A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Abaeis nicippe, 127
abundance, 13
Acadian hairstreak, 186
Achillea millefolium, 78, 152, 203
Adelpha californica, 182
admirals, 47–48
Aellopos titan, 174
Aeropetes tulbaghia, 19
aesthetic value, 22–24
aestivation, 64
Afranius duskywing, 115
agave worm, 21
Agraulis vanillae, 51, 52, 170
agriculture, 8, 29–30, 32, 251
Aholibah underwing, 225
alfalfa, 42
Amblyscirtes eos, 167
Amblyscirtes hegon, 161
Amblyscirtes vialis, 256
Amelanchier, 88
Amelanchier alnifolia, 79, 188
American goldfinch, 71
Amorpha fruticosa, 75, 80, 83, 87, 179, 237
Anacamptis pyramidalis, 19
Anaphalis margaritacea, 78, 84, 133
Andropogon gerardii, 83, 85, 87, 158
Angraecum sesquipedale, 220
animals
pollination by, 16–17
anise swallowtail, 65
antelope horn milkweed, 80, 146–147
Antheraea polyphemus, 72, 176, 178, 182, 186, 221
Anthocharis sara, 42
Apantesis phalerata, 221–222
Aphrodite fritillary, 112
Apodemia mejicanus, 149
Apodemia mormo, 149
Arachne checkerspot, 132
Archiearis infans, 226
arcigera flower moth, 224
Arctias luna, 218
Arctiidae family, 221–223
Arge moth, 221
Arilus cristatus, 209
Aristolochia californica, 81, 169
Aristolochia gigantean, 74
Aristolochia serpentaria, 87, 171
Aristolochia watsonii, 80, 169
Arogos skipper, 158
arrowhead blue, 149
Ascalapha odorata, 224
Asclepias asperula, 80, 146–147
Asclepias curassavica, 59
Asclepias speciosa, 78, 81, 143, 193–194
Asclepias tuberosa, 82, 84, 86, 110, 232
Asian mulberry silkmoth, 217–218
aspen, 225
atalas, 18
Atrytone arogos, 158
Automeris io, 176, 178, 179, 182, 186, 187, 221
Avalon scrub hairstreak, 115
Aveda butterfly habitat, 244
bamboo, 48
banded hairstreak, 182
Baptisia australis, 88
Basilodes pepita, 156
basking stones/structures, 92, 242
Battus philenor, 18, 73, 169, 171
Battus polydamas, 171
bay checkerspot, 46
bear oak, 72
Becker’s white, 136
bees, 16, 17–18, 95, 210, 211, 245. See also plant profiles
bella moth, 124
beneficial insects, 209, 210–211
beneficial wheel bug, 209
benefits of butterflies. See butterfly benefits
Bertholdia trigona, 218
Bina flower moth, 235
bioblitz, 265
biological controls, 34
birds
helping, 71, 72, 239, 242, 251
pollination by, 17
as predators, 18, 20–21, 40, 43
See also plant profiles
black-backed oriole, 18
black dash, 166
black-eared mice, 18
black-eyed Susan, 84, 86, 106, 213, 227, 244
black-headed grosbeak, 18
black huckleberry, 85, 173, 236
black redstart, 242
black-spotted prominent moth, 124
black swallowtail, 36, 40, 53, 54, 122
black-waved flannel moth, 176, 178, 182, 186, 236, 237
black witch moth, 224
blanketflower, 78, 106, 213, 224, 234
blazing star, 213, 221, 224, 227
bleeding flower moth, 134, 139, 224, 235
bleeding heart, 6
blinded sphinx moth, 176, 178, 182, 184, 189, 234, 235, 237
blind-eye sphinx moth, 72
blue copper, 175
blue-eyed grass, 203
blue grama grass, 80, 101, 158, 203
blue jay, 18
Boehmeria cylindrica, 82, 84, 86, 91, 144
Boisduval’s blue, 109
Boloria bellona, 112
Boloria selene, 112
Bombyx mori, 217–218
Bouteloua dactyloides, 203
Bouteloua gracilis, 80, 158, 203
brimstone, 42
British Columbia plant lists, 78–79, 234
brown roofs, 242
browns, 48
brown stink bug, 209
brush-footed butterflies, 44–49
brush piles, 92, 96, 97, 98, 238
buckwheat, 62
buckwheat family, 44
Buddleja davidii, 75
bug lights, 239
bug zappers, 239
bull thistle, 71
bunchgrass, 63, 73, 93, 96, 97
burns, controlled, 253
butterflies, threats to. See conservation; threats to butterflies
butterfly basics
butterflies vs. moths, 15, 233
carnivorous butterflies, 56
chrysalises, 53–55, 63, 64, 233, 257
color attraction, 88
habitat range, 14
number of species, 13–14
protective tactics, 18
scales, 14
See also caterpillars; eggs; life cycle; overwintering; plant needs
butterfly benefits
aesthetic/cultural value, 22–24
food for animals, 20–21
plant population control, 21–22
scientific and educational studies, 25, 27
butterfly bush, 75
butterfly families
brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae), 44–49
gossamer-winged butterflies (Lycaenidae), 42–44
overview of, 37
skippers (Hesperiidae), 38–40
swallowtails (Papilionidae), 40–41
