division] John Watts De Peyster Jr. (1841–1873) was commissioned in 1862 as a major in the 1st New York Light Artillery, Wainwright’s regiment, and later assigned to command the artillery in the Second Division of the Sixth Corps, led by Brigadier General Albion P. Howe (1818–1897).

130.26 Colonel Von Vegesack] Ernst von Vegesack (1820–1903), a Swedish military officer, came to the United States in 1861 to join the Union army. He commanded the 20th New York Infantry at South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville, then returned to Sweden after the regiment mustered out at the end of its two-year enlistment term in June 1863.

131.9 one of his sons] Thomas (Tad) Lincoln (1853–1871).

132.25–26 Sanderson] Lieutenant Colonel James M. Sanderson (1815?-1871), a former New York hotel manager and author of Camp Fires and Camp Cooking; or, Culinary Hints for the Soldier (1862), was the commissary of subsistence of the First Corps.

132.29–30 Dupont’s fleet . . . Keokuk sunk] Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont (1803–1865), commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1861–63, led the unsuccessful naval assault on Charleston Harbor. The Keokuk was badly damaged by Confederate shore batteries on April 7 and sank the next day.

132.36–37 first report . . . Conduct of the War] The seven-member Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, made up of three senators and four representatives and dominated by Radical Republicans, was established by Congress on December 10, 1861, in response to the Union defeats at Bull Run and Ball’s Bluff. It issued its first report, which focused primarily on the operations of the Army of the Potomac, on April 6, 1863.

133.5–7 War Department order . . . treasonable sentiments] General Orders No. 89, issued by the adjutant general’s office in the War Department on April 6, 1863, announced that Lieutenant John M. Garland of the 42nd New York Infantry had been dishonorably discharged for writing that the Emancipation Proclamation was “as unconstitutional as it is unjust” and that the “principles” and “hearts” of the administration were “blacker than the ‘nigger’ they are fighting for.” (Garland’s letter, addressed to the Reverend Elliott H. Thompson in Shanghai, was opened by the post office because it carried insufficient postage.)

138.5–6 fair Italy has risen] Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont was proclaimed king of a united Italy in 1861.

138.27–28 “corner-stone] In a widely reported speech given in Savannah, Georgia, on March 21, 1861, Confederate vice president Alexander H. Stephens (1812–1883) said that the “corner-stone” of the Confederacy “rests upon the great truth, that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition.”

139.25 our Crawfords?] Thomas Crawford (1814–1857), American sculptor born and raised in New York City who spent much of his career in Italy. His work included the design for the Statue of Freedom on top of the U.S. Capitol dome.

142.18–19 James Louis Petigru] Petigru (1789–1863) was attorney general of South Carolina, 1822–30, and led the opposition to nullification in the state house of representatives, 1830–32. He later served as the U.S. attorney for South Carolina, 1850–53, and opposed secession in 1860.

142.19–20 Baphomet] A pagan idol allegedly worshipped by the medieval Knights Templar.

145.6–11 foreign minister . . . breach] Henri Mercier (1816–1886), the French minister to the United States from July 1860 to December 1863, was considered by many northerners to be sympathetic to the Confederacy. In January 1863 Mercier had become involved with the Colorado mining promoter William Cornell Jewett (1823–1893), Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune, and Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham in an unsuccessful attempt to gain support for European mediation of the war.

148.19 the 19th regulars] The 19th U.S. Infantry.

148.25 my long illness] Connolly had fallen ill with typhoid fever in November 1862.

149.26 Morgan . . . Forrest] Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan (1825–1864), Major General Joseph Wheeler (1836–1906), Brigadier General John Wharton (1828–1865), and Brigadier General Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821–1877). Wheeler was a cavalry corps commander, and Morgan, Wharton, and Forrest were cavalry division commanders, in the Army of Tennessee.

149.34 Burnsides’ armies] Major General Ambrose Burnside (1824–1881) had taken command of the Department of the Ohio on March 17, 1863.

152.16 Hains Bluff] Hayne’s Bluff, overlooking the Yazoo River about eleven miles northeast of Vicksburg.

153.21 this Department] The Department of the South, which included South Carolina, Georgia, and most of Florida.

154.6 Mr. Jefferson has beautifully said] Cf. Query XVIII, Notes on the State of Virginia (1785).

155.17 Van Dorn] Major General Earl Van Dorn (1820–1863) commanded a cavalry corps in the Army of Tennessee. On April 10, 1863, Van Dorn conducted a reconnaissance of the Union positions at Franklin, Tennessee, before withdrawing to Spring Hill.

155.18–19 Brother Coley and Dr. Buckner] Coleman Stone (c. 1844–1863) served with the 28th Mississippi Cavalry. He died on September 22, 1863, from injuries he received by being thrown from his horse. Dr. C. B. Buckner, a druggist and planter who served as a captain with the 28th Mississippi Cavalry, was married to Kate Stone’s aunt, Laura Ragan Buckner.

157.3 Little Sister] Amanda Stone (c. 1850–1934).

157.24 Mrs. Alexander] The mother of Mary Hardison.

158.5 Jimmy] Kate Stone’s brother, James A. Stone (c. 1847–1905).

158.15 Mamma] Kate Stone’s widowed mother, Amanda Ragan Stone (c. 1824–1892).

158.25 Webster] A slave who worked as a dining room servant and coachman on the Stone plantation.

158.29 Beverly] Laura Ragan Buckner’s daughter, who was about three years old.

159.29 Johnny’s lap] Kate Stone’s brother, John B. Stone (c. 1848–1930).

160.9 Charles] A slave who worked with Webster in the dining room of the Stone plantation.

160.17–18 Finish this another day.] In her journal for April 27, 1863, Stone described how her family traveled in two dugouts through bayous and swamps to the plantation of Dr. James G. Carson, where they stayed for nearly three weeks before resuming their westward flight.

163.29 this brigade] The Second Brigade of the Second Division in the Sixth Corps was made up of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th Vermont Infantry and the 26th New Jersey Infantry.

165.20 a disgraceful affair] On the night of April 19, 1863, as many as a dozen soldiers from the 5th Vermont Infantry attacked a black family living in a cabin near their picket line, beating John Frazier and raping his wife and her twelve-year-old niece. When the picket guard was alerted and approached the cabin, they were fired upon and returned fire, wounding one of the assailants. Although the victims were unable to identify most of their attackers, Sergeant Lawson M. Perkins was court-martialed and sentenced to five years in prison on May 22, 1863. Perkins was released on December 16, 1864, and returned to duty with the 5th Vermont before mustering out in June 1865. Private Moses D. Emerson was also convicted and imprisoned, but was released on August 8, 1864, and returned to the 5th Vermont, where he served for the remainder of the war.

167.34 Rhodes’] Brigadier General Robert E. Rodes (1829–1864) commanded a division in the Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, led by Lieutenant General Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson.

167.37 A. P. Hill] Major General Ambrose Powell Hill (1825–1865) led a division in Jackson’s corps. (A. P. Hill was not related to Major General Daniel Harvey Hill.)

167.38 Trimble & Early] The division in Jackson’s corps assigned to Major General Isaac R. Trimble (1802–1888) was led in the Chancellorsville campaign by Brigadier General Raleigh E. Colston (1825–1896) because Trimble was still recovering from being wounded at Second Manassas. Major General Jubal A. Early (1816–1894) led a division in Jackson’s corps.

170.5–6 Revocation . . . Nantes] In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV in 1598, which had granted religious and political rights to French Protestants.

170.20 Brother’s] Philip Hicky Morgan (1825–1900), Sarah Morgan’s half brother, was a successful attorney in New Orleans who had remained loyal to the Union.

170.24 Gen. Bowen] Brigadier General James Bowen (1808–1886) was the provost marshal of the Union Department of the Gulf.

171.6 Miriam] Sarah Morgan’s older sister, Miriam Morgan (1840–1898), later Miriam Morgan Dupré.

171.17–18 George and Gibbes] Sarah Morgan’s brothers George M. Morgan (1838–1864) and Thomas Gibbes Morgan (1835–1864) were serving with the Confederate army in Virginia. George M. Morgan would die of illness at Orange Court House on January 12, 1864; Thomas Gibbes Morgan was captured at Rappahannock Station on November 7, 1863, and died of illness in the prison camp at Johnson’s Island, Ohio, on January 21, 1864.

171.19 Banks . . . Attakapas] A region of southern Louisiana that includes Bayou Teche. See Chronology, April 1863.

172.31–32 the river] The Rappahannock.

172.33 Hamilton’s Crossing] A railroad depot five miles southeast of Fredericksburg.

173.8 Col. Sam. B. Pickens] Colonel Samuel B. Pickens (1839–1891) commanded the 12th Alabama Infantry, 1862–65.

175.11 Capt. Williams] Captain Jonathan W. Williams (1840–1908) commanded Company D of the 5th Alabama Infantry, in which Pickens served.

175.21–22 Col. Hobson] Lieutenant Colonel Edwin Lafayette Hobson (1835–1901), second in command of the 5th Alabama Infantry.

176.40 Col. Oneil] Colonel Edward A. O’Neal (1818–1890), Pickens’s brigade commander.

178.11 The Generals] Jackson and Lee.

178.15 General Stuart] Major General J.E.B. Stuart (1833–1864) commanded the cavalry corps of the Army of Northern Virginia.

178.23 the house] The Luckett house.

179.11 Smith and .] Smith and Wilbourn. Lieutenant James Power Smith (1837–1923) was one of Jackson’s aides; Captain Richard E. Wilbourn (1838–1875) was the chief signal officer in Jackson’s corps.

179.14 Dr. McGuire] Hunter H. McGuire (1835–1900) was the medical director of Jackson’s corps.

179.15 Lacey] The Reverend Beverly Tucker Lacy (1819–1900), a Presbyterian minister who served as the chaplain of Jackson’s corps.

179.30 Colonel Long] Armistead L. Long (1825–1891), one of Lee’s staff officers.

179.34–36 Anderson . . . McLaws] Major General Richard Anderson (1821–1879) and Major General Lafayette McLaws (1821–1897) commanded divisions in the First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, led by Lieutenant General James Longstreet. During the Chancellorsville campaign Anderson and McLaws reported directly to Lee while Longstreet was on detached duty in southeast Virginia.

180.8 the Irish Battalion] The 1st Virginia Infantry Battalion.

180.11 Major A. S. Pendleton] Alexander S. Pendleton (1840–1864), Jackson’s assistant adjutant general (chief of staff).

180.32 Boswell] Captain James K. Boswell (1838–1863), a topographical engineer serving on Jackson’s staff.

181.3 Major J. Horace Lacey] Lacy (1823–1906) was the brother of Beverly Tucker Lacy (see note 179.15).

181.7 Brown] Sergeant Samuel Howell Brown (1831–1905), who had served as surveyor of Jefferson County, Virginia, before the war.

181.22–23 Morrison . . . Mrs. Jackson] Lieutenant Joseph G. Morrison (1842–1906), one of Jackson’s aides, was the brother of Mary Anna Morrison Jackson (1831–1915).

181.25–26 Colonel Crutchfield] Colonel Stapleton Crutchfield (1835–1865), the chief of artillery in Jackson’s corps, had his leg amputated after being wounded on May 2.

181.40 Col. French] Colonel Samuel Bassett French (1820–1898) served as a military aide to Virginia governor John Letcher.

182.4 Stoneman] Major General George Stoneman led a cavalry raid against the railroads between Richmond and Fredericksburg, April 29–May 8, that failed to seriously disrupt Lee’s supply line.

182.17 United States Ford] A ford across the Rappahannock.

184.30–32 Genl Carr . . . Genl McClernand] Brigadier General Eugene A. Carr (1830–1910), Brigadier General Alvin P. Hovey (1821–1891), and Brigadier General Peter J. Osterhaus (1823–1917) commanded divisions in the Thirteenth Corps of the Army of the Tennessee. Major General John A. McClernand (1812–1900), the corps commander, had been a Democratic congressman from Illinois, 1843–51 and 1859–61.

185.37–38 Genl Green . . . Baldwin] Brigadier General Martin E. Green (1815–1863), Brigadier General Edward D. Tracy (1833–1863), and Brigadier General William E. Baldwin (1827–1864) commanded brigades in the division led by Brigadier General John S. Bowen (1830–1863). Tracy was killed at Port Gibson, Green was killed during the siege of Vicksburg, and Bowen died of dysentery shortly after Vicksburg surrendered.

186.12 about 3,500 of their men] Confederate losses at Port Gibson were reported as sixty killed, 340 wounded, and 387 missing.

186.35–36 the 23 Iowa . . . the loss] The regiment’s casualties at Port Gibson were reported as nine killed and twenty-six wounded.

187.12 Lt Col Glasgow] Lieutenant Colonel Samuel L. Glasgow (1838–1916) led the 23rd Iowa Infantry at Port Gibson.

187.32 Genl Quinbys brigade] Brigadier General Isaac F. Quinby (1821–1891) commanded a division in the Seventeenth Corps.

187.33 Smiths Divisions] Brigadier General Andrew J. Smith (1815–1897) led a division in the Thirteenth Corps.

190.23 Libby Prison] Prison for Union soldiers in Richmond that was established in a warehouse formerly used by Libby & Sons, a ship provisioning company.

190.26–27 “One blast . . . men.”] Cf. Sir Walter Scott, The Lady of the Lake (1810), Canto VI, stanza 18.

191.20–21 “With His . . . the victory.”] Cf. Psalm 98:1.

191.34–35 His brother in Law] Edmondston confused D. H. Hill, whose wife Isabella was a sister of Mary Anna Morrison Jackson, with A. P. Hill.

192.16–17 Col Duke of Wise’s Legion] Colonel Richard T. W. Duke (1822–1898) was the commander of the 46th Virginia Infantry. Organized in 1861 as part of Wise’s Legion, a force in northwestern Virginia commanded by Brigadier General Henry A. Wise, the regiment was later posted to Chaffin’s Bluff along the James River south of Richmond. Wise (1806–1876) had served as a congressman from Virginia, 1833–44, and as governor, 1856–60.

192.19 Tunstall’s] Tunstall Station, about fifteen miles east of Richmond.

193.19–20 Gen Paxton . . . Stonewall Brigade] Brigadier General Elisha F. Paxton (1828–1863) was killed at Chancellorsville on May 3. The Stonewall brigade was recruited from the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia in April 1861 and was commanded by Thomas J. Jackson at the first battle of Manassas, July 21, 1861, where both the brigade and its commander earned the nickname “Stonewall” for their defensive stand on Henry Hill.

193.23–24 Van Dorn is dead] Major General Earl Van Dorn was shot to death in Spring Hill, Tennessee, on May 7, 1863, by Dr. George B. Peters, who claimed Van Dorn was having an affair with his wife.

193.33 Hascosea] Plantation in Halifax County, North Carolina, used as a summer home by the Edmondstons.

194.14–15 “Little children . . . idols.”] 1 John 5:21.

194.23–24 Thomas Jones . . . wife] Thomas Devereux Jones (1838–1863) and Martha (Pattie) Ann Skinner (1842–1889) were married on January 1, 1863. A captain in the 27th North Carolina Infantry, Jones was wounded at Bristoe Station, Virginia, on October 14, 1863, and died in Richmond on November 6.

194.27 Hill’s repulse at Washington] Major General D. H. Hill unsuccessfully besieged the Union garrison at Washington, North Carolina, March 30–April 15, 1863.

196.18 Colonel McVicars] Lieutenant Colonel Duncan McVicar (1827–1863) of the 6th New York Cavalry.

197.4 General Geary] Brigadier General John W. Geary (1819–1873) commanded the Second Division of the Twelfth Corps.

197.20 General Howard] Major General Oliver Otis Howard (1830–1909), commander of the Eleventh Corps since April 1863.

197.28 General Williams’ Division] Brigadier General Alpheus S. Williams (1810–1878) commanded the First Division of the Twelfth Corps.

198.22 Dutchmen] Many of the soldiers in the Eleventh Corps were German-American.

199.5 General Birney’s Division] Brigadier General David B. Birney (1825–1864) commanded the First Division of the Third Corps.

201.32 General Patrick] Brigadier General Marsena R. Patrick (1811–1888), provost marshal of the Army of the Potomac.

203.18 The old Second] The 2nd Massachusetts Infantry.

205.26 general of brigade] Colonel Samuel S. Carroll (1832–1893) commanded the First Brigade in the Third Division of the Second Corps.

205.33 French’s division] Brigadier General William H. French (1815–1881) commanded the Third Division of the Second Corps.

208.25 “the best army . . . planet,”] At a dinner held on April 8, 1863, during President Lincoln’s visit to army headquarters, Hooker had called the Army of the Potomac “the finest army on the planet.”

208.34–209.1 Longstreet didn’t come up at all] See Chronology, May 4–5, 1863.

214.17 the Merrimack] In 1861, Union forces scuttled and burned the steam frigate U.S.S. Merrimack when they evacuated the Norfolk navy yard. The Confederates raised and rebuilt the ship as the ironclad ram C.S.S. Virginia and used it to attack the Union fleet in Hampton Roads on March 8, 1862. After fighting its historic duel with the ironclad U.S.S. Monitor on March 9, the Virginia remained at Norfolk until May 11, 1862, when it was blown up to prevent its capture following the Confederate evacuation of the city.

