Pain and discomfort are often similar to the pain of an ulcer; severe discomfort is felt in the upper abdominal area. This may occur immediately after eating, or within a short period of about 3 hours. This problem arises because of some irritation to the stomach lining, which becomes inflamed. This can be caused by many things such as: alcohol, smoking, or too much stress in everyday life. Occasionally it can be due to an autoimmune disorder, whereby the body’s own antibodies destroy the tissue and inflammation manifests in the stomach lining, creating a problem.
M/R. The stomach area to neutralize the acid and any inflammation, allowing natural healing to take place. Treatment should always be aimed at approximately 2–3 hours after the main meal of the day, as this will help to balance the acid surge that occurs at this time, which is often the culprit of the annoying problem.
A/A. The great toe for the vagus nerve as its nerve fibres serve the stomach and whole digestive tract; it also regulates the acid and pepsin release.
P/Hs. PE-6 and TB-4 are potent points to aid the stomach.
P/LL. ST-35, 36 and 39 will regulate the stomach’s activity.
Warning! ST-36 must not be used on young children.
P/AS. All abdominal areas.
P/AA. Apex of antitragus for inflammatory problems.
P/OM. Subcortex and sympathetic nervous system, as both are involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system. Work the vagus nerve directly on the dorsal surface.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
This is dealt with under Menstrual problems. However, the whole reproductive tract can be treated as disorders often occur because of a homeostatic imbalance within a given area. With treatment hormonal imbalances are normalized very quickly, and these abnormalities once corrected allow normal functioning and healing within.
These are often referred to as piles. Haemorrhoidal veins form the lowest section of the portal system; as they have no valves at this point it is quite common for them to become distended. Any venal distension in the anal area can be painful; as the veins of the rectum become distended and the anus becomes aggravated many factors can irritate them. This can be due to constipation, in which case the diet must be altered to include fresh vegetables and fruit. Daily exercise or regular walking will improve the circulation in general, especially the portal circulation. Other known causes are pregnancy and the repeated use of laxatives; even sitting on cold surfaces can irritate. People who lead a sedentary lifestyle with little exercise are often prone to this problem. This is why behaviour factors are studied as occupation can also aggravate or cause the problem. People who may be vulnerable are lorry drivers or sales people who spend long hours driving, and office staff who sit for long periods on synthetic seats with little movement; these occupations can exacerbate an already existing problem causing a sluggish bowel action and pelvic congestion.
Fluid is absorbed throughout the large intestine, therefore the longer the waste matter is retained, the more it becomes dehydrated and the more difficult to pass.
M/R. Work the solar plexus and diaphragm reflexes to reduce stress and normalize functions of the abdominal organs. Liver and gall bladder reflexes aid digestion and release bile to act as a mild laxative; this makes it easier for stools to be passed. Also work the spinal area as the pudendal nerve serves the anal sphincter.
A/A. Pancreatic reflexes to secrete digestive juices, changing acidic contents leaving the stomach to alkaline. Stomach and intestine reflexes to perform their digestive secretions and absorption, and to encourage peristalsis to move the contents onwards. Adrenal reflexes to increase metabolism and aid in any inflammation that may arise.
Always finish treatments with relaxing techniques, friction, moulding, spinal twist and solar plexus relaxation, with crossed hands to balance energy. Do solar plexus deep breathing so that client enjoys the treatment and has a positive attitude to good health and vitality. Often people who are constipated have a reserved nature, and tend to withhold.
If it is a client’s first treatment I would give a complete but gentle treatment to both feet, so as to chart the sensitive reflexes. The signs of imbalance of areas of the digestive system should show up in sensitive areas, in the appearance of creases, calluses, or the condition of the nails. Reflexology treats the body as a whole, to normalize all bodily functions. Ask the client to note changes and responses to treatment. After a couple of days, depending upon the results, a further treatment paying special attention to specific complaints in specific areas of reflexes may be required.
P/Hs. LI-2 and 4 for all intestinal disorders. Also TB-4 to aid in elimination.
Warning! LI-4 can be used only providing the person is not pregnant as it is an empirical point to promote delivery during labour.
P/LL. SP-5 aids any constipation and haemorrhoids.
P/AS. Rectum and anus point.
P/AA. Apex of antitragus for inflammatory problems.
P/OM. Subcortex and sympathetic nervous system, as both are involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
P/HF. Chengjiang (CV-24) point on the lower lip helps all constipation.
Self-help tips: spray cold water to the area, ensure the diet contains sufficient fibre, and drink at least six glasses of water daily.
Some people are hypersensitive to pollen or spores that are all around us in the air we breathe. If the person inhales this allergen then a substance known as histamine found in all tissues of the body is released; this is often known as the defence mechanism, but its release may cause dilation of the blood vessels as a response and this may cause inflammation of the mucous membranes. The excess fluid production takes place in the delicate lining of the nose, sinuses and the eyes, causing unpleasant irritation of all surfaces. Treatment is similar to eczema, which is also often an allergic reaction. Reflexology treatment should commence prior to the hayfever season starting. The client should try to avoid situations that make the problem worse; eg when driving keep the windows closed and use the air conditioner if possible.
M/R. Reflexology is a marvellous way to detoxify the body, working on the liver reflex will help to eliminate any excess toxins from the body. The skin is related to the lungs according to the Chinese theory; it is amazing how many asthma sufferers have eczema and/or suffer from hayfever.
A/A. Stimulation to the adrenal glands, with its powerful anti-inflammatory properties, will calm and relieve any tendency to wheeziness, breaking up any stubborn congestion, and facilitating the whole breathing process.
P/Hs. LI-4 is a good point for hayfever.
Warning! LI-4 can be used only providing the person is not pregnant, as it is an empirical point to promote delivery during labour.
P/LL. SP-1 and GB-44 help all nose and lung problems.
P/AS. Adrenal glands point, as the corticosteroids aid in calming even the most inflamed area.
P/AA. Apex of ear helps in all inflammatory disorders.
P/OM. Adrenal glands (tragus) for its marvellous anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief and as a calming point. Wind Stream, an allergy point.
P/HF. There are many eye and nose points (see chapter 7).
Smoking can cause the bronchiole to constrict, producing mucopus. Smoking can paralyse the cilia, the little hairs that line the upper respiratory tract, for hours and irritate the sensitive lining of the airways producing even more inflammation. Smokers often develop an irritating cough to remove this congestion; persistent coughing drains and damages the lungs and reduces their efficiency. Tar droplets remain in the lungs, and chemicals from tar can cause growths which can develop into cancer of the bronchial tubes. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas inhaled while smoking; it can reduce the ability of the blood and interfere with its oxygen-carrying capacity.
Nicotine is another poisonous substance in tobacco; it is also strongly addictive and can increase the pulse rate and blood pressure. Nicotine disturbs the balance of fatty substances in the bloodstream. Poisoning can occur owing to excessive amounts of nicotine. In the first instance there is overstimulation of the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system; this is closely followed by depression of these systems. Prolonged inhalation or ingestion of this toxic substance leads to a decrease in the diameter of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction) of the hands and feet, and peripheral vascular disorders may develop. Patients may complain of pains in their hands, arms, feet or legs. The tips of the toes may have a loss of sensation on the plantar aspect of the feet; the lung reflex appears yellow, and the liver reflex is very tender owing to this toxic substance.
Smoking is one of the main causes of lung cancers; just a small percentage of these cancers are caused by atmospheric pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Smokers are also more at risk of a heart attack than are non-smokers. Because of the carbon monoxide reducing the amount of oxygen in the blood, the heart has to work much harder but gets less oxygen. A quarter of all deaths from heart attacks are thought to be caused by smoking. The nicotine and carbon monoxide make the blood more prone to clotting, accelerating the furring up of the coronary arteries so blocking them.
Nature’s way of dealing with this problem is to try to get rid of all excess bacteria produced by mucus congestion by coughing and sneezing. It is only when the airways become blocked up and congested that you need to resort to other methods. Reflexology applied in the right way will ease this congested state.
There are several stages to stopping smoking and several attempts may have to be made before succeeding, the main point is to want to stop. Making a simple list of the incentives to stopping is helpful. The most important factor is to be aware of vulnerable times. At these times the main objective is to keep busy but try to relax. Reflexology helps put the person in a more relaxed state, prior to starting any withdrawal or eliminating programme. It makes them more determined, easing the withdrawal stage, and helps to eliminate any mucus or congestion, so breathing improves.
(See plate 9 of a smoker with irritable bowel syndrome and wheat intolerance.)
This is a total functional disorder, so a complete treatment over many weeks, together with a change in lifestyle, can only be beneficial. (Refer to The zones of the respiratory system, chapter 5, for lung imbalance.)
M/R. When there is a problem with the respiratory system in whatever form it is most important to work the intestinal areas thoroughly as this is an area that will assist in the removal of any excess mucus. This includes upper respiratory problems such as a sinus infection; this infection spreads from the pharynx and the congested mucosa can become even more infected by bacteria and become a chronic problem. Pharyngitis, laryngitis and tonsillitis are all related to the same viral and bacterial infection with a great deal of excess mucus (see Colds).
A/A. As well as covering all respiratory areas, work intestinal points to eliminate any excess mucus; the lungs and intestines have an intimate contact according to TCM.
P/AA. Apex of ear as a soothing analgesic effect.
P/TCM. Ear Shenmen point will help any withdrawal syndrome; it also helps any associated anxiety by tranquillizing the mind.
Alcohol is a chemical substance that alters the functioning of the body. Heavy drinking over a period of many years may cause long-term ill-effects on the body. These can take place from the brain downwards, damaging body tissue, the main two problems being cirrhosis of the liver because this organ is responsible for metabolizing alcohol from the blood, and cardiomyopathy, which can lead to a reduction in the force of heart contractions, and in turn to a decrease in the efficiency of blood circulation. In certain cases peripheral neuritis is evident with numbness or tingling felt on the extremities.
As for the previous disorder, also the kidneys to assist filtration and absorption. Stimulation should be firm but not too heavy. The result is the kidneys respond according to the body’s needs.
Most people experience stress at some time in their lives; this stress can take place at home or in the workplace, or certain life events can produce extreme stress, eg birth of a baby, death of a loved one, divorce, physical violence, family conflict, moving house, loss of a job, unpleasant thoughts, unpleasant sights, accidents, too much heat, cold or noise; these are only a few of the many aspects of life that may cause an overload of stress. Any stressful stimuli can immediately change the internal environment of the body.
Reflexology is a must for any stressful situation, it is a complete stress buster often within one treatment. (See Stress disorders and chapter 10 for a detailed discussion.)
Diet can be a key factor in many disorders. The right choice of food is most essential to help maintain a healthy heart. Basically eat less fat, salt and sugar and more starch and fibre, especially more fruit and vegetables. A high intake of natural vitamin C from fresh vegetables and citrus fruits is a health booster. Also increase water intake, drinking at least six glasses of water daily, and cut back on stimulants such as tea and coffee. (See chapter 11 for a detailed discussion.)