whites, marbles, and sulphurs (Pieridae), 42
butterfly feeders, 60
butterfly houses/gardens, 24, 60, 92
butterfly meadows, 88, 98–100, 209, 247
butterfly milkweed, 82, 84, 86, 110, 232
butterfly orchids, 19
buttonbush, 75, 77, 87, 174, 237
Byssus skipper, 158
Calephelis virginiensis, 157
California
habitat loss/climate change, 26, 28, 29, 31
California goldenrod, 81, 110, 234
California hairstreak, 174, 179, 180, 182
California morning glory, 234
California scrub oak, 72
California sister, 182
California tortoiseshell, 174
Callippe silverspot, 29
Callophrys affinis, 149, 174, 175
Callophrys augustinus, 173
Callophrys dumetorum, 115, 149
Callophrys henrici, 173
Callophrys irus, 154
Callophrys mossii bayensis, 29
Callophrys sheridanii, 149
Callophrys sheridanii comstocki, 149
Callosamia promethea, 176, 178, 186, 190
Calystegia macrostegia, 234
camera selection/use, 261–262
camouflage tactics, 18, 40, 233
Canada thistle, 71
Carmenta bassiformis, 125, 147, 150, 227, 229
carnivorous butterflies, 56
caterpillars
ant relationship, 44
camouflage tactics, 18
carnivorous, 56
diapause, 61
finding, 257
life cycle, 51–53
plant population control by, 21–22
Catocala aholibah, 225
Catocala piatrix, 225
Ceanothus americanus, 75, 83, 85, 180–181
Ceanothus cuneatus, 81, 174, 234
ceanothus silkmoth, 174, 221, 234
cecropia moth, 176, 178, 186, 221, 235, 236, 237
Celastrina echo, 174
Celastrina ladon, 72, 140, 172, 176, 180, 184
Celastrina neglecta, 180
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 75, 77, 87, 174, 237
Ceratomia amyntor, 176, 178, 186
Ceratomia undulosa, 182
Cercyonis pegala, 48, 158, 162, 164
Cercyonis sthenele sthenele, 28, 29
chaff winnowing, 214
Chamerion angustifolium, 78, 119, 234
cherry, 88
Chlorostrymon simaethis, 58
Chlosyne acastus, 191
Chlosyne gorgone, 106
Chlosyne lacinia, 106, 123, 126
Chlosyne nycteis, 106, 131, 156
chokecherry, 72, 77, 80, 83, 85, 176–177, 235, 236
Christmas star orchid, 220
chrysalises, 53–55, 63, 64, 233, 257
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, 80, 191
Cirsium arvense, 71
Cirsium flodmanii, 71
Cirsium horridulum, 71, 86, 157
Cirsium muticum, 71, 82, 84, 150
Cirsium occidentale, 71, 81, 111
Cirsium undulatum, 71
Cirsium vulgare, 71
citizen science, 264–267
clearwing moths, 227–229
Clematis, 74
climate change, 30–31
Clodius parnassian, 6
clouded sulphur, 109, 153, 154, 179
cloudless sulphur, 65, 66, 71, 124, 127
Clymene moth, 125, 147, 236, 237
coastal plain willow, 87, 178, 237
cocoons, 233
coevolution, 58
Colias eurytheme, 42, 109, 140, 203
Colias philodice, 109, 153, 154, 179, 203
collecting butterflies, 35, 259–261
collecting seeds, 213–215
college campus gardens, 244–245
color blocks, 88
Columbia tiger lily, 19
comet orchid, 220
commas, 47–48
commercial spaces, 98–102, 244–245, 247
common blue violet, 84, 91, 112
common branded skipper, 163
common checkered skipper, 116, 187
common evening primrose, 233
common roadside skipper, 256
common sootywing, 40
common sulphur, 203
common wood nymph, 48, 158, 162, 164
community association rules, 209–210
Compton’s tortoiseshell, 186
coneflower, 213
confused cloudywing, 124
Conoclinium coelestinum, 86, 107
conservation
on farms, 251
individual role, 7–11
mardon skipper success story, 33
mass releases hindering, 35
of moths, 238–239
in wild areas, 251–253
of wild plants, 195
See also threats to butterflies
controlled burning, 253
Convolvulus, 233
coppers, 42–44
coral honeysuckle, 73–74
Coreopsis (coreopsis), 76, 213
corn earworm moth, 232
corporate campus gardens, 244–245
cost-sharing grants, 251
Crataegus, 88
crepuscular, 233
crescents, 46–47
crimson-patched longwing, 170
Ctenucha (Ctenucha moths), 222
Ctenucha rubroscapus, 223
Cupido comyntas, 124, 140, 154, 203
currant borer moth, 227
cutworm moth, 223–224
Cyclargus thomasi bethunbakeri, 33, 34
cynthia moth, 176, 186, 190, 236
Danaus gilippus, 49, 110, 143, 147
Danaus plexippus, 12, 17, 24, 26, 49, 59, 71, 110, 143, 147, 262
Darapsa versicolor, 174
Darwin, Charles, 220
Darwin’s orchid, 220
Dasylophia anguina, 124
deadheading, 209
debris as shelter, 92, 96, 97, 98, 238
Deschampsia cespitosa, 79, 166
desert green hairstreak, 149