216.21 Dr Rogers] Dr. Seth Rogers (1823–1893), a friend of Higginson’s and the owner of the Worcester Hydropathic Institution, served as surgeon of the 1st South Carolina Volunteers.

217.14–18 Maj Strong . . . Lt. Col. Billings] Lieutenant Colonel Liberty Billings (1823–1877) was dismissed from the army for incompetence by an examining board on July 28, 1863, at which time Major John D. Strong was promoted to lieutenant colonel and became the regiment’s second in command. Strong resigned his commission on August 15, 1864.

218.29 The Tribune correspondent] Clarence A. Page (1838–1873) was a war correspondent for the New-York Daily Tribune, 1862–65.

219.11 Col. Hawkins’] Colonel Hiram Hawkins (1826–1914) commanded the Confederate 5th Kentucky Infantry.

219.17 “That is . . . of all”!] Maria Edgeworth (1767–1849), The Modern Griselda (1804).

220.26–27 “He gave . . . away”.] Cf. Job 1:21.

220.37 on at] On May 10 at.

221.3 Major Hawkes] Major Wells J. Hawks (1814–1873), the chief commissary officer in Jackson’s corps.

221.5 on where] On May 11 where.

221.13 Gen Ewell] Richard S. Ewell (1817–1872) commanded a division under Jackson, March 1862–August 1862, and the Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, May 1863–May 1864.

221.14 the battle of ] The battle of Groveton (or Brawner Farm), August 28, 1862, was part of the Second Manassas campaign.

221.18 “fame is . . . brass”] See Horace, Odes, bk. III. xxx.

221.31–32 Balaams numerical horse] See Numbers 22:21–35.

222.19–20 Brig Genl Shackelford] A native of Lincoln County, Kentucky, James M. Shackelford (1827–1909) commanded a Union brigade with its headquarters in Russellville.

223.3 “submit to . . . that be”] See Romans 13:1.

223.22–23 Buckner . . . Boone & Burnett] Camp Boone and Camp Burnett were set up near Clarksville in northwestern Tennessee in the summer of 1861 to recruit and train Kentucky Confederate troops. Brigadier General Simon Bolivar Buckner (1823–1914) took command of the camps in September 1861 and led several regiments into Kentucky in order to occupy Bowling Green.

224.20 Lizzie] Browder’s wife, Ann Elizabeth Warfield Browder (d. 1897).

224.26 Bro Alexander] William Alexander (1818–1883), a Methodist preacher who shared the Logan County circuit with Browder.

227.17–18 General Burnside . . . Cincinnati Court] Vallandigham applied for a writ of habeas corpus in the U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern District of Ohio on May 9, 1863, two days after his conviction by a military commission. On May 11 Burnside submitted a written statement to the court in which he declared that “my duty requires me to stop license and intemperate discussion, which tends to weaken the authority of the Government and army.” After hearing arguments from attorneys representing Vallandigham and Burnside, Judge Humphrey H. Leavitt refused to issue a writ and stated that Burnside, as an agent of the president, had the power during time of war to “arrest persons who, by their mischievous acts of disloyalty, impede or endanger the military operations of the government.”

228.3 Fernando Wood’s party] Fernando Wood (see note 81.10–13) was a leading New York Peace Democrat.

232.23 Colonel Montgomery] James Montgomery (1814–1871) later commanded a brigade of black troops in South Carolina and Florida before resigning his commission in 1864.

233.1 Mr. Butler King’s] Thomas Butler King (1800–1864), a lawyer and planter who served in Congress as a Whig, 1839–43 and 1845–50.

234.31 Effie] Shaw’s sister, Josephine Shaw (1843–1905), who married Colonel Charles Russell Lowell Jr. (1835–1864) in October 1863. Lowell was fatally wounded at Cedar Creek, Virginia, on October 19, 1864, while leading the 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry.

235.13 “Semmes”] Raphael Semmes (1809–1877), captain of the Confederate commerce raider Alabama, 1862–64.

235.33–37 Pierce Butler . . . three hundred slaves] In 1836 Pierce Butler (1810–1867) inherited a half-share in the coastal Georgia rice and cotton plantations of his grandfather Pierce Butler (1744–1822), a South Carolina delegate to the Constitutional Convention who later served in the Senate. Heavily in debt from gambling and financial losses in the panic of 1857, Butler sold 429 men, women, and children at a Savannah race course in March 1859 for $303,850.

236.2 Miss Fanny] English actress and writer Frances Anne (Fanny) Kemble (1809–1893) married Pierce Butler in 1834. They separated in 1845 and were divorced in 1849, in part because of her opposition to slavery. Kemble published an account of her stay on the Butler plantations, Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839, in 1863.

236.25 the young ladies] Sarah Butler Wister (1835–1908) and Frances Butler Leigh (1838–1910), the daughters of Fanny Kemble and Pierce Butler.

237.24 Mr. Ritchie] Lieutenant John Ritchie (1836–1919) served as the quartermaster of the 54th Massachusetts, 1863–65.

241.20 Colonel Page] Lieutenant Colonel Page of the 9 th Louisiana Infantry (African Descent), who took command of the regiment after Colonel Hermann Lieb (1826–1908) was wounded.

241.32 enemy cried, “No quarters”] In a report dated June 8, 1863, Colonel Lieb wrote that in the fighting along the levee the Confederates charged “madly on with cries of ‘No quarters for white officers, kill the damned Abolitionists, but spare the niggers’ &c.” Captain Corydon Heath of the 9th Louisiana (African Descent) and Second Lieutenant George Conn of the 11th Louisiana (African Descent) were recorded in Union army records as having been killed after being taken prisoner at Milliken’s Bend.

241.34–35 Colonel Allen . . . Brigadier-General Walker] Colonel Robert T. P. Allen (1813–1888), the commander of the 17th Texas Infantry, survived the battle. Major General John G. Walker (1821–1893) commanded the division that attacked the Union lines at Milliken’s Bend, but was not present on the battlefield.

246.21–23 General Hurlbut . . . Lawyer] Major General Stephen A. Hurlbut (1815–1882) was born in South Carolina and was admitted to the bar there in 1837. Hurlbut moved to Illinois in 1845 and served as a Republican in the Illinois house of representatives, 1859–61.

249.21 Haseltine] Major James Henry Hazeltine.

249.26–29 Captain Treichel . . . Captain Leiper] William P. C. Treichel was discharged from the army as a major in July 1864; William White (b. 1843) was mustered out as a captain in November 1864; Charles B. Davis was killed at Brandy Station, June 9, 1863; Samuel R. Colladay (1842–1884) was captured at Brandy Station, exchanged in March 1864, and resigned from the army; Charles Lewis Leiper (1842–1899) was promoted to major in September 1864 and served as the last commander of the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry.

249.31 Major Morris] Robert Morris (1837–1863), the great-grandson of the Revolutionary financier Robert Morris, commanded the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry at Brandy Station. He was taken prisoner during the battle and died of scurvy in Libby prison at Richmond on August 13, 1863.

251.13 Captain Rodenbaugh] Theophilus F. Rodenbough (1838–1912) of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry.

251.33 Frazier’s] Captain William West Frazier (1839–1921), commander of Company B in the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry.

252.13 5th Cavalry] The 5th U.S. Cavalry.

252.25 Lieut. Lennig] Thompson Lennig (1841–1911) was taken prisoner at Brandy Station and exchanged in March 1864.

252.30 Bulwer’s “What will he do with it”] Novel (1858) by Edward Bulwer-Lytton, originally published under the pseudonym Pisistratus Caxton.

252.39 General Buford] Brigadier General John Buford (1826–1863) commanded the First Division of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac.

253.17 Rudolph Ellis] Captain Rudolph Ellis (1837–1915) commanded Company B of the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry.

258.29–30 General John C. Breckinridge] Breckinridge (1821–1875), vice president of the United States, 1857–61, and the southern Democratic candidate for president in 1860, commanded a division in the Army of Tennessee.

258.31 Gen. John B. Magruder, Gen. William B. Preston] Magruder (1807–1871) commanded the Confederate forces in Texas; Preston (1816–1887), the U.S. minister to Spain, 1858–61, commanded a brigade in the Army of Tennessee.

258.32 Commodore Franklin Buchanan] Buchanan (1800–1874) commanded the Confederate squadron at Mobile, Alabama.

261.27–31 the judge . . . President Jackson] Humphrey H. Leavitt (1796–1873) was appointed as federal district judge for Ohio by Andrew Jackson in 1834 and served until 1871.

261.37–38 battle of New-Orleans . . . treaty of peace] The battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815. News of the Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814, reached New Orleans on February 25, but official confirmation did not arrive in the city until March 13.

262.3 Mr. Louiallier] Louis Louaillier, a member of the state senate, published an article in the Louisiana Courier on March 3, 1815, criticizing Jackson’s continued imposition of martial law. Jackson had Louaillier arrested on March 5 and court-martialed two days later on charges of spying, mutiny, libel, disobedience, and misconduct. Although the court-martial cleared Louaillier of all charges, Jackson refused to release him.

262.5 Judge Hall] Dominic A. Hall (1765–1820), U.S. district judge for New Orleans, 1804–12, and for Louisiana, 1812–20.

262.7 arrested both the lawyer and the judge] Jackson did not order the arrest of Pierre L. Morel, the attorney who obtained the writ of habeas corpus from Judge Hall.

262.21–22 Congress refunded . . . Douglas,] Congress passed a bill indemnifying Jackson for the fine in 1843. Stephen A. Douglas (1813–1861) served as Democratic congressman from Illinois, 1843–47, and as a senator, 1847–61.

266.27 Johnston . . . reinforcements] See Chronology, May–June 1863.

269.6 at Salem.] The 19th Iowa Infantry was camped near Salem in southern Missouri from May 2 to June 3, 1863.

269.9 Chequest boys] Men from the Chequest Valley in southeastern Iowa, where the Clayton family farm was located.

269.17–18 Col. Kent . . . Mrs. Wittemeyer] Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Kent (1819–1898), commander of the 19th Iowa Infantry at Vicksburg; Annie Turner Wittenmyer (1827–1900), an agent for the Iowa State Army Sanitary Commission (an auxiliary of the U.S. Sanitary Commission) and the Keokuk Ladies’ Soldiers’ Aid Society.

269.19 Gen. Herron] The 19th Iowa Infantry was assigned in Missouri and at Vicksburg to the division commanded by Major General Francis J. Herron (1837–1902).

271.5 Lt. Col. May] Dwight May (1822–1880) had commanded Company I of the 2nd Michigan Infantry, in which Haydon served, until his resignation in December 1861. He was commissioned as lieutenant colonel of the 25th Michigan Infantry in October 1862.

271.20 “Eat drink . . . you die.”] See Ecclesiastes 8:15, Isaiah 22:13, and Luke 12:19.

271.27–28 “Let joy be unconfined.”] Lord Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Canto III (1816), stanza 23.

274.12–13 Charley . . . Hugh] Ellen Ewing Sherman’s brothers Charles Ewing (1835–1883), a lieutenant colonel who was serving as inspector general of the Fifteenth Corps, and Hugh Boyle Ewing (1826–1905), a brigadier general who commanded a brigade in the Fifteenth Corps.

274.37 Tom Bartley] Thomas W. Bartley (1812–1885) married Susan Denman Sherman (1825–1876), Sherman’s sister, in 1848. A former state legislator, Bartley served on the Ohio supreme court, 1852–59, and was its chief justice, 1853–54 and 1856–59.

275.38–39 the invariable Hill] John Hill, a black servant hired by Sherman.

276.5 McCoy] Lieutenant James C. McCoy (d. 1875), who served as one of Sherman’s aides, 1862–65.

276.10–11 Genl. Sherman of New Orleans] Union brigadier general Thomas W. Sherman (1813–1879), a division commander in the Army of the Gulf who lost a leg in the assault on Port Hudson, May 27, 1863.

276.18 Mrs. Wilkinson] Mary Stark Wilkinson (1809–1901).

276.19–20 her husband . . . Manassas] Robert A. Wilkinson (1809–1862) was killed in the second battle of Manassas, August 30, 1862, while serving as lieutenant colonel of the 15th Louisiana Infantry.

276.24 General Wilkinson of the old wars] James Wilkinson (1757–1825), grandfather of Robert A. Wilkinson, served in the Revolution, on the frontier, and in the War of 1812. He was accused of complicity in Aaron Burr’s conspiracy to detach the western states from the Union, but was acquitted by a court of inquiry.

276.25–26 the famous Land case of Penrose St. Louis] Thomas Ewing Sr. successfully argued Bissell v. Penrose, a case involving conflicting claims to a valuable land tract in St. Louis, before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1850.

276.26 at Alexandria] Sherman was the founding superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy at Alexandria, 1859–61.

276.30–31 Vicksburg . . . his fate.] On July 3, 1863, Sherman wrote to Grant, asking him to help Mary Wilkinson see her son once the Vicksburg garrison had surrendered.

277.30–31 Minnie & Willy . . . Tom & Lizzy] Sherman’s children Maria Boyle Ewing Sherman (1851–1913), William Tecumseh Sherman Jr. (1854–1863), Thomas Ewing Sherman (1856–1915), and Mary Elizabeth Sherman (1852–1925).

278.17–19 General Wright . . . General’s son] Brigadier General Ambrose R. Wright (1826–1872) commanded a brigade in A. P. Hill’s Third Corps. Lieutenant William A. Wright (1844–1929), the brigade ordnance officer, was exchanged in May 1864.

278.20 Manassas] Lieutenant Wright was wounded at the second battle of Manassas on August 30, 1862.

279.31 sing “Rally round the flag,”] “The Battle Cry of Freedom” (1862), song with words and music by George F. Root (1820–1895).

279.34 Florence or Athens, Alabama] A Union cavalry brigade commanded by Colonel Florence M. Cornyn (1829–1863) raided Florence, Alabama, on May 28, 1863, and burned seven cotton mills and several other buildings. Union troops from a brigade commanded by Colonel John B. Turchin (1822–1901) pillaged Athens, Alabama, on May 2, 1862.

279.38 “Gaine’s Mills,”] See note 29.19.

280.1 “squirrel tail rifles.”] The 13 th Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserves (see note 13.15), also known as the 1st Pennsylvania Rifles and the Bucktail Rifles.

280.19 Heath’s and Pender’s divisions] Major General Henry Heth (1825–1899) and Major General William Dorsey Pender (1834–1863) commanded divisions in A. P. Hill’s corps. Pender was wounded at Gettysburg on the afternoon of July 2 and died on July 18 after having his leg amputated.

280.26–27 “The Bonnie Blue Flag,”] A popular Confederate marching song, written in 1861 by the variety performer Harry Macarthy (1834–1888) and sung to the tune of “The Irish Jaunting Car.”

280.28 Hood . . . McLaws] Major General John B. Hood (1831–1879) and Major General Lafayette McLaws (1821–1897) commanded divisions in Lieutenant General James Longstreet’s First Corps.

281.35–282.1 Charles J. Faulkner] Faulkner (1806–1884) had served in Congress as a Whig and as a Democrat, 1851–59, and as U.S. minister to France, 1860–61. He resigned his military commission in June 1863.

283.4 Mr Roman] James D. Roman (1809–1867), a lawyer and banker, served in Congress as a Whig, 1847–49.

284.1–2 Thadeus Stevens] See note 23.18.

284.11–13 WmR . . . Laura & Bet.] McLaws’s brother, William Raymond McLaws (1818–1880); his sister, Anna Laura McLaws (1816–1894); and his niece, Lillie Huguenin McLaws (b. 1860).

285.3–4 Irene and Mary Williams] Irene Williams (1843–1907) and Mary Williams (1846–1935) lived with their father’s relatives in Connecticut. Their mother had died in 1849.

285.20 Dr. Steiner] Lewis H. Steiner (1827–1892), a physician and medical writer, was the chief inspector for the U.S. Sanitary Commission with the Army of the Potomac.

287.29–30 “Divinity which shapes . . . as we will.”] Hamlet, V.ii.10–11.

289.17–19 “chief burgess” . . . surrender the city] David Small (1809–1885), publisher of the York Gazette and chief burgess (mayor) of York, went outside of the city on June 28, 1863, to arrange its surrender with Brigadier General John B. Gordon (1832–1904). The Confederates occupied the town until June 30.

291.10–11 “a little more sleep . . . slumber”] See Proverbs 6:10.

292.27 Colonel Walton] James B. Walton (1813–1885), the senior artillery officer in Longstreet’s corps, commanded the Washington Artillery, a battalion from New Orleans, 1861–64.

293.2 Johnson’s] Major General Edward Johnson (1816–1873).

294.32–33 General Reynolds] Major General John Reynolds (1820–1863), commander of the First Corps, was killed late in the morning of July 1 west of the town of Gettysburg.

295.28 Lawley] Francis Lawley (1825–1901) reported from the Confederacy for The Times of London, October 1862–April 1865.

295.30 Major Clark] Major John J. Clarke (1832?–1880), an engineer who served on Longstreet’s staff.

295.31–32 the stout Austrian . . . Major Walton] Captain Fitzgerald Ross (b. 1825), an Englishman who joined the Austrian cavalry in 1850, traveled through the Confederacy from May 1863 to April 1864 while on a leave of absence and later wrote A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States (1865). Major William M. Walton (1832–1915) was one of Longstreet’s staff officers.

295.33 ciréd] Waxed.