It is advisable to become more active gradually; there are many things that can be done to improve fitness levels. People of all ages can enjoy a brisk walk; walking can be encouraged instead of always using a car or taking a bus. Little adjustments to daily activities, like walking up stairs instead of using a lift or escalator, are beneficial. As strength and stamina improve through gentle exercise then everyday activities will become easier. Walking will also strengthen the heart muscle.
The most important point is to enjoy the exercise, and aim to increase any exercise routine slowly. If in doubt about health always check with a medical practitioner first.
A general treatment working all heart reflexes on hands and feet, cervical and thoracic spinal areas; this helps all areas of the thoracic cavity down to the diaphragm as these nerves arise from three levels of the cervical trunk, then descend through the thoracic inlet and end in the cardiac plexus. Their fibres reach the lungs and all associated viscera as well as the heart. The vagus nerve arises from the brain and emerges at the medulla oblongata around the ear and continues through the neck to the thorax and then on into the abdomen. A reflexologist will work all these areas in a full treatment.
Self-help tips: many points help to calm a person down and normalize the heart function. First pressure points on the hands are PE-4, one hand’s-width above the crease of the wrist, which will help the heart. The heart meridian from HE-9 down to HE-5 will help irregular heartbeat and palpitations; these are calming points and will strengthen the heartbeat. Stroking the ear on the sympathetic point at the top of the ear between the helix and the antihelix helps the circulation as there is stimulation to the autonomic nervous system at this point. The subcortex on the medial side of the antitragus regulates the circulation and the whole cardiovascular function. The vagus nerve can be contacted by stroking behind the ear. KI-1 on the plantar aspect of the foot for all acute problems. Duyin on the middle of the second toe is for cardiac pain, and the Qiduan reflex points on the tips of the toes are for helping the nervous system. Shixuan points are for all acute problems; these are on the fingertips. Press in with opposite hand as near to the nail as possible, and do both hands; this has a good calming action.
Patients often complain that they are prone to headaches and worry that it could be some underlying disease. The pain is not from the brain itself, however, which has no sensory nerves; it is from the meninges and the blood vessels surrounding the brain and also the muscles of the scalp. The pain may be in a specific area, a general to deep throbbing or even stabbing pain, which can sometimes lead to vomiting and visual disturbances. Many headaches have common causes such as: hangovers, poor ventilation in home or office, excitement and even excessive sleep. Certain foods can act as a trigger to bring one on; the known irritants are: chocolate, red wine, cheese, and food additives (which are in most packaged foods). Sinus problems and migraine itself can be severely debilitating problems; neck strain, constipation, high blood pressure, eye strain and indigestion all play a part in causing this distressing disorder.
M/R. Work the liver to detoxify and cleanse the system. Often the simple explanation is that high toxic levels in the system have reached the brain barrier or the cranial arteries are dilated, causing pressure. Often, stimulation of the vagus nerve can cause a normalization of such dilation. Reflexology relaxes and acts as a sedative; it has antispasmodic action on the muscles of the neck and scalp, and it stimulates the cerebral circulation and tones up the central nervous system. However, persistent headaches should be checked with a GP for any abnormalities.
A/A. The fifth cranial nerve (the trigeminal nerve, a paired nerve) arises one each side from the pons varolii, part of the brainstem. The skull is innervated by the trigeminal nerve, which splits into three main branches: the ophthalmic nerve, which serves most of the scalp and upper eyelids, tear glands and cornea; the maxillary nerve, which supplies the upper jaw, sinuses and teeth; and the mandibular nerve, which supplies the lower jaw and the muscles involved in chewing and the production of saliva. This nerve can be reached on the lateral edge of the great toe, and it relaxes the jaw area, which is often held tight with the teeth firmly clenched, creating further problems.
P/Hs. SI-1 for headaches and LI-4. This can be used as it is a calming point and has an antispasmodic action on any facial neuralgia.
Warning! LI-4 can be used only providing the person is not pregnant, as it is an empirical point to promote delivery during labour.
P/LL. BL-67, GB-44 and LIV-2 for headaches.
P/AS. Brain area.
P/AA. Midpoint of rim – aids the cerebral cortex.
P/OM. Subcortex for its analgesic properties.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief, and Liver Yang (helix).
P/HF. There are many points for headaches (see chapter 7).
We would all like to discover what causes heart problems. For years scientists have studied many different factors, but there seems no one isolated cause that will increase the risk of a heart disorder, and in fact there are many contributing factors. Statistics are supposed to show that men are predominantly more at risk than women. It is quite natural as part of the ageing process for our arteries to narrow, but many factors can exacerbate this natural ageing process of hardening or loss of elasticity and furring up of the linings of the blood vessels, which may lead to angina or a heart attack. The vulnerable years used to be from 50 years old onwards in women, possibly due to a reduction in hormones that had given some protection in earlier life. In men the danger time seemed to be from the mid 40s onwards. However, there seems to be an increased risk in all age groups.
Inherited abnormal genes or genetic variations cannot be controlled by the individual. However, many things can be done to help maintain a healthy heart. A hazardous lifestyle may be increasing the risk, and this is one of the three major factors that needs to be embraced; the other two are diet and exercise.
(See plate 10, of a patient with heart disease, also the circulatory system and foot analysis, chapter 5. See also Circulatory disorders and Hazardous lifestyles.)
M/R. Work heart reflex, but remember many other factors are involved. Working the liver area helps to detoxify the system.
A/A. Stimulation of the whole system will balance any irregularities.
P/Hs. HE-5, 7 and 9, and PE-4 will regulate and strengthen the heartbeat.
P/LL. SP-4 is specifically for cardiac inflammation.
P/AS. Heart and cardia.
P/AA. Centre of ear; as this point contacts the vagus nerve directly, it will have a calming influence and slow down the heart.
P/OM. Subcortex; because this point contacts the functional areas, it controls and regulates many of the visceral activities, such as the heart rate.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief, and as a calming point.
Self-help tips: if tense or agitated you can stimulate your parasympathetic nervous system just by stroking or palpating the ears to the back of the auricle; this calms you down immediately. It supplies sensory fibres to the ear. The point is almost at the hinge of the jaw; it is where the vagus nerve passes through the neck on its way to the abdomen. Also fingertip first aid working on the heart and pericardium pressure points will help. Stroke the wrist area, below the little finger, over the creases. Apply pressure between the tendons a palm’s-width up the arm; this point will help angina and any increase of heart rate above normal.
A case history of heart disorder is given in box 8.7.
Male, aged 55 years, retired headmaster.
Psychological state. He is very aware of his position within his small community; he is a regular attender of his local church, and has always helped in compiling the church accounts. A very pedantic man, extremely aware of his appearance; he used to be a keen keep-fit enthusiast. The wife is the deputy head of a local primary school, and they have two children, a daughter and son. The son had caused them many problems since the age of 14 years old; he had dropped out from college and had been a constant source of worry ever since. The daughter had completed her studies, was most supportive of the brother, and had no conflict with the parents.
Clinical problems presented at first treatment. He could not walk straight and veered to one side, also he had a droop to one side of the face.
Background medical history. He had suffered a stroke about a year before, and also had high blood pressure. He was awaiting a triple heart bypass operation owing to a blocked coronary artery.
Medication. Propranolol – Niazinopol.
Observation of the hands, feet and general evaluation. The feet and hands were very moist, and the feet and parts of the legs and arms had many eruptions. There were excessive amounts of perspiration of hands and feet (hyperhidrosis). The feet were extremely yellow in the colon area; there was also a raised area on the bladder point, and a rash present on both feet up to the ankle area. He was very breathless on arrival.
Over the first few treatments I worked very gently, because of his problems; because of open areas I wore surgical gloves. The area to the kidney reflex was extremely tender. The rash persisted even though there was general improvement in his walking. His face had lost the drooping look on the right side and he no longer dribbled. He decided to go to his GP because the rash was not clearing as he wished and he was prescribed steroids.
Current Health Status. Over several weeks he received treatments that resulted in a great improvement to his general well-being, but his breathlessness had increased, even with the slightest exertion. He underwent his triple heart bypass operation and returned 10 days after leaving hospital because he was in severe pain in the sternum and clavicle areas owing to his surgery. The first thing I noticed was the complete absence of any rash on his feet and ankles. We went through all the things that he had not eaten whilst in hospital and the missing ingredient was his fish oil capsules! After his treatment he no longer had pain in the sternum area. He now attends on a regular 4-weekly basis to continue maintaining his good health. This case history proved successful in the case of the skin problem because of the holistic approach to the patient, embracing all factors. This gentleman attends on a 1-monthly basis as a preventative measure.
A burning sensation may be felt in the throat or the oesophagus, a feeling of discomfort may occur after eating.
M/R. The great toe for the vagus nerve to normalize acid and pepsin release. Work the solar plexus, diaphragm reflexes and stomach reflexes to regulate the functions of the abdominal organs. Work on the adrenals in case the oesophagus is inflamed.
A/A. The spinal reflex will aid and control the general speed of the passage of food and the rate that digestion takes place; digestion is greater and takes only a short time if you quietly rest after taking any food.
P/Hs. LI-3 for any flatulence.
P/LL. SP-2 and 3 aid digestion in general.
P/AS. All digestive organs.
P/AA. Subcortex for all functional disturbances.
P/TCM. Sanjiao as it contacts the vagus nerve, and increases the digestive process.
Indigestion is a general term for abdominal discomfort, usually this occurs just after eating. It has many causes, and investigation is necessary in order to improve or cure the condition. This is where the initial consultation is very useful; however, some clients may not feel totally at ease on the first visit. The client will develop confidence in your treatment and you, and problems can be discussed in more depth on subsequent visits. Starting with the mouth, bad teeth or ill-fitting dentures or even teeth that are missing owing to extraction will certainly affect the mastication of food. Other causes may be missing breakfast or lunch and then having a large meal at night to make up for it, or eating the wrong foods – those that are high in fat or too spicy – eating when not hungry, or eating when stressed. How long after a meal the pain occurs can help identify the problem. Disorders like stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers, and gastric ulcers or, higher up in the tract, heartburn, are often caused by the presence of acid, pepsin and bile breaching the mucosal lining of the organ or tract. Eating too quickly or an excessively large meal can cause heartburn and indigestion.
Constipation, flatulence, haemorrhoids, nausea, stress, depression, and insufficient secretion of bile or pancreatic juices to neutralize the acid, all affect the digestive system; they can, if allowed to continue, cause chronic problems. Prevention of a large number of digestive disorders can be achieved by more careful attention to everyday things, like washing fruit and vegetables (as these are often sprayed with pesticides), storing frozen foods at correct temperatures and thawing them out properly before thoroughly cooking, thus preventing multiplication of bacteria like salmonella and listeria, which cause food poisoning. Observance of proper hygiene when handling food should always be adhered to.
Flatulence is often present in tense or stressed people. These people often swallow air as they eat and gas is produced from the bacterial fermentation of the intestinal contents. If there is a bloated, uncomfortable distended feeling this is often due to excess gas in the stomach and intestines. Anyone prone to this problem should be aware that certain foods, such as beans, may cause it.
Constipation or irregular bowel movement may be due to ignoring the signal to evacuate the bowel; further dehydration of contents takes place and stools become even more solid, while gas is produced.