Desert Southwest plant lists, 80, 235
designing your garden. See garden design basics
Diachrysia balluca, 224
diamond hoe, 205
dill, 36
Disa ferruginea, 19
diversity, 13
dividing plants, 211–213
dogbane tiger moth, 110, 143, 147
dogwood, 44
dotted roadside skipper, 167
Douglas aster, 6, 78, 116, 234
dreamy duskywing, 186
Dryas iulia, 170
drying seed, 215
Dryocampa rubicunda, 72, 182, 221
dun skipper, 166
Dutch white clover, 203
Eacles imperialis, 72, 176, 178, 182, 186, 190, 221
eastern black swallowtail, 247
eastern comma, 144
eastern tailed blue, 55, 124, 140, 154, 203
eastern tiger swallowtail, 9, 40, 186, 190
Echinacea angustifolia, 104
Echinargus isola, 153
echo azure, 6
echo blue, 174
eco-lawns, 203
economic benefits, 23, 24–25, 251
eco-roofs, 241–243
ecotype, 195
Edward’s hairstreak, 182
eggs
in diapause, 65
host plants supporting, 21, 62, 63, 233
elderberry, 44
Electra buckmoth, 175
elegant sphinx moth, 184, 185, 234
elm sphinx moth, 176, 178, 186, 235, 236, 237
endangered species, 8, 28. See also threats to butterflies
endemics, 28
enjoying butterflies. See observation tips
entomologist, 49
environmental crisis, 8, 10, 25, 27–31
Epimecis hortaria, 190
equipment for observation, 257–258
Erebidae family, 225
Eriogonum, 62
Eriogonum fasciculatum, 81, 175
Eriogonum umbellatum, 78, 80, 149
Eriophyllum confertiflorum, 81, 123
Eryngium yuccifolium, 86, 138, 237
Erynnis afranius, 115
Erynnis baptisiae, 154
Erynnis brizo, 182
Erynnis funeralis, 115
Erynnis horatius, 182
Erynnis icelus, 186
Erynnis juvenalis, 182
Erynnis martialis, 180
Erynnis pacuvius, 174
Erynnis propertius, 182
Erynnis tristis, 182
Erynnis zarucco, 124
eucalyptus, 67
Euclea delphinii, 229
Eudryas unio, 187
Eumaeus atala, 18
Eupatoriadelphus, 91
Eupatoriadelphus fistulosus, 86, 125, 237
Eupatoriadelphus maculatus, 84, 147, 236
Eupatoriadelphus purpureus, 82, 150
Eupatorium borer moth, 125, 147, 227, 229, 236
Euphilotes ancilla, 149
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti, 47
Euphydryas chalcedona, 132
Euphydryas editha bayensis, 46
Euphydryas editha quino, 31, 47
Euphydryas editha taylori, 46, 50
Euphyes conspicua, 166
Euphyes vestris, 166
Euplagia quadripunctaria, 24
Euploea, 24
Euptoieta claudia, 2, 44, 112, 170
European weevil, 34
Euthyrhynchus floridanus, 209
evening primrose, 82, 84, 118, 224, 235, 236
exoskeleton, 52
eyed brown, 166
false indigo bush, 75, 80, 83, 87, 179, 237
families of butterflies. See butterfly families
farming, agricultural, 8, 29–30, 32, 251, 252–253
farming butterflies, 23, 24, 35
feeders, 60
Fender’s blue butterfly, 58, 248, 263
Feralia deceptiva, 230–231
Festuca idahoensis, 79, 81, 161
fiery skipper, 56
firecracker plant, 19
fire-management plans, 253
flannel moths, 229
Flodman’s thistle, 71
Florida butterfly population decline, 32, 33
Florida predatory stink bug, 209
flower moths, 224
flowers, native. See wildflowers
flower seed collection, 213–215
foothill penstemon, 81, 119, 234
forbs, 70. See also wildflowers
forester moth, 19
foxglove beardtongue, 82, 120, 235, 236
fragmentation, 29–30
frass, 21
frosted elfin, 154
fruit as food, 60
funding sources, 251
funereal duskywing, 115
Gaillardia aristata, 78, 106, 234
gaillardia flower moth, 106, 224, 234
Gaillardia pulchella, 80, 126, 217, 235
Gambel oak, 72
garden design basics
basking stones/structures, 92, 242
butterfly bush warning, 75
including native thistles, 71
key principles, 88–92
kids’ gardens, 102
regional plant tables, 78–87
See also installation process
garden designs
corporate and college campuses, 244–245
eco-roofs, 241–243
meadows for large spaces, 98–100
parking strips, roadsides, utility corridors, 100–102, 247–251
parks and greenspaces, 245–247
rain gardens and bioswales, 92–95, 243–244
xeriscape, 94–97
Garita skipperling, 158
Garry oak, 234
Gaylussacia baccata, 85, 173, 236
Gelechiidae family (Gnorimoschema genus), 229–231
genetic transfer, 35
geometer/geometrid moths (Geometridae family), 226–227
Glandularia gooddingii, 80, 145
Glaucopsyche, 22
Glaucopsyche lygdamus, 22, 109, 149, 154
Glaucopsyche piasus, 149
Glaucopsyche xerces, 28, 29, 286
Glover’s silkmoth, 176, 221, 236
golden Alexanders, 82, 84, 91, 122