295.35 Colonel Sorrell] Lieutenant Colonel Gilbert Moxley Sorrell (1838–1901), Longstreet’s chief of staff, 1862–64.

296.2 Captain Schreibert] Justus Scheibert (1831–1903), a Prussian engineer sent to observe the American Civil War for professional purposes, later wrote Seven Months in the Rebel States during the North American War, 1863 (1868).

296.32 Pickett] Major General George E. Pickett (1825–1875).

296.34–35 Colonel Manning] Peyton T. Manning (1837–1868), Longstreet’s ordnance officer.

298.12 Hill’s Florida brigade] The brigade, commanded at Gettysburg by Colonel Daniel Lang (1838–1917), was assigned to the division led by Major General Richard H. Anderson (1821–1879) in A. P. Hill’s Third Corps. Previous to Lee’s reorganization of the Army of Northern Virginia in late May 1863, Anderson’s division had been part of Longstreet’s First Corps.

298.20 General Barksdale . . . Semmes] Brigadier General William Barksdale (1821–1863), who had served as a Democratic congressman from Mississippi, 1853–61, died on July 3. Brigadier General Paul J. Semmes (1815–1863), a cousin of Confederate naval officer Raphael Semmes, died on July 10. Both men led brigades assigned to McLaws’s division in Longstreet’s corps.

298.27 Major Fairfax] Major John W. Fairfax (1828–1908), one of Longstreet’s aides.

299.35 Heth and Pettigrew] Brigadier General James J. Pettigrew (1828–1863) led one of the brigades in Heth’s division, and had assumed command of the division after Heth was wounded on July 1. Another division from Hill’s corps, commanded by Major General Isaac Trimble (1802–1888), also participated in the July 3 assault on the Union center.

299.36–37 absence of two brigades] The brigades had been detached for service in North Carolina.

300.36 Oxford-street] A main shopping street in the West End of London.

301.36–38 Major Latrobe . . . Captain Goree] Osmun Latrobe (1835–1915) and Thomas J. Goree (1835–1905), officers on Longstreet’s staff.

302.38 This officer . . . the Potomac.] Pettigrew was mortally wounded in a rearguard action near Williamsport, Maryland, on July 14 and died three days later.

303.9–11 General Willcox . . . state of his brigade.] Brigadier General Cadmus M. Wilcox (1824–1890) commanded a brigade in Anderson’s division that had been ordered to advance on Pickett’s right flank. In his official report of July 17, 1863, Wilcox wrote that his brigade had lost 577 men killed, wounded, or missing, on July 2 and another suffered another 204 casualties on July 3.

303.30–31 Generals Garnett . . . Kemper] Garnett, Armistead, and Kemper commanded the three brigades in Pickett’s division. Brigadier General Richard B. Garnett (1817–1863) was killed during the assault; Brigadier General Lewis A. Armistead (1817–1863) died of his wounds in a Union hospital on July 5; and Brigadier General James L. Kemper (1823–1895), who was left behind when the Confederates retreated on July 4, survived his wound and was exchanged in September 1863.

304.19–21 Johnson’s division . . . advantages there.] The Confederates made a series of unsuccessful attacks on Culp’s Hill on the morning of July 3.

304.25–27 Yankee cavalry . . . have escaped.] On the afternoon of July 3 a Union cavalry brigade led by Brigadier General Elon J. Farnsworth (1837–1863) unsuccessfully attacked Hood’s division on the Confederate right flank. Farnsworth was killed, and his brigade lost another 106 men killed, wounded, or missing.

304.29 Moses’s] Major Raphael Moses (1812–1893), Longstreet’s chief commissary officer.

305.7 Dr. Barksdale] Randolph Barksdale (1831–1907), the medical inspector of Longstreet’s corps, was not related to Brigadier General William Barksdale.

305.25 General Pendleton (the parson)] Brigadier General William N. Pendleton (1809–1883), chief of artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia, 1862–65. A West Point graduate, Pendleton had resigned from the army in 1833 and become an Episcopal clergyman.

307.15 General Milroy] Brigadier General Robert H. Milroy (1816–1890), a division commander in the Eighth Corps, was driven out of Winchester, Virginia, by Ewell, June 14–15, 1863.

308.34 Doles’] Brigadier General George P. Doles (1830–1864) commanded a brigade in the division led by Major General Robert E. Rodes.

309.17 26th Regt.] The 26th Alabama Infantry.

309.18 Mr. Mushat] Dr. John Patrick Mushat (1830–1890), assistant surgeon of the 5th Alabama Infantry.

310.20 Col. Hall] Colonel Josephus M. Hall (1828–1915), commander of the 5th Alabama Infantry.

311.9 Ramseur . . . Iversons] Brigadier General Stephen D. Ramseur (1837–1864) and Brigadier General Alfred Iverson commanded brigades in Rodes’s division.

311.11–15 Tom Biscoe . . . 5th La. Regt.] Captain Thomas H. Biscoe (c. 1839–1864) was originally from Greene County, Alabama, but had been living in New Orleans when he joined the 5th Louisiana Infantry. Biscoe assumed command of the regiment after Major Alexander Hart was wounded on July 2 during an attack on Cemetery Hill. The 5th Louisiana was part of a brigade led by Brigadier General Harry T. Hays (1820–1876) in the division commanded by Jubal A. Early.

312.30 our division] The First Division of the Fifth Corps, commanded by Brigadier General James Barnes (1801–1869). Donaldson’s regiment, the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry, was part of the division’s First Brigade.

313.7 our Colonel] Lieutenant Colonel James Gwyn (1828–1906).

314.35 Capt. John Fassitte . . . General Birney] Captain John B. Fassett (1836–1905), an aide to Brigadier General David B. Birney (1825–1864). Birney commanded the First Division of the Third Corps, which held the north side of the salient formed by Sickles’s advance toward the Emmitsburg Road.

314.39 Captain Crocker] Lemuel B. Crocker (1829–1885), commander of Company K of the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry.

315.11 P.V.] Pennsylvania Volunteers.

317.37 Capt. Richd. W. Davids] Davids (1825–1863) was the commander of Company G of the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry.

318.12 Maj. Herring] Major Charles S. Herring (1829–1889), second in command of the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry at Gettysburg.

318.25 Maj. Biddle] James Cornell Biddle (1835–1898).

319.12–14 Pennsylvania Reserves . . . Genl. Crawford] Nine regiments of the Pennsylvania Reserves that had previously been assigned to the Third Division of the First Corps (see note 13.15) fought at Gettysburg as part of the Third Division of the Fifth Corps, commanded by Brigadier General Samuel W. Crawford (1829–1892).

319.23–24 the 2nd and 3rd brigade] The Second Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps fought alongside the First Brigade in the woods of the Rose Farm, while the Third Brigade fought on Little Round Top.

319.26–28 The 16th Mich. . . . colonel being bayonetted] Lieutenant Colonel Norval E. Welch (1835–1864) commanded the 16th Michigan Infantry, which fought on July 2 on Little Round Top as part of the Third Brigade. Colonel Harrison H. Jeffords (1834–1863), the commander of the 4th Michigan Infantry in the Second Brigade, was bayoneted on July 2 in the wheat field of the Rose Farm and died the following day.

320.8 news of the 22nd Virginia Regt.] Donaldson’s brother, John P. Donaldson (1838–1901), moved from Philadelphia to Charleston, Virginia (later West Virginia), in 1858. He joined the Confederate army in 1861 and was serving as a captain with the 22nd Virginia Infantry in southern West Virginia during the battle of Gettysburg. John P. Donaldson was captured at Cold Harbor on June 3, 1864, and remained a Union prisoner for the rest of the war.

320.9–10 Bradley Johnson] Colonel Bradley T. Johnson (1829–1903), a prominent Maryland Confederate.

322.27 Capt. O’Neill] Captain Henry O’Neill, the commander of Company A of the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry.

325.25 tete monte] Tête montée: swelled head.

325.31–32 Genl McClellands dismissal by Grant] Grant, who had long been unhappy with John A. McClernand’s performance, removed him from command of the Thirteenth Corps on June 18 after Sherman and McPherson strongly protested McClernand’s publication of a self-congratulatory order in the newspapers without authorization.

326.13 Blair] Francis Preston Blair Lee (1857–1944), the only child of Elizabeth Blair Lee and Samuel Phillips Lee.

326.26 Betty] Elizabeth Blair (1841–1872), daughter of Montgomery Blair.

326.36 Robt] Robert Leamy Meade (1817–1841), brother of George G. Meade.

327.1 Apo] Apolline Alexander Blair (1828–1908), the wife of Frank Blair.

327.11–12 Dahlgren son a Capt. . . . Robt. Lee] Captain Ulric Dahlgren (1842–1864), a Union cavalry officer, was the son of Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren (1809–1870), commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. On July 2 Dahlgren captured a courier in Greencastle, Pennsylvania, and seized an unenciphered letter in which Davis told Lee not to expect to receive reinforcements from North Carolina or the Richmond area. Dahlgren lost his right leg in a skirmish in Hagerstown, Maryland, on July 6. Promoted to colonel, he was killed on March 2, 1864, during a failed cavalry raid on Richmond (see pp. 728–32 in this volume).

327.17 Cooper] Brigadier General Samuel Cooper (1798–1876), adjutant general of the Confederate War Department.

327.18 Beauregard] Lee had proposed that General Pierre G. T. Beauregard, the Confederate commander at Charleston, South Carolina, be sent to northern Virginia with the purpose of threatening an attack on Washington while Lee’s army was in Pennsylvania.

327.21–22 the White House] White House Landing on the Pamunkey River, twenty-three miles east of Richmond.

328.36–329.1 Col. Vincent commanding the Brigade,] Colonel Strong Vincent (1837–1863) commanded the Third Brigade of the First Division in the Fifth Corps.

330.40–331.1 Col. Rice . . . mortally wounded] Colonel James C. Rice (1828–1864), the commander of the 44th New York Infantry, took over the brigade after Vincent was wounded.

331.6 “Wolf Hill”] A hill three miles northeast of Big Round Top.

331.28 Genl. Laws] Brigadier General Evander M. Law (1836–1920) led one of the brigades in Hood’s division and took over command of the division when Hood was wounded on the afternoon of July 2.

332.18–21 Lt. W. L. Kendall . . . Lieut. A. N. Linscott] Lieutenant Warren L. Kendall of Company G died on July 5, Captain Charles W. Billings of Company C died on July 15, and Lieutenant Arad N. Linscott of Company I died on July 27.

332.29–31 Capt Woodward . . . Adjt. Gifford] Captain Orpheus S. Woodward (1835–1919) and Lieutenant Martin Van Buren Gifford (1837–1922).

333.18–19 Henry Ropes] First Lieutenant Henry Ropes (1839–1863), the commander of Company K of the 20th Massachusetts Infantry, had joined the regiment in November 1861 and fought at Fair Oaks, the Seven Days’ Battles, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. He was killed at Gettysburg by the premature explosion of a Union shell on the morning of July 3 while reading a novel by Charles Dickens.

333.24 Col. Hall] Colonel Norman J. Hall (1837–1867) commanded the Third Brigade, Second Division, Second Corps, at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg.

333.31–33 pique against Revere . . . he is regretted] Colonel Paul Joseph Revere (1832–1863), a grandson of the Revolutionary War hero, was appointed major of the 20th Massachusetts in July 1861, but left the regiment in August 1862 to serve on the staff of Major General Edwin V. Sumner. Abbott and several other officers had opposed his appointment as regimental commander in May 1863, believing the colonelcy should have been given to Lieutenant Colonel George N. Macy, who had led the regiment at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Revere was wounded by a shell burst at Gettysburg on the evening of July 2 and died two days later.

334.1–2 Macy . . . Herbert Mason] Lieutenant Colonel George N. Macy (1837–1875) was wounded on July 3 and lost his left hand. He resumed command of the 20th Massachusetts in late October 1863. Captain Herbert Mason, the commander of Company H, was wounded on July 3 and medically discharged in March 1864.

334.7 Patten] Captain Henry Lyman Patten (1836–1864), the commander of Company D, was wounded on July 2. He returned to the regiment later in the year and was mortally wounded at Deep Bottom, Virginia, on August 17, 1864, while serving as acting commander of the 20th Massachusetts.

334.18 Paine] Second Lieutenant Sumner Paine (1845–1863) was killed on July 3.

335.16–17 Baxter’s Pennsylvania men] Colonel DeWitt C. Baxter commanded the 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry. The gap in the line to the right of the 20th Massachusetts was caused by the retreat of several companies from the 71st Pennsylvania.

335.32 Gen Webb] Brigadier General Alexander Webb (1835–1911) commanded the Second Brigade, Second Division, Second Corps, which was posted to the right of Hall’s brigade on July 3. It was made up of the 71st, 72nd, 69th, and 106th Pennsylvania regiments.

335.35 miserable rowdy named Hays] Brigadier General Alexander Hays (1819–1864) commanded the Third Division in the Second Corps.

335.38–40 Hays . . . Gibbon] Brigadier General William Hays (1819–1875) took command of the Second Corps on July 3 after Major General Winfield Scott Hancock was wounded during the Confederate assault on Cemetery Ridge. Hancock (1824–1886) had replaced Major General Darius N. Couch as commander of the Second Corps on May 22, 1863. Brigadier General John Gibbon (1827–1896), commander of the Second Division of the Second Corps, was wounded on July 3.

336.25–26 first day’s . . . second day’s] July 2 and July 3, 1863.

337.11 Wm Kelly] Corporal William P. Kelley (c. 1843–1865) was captured at Spotsylvania on May 12, 1864, and died in a Confederate prison camp at Wilmington, North Carolina, on March 5, 1865.

337.17 Fletcher] Fletcher Abbott (1843–1925), Henry Livermore Abbott’s younger brother, was serving as a Union staff officer in Louisiana. He was medically discharged from the army in December 1863.

337.18–19 George & Mary Welch . . . John] George B. Perry was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the 20th Massachusetts in July 1861 and served until September 1862, when he was discharged because of illness. Perry became formally engaged to Caroline Abbott (1839–1872), Henry Livermore Abbott’s sister, early in 1864. His cousin, John Gardner Perry (1840–1926), who joined the 20th Massachusetts as an assistant surgeon in April 1863, had his leg broken by a horse on June 15, 1863. He returned to the regiment in September 1863 and served until his discharge in August 1864. Mary Ann Welch was a young woman from Lowell, Massachusetts, whom Abbott corresponded with during the war.

339.10–12 Kershaw . . . Wofford] Brigadier General Joseph B. Kershaw (1822–1894) and Brigadier General William T. Wofford (1824–1884).

339.21–23 Colonel Carter . . . Lt. Col. Fiser] James W. Carter (c. 1830–1863), Thomas M. Griffin (1816–1878), William D. Holder (1824–1900), William De Saussure (1819–1863), and John C. Fiser (1838–1876).

341.19 Will] William N. Hancock (1832–1911), Cornelia Hancock’s brother.

341.28–29 Mrs. Harris] Ellen Orbison Harris (1816–1902), field secretary for the Ladies’ Aid Society of Philadelphia.

342.20–22 Major General Schenk . . . Miss Dix] Major General Robert C. Schenck (1809–1890), commander of the Middle Department, which included Baltimore. Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) served as superintendent of female nurses for the Union army, 1861–65. In an account of her Gettysburg experiences written after the war, Hancock recalled that at the Baltimore Depot Dix had “immediately objected to my going farther on the score of my youth and rosy cheeks. I was then just twenty-three years of age.” (It was Dix’s policy not to use women under the age of thirty as nurses.) Despite Dix’s objections, Hancock boarded the train for Gettysburg.

342.24 Doctor Horner’s house] Dr. Robert Horner (1825–1899), who lived on Chambersburg Street.

343.25 E. W. Farnham] A writer, lecturer, and social reformer who had served as matron of the female prison at Sing Sing, Eliza W. Farnham (1815–1864) helped organize nursing care for the wounded at Gettysburg.

345.3–4 First Minnesota Regiment . . . the late battle.] During the fighting on Cemetery Ridge on July 2, General Hancock personally ordered the 1st Minnesota Infantry to counterattack an advancing Confederate brigade so as to gain time for other Union reinforcements to arrive. The survivors of the charge then helped defend Cemetery Ridge against the Confederate assault on July 3. The regiment had reported 399 men present for duty on June 30, and lost 233 men killed, wounded, or missing at Gettysburg.

345.9 The Colonel] Colonel William J. Colvill (1830–1905).

345.29–30 Senator Wilson, Mr. Washburn] Henry Wilson (1812–1875) was a Republican senator from Massachusetts, 1855–73; for Elihu B. Washburne, see note 24.22.

345.34 Dr. Child] Henry T. Child (c. 1816–1890), a Quaker physician and philanthropist from Philadelphia and the husband of Hancock’s sister Ellen.

346.18 Mr Palmer] Frank W. Palmer (1827–1907) was the publisher of the Iowa State Register, 1861–66, and its editor, 1861–68.

346.25–26 Rachel . . . Aunt Hannah] Taylor Peirce’s sister, Rachel Peirce Gibson (b. 1827), and his aunt, Hannah Kirk Peirce.

349.19 the National salute] A Fourth of July salute in which one gun was fired for each state in the Union, i.e., in 1863 a thirty-five-gun salute.

349.20 Ormes] Brigadier General William W. Orme (1832–1866) commanded the Second Brigade in the division led by Major General Francis J. Herron.