A general treatment will aid indigestion or dyspepsia. Work the solar plexus, diaphragm and stomach areas; also the pancreas reflexes to release digestive juices and the enzymes necessary for digestion. Stimulating the liver reflexes removes waste and toxins; the gall bladder is worked to stimulate bile release; this acts as a mild laxative and the alkaline effect also helps stimulate peristalsis in the duodenum. Working the stomach and intestinal reflexes regulates digestive, absorptive and excretory functions. (See Digestive disorders and Gastritis.)
The client is unable to sleep; this may cause further problems such as a debilitating tiredness. Many factors may be involved, from simple anxiety about a task that has to be undertaken, to a medical reason, or great grief. Relaxation is the key word; most people who have reflexology state how their sleep patterns improve and problems become negligible.
M/R. A full treatment will help to regulate sleep patterns at all ages, including children and older people who need less sleep, or who often rise early. A good bedtime routine is essential, with no stimulating drinks such as coffee, tea, or an alcoholic drink. The latter may make you drowsy but it often disturbs your sleep patterns over a period of time. Work the hands every evening.
A/A. Work the whole digestive system, to ensure that troublesome disorders like indigestion or constipation are not the cause.
P/Hs. Specifically HE-6, a good point for insomnia.
P/LL. On the base of the heel, the Shimian point.
P/AS. A gentle ear treatment as many points will aid in this problem; treatment creates a relaxed state owing to the analgesic effect.
P/AA. Centre of ear, as this point contacts the vagus nerve, slowing the heart rate.
P/TCM. Ear Shenmen for insomnia.
Gilbert’s syndrome is a mild form of jaundice that over 2 per cent of the population suffer from. There is a homeostatic imbalance of the bilirubin; this is often a sign that the liver is slightly impaired in its normal functioning. Usually the patient has yellowing of the feet, hands or eyes; the inference is that the system is toxic; this can be caused by Microorganisms and many aspects have to be considered. Other causes could be gall stones, or a dysfunction of the liver cells. (See plate 11 of person with Gilbert’s syndrome.)
M/R. Commence on the hands as the liver point may be extra tender; because of the highly toxic state it is necessary to treat gently, so that the body can adjust to the healing process. The hands and ears release fewer toxins.
A/A. Work the whole digestive system.
P/Hs. Specifically PE-6.
P/LL. KI-1 for all acute problems.
P/AS. Liver/gall bladder point, and spleen and pancreas areas to calm the liver.
P/AA. Centre of ear, as this point contacts the vagus nerve.
P/TCM. Sanjiao for the vagus nerve.
See Gall stones for any calculus.
Any pain or discomfort when carrying out everyday procedures. This complex joint is vulnerable to injury and strain. Often there can be a simple cause of strain of the ligaments or tendons; these strong fibrous bands are at each side and they limit any sideways movement. As the knee is situated between the femur (thigh) and the tibia (shin), with the patella lying across the front, it is partly a hinge and partly a gliding joint, lined with synovial fluid membrane, and two crescent-shaped structures of fibrocartilage (meniscus) divide the cavity. The knee has a range of movements such as flexion, extension, and slight rotation when being flexed. The two discs of cartilage protect and cover the surfaces of the femur and the tibia; this reduces any friction and also increases stability. The quadriceps muscle is important because its tendon forms a considerable part of the capsule of the knee, and it is involved in extension and straightening the joint; if there is any damage this muscle can atrophy very quickly, often within a few days if the knee is not being used properly. The hamstring muscles behind the knee flex the knee. Problems often arise when the muscles are not being used, as this can lead to stiffness and limited movement; often the knee gives way when weight is put on it.
M/R. Knee reflex and hip- and leg-related areas, also spinal areas.
A/A. Stimulation to the adrenal glands will help to activate their powerful anti-inflammatory properties, and this will calm the whole area down.
P/Hs. SI-5 for knee disorders.
P/LL. GB-34, 35, 36 and 37 for all knee and leg problems, and LIV-7 for any knee disorder.
P/AS. Knee point.
P/AA. Apex of ear for any inflammatory disorder.
P/OM. Adrenal glands for any inflammatory disorder.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
There appears to be insufficient literature available in the field of reflexology regarding leg and foot problems. We know that sudden onset of back pain can be helped quite quickly with reflexology. Chronic back pain is usually the result of the problem being ignored in its early stages and this often develops as a pain in muscles (tendon and ligament) going down to the lower limbs. I deal with many sports injuries, particularly in athletes, and this has led me to take a deeper interest in the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves and the distribution to some of the voluntary muscles, to help leg and foot pain. As well as an ability to acquire injuries, we also have a remarkable ability to repair and recover, and reflexology facilitates this healing process. Bone is a living structure; its cells are constantly renewing and repairing themselves when necessary. The ligaments joining bone to bone are composed of strong fibrous tissue; they are also flexible and can adapt to change. If a ligament is under tension it will extend, whilst if it is allowed to become slack it will shorten. This is also true of tendons. One difficulty with tendons and ligaments is that they do not have a rich blood supply, so often their rate of healing is a little slower compared with the other tissues. Strain of a muscle is caused by excessive stretching or working of a muscle; this can result in severe pain and swelling of the muscle. Damage to the tissues then gives rise to an inflammatory process.
Reflexology to the points stated stimulates the nerve and blood supply to the involved region; also working the adrenal glands stimulates the naturally occurring glucocorticoids, which have a very powerful anti-inflammatory effect when treating conditions involving inflammation. The leg muscles have great vascularity; the muscles at the back of the calf are very important for the pumping action that helps the blood in the veins return to the heart. If muscles are overused or deprived of oxygen they become painful. This is a common problem in some athletes, and the thigh, leg or foot can become swollen and stiff.
Reflexology can help the healing of bones, relieving tension in locked muscles, ligaments and tendons. As holistic practitioners we stimulate the body’s healing mechanism to accelerate the healing process. (See chapter 5 for biomechanics of the foot and foot exercises. Also figure 5.9 for the spinal nerves that serve the voluntary muscles of the leg.)
M/R. Main area of problem: leg, knee or foot.
A/A. All spinal areas.
C/R. Work hand area, or wrists for ankles, forearm for foreleg.
P/Hs. SI-3 for spinal area.
P/LL. GB-34, 35, 36 and 37 for all knee and leg problems, LIV-8 for any disorders of all limbs, B-58 for lower leg problems.
P/AS. Area of problem, such as calf point if lactic acid has built up in the muscle tissue; if there is muscle fatigue, apply firm pressure to this point.
P/AA. Apex of ear for any inflammatory disorder.
P/OM. Adrenal glands for any inflammatory disorder.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
(See Sports injuries and Knee problems. Also figure 5.9b for lower limbs and the nerve pathways.)
The menstrual cycle brings great hormonal and internal changes, many different and sometimes often quite distressing complaints, but quite common to lots of women. Symptoms can vary in duration and severity.
Amenorrhoea. This is scanty menses or cessation at a time when it is not normal. It is usually due to a hormonal imbalance, or it could be a disorder of the hypothalamus; in some cases an ovarian or thyroid deficiency, even stress and anxiety, can cause this problem. Sudden shock, as in the case of death of a loved one, can cause complete cessation of the menstrual cycle and early menopause. Even a little stress, or changes in body-weight, from excess gain to great loss of weight, can cause it. If this is not the cause of the problem it is important that the person concerned visits their GP to have their hormone levels checked.
Dysmenorrhoea. This can be painful and heavy periods, with lots of abdominal pain. Any difficult menstruation may be due to inflammation of the membranes and lining of the womb, the endometrium; the womb reacts to bacterial substances upon this delicate mucous membrane lining, and if left this could lead to a disorder known as endometriosis. Often there is excessive menstrual bleeding and pain and discomfort in the lower back and legs, abdominal pain and cramps. At worst, ulcers could be forming in the membrane lining or even tumours in the myometrium, the muscular tissue of the uterus (womb) that surrounds the endometrium. So a check-up is always wise to ensure that there is no medical cause for the problem.
Menopause (climacteric). Menstruation ceases at the menopause. This is not an illness but a natural stage in life, but it does bring certain biological changes. Sometimes there is a gradual decrease of periods or complete stoppage of the monthly cycle; this, together with the change in the balance of hormones, can prove uncomfortable for some. Problems include hot flushes, dizzy spells, vaginal dryness, nervousness, tiredness and mood changes; these are quite natural and often due to the ovaries not producing the hormone oestrogen. The hot flushes can be mild or so severe they disturb your sleep. These can last for 1, 5 or even 10 years and eventually stop as the body becomes used to lower levels of hormones. Again reflexology at this stage helps enormously.
Regular and sensible exercise – cycling, brisk walking, jogging and keep-fit, tennis, badminton, swimming – or activity of any sort is better than none at all. A recommended routine would be 30 minutes to 1 hour three times a week. You can start off lightly and then gradually build up as you become fitter. This helps to build bone mass. Many women worry about the menopause and the effects of hot flushes; they are often so intense they feel red all over. However, this is often unnoticeable to other people. It is wise to dress in layers, so that you can remove clothing gradually. If shopping, and in and out of shops, it is better to have a lightweight coat with a thicker and heavier scarf, which can be removed easily. One of the pluses is that the increased perspiration often keeps the skin more supple and less prone to lines of ageing. Another benefit is the end to most women’s problems, such as 2 weeks out of 4 suffering tiresome symptoms, possibly with premenstrual tension (PMT) followed by painful menstruation.
Vaginal dryness may be a problem; it is caused by lack of lubrication, or sometimes a thinning of the vaginal walls. The vagina shrinks in a woman who chooses not to have intercourse, and then subsequent lovemaking can be slightly painful because of the loss of elasticity. Use of a lubricant during intercourse will help prevent increasing rigidity and shrinkage of the vaginal tissues, keeping the vagina healthy. In addition there are no worries about contraception, so this can be a wonderful change for the better. Women should be encouraged to think positively about this change, and not just expect problems. It is often stated that over two-thirds of women experience no change apart from cessation of menses. Because of the publicity in magazines about hormone replacement therapy (HRT), many women expect problems. Also doctors disagree about the possible side-effects of prolonged taking of HRT. Some people look on HRT as a magic potion. It does not stop you getting old, but can help prevent osteoporosis, which is one of the serious side-effects of the menopause (see below).
Osteoporosis. The term is from the Greek and literally means ‘porous bone’. Bone tissue becomes softer, weaker and thinner with this condition. It often develops slowly after menopause; declining oestrogen levels are often responsible for the body’s inability to absorb calcium from food. Women should not wait for this problem to occur. Calcium is an essential nutrient to the bone-building process, and extra calcium can be taken before the menopause to increase bone density. Cheese, milk (either skimmed or whole), and green vegetables such as broccoli, spinach and green beans, all contain calcium; the latter are less fat forming than whole dairy products. Inactivity can cause demineralization of bone; this is often seen in elderly men and women.
Only a GP may prescribe calcium supplements, but many people take these, whether there is a need to or not.