golden crownbeard, 80, 123, 235
golden hairstreak, 182
goldenrod, 88, 89, 98, 227, 229, 231
goldenrod gall moths, 229–231
gold-hunter’s hairstreak, 182
gold moth, 156
Gonepteryx rhamni, 42
Gorgon copper, 175
gorgone checkerspot, 106
gossamer-winged butterflies, 22, 42–44
Grammia arge, 221
grant money, 251
grasses
native turfgrass alternatives, 203
profiles of, 158–167
seed collection, 213
for shelter, 63
grass skippers, 15, 17, 29, 33, 39–40, 56, 256
gray hairstreak, 43, 58, 124, 140, 154, 172, 179, 187, 203
grazing plans, 253
great leopard moth, 222
Great Plains plant lists, 82–83, 235
great spangled fritillary, 7, 112
green comma, 244
green-patched looper, 224
green roof, 241–243
green skipper, 158
greenspaces, 245–247
Grindelia integrifolia, 78, 137, 234
Grote’s tiger moth, 218
Gulf fritillary, 51, 52, 170, 257
Gymnadenia odoratissima, 19
Gymnocladus dioicus, 224
habitat needs. See garden design basics; plant needs
Habrodais grunus, 182
hairstreaks, 18, 42–44, 65, 72, 175
harnessed tiger moth, 221–222
harvester caterpillar, 56
heath/heather family, 44
hedgerow hairstreak, 174
Helianthus, 88
Heliconius charithonia, 44, 45, 64, 170
Heliconius erato, 170
Helicoverpa zea, 232
Heliopetes ericetorum, 116
Hemaris diffinis, 219
Hemileuca electra, 175
Hemileuca nevadensis, 179
herbicide-free approach, 198–200, 205
herbicide use, 29–30, 32–33, 198, 207, 251, 253
hermit sphinx moth, 140, 154, 235, 236
Hesperia colorado, 161
Hesperia comma, 163
Hesperia juba, 166
Hesperia leonardus, 162
Hesperia lindseyi, 161
Hesperia ottoe, 162
Hesperia pahaska, 158
Hesperia sassacus, 162
Hesperia viridis, 158
Hesperiidae family, 38–40
hibernation. See overwintering
Hibiscus moscheutos, 87, 187, 237
high-elevation species, 64–65
Hobomok skipper, 165
hoeing, 205
hollow Joe Pye weed, 86, 125, 237
hollyleaf cherry, 81, 179, 234
Holodiscus discolor, 79, 91, 184
Horace’s duskywing, 182
Horama panthalon, 229
host plants, 31, 51, 52, 56, 57–58, 61
houses for butterflies, 24, 60
housing association rules, 209–210
huckleberry, 44
huckleberry sphinx moth, 173, 236
hummingbird clearwing moth, 71, 176, 235, 236, 237
hummingbirds, 111, 119, 125, 140, 141, 154. See also plant profiles
hummingbird trumpet, 81, 125, 234
Hyalophora cecropia, 176, 178, 186, 221
Hyalophora columbia gloveri, 176, 221
hydrangea sphinx moth, 174, 237
Hylephila phyleus, 56
Hyles gallii, 119
Hyles lineata, 118, 119, 153, 219
Hypercompe scribonia, 222
Icaricia icarioides fenderi, 58
Icaricia icarioides missionensis, 29
Icterus abeillei, 18
identification tools, 261
imagoes, 55–56
imperial moths, 72, 176, 178, 182, 186, 190, 220–221, 235, 236, 237
importance of butterflies. See butterfly benefits
Indian blanket, 80, 126, 217, 235
Indian skipper, 162
indigo bunting, 239
industrial sites, 244–245
infant moth, 226
innovations from butterfly, 27
insect-eating butterflies, 56
insecticide-free gardening, 209, 210–211
installation process
eco-lawns, 203
preparing to plant, 198–200
sourcing native plants, 193–198
tilling caution, 201
transplanting, 197–198, 200–201
instar, 53
invasive species, 21–22, 33–34, 75, 204, 211, 253
Io moth, 176, 178, 179, 182, 186, 187, 221, 235, 236, 237
ironweed, 229
ironweed borer moth, 121
jar for viewing, 258
Jersey tiger moth, 24
Joe Pye weed, 62, 91, 98, 209, 229
Juba skipper, 166
Julia, 170
Junonia coenia, 25, 61, 65, 109
Juvenal’s duskywing, 182
Karner blue, 154
Kentucky coffeetree, 224
Keystone trees, 72
kids’ gardens, 102
Kincaid’s lupine, 58
Koeleria macrantha, 203
ladies, 47–48
Lagoa crispata, 176, 178, 182, 186
lamb’s quarters, 221
large bark-patterned moth, 235
large blue, 56
larvae. See caterpillars
Latin naming system, 39
lavender, 76
lawns, 10–11, 31, 32, 96, 97, 203
lemurs, 17
Leonard’s skipper, 162
Lepidoptera, 13–14
Lespedeza capitata, 82, 84, 140
Lethe anthedon anthedon, 160
Lethe eurydice eurydice, 166
Liatris ligulistylis, 82, 139, 235
Liatris pycnostachya, 82, 134, 235
life cycle
adults (imagoes), 55–56
caterpillars (larvae), 51–53
chrysalises (pupae), 53–55, 233
observing first-hand, 262–264
overview, 49–51
lilac, 6
Lilium columbianum, 19
Limacodidae family, 229
Limenitis archippus, 72, 178, 186