350.31 Lizzie Cooper] A cousin of Clayton’s who lived in Pittsburgh. She married Clayton in 1869 and died in 1876.

352.23 Ords corps . . . Parkes] On June 18 Grant had named Major General Edward O. C. Ord (1818–1883) to replace McClernand as commander of the Thirteenth Corps. Major General John G. Parke (1827–1900) commanded the Ninth Corps, which had reinforced Grant at Vicksburg in June.

354.34–35 reach the same points by Grenada] That is, by advancing on Vicksburg from the north along the Mississippi Central Railroad.

355.15 Dayton] Captain Lewis M. Dayton (1835–1891), one of Sherman’s aides.

355.27 Carter] A former slave Sherman had hired to care for his horses.

355.28 Hammond] Captain John H. Hammond (1833–1890), an officer on Sherman’s staff.

361.11–12 Sound the loud . . . people are FREE!] Opening lines of “Miriam’s Song” (1816), also known as “Sound the Loud Timbrel,” by Thomas Moore (1779–1852). The poem was inspired by Exodus 15:20.

362.16 Scales] Alfred M. Scales (1827–1892) commanded a brigade in Pender’s division in A. P. Hill’s corps. Wounded on July 1, Scales returned to duty in August 1863.

362.19–20 Sickles, . . . assassinate no more men] Major General Daniel E. Sickles (see note 14.27–28), the commander of the Third Corps, was wounded on the afternoon of July 2 and had his right leg amputated. In 1859 he had shot and killed Philip Barton Key (1818–1859), U.S. attorney for Washington and the son of Francis Scott Key, because Key was having an affair with his wife, Teresa Bagioli Sickles (1836–1867). Sickles became the first defendant to be acquitted on grounds of temporary insanity in an American murder case.

362.25–29 Gen Lee has issued . . . Pope’s and Steinwehr’s!] Lee issued General Orders No. 72 on June 21, 1863, forbidding the pillaging of private property but allowing designated officers to requisition supplies and pay for them with Confederate currency and vouchers. Major General John Pope (1822–1892), commander of the Army of Virginia, issued a series of orders from July 18 to July 23, 1862, regarding the treatment of southern civilians. General Orders No. 5 authorized his troops to seize the property of disloyal citizens without compensation; General Orders No. 7 made captured guerrillas subject to execution without civil trial; and General Orders No. 11 allowed Union commanders to expel across the lines male citizens who refused to take the oath of allegiance, to execute persons who violated the oath, and to treat expelled persons who returned, and persons who communicated across the lines, as spies. Brigadier General Adolph von Steinwehr (1822–1877), one of Pope’s division commanders, seized five prominent citizens in Luray, Virginia, on July 13, 1862, and declared that one of them would be executed for every Union soldier killed by “bushwhackers.” There is no record of civilians being executed or expelled under Pope’s orders, and von Steinwehr later released his hostages unharmed.

362.29 A no 20.] Edmondston placed newspaper clippings regarding Lee’s orders in another part of her journal.

363.4–5 Brashear city] Renamed Morgan City in 1876.

363.14 the R R at Magnolia] The Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, which ran through Magnolia, North Carolina.

363.16 Gen Martins] Brigadier General James G. Martin (1819–1878) commanded a Confederate brigade in North Carolina.

363.17 Murad the Unlucky] Story by Maria Edgeworth (1768–1849), published in her Popular Tales (1804).

363.20 her brother, Col Evans,] Colonel Peter G. Evans (1822–1863), the commander of the 5th North Carolina Cavalry, was wounded and captured at Upperville, Virginia, on June 21, 1863, and died in Washington, D.C., on July 24.

363.24 German Gen Weitzel] Brigadier General Henry W. Wessells (1809–1889), who was born in Connecticut, commanded the Union expedition against Williamstown. Brigadier General Godfey Weitzel (1835–1884), who was born in Ohio, commanded a division in Louisiana in the Port Hudson campaign.

363.26 Rainbow Banks] A bluff on the Roanoke River two miles below Hamilton, North Carolina.

363.28 the Gunboat] The ironclad ram C.S.S. Albemarle, which was commissioned on April 17, 1864, and sunk on the night of October 27.

364.5–6 like “Widrington” in “doleful dumps,”] A reference to a seventeenth-century version of the medieval “Ballad of Chevy-Chase”: “For Withrington needs must I wail / As one in doleful dumps; / For when his legs were smitten off, / He fought upon the stumps.”

364.8 Com Barron] Commodore Samuel Barron (1809–1888), a Confederate naval officer.

365.1 Loring] Major General William W. Loring (1818–1886) commanded a division under Johnston in Mississippi.

365.36 Hannah More’s ill “bile”] In a letter to Sir William Weller Pepys of July 1, 1823, the English evangelical writer and philanthropist Hannah More (1745–1833) wrote that there were “but two great evils in the world, sin and bile.”

365.38 Petigru again wounded!] James J. Pettigrew (see notes 299.35 and 302.40) was wounded at Fair Oaks (Seven Pines) on May 31, 1862, and at Gettysburg on July 3, 1863, before being mortally wounded near Williamsport, Maryland, on July 14.

366.19 Northern Generals . . . Lovel & New Orleans] Major General Mansfield Lovell (1822–1884), the Confederate commander in Louisiana when New Orleans surrendered to Union naval forces on April 25, 1862, was born in Washington, D.C., to northern parents. An 1842 graduate of West Point who served in the war with Mexico, Lovell resigned from the army in 1854 and worked at an ironworks in Trenton and as deputy street commissioner in New York City before joining the Confederate army in the fall of 1861.

366.26–27 Londonderry . . . Antwerp] Protestants loyal to William of Orange held out in Londonderry (Derry) under siege from Irish and French Jacobite forces, April 18–July 31, 1689. The Dutch held Antwerp against the Spanish from July 1584 to August 1585, when they were forced to surrender.

366.32 court of Inquiry . . . Lovels conduct] At Lovel’s request, a court of inquiry examined his conduct at New Orleans. Its findings, published in November 1863, largely exonerated him.

366.40 French] Major General William H. French (1815–1881) commanded the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry during the Gettysburg campaign until July 7, when he became commander of the Third Corps.

367.2–3 “fight him . . . Shrewsbury clock”] Cf. 1 Henry IV, V.iv.146–148.

367.8 Keyes] Major General Erasmus D. Keyes (1810–1895) commanded a Union division on the Virginia Peninsula.

367.22 “The King does not dine today.”] See Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Hyperion: A Romance (1839): “But perhaps you have never heard that, at the court of Naples, when the dead body of a monarch lies in state, his dinner is carried up to him as usual, and the court physician tastes it, to see that it be not poisoned, and then the servants bear it out again, saying, ‘The king does not dine today.’ ”

367.29 Suffolk] Union forces evacuated Suffolk, Virginia, on July 3, 1863.

367.32 Dix] Major General John A. Dix (1798–1879), commander of the Department of Virginia.

371.8 Abner Read] Commander Abner Read (1821–1863) was wounded on July 7 and died July 12.

371.14 Captain Cooke] Lieutenant Commander Augustus P. Cooke (1836–1896), captain of the gunboat Estrella.

372.26 Chas. Smith . . . severe shot] Smith later returned to duty with the 2nd Michigan. He was taken prisoner at Peebles’ Farm, Virginia, on September 30, 1864, during the siege of Petersburg, and was mustered out in 1865.

373.1 Kearney’s] The 2nd Michigan fought in the Peninsula and Second Bull Run campaigns in the division commanded by Brigadier General Philip Kearny (1815–1862), who was killed at Chantilly, Virginia, on September 1, 1862.

373.30 Sergt. Keyser] Sylvester Keyser (1843–1916) was later promoted to captain and commanded Company E of the 2nd Michigan at the end of the war.

374.10 Lt. Montague . . . severe flesh wound] Calvin S. Montague (b. 1838) was commissioned as a captain in the 102nd U.S. Colored Infantry in March 1864 and mustered out as a major in 1865.

375.31 Eckert says Kelly] Major Thomas T. Eckert (1825–1910), superintendent of the War Department telegraph office, and Brigadier General Benjamin Franklin Kelley (1807–1891), commander of the Department of West Virginia.

376.28–31 Went with R.T.L. . . . trinkt and raucht] This paragraph was crossed out in the manuscript of Hay’s diary. “R.T.L.” refers to Robert Todd Lincoln (1843–1926), Abraham Lincoln’s eldest son, then a student at Harvard College. “Where mann sauft and trinkt and raucht”: where people drink and drink and smoke.

378.22 Gen. Couch . . . Gen. Smith] Major General Darius N. Couch (1822–1897), commander of the Department of the Susquehanna, and his subordinate Brigadier General William F. Smith (1824–1903) commanded Pennsylvania militia levies during the Gettysburg campaign.

382.15–17 Charley . . . Wall Street] Charles E. Strong (1824–1897), George Templeton Strong’s cousin, and Marshall S. Bidwell (1799–1872) were law partners with Strong; their firm had its office at 68 Wall Street.

383.37–38 No. 823 . . . Fifth Avenue] 823 Broadway, between 12th and 13th Streets, the headquarters of the U.S. Sanitary Commission; the Colored Half-Orphan Asylum was located on Fifth Avenue between 43rd and 44th Streets.

383.39 reservoir] The Croton Distributing Reservoir, on the west side of Fifth Avenue between 40th and 42nd Streets.

384.5 Wolcott Gibbs] See note 25.16.

384.6 Maison Dorée] A restaurant on 14th Street between Broadway and Fourth Avenue.

384.18 St. Nicholas Hotel] The hotel was on Broadway between Broome and Spring Streets.

384.19–21 John Jay . . . John Austin Stevens, Jr.] John Jay (1817–1894), a grandson of the Chief Justice, was a lawyer who had helped organize the New York Republican Party. George W. Blunt (1802–1878) was a publisher of nautical books and maps and a member of the U.S. Coastal Survey and the New York board of harbor pilot commissioners. Frank E. Howe (1829–1883), a merchant originally from Boston, served as Massachusetts state agent in New York, arranging housing and provisions for Massachusetts soldiers in transit through the state and assistance for its sick and wounded men in New York hospitals. John Austin Stevens Jr. (1827–1910) was a New York financier and merchant. All four men were members of the Union League Club, which Strong and other leaders of the Sanitary Commission had helped found in February 1863.

384.25–26 Opdyke . . . Wool] George Opdyke (1805–1880) was the Republican mayor of New York, 1862–63. Major General John E. Wool (1784–1869), a veteran of the War of 1812, commanded the Department of the East.

384.30–31 Colonel Cram] Thomas J. Cram (1804–1883) served as Wool’s aide-de-camp, 1861–65.

384.35 Union League Club] The clubhouse was located at 26 East 17th Street.

384.38 We telegraphed] The telegram to President Lincoln was signed by John Jay, George Templeton Strong, Wolcott Gibbs, and James Wadsworth (1819–1891), a lawyer, businessman, and former Democratic mayor of Buffalo who served as chairman of the Loyal League of Union Citizens.

385.13–14 Ellie . . . Johnny] Ellen Caroline Ruggles Strong (1825–1891), George Templeton Strong’s wife, and his son, John Ruggles Strong (1851–1941).

385.26 black man hanged] At least eleven African American men were lynched in New York during the draft riots.

385.27 Opdyke’s house] At 79 Fifth Avenue, between 15th and 16th Streets.

385.31 Herald, World, and News] Democratic New York newspapers.

385.36 Tiffany’s shop, Ball & Blacks] Tiffany & Co. was located at 550 Broadway, between Spring and Prince Streets. Ball, Black & Co., another jewelry store, was located at 565 Broadway at the corner of Prince Street.

386.7 Bellows . . . home] Henry Bellows (see note 25.15). Strong lived at 74 East 21st Street (renumbered 113 East 21st in 1867).

386.10–12 Dudley Field, Jr. . . . his father’s] David Dudley Field (1805–1894) was a prominent lawyer who had helped organize the New York Republican Party. His son Dudley Field (1830–1880) was also an attorney.

387.1 “Swinging slow with sullen roar.”] John Milton, “Il Penseroso,” line 76.

387.15–16 Cisco . . . his establishment] John Jay Cisco (1806–1884), assistant treasurer of the United States, was in charge of the Sub-Treasury building at the corner of Wall and Nassau Streets.

387.18–19 “so cool, so calm, so bright”] See George Herbert, “Virtue,” line 1: “Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright!”

387.20 Assay Office] Located at 30 Wall Street, next to the Sub-Treasury.

387.21–22 called on Collector Barney] Hiram Barney (1811–1895), collector of customs at New York, 1861–64. The Custom House was located at 55 Wall Street.

387.27 Hoppin] William Jones Hoppin (1813–1895), an attorney and the treasurer of the Union League Club.

387.34 Lieutenant Colonel Jardine] Edward Jardine (1828–1893) had served with the 9th New York Infantry, a two-year regiment, until it was mustered out in May 1863. Jardine was leading a volunteer group of veterans from the 9th New York when his leg was broken by the impact of a homemade bullet. He was sheltered from the mob in a nearby house.

387.39 General Frémont’s . . . Craven’s] Major General John C. Frémont moved to New York City in 1863. Alfred W. Craven (1810–1879) was chief engineer of the Croton Aqueduct system, 1849–68.

388.27–28 Governor Seymour] Horatio Seymour (1810–1886), the Democratic governor of New York, 1863–64, had repeatedly criticized the draft as unconstitutional. In a speech given at the Academy of Music in New York City on July 4, 1863, Seymour had attacked the Lincoln administration for curtailing civil liberties and warned that “the bloody and treasonable and revolutionary doctrine of public necessity can be proclaimed by a mob as well as by a government.”

389.1–2 McCunn . . . the Brookses] John H. McCunn (1825–1872) was a city judge in New York and a prominent Peace Democrat. James Brooks (1810–1873) was a Democratic congressman from New York, 1863–66 and 1867–73, and the editor and part-owner of the New York Express. His brother Erastus Brooks (1815–1886) was a co-owner of the Express.

390.14–15 James I. . . . negro troops] See headnote, page 402 in this volume.

390.19 some captured to be hung] Several dozen black soldiers captured during the fighting in Charleston Harbor were transferred from a military prison to the city jail in August 1863 to face charges of engaging in slave insurrection. Four men were tried by a South Carolina state tribunal, September 8–10, that ruled it lacked jurisdiction over enemy soldiers in wartime. No further trials were held at Charleston, and in December 1864 the prisoners were returned to military custody.

391.11 Henry Young] Louis Gourdin Young (1833–1922), a Charleston resident, served as Pettigrew’s aide; his brother, Henry Edward Young (1831–1918), held several staff positions with the Army of Northern Virginia.

391.32–33 Superintendent Kennedy several wounded] John A. Kennedy (1803–1873), the superintendent of the New York City Police, 1860–70, was badly beaten by rioters on the morning of July 13.

392.13 the Ironsides] The U.S.S. New Ironsides, an ironclad commissioned in 1862 that carried eighteen guns, had joined the blockading squadron off Charleston in January 1863.

394.21–23 Capt. Ryan . . . Maj. David Ramsey] Captain William H. Ryan commanded Company C, known as the Irish Volunteers, in the 1st South Carolina Infantry Battalion, known as the Charleston Battalion. Major David Ramsay (1830–1863), the second in command of the Charleston Battalion, died of his wounds on August 4, 1863.

394.31–32 Lieut. Col. Simpkins, commanding the fort] Lieutenant Colonel John C. Simpkins (1827–1863) of the 1st South Carolina Infantry. The Confederate garrison at Fort Wagner was commanded by Brigadier General William B. Taliaferro.

394.34 Clingman’s North Carolinians] Brigadier General Thomas L. Clingman (1812–1897), a former congressman and U.S. senator from North Carolina, commanded a brigade that included two regiments in the Fort Wagner garrison, the 31st and 51st North Carolina Infantry.

395.1 Lieut. James Powe] Powe (1835–1898), an officer in the 1st South Carolina Infantry.

395.9–10 Col. Putnam . . . Gen. Israel Putnam] Colonel Haldimand S. Putnam (1835–1863), commander of the 7th New Hampshire Infantry, led a specially organized brigade in the assault on Fort Wagner. He was the grandson of Israel Putnam (1718–1790), a Connecticut officer in the French and Indian War and the Revolutionary War.

396.7–8 Morgan . . . Indiana] See Chronology, July 8, July 19–29, 1863.

397.3 Richard Taylor] Taylor (1835–1917) was a Confederate artillery officer who was wounded and captured at Fort Harrison near Richmond in September 1864.

397.11 Mary Lou] Mary Louisa Taylor (1832–1902), Taylor’s sister.

397.15 Rob] Taylor’s brother, Captain Robertson Taylor (1840–1924), assistant adjutant general of the brigade led by Brigadier General William Mahone in A.P. Hill’s corps of the Army of Northern Virginia.

397.19 John] Taylor’s brother, Captain John Cowdrey Taylor (b. 1842), an aide to Pemberton who was paroled at the surrender of Vicksburg. He was later captured at Fort Morgan near Mobile on August 23, 1864, and spent the remainder of the war as a prisoner.

401.8 Sally] Sally Louisa Tompkins (1833–1916), a friend of the Taylor family who ran the Robertson Hospital in Richmond, 1861–65.

402.34 Gen. Stevenson] Brigadier General Thomas G. Stevenson (1836–1864) commanded the First Brigade in the First Division of the Department of the South during the siege of Charleston. He was killed at Spotsylvania on May 10, 1864.