Pelvic inflammatory disease. This includes salpingitis (inflammation of the Fallopian tubes) and endometriosis. If left untreated, scar tissue can form; this can also spread to the ovaries and possibly the patient could have trouble conceiving at a later date. The membranous lining of the womb breaks away and fragments are found in other sites within the pelvic cavity. There are many different stages, from primary endometriosis to severe. The symptoms often do not appear during pregnancy or after the menopause, but these can be very painful and distressing problems over a period of many years.
Many women put up with undue pain and congestion, thinking that it is normal to suffer at the time of menstruation. Vasodilation of the pelvic organs is often the cause. Reflexology gives deep muscle relaxation and, using stimulation to the main acupoints, pain relief is very quick.
Premenstrual tension (PMT/PMS). This can be a complex list of symptoms, from just general nervousness and irritability to outbursts of emotional disturbance, headaches, often depression for no reason, and fluid retention or bloating, which is often associated with excess salt and water in the tissues. It can affect women in varying degrees. A good diet is essential, as is regular exercise and plenty of relaxation. Sometimes supplements of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) help, or evening primrose oil, which is rich in gamma-linoleic acid (GLA); the latter is associated with the production of tissue hormones (prostaglandins) that help normalize menstruation. Fennel tea and water are nature’s diuretics; these are excellent for fluid retention, and fennel is known as a hormone precursor. Together with reflexology they encourage normal regulation where there is a hormonal imbalance; also reflexology acts to stimulate or inhibit nerve impulses to the brain, where many hormonal signals are received. There is a link between the endocrine and neural activity.
Refer to reflex zones to work to help the following:
Menstrual problems could be due to an imbalance in the hypothalamus/pituitary function. This tiny structure attached to the underside of the hypothalamus synthesizes and releases vital hormones that act on the ovaries and testes (gonads) to promote the production of the sex hormones, sperm and ova. Two important secretions are follicle-stimulating hormones, helping the ripening of the follicles in the ovary and formation of sperm in testes, and the midcycle surge of luteinizing hormone that results in ovulation. This latter hormone stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum formation and synthesis of progesterone by the ovary. If any of these hormones are out of synchronization it shows that there is a homeostatic imbalance in the endocrine system.
Reflexology often helps unexplained infertility problems, such as lack of ovulation, decreased sperm production, even amenorrhoea. Stimulation to other endocrine glands such as the thyroid is very necessary. In the thyroid, iodine is essential to formulation of the hormones thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3), so a good healthy wholefood diet is necessary as we ingest this from food. Extra stimulation of the adrenal cortex, which lies on the medial edge of the plantar area of the foot, helps many problems, especially during menopause. The adrenal cortex is vital for many functions of the body, as it produces three kinds of corticosteroid hormones. Its secretion is stimulated by ACTH, a hormone from the anterior pituitary lobe; it affects carbohydrate metabolism (through glucocorticoids, which have a widespread effect), and electrolyte metabolism (through mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone). The gonad corticoid is allied to the oestrogens produced in the ovaries and the male hormones the androgens; this latter hormone is synthesized in small amounts. The female androgens are important as they aid the libido and are necessary as they can be converted into oestrogens as the normal ovarian function decreases.
The parasympathetic nervous system (second, third and fourth sacral nerves, see figure 2.5) helps increase the diameter of blood vessels (vasodilation) especially in the arteries. In this system there are many long preganglionic fibres; in the head and neck these synapse in ganglia close to the base of the skull, but in the rest of the body they synapse with a second neurone in the walls of the pelvic organ. Stimulation of the great toe or thumb and the sacral reflex on both limbs will help most menstrual abnormalities. Stimulation to the area of the sacral vertebrae helps the five points of spinal nerves that emerge at that point. These nerves carry sensory and motor fibres to and from the anal area and the genital regions. The fibres of the sacral nerves leave the spinal cord and synapse with nerve cells in the walls of the pelvic organs; the effects of stimulation are variable according to the stage of the menstrual cycle. The lumbar area is also worked to contact the lumbar plexus. Nerves that may be stimulated include the iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinalis nerve and genitofemoral nerve, which all arise between L1 and L2. The femoral nerve arises from L2, L3 and L4. These nerves supply muscles and skin in all areas of the lower abdomen. So you can see how working the spinal reflexes will help many disorders.
The sacral outflow of parasympathetic nerve fibres, together with the lumbar outflow of sympathetic nerve fibres, gives a double stimulation of nerve supply to the reproductive organs. Stimulation of the spinal area, hand or foot, will help balance the nerve supply to this region and is of much benefit to people who have a problem in this area.
Stimulation of all endocrine glands and the reproductive organs helps balance the hormones. There is a theory that we may block certain types of prostaglandin that are released from the tissues of the body, which in excess cause dilation of many of the peripheral blood vessels, leading to headaches during the menstrual cycle and painful spasms in the uterus. Does reflexology block these prostaglandins? This is a question I have often given great thought to. It can inhibit excess nerve transmission so it must be able to normalize this secretion. Many people attest to reflexology actually helping them, with often the hot flushes disappearing completely or, if one does arise, it does not seem to the same intensity as before. With reflexology, menstruation problems become a mere minor interruption to everyday life – bloating and menstrual cramps become a thing of the past, and backaches that often occur at this time are less troublesome.
For painful menstruation:
M/R. For painful menstruation work all reproductive areas and the endocrine system. Also the adrenal glands as this will help if there is any inflammation.
A/A. Sacral nerves supplying the region.
P/Hs. LI-4 has an antispasmodic effect on the uterus so is a good point to work on the hands.
P/LL. SP-1, 6 and 9, LIV-8, BL-60, KM, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 10 and GB-41 can be stimulated quite firmly. For amenorrhoea these above points are marvellous, in normalizing menstruation.
Warning! LI-4, SP-6 and BL-60 can be used only providing the person is not pregnant, as they are empirical points to promote delivery during labour.
P/AS. Work all reproductive organs and the endocrine point.
P/TCM. Ear Shenmen, for pain relief, if necessary. Area to work for mastitis due to a hormonal imbalance:
P/LL. GB-42.
P/AS. Chest/breast area.
P/AA. Apex of ear as it has a soothing and calming effect on all the above disorders.
This is another degenerative disorder of unknown cause, in which there is a progressive destruction of the myelin sheath around the nerves of the brain and spinal cord, disrupting their function. Symptoms may vary from muscular weakness, causing an unsteady gait, tremors in the limbs, and tingling or burning in the extremities. The vision becomes disturbed, with involuntary eye movements, double vision, and blurring; the symptoms can be endless depending on the severity. There are often periods of remission, and attacks may also vary greatly. A general treatment will alleviate many of the everyday problems such as constipation or indigestion.
M/R. In case this is an autoimmune problem, lots of work on the thymus area; this helps the whole autoimmune system. Also the adrenal glands are worked for the corticosteroids and their powerful anti-inflammatory properties. Brain and spinal areas can be worked daily.
P/AA. Apex of ear as it has a soothing and calming and analgesic effect. Spinal cord on dorsal surface.
(See also Nervous disorders.)
Inflammation of the mucous membranes causes a heavy head and tenderness in the facial area. This problem may be caused by an allergy or infection, which can lead to many other distressing complications. As the person eats they often have to take in air through the mouth as they try to chew; this can lead to flatulence and abdominal discomfort. If mucus passes down the back of the throat it can cause catarrh of the stomach. Often there is a loss of the smell reflex; this can impair the taste of food. Many nasal problems are greatly helped with reflexology, especially sinusitis. Most clients have suffered over many years with intermittent periods of relief; they are often amazed at how reflexology embraces lifestyle and eating patterns in this disorder, but it is important to reduce all mucus-building foods as these add to the problem.
M/R. Nose and facial areas.
A/A. Intestinal areas will help all upper respiratory tract infections.
Also the liver to remove any excess toxins from the system.
(For more information see Asthma and Sinusitis.)
These include pain or stiffness when turning the neck. The cervical region of the vertebrae is made up of seven small bones; it acts as a channel for the spinal cord. The area is richly supplied with nerves entering and leaving the brain, and is endowed with eight cervical nerves, which are divided into two plexuses, the cervical plexus C1-C4, and the brachial plexus C4-C8, and the first thoracic nerve. These nerves serve the areas from the head to the diaphragm, so are important to stimulate for any disorder occurring within that area; many arm problems are due to some disorder of these nerves. The muscles of the neck that flex or rotate and turn the neck are innervated by these nerves, and spasms in their muscles can be very debilitating. The innervation of these muscles comes from certain spinal segments of the peripheral nervous system. Injury or disease of peripheral nerves can cause many problems, as peripheral nerve innervation to the skeleton closely follows muscle innervation, the bones being motivated by the same nerves that supply the muscles attached to that bone.
Most neck problems can be avoided (see behaviour patterns, chapter 3). Incorrect postures are nearly always the cause.
M/R. Cervical region, and chronic neck points.
A/A. Adrenal glands for their powerful anti-inflammatory properties. Also the axillary area.
P/Hs. LI-1, SI-1, 2 and 3.
P/LL. BL-60 and 65.
Warning! BL-60 can be used only providing the person is not pregnant, as it is an empirical point to promote delivery during labour.
P/AS. Neck and cervical vertebrae.
P/AA. Apex of ear for an analgesic effect.
P/OM. Adrenal glands for their anti-inflammatory properties, if there is any rheumatic tendency.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief; it is also a strong analgesic point.
(See also Frozen shoulder, Torticollis or wry neck and Whiplash injury.)
There is a common link between certain disorders of the nervous system that also are autoimmune disorders. Sometimes these disorders are of unknown cause, such as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) as it is now known, myasthenia gravis, and multiple sclerosis, Meniere’s syndrome and Parkinson’s disease. These are all due to a homeostatic imbalance within the nervous system, or within the neurotransmitters.
Sometimes these disorders are of gradual onset; sometimes there is an acute onset becoming slowly progressive. Symptoms seem to vary considerably. Many of these systemic disorders have peripheral neuropathy; the receptors in the muscles are gradually destroyed or for some reason the nerve transmission is not passed on.
Many people suffer from general myalgia and general muscle weakness affecting many parts of the body. Optic nerves may be involved because of weak nerve transmission to the muscles of the eyes; this may cause drooping eyelids or general problems in the facial area. There may be a general weakness in the throat and larynx (voice box), and speech can be affected, swallowing can be difficult, there is numbness and tingling in the skin, and general lack of co-ordination. The list is endless, with depression and tension often setting in and exacerbating the problem. We know a good diet can help enormously, together with the simple but powerful stimuli of reflexology.
A certain amount of stress is a necessary part of our daily living. This can be a beneficial stimulus to get us activated. However, too much stress leads to anxiety and apprehension. When symptoms such as anxiety arise this shows the balance of certain chemicals in the brain has been disturbed, and an anxious state will increase the activity of the brain even more, often stimulating the sympathetic nervous system into overdrive and the result being a further increase of physical symptoms, such as palpitations, breathlessness, tremors and shaking, even digestive disorders and headaches, backache, pains in the neck and general fatigue and tiredness. All these physical symptoms are produced by an increase in noradrenaline, creating this fight or flight response. This excess stress creates brain dysfunction. Any homeostatic imbalance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (see chapter 2) may cause nervous disorders, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, Parkinson’s disease, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, etc.