Limenitis arthemis, 72
Limenitis arthemis arthemis, 189
Limenitis arthemis astyanax, 176, 178, 186
Limenitis lorquini, 179, 180, 184, 189
Limenitis weidemeyerii, 72, 176
Lindera benzoin, 83, 85, 87, 190, 235, 236, 237
Lindsey’s skipper, 161
little glassywing, 164
little metalmark, 157
local ecotypes, 195
local vegetation ordinances, 209–210
lo moth, 221
long-tailed skipper, 168
longwings, 44
Lonicera sempervirens, 73–74
Lorquin’s admiral, 179, 180, 184, 189
lupine plant propagation, 213, 214
Lupinus, 213
Lupinus latifolius, 78, 91, 109
Lupinus sulphureus subsp. kincaidii, 58
Lycaena gorgon, 175
Lycaena heteronea, 175
Lycaenidae family, 42–44
Maculinea arion, 56
maintenance
fire hazard reduction, 207, 209
local vegetation laws, 209–210
mowing practices, 245, 247, 249
natural pest control, 210–211
overview of, 203–204
plant division, 211–213
roadside and utility corridor, 249
weed control, 204–207
wild areas, 251–253
maple spanworm moth, 226
marbles, 42
mardon skipper, 33
margined white, 6
mass butterfly releases, 34–35
mass releases of predators, 34, 211
mating, 56
meadow checkermallow, 81, 128, 234
meadow fritillary, 112
Megalopyge opercularis, 229
Megalopygidae family, 229
Megathymus ursus, 145
Megathymus yuccae, 145
mesquite, 224
metalmarks, 42–44
metamorphosis, 49. See also life cycle
metric conversions, 268
Mid-Atlantic plant lists, 84–85, 236
Midwest plant lists, 82–83, 235
migrating species, 65, 66. See also monarchs
milkweed
as host plant, 27, 30, 32, 49, 58, 62, 67, 222
milkweed butterflies, 49
milkweed tussock moth, 110, 222
mission blue, 29
modest sphinx moth, 178, 186, 189, 234–237
molting, 52–53
Monarch Joint Venture, 27
monarchs
characteristics, 17, 18, 39, 44, 49, 53, 262
citizen monitoring projects, 265–267
cultural symbol/appreciation, 12, 22–25
host plants, 58, 59, 71, 89, 110, 134, 139, 143, 147
migration, 26, 27, 35, 49, 59, 65, 67
overwintering, 24, 26–27, 31, 49, 65
threatened status, 7, 8, 24–27, 29, 30, 31
Monarda, 213
Monarda fistulosa, 82, 154, 235
monocot skippers, 38–40
Monterey cypress, 67
Monterey pine, 67
Mormon metalmark, 149
moth families
clearwing (Sesiidae), 227–229
flannel (Megalopygidae), 229
geometer (Geometridae), 226–227
goldenrod gall (family Gelechiidae, genus norimoschema), 229–231
owlet (Noctuidae), 223–224
slug (Limacodidae), 229
sphinx and hawk (Sphingidae), 218–220
tiger (Arctiidae), 221–223
underwing (Erebidae), 225
wild silkmoths, royal and imperial (Saturniidae), 220–221
yucca (Prodoxidae), 231
moths
biological controls parasitizing, 34
citizen science projects, 266, 267
conservation, 238–239
educational study, 27
feeders for, 60
food for animals, 20–21
life cycle, 231–233
moth gardening overview, 217–218
nocturnal moths, 221, 230–231, 233, 239
number of species, 13–14
plant population control, 21
protective tactics, 18, 218, 233
selecting plants for, 233–237
mottled duskywing, 180
mountain mint, 213
mountain parnassian butterfly, 18
mournful duskywing, 182
mournful thyris, 15
mourning cloak, 65, 72, 172, 178, 180, 186, 189, 244
mowing practices, 245, 247, 249
municipal weed laws, 209–210
mustard family, 42
mylitta crescent, 6, 71, 111, 117
narrow-leaved purple coneflower, 104
Nastra lherminier, 162
native plants
coevolution, 57–58
in garden design, 69–74, 77, 101
importance of cultivating, 10
online resources, 269–270
sourcing, 193–198
supplying nectar, 62
See also wildflowers
natural pest control, 210–211
NatureServe, 28
nectar plants, 61–62
neonicotinoids, 32
netting butterflies, 258
Nevada buckmoth, 179, 234, 235
New Jersey tea, 75, 83, 85, 180–181
nickerbean, 33
Noctuidae family, 223–224
nonnative species, 21–22, 33–34, 71, 76, 77
Northeast plant lists, 84–85, 236
northern white skipper, 116
Northwest region, 6, 58, 75, 78–79, 234
Notamblyscirtes simius, 158
Nymphalidae family (nymphalids), 44–49
Nymphalis antiopa, 65, 72, 172, 178, 180, 186, 189, 244
Nymphalis californica, 174
Nymphalis l-album, 186
oak, 72, 77, 81, 83, 85, 87, 182–183, 221, 225, 235, 236, 237
oak hairstreak, 182
Oarisma garita, 158
Oarisma poweshiek, 163
obscure skipper, 16
observation tips
citizen science opportunities, 264–267