403.18 Gen. Terry’s brigade] Brigadier General Alfred H. Terry (1827–1890) commanded a division during the Charleston campaign.

404.1–2 Saturday] July 18, 1863.

404.4 Gen. Strong] Brigadier General George C. Strong (1832–1863) commanded the brigade the 54th Massachusetts was assigned to for the assault on Fort Wagner. Strong was wounded during the attack and died on July 30.

404.9 Sebastopol] During the Crimean War the British and French besieged Sevastopol, the main Russian naval base in the Black Sea, from October 1854 until its evacuation by the Russians in September 1855.

404.32 Lieut. Grace] James W. Grace (b. 1833), a merchant from New Bedford, was later promoted to captain and mustered out in August 1865.

405.26–28 DeForrest . . . Chas Creamer] All of the men mentioned by Douglass were from Syracuse, where Helen Amelia Loguen (1843–1936) lived with her father, the Reverend Jermain Loguen, a prominent black abolitionist. Andrew DeForest, Jacob Carter, Charles Whiten, and Charles Creamer were discharged from the 54th Massachusetts in August 1865. George Washington died in a Union military hospital at Beaufort, South Carolina, on August 3, 1863, and Charles Reason died at Beaufort on July 27, 1863.

407.26–27 Mrs. L’s . . . Dr. R.] Jean Davenport Lander (1829–1903), an English actress and the widow of Union brigadier general Frederick W. Lander (1821–1862), was the supervisor of nursing at Beaufort, South Carolina; Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1823–1911), commander of the 1st South Carolina Volunteers; for Dr. Seth Rogers, see note 216.21.

408.6 Mrs. S.] Maltilda Thompson Saxton (1840–1915), a schoolteacher from Philadelphia who had married General Rufus Saxton (see note 99.30) on March 11, 1863.

408.12–13 “Many and low . . . of a friend.”] Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “A Court Lady,” line 16.

410.6 Mr. P.] Edward L. Pierce (1829–1897), a Boston lawyer and friend of Charles Sumner who had served as a treasury department agent at Port Royal in 1862.

410.10 Major Hallowell] Edward N. Hallowell (1837–1871), a former officer of the 20th Massachusetts, became second in command of the 54th Massachusetts after his brother, Norwood Penrose Hallowell (see note 21.9–10), was commissioned colonel of the black 55th Massachusetts Infantry in June 1863. Edward Hallowell returned to duty in October 1863 and was colonel of the 54th Massachusetts for the remainder of the war.

411.19 Colonel O’Brian] Henry O’Brien (c. 1823–1863), the colonel of the recently formed 11th New York Infantry, was repeatedly beaten and dragged through the streets on the afternoon of July 14 after he failed to disperse a mob at Second Avenue and 34th Street.

411.23–24 Father . . . his house] Philip M. Lydig (1799–1872), a wealthy landowner and retired merchant, owned a house at 84 Laight Street.

411.28 our own block] The Dalys lived at 84 Clinton Place (now West 8th Street).

412.2–3 to see Judge Hilton] Henry Hilton (1824–1899), a Democratic judge on the court of common pleas, lived at 222 Madison Avenue.

412.10 he had $300.] The amount of the commutation fee needed under the 1863 conscription act to avoid being drafted; see the headnote on page 57 in this volume.

412.28 Leonard, the Superintendent of Police] Inspector James Leonard (c. 1820–1869), who helped restore order in several downtown neighborhoods during the riots.

412.38 Mrs. Jarvis and James T. Brady] Maria Louisa Brady Jarvis, the wife of Nathaniel Jarvis, clerk of the court of common pleas; her brother, James T. Brady (1815–1869), a prominent New York lawyer who had successfully defended Daniel E. Sickles (see note 362.18–19) and Lewis Baker, who was charged with murder in the 1855 shooting death of Nativist gang leader William (Bill the Butcher) Poole.

412.39 Susanna Brady] A sister of James T. Brady.

413.19–20 Judge Pierrepont] Edwards Pierrepont (1817–1892), a Democratic former judge of the New York superior court who would support Lincoln’s reelection in 1864.

413.23 General Dix] Major General John A. Dix (1798–1879) replaced John E. Wool as commander of the Department of the East on July 18, 1863. Dix had served as a Democratic senator from New York, 1845–49.

415.11 Roman, never to be scourged.] Under Roman law the scourging of citizens was prohibited, and the punishment was reserved for slaves and foreigners.

417.11 Monckton Milnes] Richard Monckton Milnes (1809–1885), a poet, writer, literary patron, biographer of John Keats, and member of Parliament from 1837 to August 1863, when he was made Baron Houghton.

417.15 W. H. Russell] William Howard Russell (1820–1907), British war correspondent who had reported for The Times from America on the secession crisis and the war from March 1861 to April 1862.

417.18 Cosmopolitan Club] A club on Berkeley Square in London, founded in 1852, whose members included artists, writers, senior civil servants, and political figures.

417.30 case of the iron-clads] The Laird shipyards in Liverpool were building two ironclad rams for the Confederate navy; see pp. 502–4 in this volume.

418.3–4 Dana, John] Richard Henry Dana, author of Two Years Before the Mast (1840), who served as U.S. district attorney for Massachusetts, 1861–66; John Quincy Adams II (see note 9.18).

418.10–11 Judge Goodrich] Aaron Goodrich (1807–1887), secretary to the U.S. legation in Brussels, 1861–9, had previously served as chief justice of the Minnesota territorial supreme court, 1849–51.

418.18 the Trent affair] On November 8, 1861, Captain Charles Wilkes of the U.S.S. San Jacinto boarded the British mail packet Trent off Cuba and seized the Confederate envoys James M. Mason and John Slidell. The incident caused a major diplomatic crisis that continued until the Lincoln administration decided on December 26 to release the envoys in order to avoid a possible war with Great Britain.

418.30 Pendennis] The History of Pendennis, novel (1848–50) by William Makepeace Thackeray.

418.36 Brooks] Brooks Adams (1848–1927), younger brother of Henry Adams and Charles Francis Adams Jr.

418.37–38 Isle of Skye . . . Dr. Johnson] Samuel Johnson and James Boswell traveled through western Scotland together in 1773. Their travels were described by Johnson in Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland (1775) and by Boswell in The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, with Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (1785).

419.20 the Index] A pro-Confederate weekly newspaper published in London, May 1862–August 1865, by Henry Hotze (1833–1887), a Swiss-born journalist from Mobile who was sent to England as a propaganda agent by the Confederate State Department.

421.19 Generals Sedgwick, Wright, Slocum, Hays, Sykes] Major General John Sedgwick commanded the Sixth Corps; Brigadier General Horatio G. Wright (1820–1899) led the First Division of the Sixth Corps; Major General Henry W. Slocum commanded the Twelfth Corps; Brigadier General William Hays was the acting commander of the Second Corps; Major General George Sykes (1822–1880) led the Fifth Corps.

429.20–21 free men . . . slavery in Texas.] Charles Fairfax Revaleon (1845–1910) and his cousin Charles Gerrish Amos were personal servants to the colonel and staff of the 42nd Massachusetts Infantry. They were captured at Galveston on January 1, 1863, and sold into slavery in Texas. Revaleon and Amos returned to Massachusetts in the summer of 1865.

429.27 slaughtered teamsters at Murfreesboro.] Reports in the northern press claimed that Confederate cavalrymen had killed twenty black teamsters during a raid on the Union supply line during the battle of Stones River (Murfreesboro), December 31, 1862–January 2, 1863. Other reports alleged that the Confederates captured and then killed twenty black teamsters along the Murfreesboro Pike in late January 1863.

430.4 “Hold, enough!”] Macbeth, V.8.34.

432.37–40 two white men . . . will retaliate] On July 6, 1863, Confederate authorities selected by lot Henry Sawyer and John Flinn, two Union captains held in Libby Prison in Richmond, and announced that they would be executed in retaliation for the deaths of Captain William Francis Corbin and Lieutenant Thomas Jefferson McGraw, who had been shot as spies on May 15 after being captured within the Union lines in northern Kentucky while secretly recruiting for the Confederate army. President Lincoln responded on July 15 by declaring that if Sawyer and Flinn were executed, the Union would retaliate by hanging Brigadier General William Henry Fitzhugh Lee (see note 33.27–28), who had been captured by Union cavalry in Virginia on June 26. The threatened executions were not carried out, and on March 14, 1864, Sawyer, Flinn, and Brigadier General Neal Dow were exchanged for Lee and another Confederate officer who had been held as a hostage, Captain Robert H. Tyler.

433.26 “shame extremest hell.”] John Greenleaf Whittier, “Stanzas for the Times” (1835), line 26.

435.31 Johnny Mahay] Mahay, a soldier in the 101st New York Infantry who was wounded at Second Bull Run by a bullet that perforated his bladder, died in 1864. Whitman later wrote about him in “A Case from Second Bull Run” in Specimen Days (1882).

437.29 Dr. Bliss] D. Willard Bliss (1825–1889) was the superintendent of Armory Square Hospital.

442.27 “eternal vigilance . . . liberty.”] Cf. the Irish attorney and orator John Philpot Curran, in his speech on the right of election of Lord Mayor of Dublin (1790): “The condition upon which God hath given liberty to man is eternal vigilance; which condition, if he break, servitude is at once the consequence of his crime and the punishment of his guilt.”

443.6 Mr. Blair] In a speech to a Union mass meeting in Cleveland on May 20, 1863, Postmaster General Montgomery Blair (1813–1883) had described proposals to colonize freed slaves outside the United States as “a deliverance” from “a war of races which could only end in the extermination of the negro race or amalgamation with it.”

443.38 Col. Littlefield] Colonel Milton S. Littlefield (1830–1899) of the 4th South Carolina Volunteers.

444.18–20 Our First Sergeants, . . . $10 a month] The monthly pay for white noncommissioned officers was $17 for a sergeant, $20 for a first sergeant, and $21 for a sergeant major.

445.18–19 anniversary of British West India Emancipation] The Abolition Act of August 28, 1833, went into effect on August 1, 1834.

445.40 decision of Attorney-General Bates] See note 118.11–12.

446.10 day of Jubilee] See Leviticus 25:8–13.

446.25 “Who would be free, . . . the blow.”] See Lord Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Canto II (1812), stanza 76: “Hereditary bondsmen! Know ye not, / Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow?”

447.21 your proclamation] See Chronology, August 1, 1863.

448.17 attack I experienced last spring.] Lee had suffered from chest pains in the spring of 1863.

450.18–20 Sydney Johnston] After he was criticized for a series of Confederate reverses in Kentucky and Tennessee, Confederate general Albert Sidney Johnston (1803–1862) wrote to Davis on March 18, 1862, that “the test of merit in my profession with the people is success.”

452.16–17 last Wednesday] August 5, 1863.

457.11 Head Quars 1210 Chesnut St] The headquarters of the Supervisory Committee for Recruiting Colored Regiments.

458.12 the bill drawn up by himself] Stanton presumably refers to the bill regarding black troops introduced in the House of Representatives by Thaddeus Stevens; see pp. 23–24 in this volume.

458.28 Gen Thomas] Brigadier General Lorenzo Thomas (1804–1875), the adjutant general of the U.S. Army, was assigned in March 1863 to recruit black troops.

461.29 Col Lucketts Reg] Colonel Philip N. Luckett (c. 1823–1869) commanded the 3rd Texas Infantry.

461.31 Debray] Colonel Xavier B. DeBray (1818–1895) commanded a brigade at Galveston.

462.4 Cooks Reg] Colonel Joseph J. Cook (1826–1869) commanded the 1st Texas Heavy Artillery.

462.9 Browns Battallion] Lieutenant Colonel Reuben R. Brown (1808–1894) led the 12th Texas Cavalry Battalion.

462.13 Gen Magruder] See note 258.31.

462.36 the capture of Morgan] See Chronology, July 8, July 19–29, 1863.

463.24 Bettie] Elizabeth Neblett (1863–1928), the fifth child of William and Elizabeth Neblett, was born on May 26.

463.27 Mary] Mary Caroline Neblett (1853–1936), their first child.

463.33 Walters] Walter Scott Neblett (1860–1957), their fourth child.

465.30–31 Springfield . . . Lexington] Confederate forces defeated Union troops at Wilson’s Creek near Springfield, Missouri, on August 10, 1861, and captured Lexington, Missouri, on September 20, 1861.

466.7–8 Gen. Ewing’s staff] Brigadier General Thomas Ewing Jr. (1829–1896) commanded the District of the Border, which covered part of western Missouri and most of Kansas.

466.20–21 “welcomed with bloody hands to hospitable graves.”] See note 72.35–36.

467.18 Jim. Lane] James H. Lane (1814–1866) was a Republican senator from Kansas, 1861–66. Lane had commanded an irregular Kansas brigade that looted and burned the town of Osceola, Missouri, on September 23, 1861.

469.15 Kansas Fourteenth] The 14th Kansas Cavalry.

474.12–13 Gov. Robinson] Charles L. Robinson (1818–1894) had served as the Republican governor of Kansas, February 1861–January 1863.

475.16 Gen. Collamore] George W. Collamore (1818–1863), the quartermaster general of the Kansas militia, was elected mayor of Lawrence in the spring of 1863.

477.5–11 His wife . . . wife’s sister] Mary Barber Carpenter (1837–1917) and Abigail Barber Morse (1833–1925).

480.14–22 Mr. Rothrock . . . may recover.] Abraham Rothrock (1796–1870) survived, but lost the use of his left arm.

480.22–24 Rev. H. D. Fisher . . . Rev. Mr. Paddock] Hugh Dunn Fisher (1824–1905) and George Washington Paddock (1823–1908) were both Methodist ministers. Fisher had served as the chaplain of the 5th Kansas Cavalry and accompanied it on raids into Missouri during which a number of slaves were freed.

481.27–30 “Uncle Henry” . . . Mr. Ellis] Charles Henry, Benjamin Stonestreet, and Frank Ellis.

482.25 My wife] Elizabeth Acheson Fisher (1826–1901).

485.12 A son of John Speer] John Speer Sr. (1817–1906) was the editor of the Kansas Weekly Tribune and the former editor of the Lawrence Republican. His nineteen-year-old son John Speer Jr. was killed during the raid, while his fifteen-year-old son William survived. Another son, seventeen-year-old Robert, disappeared during the raid, and may have been burned beyond identification in the fire that destroyed the Tribune building.

491.35 the Conservative party] A coalition of former Whigs and conditional unionists that had supported Zebulon B. Vance in the 1862 election for governor.

493.2–4 policy of removing . . . bushwhackers.] Ewing had issued orders on August 18, 1863, authorizing the removal of slaves from rebels and the banishing of the families of “known guerrillas” from Missouri.

500.22 Dana] Charles A. Dana (1819–1897), managing editor of the New-York Tribune, 1849–62, served as Secretary of War Stanton’s special emissary at Grant’s headquarters.

501.4 Col. Chetlain] Augustus L. Chetlain (1824–1914), a merchant from Galena, was the colonel of the 12th Illinois Infantry. Chetlain was promoted to brigadier general in December 1863 and assigned to recruit and organize black troops in Tennessee and western Kentucky.

501.9–10 Vice President Stevens . . . corner stone] See note 138.27–28.

501.22 Rawlins & Maltby] John A. Rawlins (1831–1869) served as Grant’s adjutant general, 1861–65. Jasper A. Maltby (1826–1867), the colonel of the 45th Illinois Infantry, commanded a brigade for the remainder of the war.

503.3 the Warrior] H.M.S. Warrior, an ironclad steamship commissioned in 1861 that carried forty guns and was considered the most powerful warship of its time.

505.25–26 Battery Haskell] The battery was located on James Island.

506.9 large Blakely gun] A muzzle-loading rifled cannon with a 12.75-inch-diameter bore that could fire a 470-pound shell or a 650-pound solid shot more than five miles. It was named after its designer, the British artillery officer Captain Alexander Blakely.

506.34–35 surrendered by Anderson] Major Robert Anderson (1805–1871) surrendered Fort Sumter to Confederate forces on April 13, 1861.

508.29 Vanderbilt] The U.S.S. Vanderbilt was a converted sidewheel mail steamer armed with fifteen guns.

509.3–4 the admiral . . . Narcissus] Rear Admiral Sir Baldwin Walker (1802–1876) was the commander of the Royal Navy squadron, based at the Cape of Good Hope, that patrolled off West Africa in order to suppress the slave trade. The Narcissus, a steam frigate, was the flagship of the West Africa squadron.

509.30 Captain J. H. Coxon] An officer of the Royal Navy.

510.39 Cape Agulhas and Point Danger] Cape Agulhas and Point Danger are, respectively, about one hundred miles and sixty miles southeast of Simon’s Town.

514.21 Tiers-etat] Third Estate.

515.16 Jackson] Brigadier General William H. Jackson (1835–1903) commanded a cavalry division in Mississippi.

515.21–22 Cosby . . . Stephen D. Lee] Brigadier General George B. Cosby (1830–1909), an 1852 West Point graduate who had resigned from the U.S. Army in May 1861; Brigadier General John W. Whitfield (1818–1879); Major General Stephen D. Lee (1833–1908). Stephen D. Lee was not related to Robert E. Lee.

515.26 Mr. Chase’s] Salmon P. Chase (1808–1873) was secretary of the treasury in the Lincoln administration, 1861–64.

519.24–25 Napoleons design in Mexico] See Chronology, June 7, 1863.