Noradrenaline is also responsible for neural stimulation to the pineal gland; the hormonal output from the gland is melatonin, which is thought to synchronize the circadian rhythms. The exact function is still not quite understood, but it is thought to be responsible for inducing sleep, helping to modify mood, emotional performance and fatigue, and alleviating depression. There is a very fine dividing line between the amounts of noradrenaline released as a neurotransmitter, and as a hormone, and then the subsequent stimulus to the pineal gland and the release of melatonin. Melatonin is produced and released in larger quantities in the dark. Its synthesis is discontinued when any bright light enters the eye, which is the reason why jet lag is never quite so bad when you are away on holiday as the bright light inhibits the release of melatonin. If this regular apportionment of light and dark is disrupted by air travel, the internal body clock is unbalanced; too little or too much of the hormone can cause a problem in the body. The natural substance melatonin is formed from different constituents, one being serotonin, a hormone that has certain properties including the ability to induce sleep; low levels cause insomnia. Balance of these substances is of the utmost importance. Serotonin is also thought to play a part in our sensory perception and the overall control of our moods. This is the reason that melatonin is referred to as the mood enhancer and known as an antistress, antipanic and antiageing hormone. It is also thought to be helpful in immunity, and to play a part in decreasing pain sensitivity. In many countries it is taken to alleviate jet lag.
Seasonal Affective Disorder syndrome (SAD). This is a form of depression, often exacerbated at the onset of winter or by too long a time spent indoors. Again this is linked to disturbance of the light-dark cycle, and seems to be associated with abnormal levels in the production of melatonin. This is thought to be responsible for the many stress-related problems. (See SAD.)
A hypothesis is that by administering melatonin the symptoms are subsequently relieved. The medical profession prescribe melatonin, which sometimes can lead to the exacerbation of symptoms, making the patient even more depressed. It is freely on sale in some countries, but we are not sure of the long-term side-effects. Working on the great toe and brain areas of the foot helps all these disorders without the use of drugs.
Myasthenia gravis. This disorder affects the muscles of the body, because there is a fault in the transmission of neural impulses to them. Acetylcholine is a most important neurotransmitter and is released by neurons connected to skeletal muscles, often causing them to contract. It also transmits messages between the brain and spinal cord. Interruption and interference with this action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle is the cause of myasthenia gravis. It is also thought to be one of those autoimmune disorders whereby the immune system has a homeostatic imbalance and produces certain antibodies that confuse the signals being transmitted. Abnormal antibody activity destroys many receptors, reducing the stimulation of muscle cells. The consequence of this is that there is intensifying muscular weakness. The thymus is thought to be the culprit; however, removal of this organ does not guarantee an alleviation of the disorder. Also many of the strong drugs used are only palliative; they do not cure the disorder, and most of them have very debilitating adverse effects. We know reflexology helps many nervous disorders and patients have found great benefit, though not complete cessation of problems.
Alzheimer’s disease. It is also thought that Alzheimer’s disease may be caused by a depletion of nerve cells that release acetylcholine in the brain. It is a very debilitating disorder. Reflexology can only help the whole nervous system to achieve balance, which allows the stabilization of the homeostatic function of this vast and complicated arrangement of interconnected neurons.
Parkinson’s disease. This is caused by deficiency of dopamine, another neurotransmitter (see Parkinsonism).
Dopamine is also known as one of the group of catecholamines; these substances have various roles. For instance, there is a hypothesis that schizophrenia is caused in part by abnormalities in the metabolism of this neurotransmitter.
A case history of myasthenia gravis is given in box 8.8. (See also plate 15.)
Female, aged 28 years.
Clinical problems presented at first treatment. Myasthenia gravis. Both her eyes were drooping, she could not swallow liquids, but could only sip slowly, suffered extreme tiredness and fatigue, with problems in her arm muscles, and was unable to do her hair. Her arms constantly ached and she could walk only short distances, her speech was very slurred and she had a drooping mouth on the right side. This young lady had a general malaise especially after even slight activity; this affected her appetite later in the day. Her vision was blurred and when she was very tired she complained of double vision.
Background medical history. This young lady had suffered over a period of 5 years with the above disorder, but it was only diagnosed in 1994. She had taken several types of medication over a period of time but these only gave temporary relief. Drugs were also given to improve muscle function, as were corticosteroids. She experienced quite a lot of side-effects with these medications and when she went to see her medical practitioner, because she did not want to continue, he suggested removal of the thymus gland. In the latter part of 1993 she stopped all orthodox treatment and then commenced treatment with a homeopathic doctor. Her diet was changed and different preparations were taken and a mild improvement was felt but problems at work (which was now only part-time, mornings, as she was too fatigued by the afternoon) seemed to set her back as before and she lost confidence in her treatment, as she felt that her muscles were getting weaker. She presented herself to me in early 1994.
Observation of the hands, feet and general evaluation. The feet were very yellow and moist, with poor muscle tone and flaccid; the nails were normal but the second toe of both feet was quite rigid. The hands were also hot and clammy, and very red. She had a simian line on her hand and this appeared very red (see hand analysis, chapter 6).
After the first treatment, which was given on parts of the hands and feet over a period of a few days, she felt relaxed and the first great improvement was that she could swallow with more ease. Over a period of treatments, first her eyes improved, with the double vision and drooping eye on the right side diminishing, then her boyfriend commented that her speech was not so slurred. Over a period she noticed she did not want to go to bed in the afternoons; it was also easier to do her hair. I would work many combination points on her hands, ears, feet and legs; invariably she would have a bean placed in her ear at strategic points.
General improvement was felt over the next 3 months. I taught this young lady to work on her own hands and she was delighted when she felt a response; if she had a bad day she could work on her own hands and this stimulated her and she could cope better. To date we have not had any great relapse; successful treatment is still continuing. Each full treatment consisted of extra work on the thymus, adrenals, all the toes and fingers (brain area) in the web of the thumb and index finger and spinal area on feet and hands, reflexes being worked firmly and with lots of relaxation techniques. As the reflexes of the hands and feet improved, pressure was increased. Each treatment I utilized the ear points and applied a bean if necessary. The colour of her hands and feet improved on each visit, as did the temperature. Her general muscle tone has improved generally.
Foot observations at end of treatment. Her feet became a better colour, not so yellow and moist, muscle tone had improved and the second toes on both feet were now normal; her hands were also a better colour and the simian line on her hand was very faint. This young lady now attends once a month.
PATIENT’S COMMENTS. I was diagnosed as having myasthenia gravis (MG) in January 1994, which basically means that the involuntary muscles can weaken quickly after normal/repetitive use. I had originally gone to the doctor’s in 1993, as my boyfriend had noticed my right eyelid drooping. The doctor could not find any problem or reason for this and recommended a trip to the optician. They too could not find any abnormalities. The return visit to the doctor’s ended in an appointment at Harlow Hospital with the neurological consultant.
At the hospital I had a medical examination, as well as being questioned on fine details of my physical well-being and performance. They had their suspicions on the cause of my weakness, but needed to check this by doing a blood test. This proved positive; I did have this disorder. I was very shocked, which was only to be expected. I had led a fairly active healthy life, but I had noticed that for the last few years I had been feeling generally weaker. I had put this down to being overworked or something!
The treatment the hospital had to offer was that of drugs, Pyridostigmine Bromide initially, then removal of the thymus gland, and then maybe steroids. I was horrified. I read as much as I could on the subject of MG, the treatment, as well as meeting with other sufferers. I decided I was going to try complementary therapies. I started to see a homeopath for a while, which helped me to sort out a healthy diet, but I felt healthier in other ways. But my MG symptoms were getting really quite bad. I’d heard of Beryl Crane and reflexology, so I thought I would try it out. At this point I was tiring fairly easy, I felt very heavy limbed. I had double vision and could only sip at drinks of water because if I tried to drink any faster it would come out of my nose.
I remember my first visit. Beryl asked me about the condition and the effect it had on me, as well as other health questions. She came across as a very friendly and positive person, which is really what I needed. The reflexology on my feet was lovely. She could pinpoint problems/imbalances, as she worked different areas. I remember at the end of the treatment she said, ‘Now go home and drink plenty of water’ (I’d told her this was not possible, I could only sip). She confidently said, ‘You’ll be able to now!’ I went home and I could; it was so good.
After following treatments, I felt stronger and more in control of my health than I had done for a long time. I was also sticking to a fairly strict diet at this time. I remember coming home after one treatment and cleaning all the windows – absolutely impossible before. I had so much energy, I began cycling again to work and feeling much happier and not feeling so tired all the time. Simple things such as hanging up my washing became so enjoyable; this would have previously made my arms ache but now this was not a problem.
At times I would overdo it. After not being able to do hardly anything, I wanted to do everything! I have had some pretty bad periods too, but this I think was mostly due to stress. It is also a case of realizing your capabilities, and this is what Beryl often told me.
I was visiting her once a week but now it’s about once a month. Each visit she deals with each problem I have; these can be new or old recurring ones. Not long after my first visit, she showed me how to work on my hands, which I do every morning, which gives me a sense of control and independence with the MG. My double vision has not occurred for over a year. Each visit is so good, it really works for me. The tender parts she works and works. Sometimes it is a little tender, then Beryl lessens her pressure; it is never so uncomfortable that I do not enjoy it, and I know it is doing me good. I recommend it to everybody and am glad I chose to have reflexology, as opposed to other treatments. I feel lucky that Beryl is a knowledgeable, friendly and positive reflexologist. I have tried to get treatment on the NHS as I think it should be available to all people who have a debilitating disorder like this.
In the last 2 years I have taken trips abroad to Turkey and Sri Lanka back-packing, mountain walking, and snorkelling, which I am sure would be an impossibility without the reflexology and/or if I’d gone with the original drug option. Thank you, Beryl.
Swollen legs or ankles, ie subcutaneous oedema, may be noticeable prior to menstruation; bloating and weight gain are quite common at this time. Any other accumulation of fluids should be investigated by a medical practitioner. General oedema in the area of an injury is normal. Simple self-help tips are to increase the water intake as this is nature’s diuretic, elevate the legs and rest them for a period. Regular treatment helps to alleviate this problem.
M/R. Kidneys, to get rid of any excess fluid.
A/A. Heart and liver to stimulate the circulatory system, and help to remove any excess toxins from the system.
P/Hs. TB-4 stimulates elimination.
P/LL. SP-5 and ST-41; the former is good for oedema of the abdomen while the latter is for the ankles.
In oesophagitis there is a bitter-tasting regurgitation; eating may be difficult as it can feel as though there is something in the passageway. Even swallowing may be difficult and food seems to remain in the gullet.
Note. One patient who had suffered for many years had lost weight and could not lie down because of the acid reflux. For five sessions I only worked his toes, owing to his work commitments. He had such a marvellous response that he made time for subsequent sessions. He now attends periodically if he gets any trouble. His main problem is that he does not give himself any thought until a disorder manifests.
M/R. Lots of work on the great toe. The cranial nerves help this whole region. Acid and pepsin release is regulated by the vagus nerve.
A/A. Pancreas and liver; both of these areas help in calming, while the alkaline properties of the pancreas help to buffer the acidic gastric juice.