collecting responsibly, 35, 259–261
equipment, 257–258
finding butterflies, 256–257
nocturnal moths, 230
photographs, 261–262
raising butterflies, 262–264
records and field notes, 259, 260
Ochlodes sylvanoides, 159, 161, 165
Oenothera biennis, 82, 84, 118, 224, 233, 235, 236
Oenothera caespitosa, 80, 153, 235
ollas, 96
ommatidia, 88
online resources, 261, 269–271
Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, 59
orange-barred sulphur, 19, 127
orange-eyed butterfly bush, 75
orange mint moth, 140, 154, 235, 236
orange sulphur, 42, 109, 140, 203
Oregon checkermallow, 78, 129, 234
Oregon swallowtail, 40
organizations and resources, 269–271
Ottoe skipper, 162
overwintering
annual cleanup supporting, 206, 207, 238
boxes for, 60
butterfly tourism spots, 24
diapause in, 64–65
moths, 238
sheltering habitat, 63, 64, 73
oviposit, 56
owlet moths, 19, 223–224, 230–231
Pachysphinx modesta, 178, 186, 189
Pacific Northwest, 6, 58, 75, 78–79, 234
Pacuvius duskywing, 174
Pahaska skipper, 158
painted lady, 7, 44, 47, 65, 71, 111, 116, 117, 133, 150, 157, 262
painted schinia moth, 126, 217, 235
pale purple coneflower, 82, 131
pale tiger swallowtail, 172, 179, 184, 188
Palmer’s penstemon, 80, 132, 235
palms, 48
Panoquina panoquinoides, 16
Paonias astylus, 173
Paonias excaecata, 72, 176, 178, 182, 184, 189
Papaipema cerussata, 121
Papaipema eryngii, 138
Papilio eurymedon, 172, 179, 184, 188
Papilio glaucus, 9, 40, 72, 176, 179, 180, 186, 190, 244
Papilio multicaudata, 188
Papilionidae family, 40–41
Papilio oregonius, 40
Papilio polyxenes, 36, 40, 54, 122
Papilio rutulus, 172, 184, 188, 194
Papilio troilus, 190
Papilio zelicaon, 65
Paratraea plebeja, 170
parking strip gardens, 100–102
parnassians (subfamily Parnassiinae), 40
Parnassius smintheus, 18
Parrhasius m-album, 182
Passerina cyanea, 239
Passiflora, 73–74
pea family, 42
pearly everlasting, 78, 84, 133
pearly wood nymph, 187
penitent underwing, 225
Penstemon digitalis, 82, 120, 235, 236
Penstemon heterophyllus, 81, 119, 234
Penstemon palmeri, 80, 132, 235
Penstemon (penstemon), 213
pepper-and-salt skipper, 161
Peritoma serrulata, 80, 138, 235
Peromyscus melanotis, 18
pest control, natural, 209, 210–211
Pheobetron pithecium, 228, 229
pheromones, 56
Pheucticus melanocephalus, 18
Phoebis sennae, 65, 66, 71, 124, 127
Phoenicurus ochruros, 242
Pholisora catullus, 40
photographing butterflies, 261–262
Phragmatobia fuliginosa, 125, 147, 150
Phyciodes mylitta, 71, 111, 117
Phyciodes tharos, 46, 128, 254
Phylloscopus trochilus, 20
Pieridae family, 42
pipevines plant species, 73, 91
pipevine swallowtail, 18, 73, 169, 171
Plagiomimicus dimidiata, 224
plant establishment, 200–201
planting process. See installation process
plant needs
growing season extenders, 88
host plants, 31, 51, 52, 56, 57–58, 61
sheltering habitat, 62–68
tropical milkweed concerns, 59
plant population control, 21–22
plant profiles
grasses and sedge, 158–167
overview of, 105
trees and shrubs, 172–191
vines, 168–171
wildflowers, 106–157
plant propagation, 211–215
plant selection, 193–198, 233–237, 244. See also regional plant tables
Platanthera bifolia, 19
Platanthera praeclara, 18
Plebeian sphinx, 170
Plebejus icarioides, 109
Plebejus icarioides pheres, 28, 29
Plebejus lupine, 175
Plebejus lupini, 149
Plebejus melissa samuelis, 154
Plectritis congesta, 78, 142, 242
plusiine moth, 223–224
Poanes hobomok, 165
Poanes melane, 166
Poanes zabulon, 164
Poladryas arachne, 132
Polites mardon, 33
Polites rhesus, 158
Polites sabuleti, 161
Polites sonora, 161
pollen consumption, 55–56
polydamas swallowtail, 171
Polygonia comma, 144
Polygonia faunus, 244
Polygonia interrogationis, 144
polyphemus moth, 72, 176, 178, 182, 186, 221, 235, 236, 237
Pompeius verna, 164
Pontia beckerii, 136
Poweshiek skipper, 163
prairie blazing star, 82, 134, 235
prairie fringed orchid, 18
prairie junegrass, 203
primrose moth, 118, 224, 235, 236
Problema byssus, 158
Prochoerodes lineola, 226
Prodoxidae family, 231
promethea moth, 176, 178, 186, 190, 235, 236, 237
propagating plants, 211–215
Propertius duskywing, 182
Prosopis, 224
Proxodus, 145
Prunus, 88
Prunus angustifolia, 87, 176, 237
Prunus emarginata, 79, 184, 234