521.31 Whartons Cavalry] See note 149.26.

522.12–13 Adams Brigade] Confederate brigadier general Daniel W. Adams (1821–1872) led a brigade in the division commanded by Major General John C. Breckinridge.

523.32 Gen Hills HcQts] Daniel H. Hill commanded the corps that Heartsill served in at Chickamauga.

524.17 Col Wilkes] Colonel Franklin C. Wilkes (c. 1822–1881) commanded a regiment in Deshler’s Brigade that had been formed by the consolidation of the dismounted 17th, 18th, 24th, and 25th Texas Cavalry.

524.21 7th Texas] The 7th Texas Infantry.

524.34–35 Cheathams men] Major General Benjamin F. Cheatham (1820–1886) commanded a division in the Army of Tennessee.

525.5 Col Mills] Colonel Roger Q. Mills (1832–1911) commanded Heartsill’s regiment, a consolidation of the 6th and 10th Texas Infantry and the dismounted 15th Texas Cavalry.

525.15 W P L Rs] W. P. Lane Rangers.

525.29 suffered . . . Woods Brigade] Brigadier General Sterling A. M. Wood (1823–1891) reported that his brigade lost 776 men killed or wounded at Chickamauga.

531.29 Capt. N . . . Dr. S.] Captain Price C. Newman and First Sergeant James W. Ford of Company C, 9th Kentucky Infantry, and Dr. Preston B. Scott, a surgeon with the 1st Kentucky Brigade. Jackman was a member of Company B of the 9th Kentucky, but served as a regimental clerk during the Chickamauga campaign.

532.4 Cobbs’ . . . Slocums’] Captain Robert Cobb (1836–1914) and Captain Culbert H. Slocomb commanded artillery batteries assigned to Breckinridge’s division.

532.26 the Col.] Colonel John W. Caldwell (1837–1903), commander of the 9th Kentucky Infantry.

532.36 Napoleon gun] A smoothbore muzzle-loading field artillery gun that fired a twelve-pound projectile with a maximum range of 1,600 yards. It was developed in France under the auspices of Napoleon III.

533.5 Maj. Wilson . . . Gen’l Helm] Major James Wilson, Breckinridge’s adjutant; Brigadier General Ben Hardin Helm (1831–1863), who had commanded the 1st Kentucky Brigade since late January 1863.

533.27 J. H.] James Hunter.

533.30 Lt. Col. W.] Lieutenant Colonel John C. Wickliffe.

533.35–36 Col. H. . . . Maj. Hope] Colonel Thomas H. Hunt (1815–1884) commanded the 9th Kentucky Infantry from the fall of 1861 to the spring of 1863. Major John S. Hope was an officer with the 2nd Kentucky Infantry.

535.31 Dr. Heustis] James F. Heustis (1828–1891), a surgeon from Mobile.

536.14 Colonel Colyer] Arthur St. Clair Colyar (1818–1907), a member of the Second Confederate Congress, 1864–65.

537.15 Dr. Ushery] Benjamin W. Ussery (1829–1894), a surgeon with the 42nd Tennessee Infantry.

538.8 Professor Pickett] Joseph Desha Pickett (1822–1900), a minister in the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), was the chaplain of the 1st Kentucky Brigade and a former professor of rhetoric at Bethany College in Virginia (now West Virginia).

538.27 Colonels Walter] Colonel Harvey W. Walter (1819–1878) served as a judge advocate on Bragg’s staff.

539.5 Dr. Stout] Samuel H. Stout (1822–1903) was superintendent of hospitals for the Army of Tennessee.

539.19 Neal Brown] Neill Smith Brown (1810–1886) was the Whig governor of Tennessee, 1847–49, and served as U.S. minister to Russia, 1850–53.

540.36 Hindman’s] Major General Thomas C. Hindman (1828–1868) commanded a division in the Army of Tennessee.

541.11 Claiborne’s Division] Cleburne’s Division.

541.23–24 Managault’s Brigade] Brigadier General Arthur M. Manigault (1824–1886) commanded a brigade in Hindman’s division.

542.32 Captain O’Brien] Captain William J. O’Brien of the Alabama 24th Infantry, who had practiced law in Mobile before the war.

543.9 Cowper . . . tea] See William Cowper (1731–1800), The Task (1785), Book IV, “A Winter Evening.”

544.1–2 Dr. Foard] Andrew J. Foard (c. 1829–1868), the field medical director for the Department of the West.

544.5 Flewellyn] Edward A. Flewellen (1819–1910), the field medical director for the Army of Tennessee.

544.22 Deus’s Brigade] Brigadier General Zachariah C. Deas (1819–1882) commanded a brigade in Hindman’s division.

545.5–6 like Rachel . . . her children] See Jeremiah 31:15.

545.8–9 “O, what a field . . . Faulkland] See James Montgomery (1771–1854), “Lord Falkland’s Dream” (1831): “‘Can this,’ he sigh’d, ‘be virtuous fame and clear? / Ah! what a field of fratricide is here!’” Lucius Cary, second Viscount Falkland (c. 1610–1643), was a royalist member of Parliament who unsuccessfully sought a negotiated end to the English Civil War before being killed at the first battle of Newbury.

548.25–26 Galusha A. Grow] A congressman from Pennsylvania, Grow (1823–1907) served as a Democrat, 1851–57, and as a Republican, 1857–63 and 1894–1903. He was Speaker of the House, 1861–63.

548.34–35 Major General Casey] Silas Casey (1807–1882) headed the board that examined prospective officers for the U.S. Colored Troops.

549.11 Casey’s Tactics] Silas Casey, Infantry Tactics, for the Instruction, Exercise, and Manoeuvres of the Soldier, a Company, Line of Skirmishers, Battalion, Brigade, or Corps D’Armee (1862).

549.28 rumors of another great battle] See Chronology, October 9–18, 1863.

549.39–40 Curtin . . . Brough] See Chronology, October 13, 1863.

551.10 Mr. Wright] William A. Wright (1807–1878) was a Wilmington banker, lawyer, and railroad investor.

551.21 best soldiers in the Confederate army] Major General William H. C. Whiting (1824–1865) led a division in the Army of Northern Virginia in the Peninsula campaign before being appointed commander of the Wilmington district in November 1862. Whiting was fatally wounded during the Union capture of Fort Fisher, North Carolina, on January 15, 1865.

552.20 President . . . through Wilmington] Davis had spoken in Wilmington on May 28, 1861, while on his way to Richmond.

553.14 great Bethel] Confederate troops repulsed a Union advance at Big Bethel, Virginia, on June 10, 1861.

555.29 George Peterkin] Lieutenant George Peterkin (1841–1916), an aide to Brigadier General William N. Pendleton, chief of artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia.

558.16 Poor Ewell—a cripple—is now laid up] Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell had lost his left leg at the battle of Groveton in 1862 and was suffering from an abscess caused by an ill-fitting wooden prosthesis. Ewell was temporarily relieved of command of the Second Corps on November 15 and returned to duty on December 5, 1863, after being fitted with a new leg.

558.23 John H. . . . Pemberton] John Hobson, Mahew Hobson’s brother. Pemberton was a post office village in Goochland County, Virginia.

558.37–39 Venable . . . Col Preston] Major Charles Venable (1827–1900), a mathematician and astronomer in civilian life, served on Lee’s personal staff, 1862–65. Colonel John S. Preston (1809–1881) was chief of the Confederate bureau of conscription, 1863–65.

559.15 Dr. Wright’s execution.] On July 11, 1863, Dr. David M. Wright (1809–1863) shot and killed Lieutenant Anson L. Sanborn (1834–1863), a white officer marching through Norfolk, Virginia, at the head of his company of the 1st U.S. Colored Infantry. Wright was convicted by a military commission and hanged on October 23, 1863.

559.18–21 Mrs. Jack Preston . . . Genl. Hampton] Celestine Pinckney Huger Preston (1843–1878) was married to Major John S. Preston Jr. (1836–1880), the son of Colonel John S. Preston. Major Preston was an aide to Major General Wade Hampton (1818–1902), who commanded a cavalry division in the Army of Northern Virginia.

562.19–21 Usher & Blair . . . McDougal of Canada] John P. Usher (1816–1889), secretary of the interior, 1863–65; Montgomery Blair (1813–1883), postmaster general, 1861–64; John G. Nicolay (1832–1901), secretary to Abraham Lincoln, 1860–65; Henri Mercier (1816–1886), the French minister to the United States, 1860–63; Aimé Félix Sainte-Elme Reynaud (1808–1876), the French naval commander in the Gulf of Mexico; Joseph (Giuseppe) Bertinatti (1808–1881), the Italian minister to the United States, 1861–66; Ulissa Isola and Martinez were Italian naval officers whose ships were visiting New York harbor; Cora was the secretary of the Italian legation; Charlotte Brooks Everett Wise (1825–1879), the daughter of Edward Everett; Isaac Wayne MacVeagh (1833–1917), district attorney of Chester County, Pennsylvania, and chairman of the Republican state central committee; William McDougall (1822–1905), commissioner of crown lands in the provincial government of Canada.

562.27 the Edwards case] Attorney General Edward Bates had removed William W. Edwards as U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri on November 2, 1863, for “active participation in political enterprises hostile to the known views and wishes of the Executive Government.” Edwards had joined other Radicals in an unsuccessful attempt to have John Schofield replaced as the Union military commander in Missouri with Benjamin F. Butler.

562.32 young Stanton] Edwin L. Stanton (1842–1877), son of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.

562.35 Lamon] Ward Hill Lamon (1828–1893), an Illinois lawyer and friend of Lincoln’s who served as U.S. marshal for the District of Columbia, 1861–65. He was the marshal for the dedication ceremony at Gettysburg.

563.1 Forney . . . Mr. Fahnestocks] John W. Forney (1817–1881) was the editor of the Philadelphia Press and the Washington Chronicle. Harris C. Fahnestock (1835–1914), a banker from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was a partner in the Washington branch of Jay Cooke & Company.

563.14 Curtin] Andrew G. Curtin (1815–1894), Republican governor of Pennsylvania, 1861–66.

563.16 the Cameron party] Supporters of Simon Cameron (1799–1889), who served as a Democratic senator from Pennsylvania, 1845–49; Republican senator, 1857–61; secretary of war, 1861–62; and U.S. minister to Russia, 1862–63.

563.24 Harper’s] The home of Robert G. Harper (1799–1870), publisher and editor of the Adams Sentinel.

563.35 fuglers] A political handler; also, a person who leads crowds in cheering.

564.6 John Young] John Russell Young (1840–1899), managing editor of the Philadelphia Press and the Washington Chronicle.

564.14–15 in 1860 . . . course he took] Forney had supported Stephen A. Douglas, the northern Democratic candidate, in the 1860 election.

564.26 Judge Shannon] Peter C. Shannon (1821–899), a Republican member of the Pennsylvania house of representatives, 1862–63, had served as a judge on the Allegheny County district court, 1852–53.

564.34–35 Mr. Everett . . . Mr Stockton] Edward Everett (1794–1865), a Unitarian clergyman, was professor of Greek at Harvard, 1819–25; a Whig congressman from Massachusetts, 1825–35; governor of Massachusetts, 1836–40; U.S. minister to Great Britain, 1841–5; president of Harvard, 1846–49; secretary of state, 1852–53; a senator from Massachusetts, 1853–54; and the vice presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union Party, 1860. Thomas H. Stockton (1808–1868), a Methodist clergyman, was chaplain of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1861–63.

565.3 Genl. Cameron] Simon Cameron, who had served as adjutant general of the Pennsylvania militia, 1829–31.

566.2 Address at Gettysburg] The Associated Press report, prepared by Joseph L. Gilbert, appeared in three major New York newspapers on November 20 as follows:

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new Nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. [Applause.] Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that Nation or any Nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting-place of those who gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. [Applause.] The world will little note or long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. [Applause.] It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the refinished work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. [Applause.] It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain [applause]; that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom; and that Governments of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. [Long-continued applause.]

Subsequent printings of the Associated Press text in other newspapers corrected three likely errors in the New York version: “our power” became “our poor power,” “refinished work” became “unfinished work,” and “the dead” became “these dead.”

569.32–33 Gen Starkweather] Brigadier General John C. Starkweather (1830–1890) commanded a brigade in the First Division, Fourteenth Corps, in the Army of the Cumberland.

570.1–2 Hookers troops] See Chronology, September 23, 1863.

570.19 Lagow] Colonel Clark B. Lagow (1828–1867) had served as an aide to Grant since August 1861.

570.31 Fred Dent] Frederick Dent (1786–1873), Grant’s father-in-law.

570.32 5/20’s] Treasury bonds redeemable after five years and maturing in twenty years that carried 6 percent interest.

570.38–39 Dr. Kittoe . . . Capt Hudson] Edward D. Kittoe (1814–1887), a surgeon from Galena, Illinois, who served on Grant’s staff; Captain Peter D. Hudson (d. 1892), one of Grant’s aides.

571.23 General Hunter] Major General David Hunter (1802–1886); see Biographical Notes.

571.29 Lt. Col. Duff, and Lts. Towner and Dunn] Lieutenant Colonel William L. Duff (1822–1894), Grant’s chief of artillery; Lieutenant Horatio N. Towner (1836–1873), assistant chief of artillery; Lieutenant William M. Dunn Jr. (1843–1891), one of Grant’s aides.

571.31–3 Lagow . . . his removal.] Lagow submitted his resignation on November 18 and left Grant’s headquarters in December 1863.

571.35 Capt. Ross] Captain Orlando H. Ross (1835–1892), a cousin of Grant and one of his aides.

572.5–6 Thomas . . . Branen] Major General George H. Thomas (1816–1870), commander of the Army of the Cumberland; Brigadier General William F. Smith (1824–1903), who was serving as Grant’s chief engineer; Major General Joseph J. Reynolds (1822–1899), chief of staff of the Army of the Cumberland; Brigadier General John M. Brannan (1819–1892), chief of artillery of the Army of the Cumberland.

572.32 Col. Hillyer] Colonel William S. Hillyer (1830–1874) served as an aide to Grant, 1861–2, and as provost marshal of the Department of the Tennessee, 1862–63.

573.22 fort Wood] The fort was part of the Union defensive line around Chattanooga.

574.8 very anxious about Burnsides] See Chronology, November 4 and November 16, 1863.

574.20 Gen John E. Smith] Brigadier General John E. Smith (1816–1897) commanded a division in the Seventeenth Corps, Army of the Tennessee.

574.26 Howard] Major General Oliver Otis Howard (1830–1909), commander of the Eleventh Corps, which had been sent west under Hooker’s command along with the Twelfth Corps.

574.40 Gen’s Meigs, Gen Wilson] Brigadier General Montgomery C. Meigs (1816–1892), quartermaster general of the Union army; Brigadier General James H. Wilson (1837–1925), an engineering officer serving on Grant’s staff.

575.13–14 Gen A Baird’s . . . Washington man] Brigadier General Absalom Baird (1824–1905), commander of the Third Division, Fourteenth Corps, Army of the Cumberland. Baird and William Wrenshall Smith were both from Washington, Pennsylvania.

575.25 John Acheson] John W. Acheson (1837–1872), a cousin of Baird from Washington, Pennsylvania, was a first lieutenant in the 85th Pennsylvania Infantry who was serving in the Charleston Harbor campaign. He was assigned to Baird’s staff in 1864.

577.2 Maj Rowley] Major William R. Rowley (1824–1886) served as an aide to Grant, 1862–64.

577.3–4 Cadwallader . . . Chicago Times] Sylvanus Cadwallader (1825–1908).

577.25 Capts. Parker] Captain Ely S. Parker (1828–1895), a Seneca Indian, was an assistant adjutant general on Grant’s staff and later served as his military secretary.

578.26–28 There shall . . . by myriads] Lord Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Canto I (1812), stanza 42.

578.36 the Anderson troop] The 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry, recruited in 1862 by Colonel William J. Palmer (1836–1909). Palmer had earlier raised a troop of cavalry in the autumn of 1861 to serve as a headquarters guard for Brigadier General Robert Anderson, the commander of the Department of the Cumberland and former defender of Fort Sumter.

579.1 Buell] Major General Don Carlos Buell (1818–1898) commanded the Army of the Ohio, November 1861–October 1862.

583.10 Woods Division] Brigadier General Thomas J. Wood (1823–1906) commanded the Third Division, Fourth Corps, Army of the Cumberland.

583.28 Granger, Sheridan] Major General Gordon Granger (1822–1876) commanded the Fourth Corps in the Army of the Cumberland; Major General Philip H. Sheridan (1831–1888) commanded the Second Division in the Fourth Corps.

584.28 Stevenson] Major General Carter L. Stevenson (1817–1888) was a division commander in the Confederate Army of Tennessee.

584.38 Major Dana] Charles A. Dana.

586.29 Colonel Putnam] Colonel Holden Putnam (1820–1863), commander of the 93rd Illinois Infantry, died from his wound.

589.20 Johnson’s Division] Brigadier General Richard W. Johnson (1827–1897) commanded the First Division, Fourteenth Corps, Army of the Cumberland.

591.26 notice Bragg gave him] See p. 575.6–8 in this volume.

592.8 Cruft] Brigadier General Charles Cruft (1826–1883) commanded the First Division of the Fourth Corps in the Army of the Cumberland.