P/Hs. PE-6 and TB-3 both help all digestive disorders.
P/LL. ST-35 helps any gastritis. SP-2 helps the digestion.
P/AS. Area of problem.
P/OM. Sympathetic nervous system.
P/TCM. Sanjiao helps all abdominal problems and the oesophagus, as the vagus nerve and all its tributaries pass through at that point.
This is a progressive disorder that may occur from midlife onwards. The condition has an unknown cause. There is a homeostatic imbalance in the neurotransmitter dopamine, often due to degeneration of the basal ganglia. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter released at nerve endings, in the brain and around some blood vessels. It blocks activity in specific nerves and is important in the control of body movements. A deficiency of this transmitter within the basal ganglia causes Parkinson’s disease; symptoms are tremors in the head and limbs, muscular stiffness and the inability to control or initiate movement. A finely tuned balance between acetylcholine and dopamine is necessary to bring about co-ordination of movement. When there is a degeneration of dopamine-producing cells, Parkinson’s disease is the result, while overactivity of acetylcholine causes a state similar to anxiety. Certain drugs can boost the effects of dopamine but, because many drugs are poorly absorbed or cannot pass directly from the bloodstream to the brain, other chemicals are used and many counteracting drugs also have to be used.
Rigidity of the muscles can affect the face, and voice. Tremor of the limbs starts in the hands and then spreads to the other limbs. Stimulation to the brain and spinal cord helps normalize some of the tremors.
A full treatment session is recommended. (See Nervous disorders).
Reflexology can be used as a preventative treatment to boost the immune system, either prior to pregnancy or during the first trimester if the person is used to reflexology. It is wonderful for balancing the body to help protect against any irregularities that may occur. Not only does treatment help on physical levels but it also helps on the spiritual level, which is all part of the healing process. At all times the patient should be encouraged to discuss the reflexology treatment they are receiving with the doctor and antenatal clinic. Treatment can continue throughout the pregnancy period. It helps many of the irritating problems that mothers-to-be often face.
In morning sickness, reflexology helps to settle acid reflux and calm the muscles as well as the nerves of the abdominal wall and the muscles of the diaphragm. The vomit centre is in the brain; often there is an irritation of this centre. Work on the great toe right down to the base and around the ball of the foot to help calm the oesophagus; also work the pituitary to balance the hormones, as high levels at this time are often the cause of the problem. Psychological stress or great emotional disturbance can cause vomiting; it is imperative that the mother-to-be remains calm. Ample rest must be taken and reflexology will soothe the whole nervous system. For unexplained continuous nausea or vomiting, or in the case of hyperemesis gravidarum (pernicious vomiting of pregnancy), medical aid should always be sought in case it may be some other disorder. Useful tips for nausea are sipping dry ginger ale, or eating a dry biscuit. Fitzgerald always spoke of eating popcorn for morning sickness. Cantaloupe melons are high in B6 (but pregnant women should never take vitamin supplements without consulting their doctors).
During this period some women experience extreme tiredness and fatigue, and change of mood; sometimes they are irritable owing to the hormonal changes. Again, minor discomforts such as constipation, frequent urination and troublesome discharge can all be helped with reflexology. Lower back pain is a common problem as pregnancy progresses; it is often due to the increased weight, or it may be faulty posture. Back pain is relieved with gentle treatment; also useful self-help tips can be used.
In the second and third trimester oedema may occur; with an accumulation of fluid in the tissues, the swollen legs and ankles can be quite troublesome. Reflexology helps normalize the water balance of the body, especially the lymphatic system, balancing the electrolytes and proteins, etc. As the expectant mother tends to slow down, this stimulation to the kidneys and lymph areas is most beneficial as it helps the body to excrete excess fluid, increasing the output of urine from the kidneys without resorting to drugs or diuretics. Water is nature’s diuretic, and drinking six to eight glasses daily helps to reduce retention of excess fluids.
Hypertension is quite common in pregnancy. Mothers-to-be should be encouraged in self-help: weight gain should not be in excess, smoking should be discouraged, and gentle exercise is a must at this time. It is of paramount importance that during pregnancy the person remain stress free as much as possible, as all these factors can elevate blood pressure levels. Reflexology helps by keeping the mother totally relaxed throughout this period and usually the blood pressure normalizes. Reflexologists work on the endocrine system to balance hormones. Homeostatic imbalances in the following hormones and the organs that synthesize them are often the underlying cause. The kidneys may release excess renin in response to stress, which in turn may activate a protein in the blood called angiotensin II; this is a known elevator of blood pressure and causes the adrenal cortex to overproduce aldosterone, which can create imbalances in the amount of potassium, sodium and water in the blood, one of the many causes of hypertension. Work the liver and cortex of adrenals for aldosterone and angiotensin.
The aim of the reflexologist is to maintain balance within the internal environment. If the sympathetic nervous system goes into overdrive for too long and there is too much stress, the whole autonomic nervous system is affected. Stress responses send messages to the adrenal glands directly to create alarm reactions in the adrenal glands. This is the first stage of the fight or flight syndrome, which is our normal response to stress and very necessary in times of any emergency. These responses are instantaneous reactions to activate the body’s reserves for the required extra physical activity. However, prolonged stimulus causes more long-term problems to manifest. There are many organs that may be affected, such as the liver, and thyroid and the adrenal glands; these organs become overworked and enervated. This can cause inhibition of the whole digestive processes, and create many stress-related disorders (see chapter 10). An increase in blood pressure may cause headaches, shortness of breath and even giddiness. Reflexology induces relaxation, calming the nerves and restoring balance and homeostasis.
It is better to use reflexology only after the first trimester. This is only if the person has never received reflexology before, or if there is a history of miscarriages. We do not know how a new patient may react to treatment, so it is better to wait until the fetus is almost fully formed. Stimulation is then less likely to cause any problem to the developing child. With the GP’s consent we can then begin reflexology sessions. This is because there are great changes in hormone production during pregnancy, much greater than in the menstrual cycle. There is a steady increase of both progesterone and oestrogens throughout the 40 weeks of pregnancy. Often it is these changes that may cause imbalances internally. Too much stimulation to the endocrine or reproductive area may normalize a function in a direction that we cannot foresee. So it is better to delay reflexology until the third month when the pregnancy is more settled.
A full but gentle reflexology treatment will aid and help relieve most problems throughout pregnancy, or used with combination points of the hands, lower limbs, and auricular points for a more energetic response.
Note. Do not affix beans to the ears. Do not apply any extra pressures on the pituitary reflex point and chronic uterus reflex point during reflexology treatment.
For specific problems, work areas as listed below.
M/R. Spinal areas for low back pain or soreness. Also musculature of the hip and pelvis.
Warning! Do not work on the lateral malleolus as the acupoint BL-60 is a known elimination point; save this for during labour.
P/Hs. LU-8 helps to calm the oesophagus in extreme vomiting or morning sickness in the first 3 months. PE-6 is a very safe area to work for any nausea, also scratching the dorsal surface of the hand aids nausea. SI-5 is for lower back and knee problems. H-9 and SI-1 are for headaches.
P/LL. ST-36 and LIV-3 are for any general malaise or abdominal discomforts, and headaches. GB-41 is a safe point for lumbar problems or any pain in the body. For headaches B-67.
Warning! Do not use B-67 in the last 2 months of pregnancy as it is a point for malposition of the fetus. GB-44 is a safer point to use for headaches. SP-6 and LI-4 are not to be used during pregnancy.
P/AA. Lumbar on dorsal surface. For hypertension the lower ear root and groove of dorsal surface. Superior triangular fossa pressure will lower blood pressure.
• To reduce any swelling, step into a bowl of tepid water. Lift one foot up at a time as if marching in the water. Note. Take extra care that you do not slip; put a chair in front of you to hold on to.
• Sit down and put a towel under your foot and, holding either end, lift the leg up; repeat on the other foot.
• Walking barefoot on the spot will help strengthen the spine or reduce any swelling of the ankles.
• Elevate your feet each day for at least 15 minutes. The feet should be higher than your hips. This will reduce any further swelling and helps to relax the feet.
• Last of all, get some kind person to massage a moisturising cream into the feet. Bliss is achieved in approximately 20 minutes. This short exercise repeated daily will bring about harmony and relaxation to the body.
This is a sequence of events that leads to the process by which the fetus is expelled, followed by the afterbirth. This is divided into three stages.
First stage. Dilation and spontaneous rupture of the amniotic sac take place. At the onset of labour, intensive contractions begin; with each one the cervix dilates until it is fully dilated at 10cm. The duration of this depends on many factors and this period can be painful and tiring. Reflexology seems to relieve the nagging pain without retarding the process; in fact it seems to promote dilation, often quickening this first stage, which often lasts many hours in a first delivery. Reflexology relaxes the mother-to-be and she feels much more in control and confident. Stimulate the pituitary and uterus areas, working all spinal areas together with certain acupoints to help the contractions of the uterine muscular wall; it also helps relax the cervix muscle fibres and the nagging pain, often to the amazement of all concerned. Lots of stroking on the front of the foot helps abdominal wall; also pressure applied to the heels aids in the very powerful intermittent contractions. On full dilation of approximately 10cm the second stage of labour is reached.
Second stage. This is the expulsion. During this period from full cervical dilation until vaginal delivery the mother-to-be needs to be calm and aware. The second stage is hastened with reflexology; it promotes delivery without undue strain. Work on the pituitary and chronic uterus areas, again with the spinal areas, as this helps the pudendal nerves and seems to give some pain relief, making the mother-to-be less tired and the procedure not so strenuous. The pudendal nerve arises from S2-S4 and serves the skin and muscles of the anal and perineal area, ending in the urogenital region where it serves the perineal area and a dorsal nerve to the clitoris. Working the spinal area also stimulates the genitofemoralis nerve, a mixed nerve arising from the lumbar plexus between L1 and L2, and the sacral autonomies, all helping the pelvic viscera and the reproductive organs.
Stimulation of the pituitary area throughout helps release oxytocin. To expedite the delivery it is advisable to apply pressure as the mother-to-be has the first inclination to bear down. Working together apply pressure on acupoint SP-6 and on the corresponding reflexology areas. Delivery seems to follow quickly without the use of analgesics or narcotics, which can only be beneficial as often these can affect the baby. It is during this period that there is a temptation to use pain-relieving drugs to help. Some may make the baby less responsive or cause breathing problems, or have the more dangerous effect of causing a brief drop in fetal heart rate. GB-21 promotes delivery, aids in placental retention and stimulates lactation. This point can be found on the depression of the shoulders just above the internal edge of the scapular, in line with the ear and the breast.
Third stage. This is from delivery of the fetus to delivery of the afterbirth (which includes the placenta, umbilical cord and all the ruptured membranes). This stage is usually quite quick, between a few minutes to 30 minutes, but sometimes drugs are used to aid this expulsion. Reflexology is such a powerful stimulant, so surely it is better not to introduce a synthetic oxytocin when stimulation to the pituitary reflex and chronic uterus point will induce the natural progression and expulsion of the placenta and also stimulate milk flow. Lots of stroking on the backs of hands and feet, working the spinal areas, helps the uterine muscles and myometrium to contract; reflexology treatment will also aid the healing of blood vessels and promote lactation. In lactation, the baby’s sucking action sends an important message to the pituitary gland to release oxytocin to stimulate milk flow. Stimulation to the pituitary reflex area on the feet and ears promotes activity of prolactin and oxytocin to stimulate afferent nerves to release and let down milk from ducts.