Prunus ilicifolia, 81, 179, 234
Prunus virginiana, 72, 77, 80, 83, 85, 176–177, 235, 236
Pseudosphinx tetrio, 20
psyche (soul), 22
public gardens, 98–102, 245–247
Puget Sound gumweed, 78, 137, 234
pupa/pupae, 53–55, 63, 64, 233, 257
purple crow butterfly, 24
purple prairie clover, 82, 137
pussy willow, 83, 85, 186, 235, 236
Pycnanthemum, 213
Pycnanthemum virginianum, 82, 84, 86, 151
pyramidal orchid, 19
Pyrgus scriptura, 116
queen butterfly, 49, 110, 143, 147
Quercus, 72, 74, 81, 83, 85, 87, 182–183, 235, 236, 237
Quercus berberidifolia, 72
Quercus gambelii, 72
Quercus garryana, 234
Quercus ilicifolia, 72
Quercus laevis, 72
question mark, 144
rain gardens, 72, 73, 92–95, 243–244
raising butterflies, 262–264
raspberry pyrausta moth, 140, 154, 235, 236
rattlesnake-master borer moth, 86, 138, 237
Reakirt’s blue, 153
red-banded hairstreak, 182, 247
redbud, 9
red-shouldered ctenucha moth, 223
red-spotted purple, 72, 176, 178, 186
regal fritillary, 15
regional plant tables
Midwest and Great Plains, 82–83, 235
Northeast and Mid-Atlantic, 84–85, 236
Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, 78–79, 234
releases of butterflies, 34–35
releases of predator insects, 34, 211
Rhesus skipper, 158
rhododendron, 6
Riley’s clearwing, 229
ringlets, 48
roadside gardens, 100–102, 247–251
Rocky Mountain bee plant, 80, 138, 235
Rocky Mountain blazing star, 82, 139, 235
Rocky Mountain dotted blue, 149
roof gardens, 241–242
rosy maple moth, 72, 182, 221, 235, 236, 237
rototilling, 201
round-headed bush clover, 82, 84, 140
royal moths, 220–221
royal walnut moth, 174, 221, 237
ruby tiger moth, 125, 147, 150, 236
Rudbeckia hirta, 84, 86, 106, 244
runoff management, 73, 92–95, 241–244
Russelia, 19
rust red orchid, 19
Sacramento Mountains checkerspot, 47
sagebrush checkerspot, 191
Salix caroliniana, 87, 178, 237
Salix discolor, 83, 85, 186, 235, 236
Salix scouleriana, 79, 189, 234
sallow moth, 230–231
salt-tolerance, 102
Salvia dorrii, 80, 81, 185, 234
San Bruno elfin, 29
sandhill skipper, 161
San Francisco habitat loss, 28, 29
Sara’s orangetip, 42
Saskatoon serviceberry, 79, 188
Saturnia albofasciata, 174
Saturniidae family, 220–221
Satyrium acadica, 186
Satyrium auretorum, 182
Satyrium calanus, 182
Satyrium californica, 174, 179, 180, 182
Satyrium edwardsii, 182
Satyrium favonius, 182
Satyrium fuliginosum, 149
Satyrium saepium, 174
Satyrium sylvinus, 180
satyrs, 48
scale insects, 56
scales, 14
scat as food, 55
Schinia, 224
Schinia arcigera, 224
Schinia indiana, 135
schinia moth, 224
Schinia sanguinea, 134, 139, 224
Schinia trifascia, 125, 147, 150
Schinia varix, 235
Schizachyrium scoparium, 83, 87, 162
scientific naming system, 39
scientific studies, 23, 25, 27
Scouler’s willow, 79, 189, 234
scrub oak, 72
season extenders, 88
sedge, tussock, 166
seed collection, 213–215
selecting plants, 193–198, 233–237, 244. See also plant profiles; regional plant tables
Senecio, 18
senesced plants, 61
Senna marilandica, 82, 86, 127
serviceberry, 88
Sesiidae family, 227–229
shady gardens, 90–91
Sheridan’s hairstreak, 149
short-spurred fragrant orchid, 19
showy milkweed, 78, 81, 143, 193–194
shrub oak, 72
shrubs
in garden design, 77, 94, 96, 97, 244
Sidalcea malviflora, 81, 126, 234
Sidalcea oregana, 78, 129, 234
silkmoths, 34
Silphium perfoliatum, 82, 113, 235, 244
silver-banded hairstreak, 58
silver-bordered fritillary, 112
silver-spotted skipper, 140, 179
silvery blue, 22, 109, 149, 154
silvery checkerspot, 55, 106, 131, 156
Simius roadside skipper, 158
Sisyrinchium, 203
six-spot burnet, 17
skippers, 17, 38–40, 53, 70, 71, 73, 131, 134, 145, 203
sleepy duskywing, 182
sleepy orange, 127
slug moths, 229
small checkered skipper, 116
small-eyed sphinx moth, 176, 184, 186, 234–237
small spike false nettle, 82, 84, 86, 91, 144
Smerinthus jamaicensis, 176, 184, 186, 189
smothering technique, 199–200
snowberry clearwing moth, 219
soil preparation, 198–200
solarization, 198–199
Solidago californica, 81, 110, 234
Solidago rugosa, 84, 86, 156, 236, 237
Sonoran metalmark, 149
Sonora skipper, 161
sooty hairstreak, 149
Sorghastrum nutans, 83, 85, 161
Southeast plant lists, 86–87, 237
southern dogface, 137, 153, 179