592.20 Logan] Major General John A. Logan (1826–1886), a division commander in the Army of the Tennessee, had been named to succeed Sherman as the commander of the Fifteenth Corps, but did not reach Tennessee until December because of his duties in Mississippi. During the battle of Chattanooga the Fifteenth Corps was led by Major General Frank Blair.

593.6 “sun of Austerlitz”] The sun breaking through morning mist on the battlefield became the symbol of Napoleon’s victory over the Austrian-Russian army at Austerlitz on December 2, 1805.

596.11 Gen. ^____] General Baird.

596.14 Col. ^____”] Colonel Edward H. Phelps (c. 1829–1863), formerly commander of the 38th Ohio Infantry.

599.1 Davis’ Division,] Brigadier General Jefferson C. Davis (1828–1879) commanded the Second Division of the Fourteenth Corps in the Army of the Cumberland. (General Davis was not related to the president of the Confederate states.)

599.11 Gen. ^____] Major General John M. Palmer (1817–1900) led the Fourteenth Corps.

599.20–21 with ^____’s brigade] Colonel John T. Wilder (1830–1917).

599.29–30 Gen. Turchin] Brigadier General John B. Turchin (1822–1901) commanded the First Brigade in Baird’s division.

599.33 a rough pencil sketch] The sketch is not reproduced in this volume.

599.35 Gen. ^____] General Baird.

600.1–4 Gen. ^____, . . . Gen. ^____] General Palmer.

602.5–6 Merritt’s . . . (Kilpatrick’s)] Brigadier General Wesley Merritt (1836–1910) led the First Division of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac during the Mine Run campaign after its commander, Brigadier General John Buford (1826–1863), fell ill with typhoid fever (Buford died on December 16). Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer (1839–1876) led the Third Division of the Cavalry Corps during the campaign after Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick (1836–1881) went on leave following the death of his wife.

602.7 Gregg’s Div.] Brigadier General David M. Gregg (1833–1916) commanded the Second Division of the Cavalry Corps.

602.9 Gen. Prince] Brigadier General Henry Prince (1811–1892) commanded the Second Division of the Third Corps.

603.28–30 Ludlow . . . McBlair] Major Benjamin C. Ludlow (1831–1898), an inspector of artillery on Meade’s staff; Captain John G. McBlair, one of Meade’s aides.

603.33 Cadwalader] Charles Evert Cadwalader (1839–1907), one of Meade’s aides.

603.38 Longfellow and Bowditch were here wounded] Second Lieutenant Charles Appleton Longfellow (1844–1893), son of the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Captain Henry Pickering Bowditch (1840–1911), grandson of the mathematician and astronomer Nathaniel Bowditch, were both medically discharged from the 1st Massachusetts Cavalry on February 15, 1864. Bowditch was later commissioned as major of the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry, a black regiment.

606.16 Carr] Brigadier General Joseph B. Carr (1828–1895) commanded the Third Division in the Third Corps.

606.27–29 Capt. Barnard . . . Bartlett] Captain George M. Barnard (1835–1898) served on the staff of the First Division, Fifth Corps, which was commanded by Brigadier General Joseph J. Bartlett (1834–1893).

606.39–607.1 Col. Farnum (he of yacht Wanderer fame)] Colonel John Egbert Farnum (1824–1870) led the 70th New York Infantry in the Second Division, Third Corps. A veteran of the war with Mexico and of filibustering expeditions in Cuba and Nicaragua, Farnum had served as supercargo on the Wanderer, a schooner that illegally landed four hundred African slaves on the Georgia coast in November 1858. His trial on federal piracy charges in Savannah, Georgia, in May 1860 ended in a hung jury.

607.7 Robling] Lieutenant Washington A. Roebling (1837–1926), an aide to Major General Gouverneur K. Warren. He later served as chief engineer in the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, 1869–83.

607.11 Gen. Humphreys] Major General Andrew A. Humphreys (1810–1883), chief of staff of the Army of the Potomac.

608.24–25 Col. Hayes (Joe)] Colonel Joseph Hayes (1835–1912) commanded the Third Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps.

608.32–33 T. F. Meagher “of the Sword”] Thomas F. Meagher (1823–1867), a member of the Young Ireland movement, became known as “Meagher of the Sword” after he declared in a speech in Dublin on July 28, 1846: “Be it in the defense, or be it in the assertion of a people’s liberty, I hail the sword as a sacred weapon.” Meagher was convicted of high treason in 1848 and exiled the following year to Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania). He escaped to the United States in 1852 and commanded the Irish Brigade in the Second Corps of the Army of the Potomac from November 1861 until May 1863, when he resigned his commission as a brigadier general shortly after the battle of Chancellorsville.

608.34–35 the English officers] Lieutenant Colonel William Earle (1833–1885) and Lieutenant William Cuffed (1845–1898) of the Grenadier Guards and Captain John Floyd Peel (1827–1910) and Captain Sussex Vane Stephenson (1833–1878) of the Scots Fusilier Guards visited Meade’s headquarters, November 14–December 3, 1863.

610.2 Mimi] Lyman’s wife, Elizabeth Russell Lyman (1836–1911).

610.3 Arthur] Lyman’s cousin, Arthur Theodore Lyman (1832–1915).

612.23 the Christian Commission] Established in 1861 by the Young Men’s Christian Association, the United States Christian Commission supplied Union soldiers with food, medical supplies, volunteer nursing care, and religious literature.

613.25 Gen. Standard] Brigadier General George J. Standard (1820–1886) had served as lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Vermont Infantry, June 1861–May 1862. Standard commanded the harbor defenses at New York in late 1863 while recovering from a leg wound he suffered at Gettysburg.

613.29 the third brigade] The Third Brigade, Second Division, Sixth Corps. Fisk served in the Second Brigade of the Second Division.

615.39 The Tenth Vermont] The 10th Vermont Infantry was assigned to the First Brigade, Third Division, Third Corps.

617.9–10 Lee’s Mill’s affair] On April 16, 1862, the Vermont Brigade (the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th Vermont Infantry) made an unsuccessful attack across the Warwick River near Lee’s Mill on the Virginia Peninsula. The action cost the brigade 165 men killed, wounded, or missing.

625.2 Cortland Parker, Mr. Harding] Cortland Parker (1818–1907), a prominent New Jersey lawyer who served as public prosecutor of Essex County, 1857–67; George Harding (1827–1902), a leading Philadelphia patent attorney.

625.4 George] Captain George Meade (1843–1897), General Meade’s son, was now serving as one of his aides.

625.23 the Star . . . editor] William D. Wallach (1812–1871) was owner and editor of the Washington Evening Star, 1855–67.

626.5 Gibbon] Brigadier General John Gibbon (1827–1896), the commander of the Second Division in the Second Corps of the Army of the Potomac, was recovering from a wound suffered at Gettysburg.

626.15 the Herald] The New York Herald.

629.25 Mr. Purvis] Robert Purvis (1810–1898), an antislavery activist of mixed racial background, was a founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society who served as president of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, 1845–50. Purvis headed two vigilance committees, 1839–44 and 1852–57, that assisted fugitive slaves in Philadelphia, while also campaigning for the rights of free blacks in Pennsylvania.

630.36 Mr. Wilson] See note 345.29–30.

630.39–631.1 “You do take away . . . my house,”] Cf. The Merchant of Venice, IV.i.375–76.

633.30 Dr. Fussell] Dr. Bartholomew Fusel (1794–1871), a Quaker physician and advocate of medical education for women, was a founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

638.24–25 long pending controversy . . . seizure at Sitana] During the Chilean war of independence Chilean forces seized $70,400 in silver in 1821 from an American merchant ship captain in southern Peru, claiming that it was Spanish property. King Leopold I settled the dispute on May 15, 1863, by awarding the American claimants $42,400.

640.16 the Tycoon] Tokugawa Iemochi (1846–1866), shogun of Japan, 1858–66.

640.20–21 the Minister . . . legation at Yedo] Robert H. Pruyn (1815–1882) was U.S. minister to Japan, 1862–65. Most of the American legation at Edo (Tokyo) was destroyed on May 24, 1863, in a fire set by anti-Western samurai.

641.7 Indian disturbances in New Mexico] In the summer of 1863 Colonel Kit Carson (1809–1868) and the 1st New Mexico Cavalry began a campaign designed to end Navaho raiding against settlements in New Mexico and Arizona. The campaign continued until March 1864, when thousands of Navahos were forced by the destruction of their dwellings, crops, and livestock to move onto the reservation at Bosque Redondo in New Mexico.

643.39 General Hitchcock] Major General Ethan Allen Hitchcock (1798–1870) served as the Union commissioner for prisoner exchanges from November 1862 until the end of the war.

649.11–653.8 When Congress assembled . . . any other way.] These eleven paragraphs are in Lincoln’s hand in the incomplete preliminary draft, indicating that he himself composed the message from this point on. The preceding parts were probably written by the various members of the cabinet, with the likely exception of the opening paragraph.

658.9–10 The New Gospel of Peace] The New Gospel of Peace According to St. Benjamin, a pamphlet satirizing Fernando Wood and other prominent Peace Democrats, including his brother Benjamin (see note 81.10–13). The first part (“Book First”) was published on July 27, 1863, and the second part on October 24, 1863; subsequent parts appeared on July 22, 1864, and May 19, 1866.

658.12 publisher, Tousey] Sinclair Tousey (1815–1887), a successful New York bookseller and news agent.

658.20 The author is ^____.] Richard Grant White (1822–1885), a New York lawyer, literary and music critic, and the editor of a twelve-volume edition of Shakespeare (1857–65).

658.30–31 Chesapeake . . . killed] The second engineer of the Chesapeake was killed and two other crew members wounded when the ship was seized off Cape Cod on the night of December 7, 1863, by sixteen Confederate sympathizers from the Canadian maritime provinces who planned to refuel in a Canadian port and then sail to Wilmington, North Carolina. A boarding party from the U.S.S. Ella and Annie recaptured the Chesapeake in Sambro Harbor, Nova Scotia, on December 17 after most of the raiders had fled, and subsequent attempts to prosecute them for piracy in the Canadian courts were unsuccessful.

659.15 the Clans were after 1745] Many Scottish Highland clan leaders were executed or forced into exile after the failed Jacobite uprising of 1745–46. Their estates were confiscated, and parliamentary legislation ended the hereditary power of clan leaders to administer justice in their domains.

659.15–16 Parton’s life of Butler] General Butler in New Orleans (1863) by James Parton (1822–1891), a New York journalist who had published popular biographies of Horace Greeley, Aaron Burr, and Andrew Jackson.

659.25 Dr. Peters] John Charles Peters (1819–1893), a New York physician and medical writer.

659.26–28 A. H. Stephens, . . . once more at Fortress Monroe] Stephens had approached Fort Monroe on a Confederate flag of truce boat on July 4, 1863, and requested safe passage to Washington in an attempt to open peace negotiations. Lincoln and his cabinet refused to receive him, and Stephens returned to Richmond.

662.19 The Examiner] The Richmond Examiner, in an editorial published on December 3, 1863.

662.21–22 Memminger . . . Mallory] Christopher G. Memminger (1803–1888), Confederate secretary of the treasury, February 1861–July 1864; Stephen R. Mallory (c. 1813–1873), Confederate secretary of the navy, February 1861–May 1865.

662.24–26 Huger . . . let McClellan escape] Major General Benjamin Huger (1805–1877), the commander of the Department of Norfolk, May 1861–April 1862, was criticized for not sending sufficient supplies and reinforcements to Roanoke Island in Pamlico Sound before its capture by Union forces on February 8, 1862. Huger later commanded a division in the Army of Northern Virginia during the Seven Days’ Battles and was blamed for the Confederate failure to destroy the retreating Union army at Glendale (Frayser’s Farm), June 30, and at Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862.

662.26 Lovel, New Orleans] See notes 366.19 and 366.32.

662.29–30 Price . . . Holmes] Sterling Price (1809–1867), the leader of the pro-secession Missouri State Guard, shared command in the state in 1861 with Confederate brigadier general Benjamin McCulloch (1811–1862). In January 1862 both men were placed under Earl Van Dorn, whose defeat at Pea Ridge (Elkhorn Tavern) in northwestern Arkansas, March 7–8, 1862, ended Confederate hopes of gaining control of Missouri. Lieutenant General Theophilus H. Holmes (1804–1880) commanded Confederate forces in Arkansas, September 1863–March 1864.

662.32–33 “the discerning of Spirits.”] See 2 Corinthians 12:4–10.

662.38 “not speak” . . . “evil of dignities.”] See 2 Peter 2:10.

663.4 Col Clark] Edmondston’s brother-in-law, Colonel William J. Clarke (1827–1886), commander of the 24th North Carolina Infantry.

664.14–15 like David . . . my hair cut] See 2 Samuel 12:19–20.

664.25 General Hood’s] Major General John B. Hood (1831–1875) was recovering from the loss of his right leg at Chickamauga on September 20, 1863.

664.33 Mrs. King,] Susan Petrigu King (1824–1875), daughter of James L. Petrigru (see note 142.18–19), was a novelist and story writer whose works included Busy Moments of an Idle Woman (1854), Lily (1855), and Sylvia’s World; and, Crimes Which the Law Does Not Reach (1859).

665.8 Grundy père] Thomas Billop Grundy (1827–1879), Chestnut’s downstairs neighbor in Richmond.

665.10 Madame Deffand] Marie Anne de Vichy-Chamrond, Marquise du Deffand (1697–1780), hostess of a Parisian literary salon who corresponded with Voltaire, Montesquieu, Horace Walpole, and Madame de Staël.

665.14–15 Ashmore, . . . Orr] John D. Ashmore (1819–1871) was a Democratic congressman from South Carolina, 1859–60. Laurence M. Keitt (1824–1864) was a Democratic congressman from South Carolina, 1853–60; a delegate to the Provisional Confederate Congress, 1861–62; and colonel of the 20th South Carolina Infantry, 1862–64. Keitt was mortally wounded at Cold Harbor, Virginia, on June 1, 1864, and died the following day. William W. Boyce (1818–1890) was a Democratic congressman from South Carolina, 1853–60; a delegate to the Provisional Confederate Congress, 1861–62; and a member of the Confederate house of representatives, 1862–65. James L. Orr (1822–1873) was a Democratic congressman from South Carolina, 1849–59, and a Confederate senator, 1862–65.

665.16 Mr. Mason] James M. Mason (1798–1871) was a Democratic congressman from Virginia, 1837–39, and a senator, 1847–61, who served as Confederate envoy to Great Britain and France, 1861–65.

665.20 Mr. Hunter] Robert M. T. Hunter (1809–1887) was a congressman from Virginia, 1837–43 and 1845–47, and a senator, 1847–61. A delegate to the Confederate Provisional Congress in 1861 and a Confederate senator, 1862–65, Hunter served as the secretary of state of the Confederacy, July 1861–February 1862.

665.26 Jack Preston] See note 559.18–21.

665.33 General Scott] Major General Winfield Scott (1786–1866), a native of Virginia, was general-in-chief of the U.S. Army, 1841–61.

665.35 F.F.] First Family.

666.4–5 Stonewall . . . Mahone’s brigade.] Brigadier General William Mahone (1826–1895) commanded an infantry brigade composed of five Virginia regiments at Chancellorsville. Jackson was accidentally shot by men of the 18th North Carolina Infantry, one of five North Carolina regiments that made up the brigade commanded by Brigadier General James H. Lane (1833–1907).

666.9 General Edward Johnson] Major General Edward Johnson (1816–1873) commanded a division in the Army of Northern Virginia.

666.13 Suwarrow] Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov (1729–1800), Russian general who successfully commanded troops in the Seven Years’ War, 1756–63; in wars with the Turkish Empire, 1768–74 and 1787–91; in suppressing the Polish insurrection of 1794; and in a campaign against the French in Italy and Switzerland in 1799.

666.26 reculer pour mieux sauter] French: step back to make a better jump.

666.30 Bayard . . . Philip Sidney] Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard (1473–1524), French soldier killed at the Sesia River in Italy who became known as “le chevalier sans peur et sans reproche” (the knight without fear and beyond reproach); Sir Philip Sidney (1554–1586), English poet, soldier, and courtier, fatally wounded at the battle of Zutphen in the Netherlands.

667.7 How beautiful are the feet] See Song of Solomon 7:1.

667.11 General Preston] See note 558.37–39.

667.14 General Young] Brigadier General Pierce M. B. Young (1836–1896) led a cavalry brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia.

667.25–26 ‘the giant foot’ . . . Bulwer’s last.] A “giant Foot” appears in chapter 87 of Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s novel of the occult, A Strange Story (1862).

667.29 Mr. Ould] Robert Ould (1820–1882), an attorney from Washington, D.C., was the Confederate commissioner for prisoner exchanges, 1862–65.

667.36 “The Roman emperor . . . good odor.”] The Latin saying “pecunia non olet” (money does not smell) is attributed to the emperor Vespasian (9–79 CE).

668.4–5 theater and huzzahed . . . dead.”] Theater audiences in London and Manchester cheered the news of the death of Nicholas I in 1855 during the Crimean War.

668.6 Senator Johnson of Arkansas] Robert Ward Johnson (1814–1879) was a Democratic senator from Arkansas, 1853–61, and a Confederate senator, 1862–65.

668.21 Mrs. Lawton, . . . Mary P] Sarah Alexander Lawton (1826–1897); Mary Cantey Preston (1840–1891), daughter of Colonel John S. Preston.