It is every woman’s right to choose if she so wishes the type of birth she would like and an increasing number of women are choosing reflexology because it is a totally natural, non-invasive and drug-free therapy that gives pain relief, relaxes and gives energy at this vital time. Reflexology does induce relaxation during labour and anything that can be achieved naturally and non-invasively is wonderful. However, any woman who chooses a complementary therapy must ensure their midwives and obstetrician are happy regarding procedures as always treatment must be compatible with safety. The motto should be best and safe practice at all times.
Many of my patients bring their husbands along in the latter half of their pregnancy for instruction on which reflex point to work on to help with any discomfort. During the prenatal period it helps blood pressure, general well-being, and all neural activity in the spine. In the first stage the backache that is often felt is relieved so bowels and bladder function efficiently and haemorrhoids are eased. Our one thought is always to prevent harm to mother and baby. If a birth needs to be induced we can put pressure on the pituitary to help the labour along. Tests would tell us if more oxytocin was released. During labour sometimes the rhythmic contractions cease. Reflexology helps the labour along; if treatment is given approximately every hour for about 10 minutes, muscular contractions and dilation seem to cause no great problem, and most labours progress quite quickly into the second stage. Reflexology also helps during the third stage. The placenta follows quite quickly in approximately 10–15 minutes especially if the birth is uncomplicated. After labour the mother responds well to reflexology and treatment will benefit the baby too, helping sleeping, colic, and later teething and other minor upsets.
During labour: a full but gentle reflexology treatment will aid and help relieve most pain and discomfort throughout labour. Specific points are SP-6, LI-4 and BL-60. Apply extra pressure on these points throughout labour. For relaxation, tensing and relaxing muscles – start with the feet and move up.
P/Hs. LI-4 has an antispasmodic effect on the uterus.
P/LL. SP-6, BL-60 and KI-4 are stimulated quite firmly.
Afterbirth pains and for general discomforts after delivery:
P/Hs. LI-4 and PE-5 help any uterine congestion or metritis.
P/LL. Use SP-6 and 9, BL-60, LIV-8, and KI-8 and 10 for afterbirth pains.
P/TCM. Ear Shenmen, for any pain and discomfort.
For mastitis:
P/LL. GB-42.
P/AS. Chest/breast area.
P/AA. Apex of ear and apex of antitragus.
In 1988, a 4-month-long research project into reflexology treatment and childbirth was carried out at Gentofte County Hospital, Denmark. The purpose of the project was to offer reflexology treatment as an alternative to medical pain relief during childbirth. The project was started by reflexologist Gabrialla Bering Liisberg, who had learnt that reflexology treatment is a standard offer to women in labour at several clinics in Switzerland and Paris. Out of a total of 593 women giving birth at Gentofte County Hospital during the test period, 103 decided to take part in the project. The women were offered reflexology treatment as an alternative in leaflets displayed in the antenatal clinic. During the test period the reflexologist was present in the maternity ward for 39 hours per week.
Sixty-eight women chose to use reflexology treatment instead of medical pain relief. Of these, 61 stated that the treatment had a positive pain-relieving effect, 6 felt no effect and 1 woman experienced increasing pain in spite of the reflexology treatment. Out of the 61 women receiving pain relief through the treatment, 4 needed additional pain-relieving medication. The rest gave birth either completely without forms of pain relief other than the reflexology treatment or with supplementary pain relief such as laughing gas and water therapy.
Forty-nine women chose to try reflexology treatment before medical labour pain relief. Of these, 24 gave birth without medication.
In addition to this, 14 women were to undergo a surgical removal of the placenta in cases where it had not released itself 30 minutes after the birth. These women were given reflexology treatment for 30–60 minutes after the birth, resulting in the release of the placenta in 11 cases. The remaining 3 women had the placenta surgically removed.
Reflexology treatment was also used to attempt to induce labour in 4 women. None of these went into labour following the treatment, but the number of women in this group was judged to be so small by the project managers that no conclusions can be drawn about the effect of reflexology treatment in these cases.
The test results were judged as positive by the reflexologist as well as by the head midwife and the doctor on the ward. It was questioned, however, whether the effect was obtained through reflexology treatment or was more psychologically based. It was also remarked that, because the women made a conscious choice to try out reflexology, the test may be biased, as it possibly selects a particular type of woman who would be open-minded about alternative methods in childbirth.
The research report has not been published but the results have appeared in Danish newspapers: Berlingske Tidende (15/6/1988), ‘Politiken’ (6/4/1989) and Tidsskrift for Jordemodre, (Number 3, 1988, a periodical for Danish midwives). The information related above has been confirmed by telephone, by a nurse on the maternity ward at Gentofte County Hospital in November 1989, to Christine Issel, Secretary of the International Council of Reflexologists. These findings are printed with her permission.
Pain whilst passing urine, maybe slight fever, abdominal discomfort and discomfort near anus and perineal area. Inflammation of the prostate gland can be caused by bacterial infection.
At birth the prostate gland is basically underdeveloped. By puberty it almost doubles in size as the second sexual characteristics appear. Then continuing glandular development takes place until about the age of 30, when one of two things may happen: either gradual atrophy of the prostate gland takes place, and it shrinks in size, or the opposite may happen – it can increase in size and possibly change shape. At the beginning of the century prostate problems were rare but more recent research shows that they are now increasing rapidly. Diet may play a large part in this. The medical profession often uses surgery as the only answer. As holistic practitioners we believe that prevention is better than cure.
The first sign that there is a problem is usually increased urination, often at night. This is an indication that the prostate is increasing in size. The frequency of urination increases steadily, as does the size of the prostate gland, and then further symptoms often arise; for instance, as the person is urinating the flow slows or trickles out. Sometimes even at the start of urination one may feel the need to pass water but cannot. Often to strain at this point seems to create even more discomfort and pain. Some men experience different symptoms. For example, during sexual intercourse, there may be the discomfort of a full feeling; some experience leakage which can cause embarrassment and further increase problems. The person becomes more stressed and may often panic, being unable to make it to the toilet. By now there may be low abdominal pain, and pain in the groin and the low lumbar areas. Symptoms of course vary from person to person. A nutritional approach is most important; diet, nutrients and reflexology can help problems immensely. Bowel problems nearly always aggravate prostate problems; regular bowel movement is essential to reduce any congestion in the pelvic area. A short fast will always help, but ultimately you must look at diet, exercise and posture. The structure of the body governs the function of the body, and poor posture demonstrates this interrelation: the diaphragm presses down on the abdominal organs and this in turn applies pressure on the pelvic organs (see also chapter 3, behaviour patterns).
The value of a short fast is immense (see chapter 11).
M/R. Prostate reflex; also all other reflexes that may be connected, such as the bladder because it is located beneath, and the rectum, which it lies in front of.
A/A. The adrenals are a powerful aid in any inflammatory problem. Adverse effects from treatment are very rare as it enables the body’s natural hormones to function at peak efficiency without disturbing the production of other hormones. Working the groin lymphatics will help relieve any discomfort by fighting any infection if present and stimulating the lymph nodes into maximum filtration, thus effectively removing any Microorganisms or other foreign bodies from entering the bloodstream. Working the spinal nerves of the lumbar and sacral area will help because of the connections and branches that come off this main area. The perinneal nerve that arises from the second to the fourth sacral nerves has scrotal branches. The inferior haemorrhoidal nerve helps to relieve discomfort in the sigmoid (the region between the anus and urethral opening), anus and perineum areas. Work all spinal areas from L4 to S4; this part of the spine reflex will also help all the pelvic visceral nerves.
P/LL. KI-2 to help with any incontinence, BL-66 for all bladder problems and SP-6 and 9 for male pelvic disorders.
P/AA. Angle of superior concha for prostate problems and urinary tract infections.
In this condition there is a difficulty in swallowing. This often is a complication of tonsillitis. An abscess forms near to or on the tonsil and it may need surgical lancing. However, great relief can be gained if the person is unable to attend a medical practitioner (see Tonsillitis).
A case history of quinsy is given in box 8.9.
Female, aged 28 years, supervisor (bank).
Clinical problems presented at first treatment. Repeated sore throat, had a quinsy on tonsil several times. Initially she attended because of loss of voice, and laryngitis.
Diet. Certain foods made problem worse but felt she had a varied diet; drank a lot of coffee.
Background medical history. She had had the problem since her early teens. She had repeated sore throats, and a very husky voice, almost losing it on many occasions. She had just got over influenza and a quinsy on her right tonsil for the umpteenth time. Over the years she had seen many throat specialists; she had also had a laryngoscopy but the results proved inconclusive, and the consultant merely confirmed she had some sort of acute laryngitis. They had tried many things, including inhalations of steam, and antibiotics; these eased the problem for a while but the discomfort and huskiness would return. If she caught a cold it often meant her being in bed for a week at a time; at one time she had been very poorly with laryngotracheobronchitis and she was taken into hospital where she had steam treatment every 2 hours and also a bronchoscopy, where they removed a sample of tissue. Again the results were inconclusive.
History of patient. Her father had died of a heart attack aged 48 years old. Her brother had been diagnosed at the age of 3 with muscular dystrophy and died at the age of 14. The whole family had been affected, especially when it was found to be an inherited disorder; the elder daughter was checked and they felt she could be a carrier. The medical practitioner suggested a series of very complex tests but the elder sister declined and stated she would not have a family. The patient in question was too young at the time, only 15 years old, and 8 years younger than the sister. She was very close to the younger brother and had helped to look after him when the mother was at work part-time. Even though she was very close in age to him she had a wonderful way of being able to calm him and help him. When he was unable to walk it was always she who took him out in his special chair.
Observation of the feet. There was a very cornified area on the base of the great toe, both feet on the medial edge, puffiness on the ball of the foot just below the toes on zone 2 (the right foot more). It was very red in the liver and intestinal areas. Great sensitivity was felt on all toes, plantar and dorsal, and extreme pain in the dorsal aspect of zone 1, and the lateral aspect of the great toe on both feet. Both feet were hot and clammy.
This young lady commenced treatment in August 1994. She had 12 weekly treatments and I worked as much as 20 times on the throat reflex and also used magnetic therapy on reflex points. After week six there was a great improvement; the huskiness of the voice seemed to be lessening and she had a good few weeks without undue discomfort. In mid November she went on holiday to the Balearics; when she returned she went down with a cold and this lasted some 4 weeks. She was unwell and could not attend for treatment.
I started treatment again at the beginning of January and treatments were every 5 days for 3 weeks. The improvement was rapid and the huskiness disappeared almost instantly, as did the sore throat. We extended visits to 3 weeks without any regression and then 4 weeks, again with no return of the sore throat.