southern flannel moth, 229
southwestern mock vervain, 80, 145
spermatophore, 56
Speyeria callippe callippe, 29
Speyeria cybele, 112
Speyeria idalia, 15
Speyeris aphrodite, 112
Sphingidae family, 218–220
Sphinx gordius, 173
spicebush, 83, 85, 87, 190, 235, 236, 237
spicebush swallowtail, 55, 190
spider mites, 211
spiny oak slug moth, 229
Sporobolus heterolepis, 83, 163
spotted Joe Pye weed, 84, 147, 236
spread-winged skippers, 40
spring azure, 55, 72, 140, 172, 176, 180, 184
Stanleya pinnata, 80, 136, 235
stigmata, 231
stinging rose caterpillar moth, 182, 236, 237, 239
stormwater management, 73, 92–95, 241–244
stratification, 202
Strymon avalona, 115
Strymon melinus, 43, 58, 124, 140, 154, 172, 179, 187, 203
subfamily Hesperiinae, 39–40
subfamily Pyrginae, 40
succulents, 70
sulphur buckwheat, 78, 80, 149
summer aestivation, 64
summer azure, 180
summer lilac, 75
sun requirements, 90–91
swallowtails, 6, 18, 19, 27, 40–41, 54, 71, 134
swamp thistle, 71, 82, 84, 150
swarthy skipper, 162
swift moth, 233
sylvan hairstreak, 180
Symphyotrichum chilense, 81, 131, 234
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae, 84, 128
Symphyotrichum subspicatum, 78, 116, 234
Synanthedon rileyana, 229
Synanthedon tipuliformis, 227
Synchlora aerata, 226–227
Table Mountain beauty, 19
Tetracis cachexiata, 226
tetrio sphinx, 20
Texas wasp moth, 229
Thorybes confusis, 124
threats to butterflies
climate change, 30–31
habitat loss and fragmentation, 29–30, 31
invasive species, 33–34
mass releases of butterflies, 34–35
monarch, 7, 8, 24–27, 29, 30, 31
See also conservation
three-lined flower moth, 125, 147, 150, 236, 237
thyme, 56
Thyris sepulchralis, 15
tickseed, 213
tiger swallowtail, 72, 176, 179, 180, 194, 244
tilling, 201
titan sphinx, 174
transplanting plants, 197–198, 200–201
tree-hoppers, 56
trees
in garden design, 77, 94, 97, 244
profiles of, 172, 176–184, 186, 189
Trifolium repens, 203
tropical longwing, 55–56
tropical mlkweed, 59
true nymphs, 47–48
tulip tree beauty moth, 190, 235, 236, 237
turfgrass, 10–11, 31, 32, 37, 96, 97
turkey oak, 72
twin-spotted sphinx moth, 176, 184, 186, 189, 234, 235, 236
two-banded checkered skipper, 143, 155
two-tailed swallowtail, 188
umber skipper, 166
Uncompahgre fritillary, 30–31, 65
underwing moths, 225
urban gardens, 100–102
Urbanus proteus, 168
ursine giant skipper moth, 145, 235
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, 251
Utetheisa ornatrix, 124
utility corridor gardens, 247–251
Vanessa annabella, 116, 128, 129
Vanessa cardui, 47, 65, 71, 111, 116, 117, 133, 150, 157, 262
Vanessa virginiensis, 47, 104, 133
variable checkerspot, 132
variegated fritillary, 2, 44, 112, 170
Verbena hastata, 82, 84, 108–109
Verbesina alternifolia, 86, 156, 237
Verbesina encelioides, 80, 123, 235
viewing jar, 258
violets, 61
Virginia mountain mint, 82, 84, 86, 151
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 220
walnut, 221
watering, establishment phase, 201, 202
water management, 73, 92–96, 241, 243–244
waved sphinx moth, 182, 235, 236, 237
wavyleaf thistle, 71
wavy-lined emerald moth, 226–227
weed control, 198–200, 204–207
West Coast lady, 116, 128, 129
western banded skipper, 161
western green hairstreak, 149, 174, 175
western thistle, 71
western tiger swallowtail, 172, 184, 188, 194
white-lined sphinx moth, 118, 119, 153, 219, 234, 235, 236
white M hairstreak, 182
whites, 42
white slant-line moth, 226
white-streaked saturnia moth, 174, 234
white-tufted evening primrose, 80, 153, 235
wild area sites, 251–253
wild blue indigo, 88
wildfire hazards, 101, 207, 209
wildflowers
eco-lawns featuring, 203
in garden design, 9, 70–71, 94, 96, 97, 194
meadow plantings, 98–100
profiles of, 106–157
seed collection, 213
wild indigo duskywing, 154
willow warbler, 20
winnowing seed, 214–215
woodland skipper, 6, 159, 161, 165
woolly aphid, 56
wrinkleleaf goldenrod, 84, 86, 156, 236, 237
Xanthopan morganii subsp. praedicta, 220
Xerces Society, 92, 260–261, 267, 271, 286–287
xeriscaping, 94–97
yarrow, 203
yucca, 70
yucca giant skipper moth, 145, 235
yucca moths, 70, 145, 231, 233, 235
Zabulon skipper, 164
Zarucco duskywing, 124
zinnia, 7
Zygaena filipendulae, 17