668.25 General Lawton] Brigadier General Alexander R. Lawton (1818–1896), a former brigade commander in the Army of Northern Virginia who served as Confederate quartermaster general, 1863–65.

668.31–32 beautiful bride . . . happy bridegroom] Probably James Chesnut’s cousin John Redman Coxe Lewis (1834–1898) and Maria Freeland Lewis (1838–1920), who were married in December 1863.

669.8 Wigfall] Louis T. Wigfall (1816–1874) was a South Carolina native who moved to Texas in 1846. He served in the Texas house of representatives, 1850–57; in the Texas senate, 1857–59; in the U.S. Senate, 1859–61; and in the Confederate senate, 1862–65.

669.12 Germaine] Novel (1857) by Edmond About (1828–1885).

669.22–23 Mrs. Malaprop . . . begin with a little aversion.”] See Richard Brinsley Sheridan, The Rivals (1775), Act 2, scene 1: “’Tis safest in matrimony to begin with a little aversion.”

670.1 Averell’s raiders] Brigadier General William W. Averell (1832–1900) led a cavalry brigade that attacked the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad at Salem, Virginia, on December 16, 1863, and then withdrew into West Virginia. Averell reported that 122 of his men were captured during the raid.

670.2–3 Foote of Mississippi] Henry S. Foote (1804–1880) was a Democratic senator from Mississippi, 1847–52, and its governor, 1852–54. He served as representative from Tennessee in the Confederate Congress, 1862–65. During a committee hearing Thomas B. Hanly (1812–1880) of Arkansas brawled with Foote after Foote laughed at him.

670.15 Old Hickory . . . Aunt Rachel] Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson Robards (1767–1828) were married in 1791 before her divorce from Lewis Robards was finalized. They were remarried in 1794.

670.23 Mrs. Eaton] Margaret (Peggy) O’Neale Timberlake (1799–1879) married Senator John H. Eaton (1790–1856) of Tennessee, an old friend of Andrew Jackson, on January 1, 1829, less than a year after the death of her first husband. Jackson then named Eaton as secretary of war in his first cabinet despite widespread gossip about Peggy Eaton’s character, and defended her reputation after she was snubbed by the wives of the other cabinet members.

670.24 Mrs. M.] Marion Twiggs Myers (c. 1838–1893), wife of Colonel Abraham C. Myers (1811–1889), who served as Confederate quartermaster general, 1861–63. Jefferson Davis’s decision to replace Myers with Alexander R. Lawton (see note 668.25) led to a dispute in the Confederate Congress between supporters and opponents of the Davis administration. The conflict was exacerbated by reports that Marion Twiggs Myers had called Varina Howell Davis an “old squaw.”

670.25–28 Andrew Jackson . . . coolly killed him.] Jackson shot and killed Charles Dickinson, a young Tennessee lawyer, in a duel in 1806 after being wounded by Dickinson’s first shot. Although the duel overtly resulted from a quarrel arising from a horse race bet, it was rumored that Dickinson had insulted Rachel Jackson.

670.31 England declined . . . Lady Hamilton] In a codicil to his will written in 1805 shortly before his death at Trafalgar, Lord Nelson left his mistress, Lady Emma Hamilton (1765–1815), and their daughter Horatia (1801–1881) to the care of the nation. Despite his wishes, the government failed to provide for Lady Hamilton, who died in poverty.

671.1 Volpone] Comedy (1606) by Ben Jonson.

671.6 L. Q. C. Lamar] Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (1825–1893) was a Democratic congressman from Mississippi, 1857–60, and a member of the Mississippi secession convention. He was appointed as special envoy to Russia by Davis in November 1862 but was recalled in June 1863 after the Confederate senate failed to confirm his nomination. During his time in Europe Lamar visited Paris and London, but did not attempt to go to St. Petersburg because he doubted that the Russian government would receive him.

671.14 Colonels Browne and Ives] William M. Browne and Joseph M. Ives, military aides to Jefferson Davis.

671.20 Daniel comes to judgment] See The Merchant of Venice, IV.i.223: “A Daniel come to judgment! yea, a Daniel!”

672.1 “Little Vick] Queen Victoria.

672.29–30 Wigfall, who shoots white men] In 1840 Wigfall became involved in a political feud in South Carolina with Whitfield Brooks, Brooks’s son Preston, and their ally, James Carroll. After posting Whitfield Brooks as a scoundrel and coward, Wigfall fatally shot Thomas Bird, Whitfield’s nephew, in a gunfight outside the Edgefield District courthouse. He then fought a bloodless duel with Carroll, and a duel with Preston Brooks in which both men were seriously wounded. (While serving in Congress, Preston Brooks would assault Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in 1856.)

672.33–34 Dangerfield Lewis . . . L.Q. Washington] Henry Llewellyn Dangerfield Lewis (1841–1893), a cavalry officer who served as a courier with Stuart’s headquarters; his sister-in-law, Maria Freeland Lewis (see note 668.31); Littleton Quinton Washington (1825–1902), chief clerk of the Confederate state department and grandson of Lund Washington, a distant cousin of George Washington.

673.3 Washington Lewis] Henry Llewellyn Dangerfield Lewis and his brother, John Redman Coxe Lewis (see note 668.31), were the grandsons of George Washington’s nephew, Lawrence Lewis (1767–1839), and of Martha Custis Washington’s granddaughter, Eleanor (Nelly) Parke Custis Lewis (1779–1852).

674.16 Professor Minor] John B. Minor (1813–1895) was a professor of law at the University of Virginia, 1845–95.

674.23–25 Surgeons Davis and Cabell . . . Dr. Brockenbrough] Dr. John S. Davis (1824–1885), professor of anatomy at the University of Virginia, 1856–85; Dr. John L. Cabell (1813–1889), professor of anatomy and surgery at the University of Virginia, 1837–89, and superintendent of the Confederate military hospital at Charlottesville; Dr. William Spencer Roane Brockenbrough (1819–1880), Judith W. McGuire’s brother, was a physician in Hanover County, Virginia.

674.27 Dr. Maupin] Dr. Socrates Maupin (1808–1871), a physician, was professor of chemistry at the University of Virginia, 1853–71, and dean of the faculty, 1854–70.

675.8 Gaines’s Mill] See note 29.19.

676.1–2 “Rachel weeping . . . they are not.”] See Jeremiah 31:15.

676.9–12 “With patient mind . . . as well as He.”] Cf. John Byrom (1692–1763), Miscellaneous Poems, “Miscellaneous Pieces” (1773); “With peaceful Mind thy Race of Duty run; / God Nothing does, or suffers to be done, / But what thou wouldst Thyself, if thou couldst see / Through all Events of Things, as well as He.”

676.13 The Lord . . . so unquiet.] Cf. Psalm 99:1, in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer.

680.27 words of President Davis] In his message to the Confederate Congress, December 7, 1863.

682.34 Beecher in his Liverpool speech] During a speaking tour of Great Britain, Henry Ward Beecher, the pastor of Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn, New York, addressed a public meeting in Liverpool on October 16, 1863. “It is said that the North is fighting for Union, and not for emancipation. The North is fighting for Union, for that ensures emancipation,” Beecher said. “But the motive determines the value; and why are we fighting for the Union? Because we shall never forget the testimony of our enemies. They have gone off declaring that the Union in the hands of the North was fatal to slavery.”

685.18 Lepanto] Naval battle fought off western Greece on October 7, 1571, in which Spanish and Venetian naval forces defeated the main Turkish fleet.

685.23–25 slaves of Saint Domingo, . . . French troops] In the Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804.

685.25–26 negro slaves of Jamaica . . . Maroons] The first Maroons were slaves who left Spanish plantations during the English invasion of Jamaica in 1655. Maroon resistance to colonial rule continued until the Second Maroon War in 1795–96.

686.28–38 D. C. Govan, . . . J. H. Kelly] Daniel C. Govan (1829–1911) and Mark P. Lowrey (1828–1885) led brigades in Cleburne’s division; John E. Murray (1843–1864), George F. Baucum (1837–1905), Peter Snyder (1829–1865), Elisha Warfield (1838–1894), Aaron B. Hardcastle (1836–1914), Frederick A. Ashford (1830–1864), John W. Colquitt (1840–1903), Richard J. Person (1843–1909), George S. Deakins (1832–1902), and James H. Collett (1825–1916) commanded regiments in Cleburne’s division; John H. Kelly (1840–1864) had commanded the 8th Arkansas Infantry in Cleburne’s division at Stones River. Murray was killed at Atlanta on July 22, 1864; Snyder died of typhoid fever at Raleigh, North Carolina, on April 19, 1865; Ashford was killed at Franklin, Tennessee, on November 30, 1864; and Kelly was fatally wounded at Franklin on September 2, 1864.

687.13 A. A. G.] Assistant adjutant general.

694.30 Willards] A popular hotel established in 1847 at the corner of 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue.

697.26 Patent Office . . . partially finished] Construction of the building, located at 8th and F Streets N.W., began in 1836 and was not completed until 1868. The building now houses the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

698.17 Hon. L. E. Chittenden] A lawyer from Vermont, Lucius E. Chittenden (1824–1900) served as register of the treasury, April 1861–August 1864.

698.24 Rev. Mr. Sunderland, Hon. B. B. French] Byron Sunderland (1819–1901), Presbyterian minister who served as chaplain of the U.S. Senate, 1861–64 and 1873–79. For Benjamin B. French, see Biographical Notes.

703.27 Flag-Officer Tucker] Captain John R. Tucker (1812–1883) commanded the Confederate naval forces at Charleston, 1863–65.

703.32–33 Lieutenant Dixon] George E. Dixon (1837?–1864), a steamboat engineer, had been wounded at Shiloh while serving as a lieutenant with the 21st Alabama Infantry. He became involved with Horace L. Hunley’s submarine project after being posted to the Mobile garrison.

704.6–7 attempt to dive . . . receiving ship] On October 15, 1863, the Hunley attempted to dive beneath the Indian Chief, a schooner used by the Confederate navy as a receiving ship—i.e., a vessel where new recruits were sent to await their permanent assignments.

704.8 James A. Eason] Probably James M. Eason (1819–1887), a Charleston machinist and foundry operator.

704.24 not less than 33 men] A total of twenty-one men died in the Hunley; see headnote, p. 703.

709.7 Nethercutt’s Battalion] The 8th North Carolina Partisan Rangers, commanded by Major John H. Nethercutt (1824–1867), was a local home guard unit organized in 1862. In August 1863 the battalion became part of the 66th North Carolina Infantry.

710.33–34 “He bare the bag . . . put therein.”] Cf. John 12:6.

710.36–37 “the love . . . all evil;”] 1 Timothy 6:10.

711.7–11 “he repented . . . hanged himself.”] Matthew 27:3–5.

711.14 flourish as a green bay tree] See Psalm 37:35: “I have seen the wicked in great power, and spreading himself like a green bay tree.”

711.26 Benedict Arnold] Major General Benedict Arnold (1741–1801) conspired in 1780 to betray West Point in return for £20,000. He fled to the British lines after his plot was discovered and commanded British and Loyalist troops in Virginia and Connecticut, 1780–81.

713.37–38 “peace meetings”] See pp. 490–91 in this volume.

714.26–27 “the State is going to secede.”] Some opponents of the war in North Carolina advocated that the state should secede from the Confederacy and negotiate a separate peace with the Union.

715.23–25 “is a jealous God . . . hate me.”] See Deuteronomy 5:9.

717.8–9 “letting us alone.”] In his message to the Provisional Confederate Congress of April 29, 1861, Jefferson Davis wrote: “We feel that our cause is just and holy; we protest solemnly in the face of mankind that we desire peace at any sacrifice save that of honor and independence; we seek no conquest, no aggrandizement, no concession of any kind from the States with which we were lately confederated; all we ask is to be let alone; that those who never held power over us shall not now attempt our subjugation by arms.”

718.26–29 “God moves . . . rides upon the storm.”] From “Light Shining Out of Darkness” (1773) by William Cowper (1731–1800).

719.2 “she shall become . . . kingdoms,”] See Ezekiel 29:15.

719.30 Belshazzar held his impious feast.] See Daniel 5.

719.31 Tadmor] Semitic name for Palmyra.

719.37–38 “there is a God . . . the earth.”] See Psalm 58:11.

720.18 first battle of Fredericksburg] The battle of December 13, 1862. The Union capture of Marye’s Heights on May 3, 1863, during the Chancellorsville campaign is sometimes called the second battle of Fredericksburg.

723.30 Brookville Republican . . . Dr. Heichold] The Brookville Republican was a weekly newspaper published in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania. Alexander P. Heichold, surgeon of the 8th U.S. Colored Infantry, was a resident of Jefferson County.

724.22 Colonel Fribley] Colonel Charles W. Fribley (1835–1864) served as a captain in the 84th Pennsylvania Infantry before being appointed colonel of the 8 th U.S. Colored Infantry in November 1863.

725.12 Major Burritt] Loren Burritt (1837–1889), a former lieutenant in the 56th Pennsylvania Infantry, was promoted to lieutenant colonel and took command of the 8th U.S. Colored Infantry in September 1864, but was unable to continue in the position because of his Olustee wounds. He served on recruiting and court-martial duty for the remainder of the war.

725.16 Lieutenant Lewis] Lieutenant Elijah Lewis (1833–1913) of Company F was mustered out as a captain in 1865.

725.30 Captain Dickey] Captain Alexander G. Dickey (1836–1864), the commander of Company K, was fatally wounded near Richmond in the battle of Darbytown Road on October 13, 1864.

725.33 Captain Wagner] Captain George E. Wagner (1842–1904) was medically discharged in December 1864 because of the wounds he received at Olustee.

726.21 Charles City] Battle fought on June 30, 1862, also known as Glendale, White Oak Swamp, and Frayser’s Farm.

726.22 Richards Ford] A ford across the Rappahannock River.

726.25 Harrison’s Landing . . . Ely’s Ford] A landing on the north bank of the James River, where the Army of the Potomac retreated after the Seven Days’ Battles; a ford across the Rapidan River.

728.35 Hon. James Lyons] Lyons (1801–1882) was a Richmond lawyer who served in the Confederate Congress, February 1862–February 1864.

729.1 Gen. Elzey] See note 125.38–39.

729.2–3 Brig.-Gen. Custis Lee] Brigadier General George Washington Custis Lee (1832–1913), son of Robert E. Lee, commanded a brigade in the Richmond defenses.

729.10–11 captured Mr. Seddon’s . . . Gen. Wise’s] Union cavalry led by Colonel Ulric Dahlgren reached Sabot Hill, the plantation of Confederate secretary of war James A. Seddon (see note 125.38–39), and Eastwood, the nearby home of the daughter and son-in-law of Brigadier General Henry A. Wise (see note 192.16–17), on March 1. Neither family was harmed during the raid.

729.15 Gen. Whiting] See note 551.21.

729.16–19 Judge Pearson . . . unconstitutional.] Richmond M. Pearson (1805–1878) was an associate justice of the North Carolina supreme court, 1848–59, and its chief justice, 1859–78. The conscription act passed by the Confederate Congress on April 16, 1862, had permitted men eligible to be drafted to hire substitutes, but the hiring of substitutes was subsequently abolished on December 28, 1863, and an act passed on January 5, 1864, made persons who had previously provided substitutes eligible for conscription. On February 19 Pearson ruled in Ex parte Walton that the act of January 5 violated the contracts clause of the Confederate constitution. Pearson had earlier angered the Davis administration by ruling in April 1863 that the North Carolina militia could not legally be used to apprehend Confederate deserters, and by consistently interpreting the conscription laws in favor of applicants seeking to be discharged from the army.

729.21 Col. A. C. Myers] See note 670.24.

730.16 Gov. Vance] An opponent of the Davis administration, Zebulon B. Vance (1830–1894) was governor of North Carolina, 1862–65. He later served as governor, 1877–79, and in the U.S. Senate, 1879–94.

730.23 Supreme Court, to assemble in June] Pearson had ordered the Walton case to be reargued before the full North Carolina supreme court in June 1864. The court overturned his earlier decision, 2–1, and upheld the act of January 5, 1864. (Although the Confederate constitution provided for a Confederate supreme court, the Confederate Congress never established one, leaving constitutional questions to be decided in various state courts.)

730.27–28 Gen. Winder] Brigadier General John Henry Winder (1800–1865), the Confederate provost marshal, was in charge of the prisoner-of-war camps in the Richmond area.

731.12 Gen. Wilcox] Major General Cadmus M. Wilcox (1824–1890), a division commander in the Army of Northern Virginia who was in Richmond on furlough at the time of the raid.

732.6–7 Mr. Secretary Seddon . . . Gen. Lee] Lee replied to Seddon on March 6 and recommended that none of the Union prisoners captured during the raid be executed.

732.11 Gen. Bragg] General Braxton Bragg, who was in Richmond serving as a military advisor to Jefferson Davis.

732.17–18 Gen. Lee’s son . . . designated for retaliation] See note 432.37–40.

732.21 Gen. Butler has been removed] Major General Benjamin F. Butler had been appointed as the Union agent for prisoner exchanges in December 1863.

732.30 Morgan] Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan escaped from the Ohio state penitentiary in Columbus on November 27, 1863, and reached Confederate-held territory in Tennessee on December 18.

735.33 Belmont] Grant led 3,000 men in a raid against the Confederate camp at Belmont, Missouri, on November 7, 1861.