She felt well and full of vitality and had been promoted at work; her new job entailed travelling around the country and training other people so she was doing lots of talking, a thing she would not have attempted prior to this. Each time she came I could do a lot of in-depth pressure on C2 just below the nail bed, the cervical spinal reflex, also lots of work on the great toe for the cranial nerves, mainly trying to stimulate the vagus, the Xth cranial nerve, plus the accessory motor (XIth cranial nerve) and the throat reflex. To date we have had no return of the problem, the longest time she has been without pain and discomfort in the throat area.
Observation of the feet at end of treatment. The hard pad of skin has improved, and she had been to a chiropodist at my suggestion. She had made several visits but the hard skin kept returning. I can see an improvement; it does not seem to be thickening up quite so quickly. The puffiness has completely disappeared; her feet are warm to the touch and pink, and feel vibrant and full of energy. This lady now attends on a 2-monthly basis.
This disorder arises from an unknown cause. It was first identified by Maurice Raynaud (1834–1881), a French physician. It is a peripheral vascular disorder of the hands and feet; the small arteries become constricted. This is not always due to cold as anxiety has been known to cause this unpleasant problem. Episodes of blanching of any of the phalanges occur causing extremes of numbness and pain. Ischaemia is a restricted flow of blood to that part of the body affected; this can cause cyanosis. As the colour returns it can be very painful, with a burning sensation.
M/R. The aim is to improve the whole circulatory system so that the smaller arteries do not constrict. A full treatment is always recommended.
P/Hs. LU-9 contacts the blood vessels, and TB-2 helps any pain in the fingers.
P/LL. On the plantar surface of the foot, the Shimian and Lineiting points help the toes.
P/AS. The specific area of the problem, eg toes, fingers. Working on the ear seems to promote vasodilation of the affected blood vessels, the relaxation of the musculature of the vessel wall, and seems to promote a quick return of colour with less pain than usual.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
Self-help tip: keeping warm, and wearing cotton gloves in the spring, both help. Smokers should try to give up the habit.
RSI does not appear in all medical dictionaries. It means overuse or overstretching of a muscle or ligament, which in turn can lead to injury or damage because of the overtaxing of a muscle or a group of muscles. So we begin to see that many influences or factors causing mental or physical tension or excessive overuse sustained over a period of time can create a lack of functional balance in the whole physiological system, which can create unequal activity in the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems leading to disorders of the autonomic nervous system (see also area of problem and behaviour patterns).
M/R. A full treatment session is always needed in case it has been caused by an infection.
A/A. The adrenal glands are powerful in aiding in any inflammatory problem, regardless of whether it is tendinitis or muscular in cause.
P/Hs. SI-4 and 6 are good for all tendon or ligament problems of the wrist, arm or shoulder region. HE-4 is suitable for pains in the wrist and forearm. SI-5 is ideal for knee problems.
P/LL. LIV-8 helps all four limbs.
P/AS. Work areas related to the problem.
P/AA. Apex of ear for any inflammatory disorder.
P/OM. The adrenal glands point can be pressed daily, or a bean can be attached with a hypoallergic plaster to give relief over a period. Adverse effects from treatment are very rare as the body’s natural hormones are enabled to function at peak efficiency without disturbing the production of other hormones.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
This may include any period of severe coughing or difficulty in breathing in or out. Most of the disorders within the respiratory tract are due to homeostatic imbalances. Disorders such as simple cough, asthma, bronchitis, or even emphysema all have one thing in common: that is that there is some irritation or obstruction to the air passageways. Lifestyle must be addressed as smoking is one of the main causes of most lung problems; even passive smoking plays a part in the many related problems. Many of today’s respiratory disorders can be linked to environmental pollution, or inhalation of irritants such as pollen or moulds. Even certain foods can cause an allergic reaction. One of the main elements in all lung disorders is the general condition of the person’s health. So it is essential that the person is aware of these factors and must protect themselves by improving their health generally so that they do not aggravate their disorder. Reflexology helps to boost the immune system. (People’s immunity is always much lower when they are dealing with any illness.) The general circulation also improves, which in turn aids digestion, stimulates the endocrine glands and aids in high or low blood pressure.
M/R. A full treatment is always advised; the aim is to facilitate the breathing process. Extra work should be done on the lungs and the diaphragm area. The cervical region also aids as the phrenic nerve arises at this point between C3 and C5; not only does this aid the diaphragm but it also has offshoots to the pericardium of the heart, and the coeliac plexus. Also work the upper lymphatics.
A/A. The adrenal glands point is worked for anti-inflammatory properties, helping in the reduction of obstruction in the airways, or any narrowing of these passageways; it is amazing how the patient often comments on thick mucus or phlegm that is green or yellowish and how within one or two treatments this mucopurulent substance is broken down and becomes clear and less sticky. The large intestine is always an area of assistance in all respiratory problems; the Lungs and Large Intestine are paired in TCM. Working the large intestine aids in the removal of any excess mucus.
P/Hs. LU-7 through to 11 aids in any respiratory disorder. These points worked daily help any shortness of breath, and in clearing any excess mucus as there is a connection to the large intestine. These points also open up the respiratory passages. Also work points LI-5 and 6 to aid respiratory problems.
P/LL. SP-3 and ST-40 aid asthma, and phlegm breakdown. KI-9 helps to relax and calm the chest area. Also GB-43 aids the lungs.
P/AS. The lung points and trachea help any coughing; initially they may stimulate the cough but keep up the working and there will be a beneficial outcome.
P/AA. Work all the helix area from 1 to 6. This aids all the respiratory tract.
(See also Asthma.)
This is inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasal passageways. It can be caused by allergies or repeated colds. Treat as for hayfever. (See plate 8, of a person with rhinitis.)
During the autumn and winter months some people suffer excess tiredness, lethargy, depression, unexplained craving for carbohydrates, lack of libido, unexplained joint pain, and resistance to infection seems to be diminished; this is seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The body is reacting to the changing season, causing many problems ranging from mild to in some cases quite severe. The latter usually is worst in the winter months from the end of September to the end of March when the days are at their shortest, or it may be evident in shift workers if there is a great change in exposure to light. One in 20 people is noticeably affected during this time, and may become anxious, lethargic and depressed, which in turn may upset the hormone balance. As spring arrives symptoms lift dramatically. The theory is that light governs our body clock, and lack of light upsets the balance of our circadian rhythms. The hormonal function of the pineal gland is still not fully understood but it is thought to have a part to play in the light-dark cycle because of the links between the midbrain and the retina as light enters the eye (see chapter 5). At night the pineal gland releases the hormone melatonin in larger quantities, making us drowsy and we sleep and there is reduced metabolic activity, but as dawn breaks the light slowly enters our eyes, gradually awakening us and melatonin production is reduced. In the winter we arise to the sudden sound of an alarm rather than the natural light signal, hence our body clock is totally disorientated; we may feel drowsy, irritable, or may lack concentration (hence the amount of early morning accidents in the winter months). Over a period depression may set in, as melatonin production is still occurring in the day, which may be affecting vital nerve centres in the brain.
Jet lag is another disorder where the ‘circadian rhythms’ are disrupted and the whole daily pattern is thrown out of synchronization; this is why travellers are encouraged to get into the eating patterns of whichever time zone they enter. The symptoms of jet lag may persist for several days until the internal body clock becomes adjusted once again to the time change.
Reflexology has a part to play in aiding SAD and jet lag. As an international traveller I can confirm its efficacy. Work the brain area to stimulate release of serotonin (known as the mood enhancer) in the pineal gland; also the hypothalamus in the brain reflex, as it is the appetite centre. Do lots of work on the solar plexus and the spinal area; this stimulates all organs and glands to function more efficiently. Use either hand or foot reflexes; also work over all areas of the ears, stroking gently but firmly. This reflex treatment can be done once or twice during the flight and then just before landing. The result is that you will have more energy on arrival and be less bothered by the time change. Reflexology is very beneficial in SAD as it has a direct effect on the excitatory chemicals in the brain, many of which are neurotransmitters (see chapter 2). In depression many of these are not released in the right quantities, and reflexology seems to raise these levels with no dangerous side-effects.
M/R. All the toes and fingers as this stimulates the brain area, calming the mind and the whole nervous system.
A/A. The pituitary gland balances hormone activity.
P/OM. The subcortex helps any functional disturbance of the autonomic nervous system.
P/TCM. Sanjiao helps all levels of the body because the vagus nerve has such far-reaching effects.
This is an inflammation of the sinuses, the narrow cavities that are hollow to lighten the weight of the head and lend resonance to the voice (see figure 5.3). They are lined with mucous membranes, and if these become infected the fluid accumulation leads to excessive mucus, which blocks the narrow passageway. This often makes the head feel heavy, and there is pain in the facial area. Acute sinusitis should never be ignored as infection could spread higher into the brain area.
Diet is important so that a clogged state does not exacerbate the problem. All dairy and wheat products should be eliminated from the diet, so that the body does not produce even more mucus.
M/R. A full treatment session is always advisable. This helps to normalize the autonomic nervous system, thus ensuring that the nervous system acts as a decongestant and there is constriction of the blood vessels; this allows the swelling to subside. The liver area needs extra stimulation as there are excess toxins in the system.
A/A. The adrenals are worked for their strong anti-inflammatory properties.
P/Hs. LU-10 is a good point for excess mucus.
P/OM. The adrenal glands for inflammation; they also have antiallergic qualities.
A detailed discussion of the role of reflexology in skin disorders is given in chapter 9.
M/R. The thyroid in general for the skin. The liver if there are any excess toxins in the system.
A/A. The adrenals for the strong anti-inflammatory properties.
P/Hs. TB-6 is an excellent point to use in any skin disorder. PE-4 has a direct contact with the epigastric vein, which in turn connects with the thoracic veins. Stimulation of this point also helps any mucus retention, which is often evident in people with skin disorders.
P/OM. The adrenal glands for inflammation; they also have antiallergic qualities.
P/TCM. Wind Stream is a marvellous point for any allergy or skin irritation.
A case history of skin problems is given in box 8.10.
Male, aged 72 years, separated from his second wife (first wife had died). Very tall at 6ft 3in (187cm), with a slight stoop.
Psychological state. He admitted to being a heavy daily drinker. This had ruined his marriage but he assured me he was not an alcoholic and took pains to explain that he found company with others at lunchtimes and evenings at his local public house. This had become a more regular excursion as his relationship with his wife deteriorated. He was a heavy smoker, between 40 and 60 a day, but considered that he had a good diet. He had a little flat and cooked and cleaned for himself. He was extremely polite and kept referring to me as madam. He was scrupulously clean and paid attention to his dress on every visit, almost as if he were going somewhere special; even his hair was slicked down.
Clinical problems presented at first treatment. A rash over the feet, legs and part of arms and hands. He also complained of shortness of breath and lower back and hip pain in the left side.
Background medical history. He complained of chest and lower back pains. He was currently attending the doctor for a skin disorder but prior to this he had not attended for many years.
Medication. Painkillers for low back. Ibuprofen and a lotion for his feet.
Observation of the hands, feet and general evaluation. I had to wear surgical gloves as the feet were oozing and pustules covered the whole area. I asked what treatment he had sought and he advised me he had been to his doctor, who had prescribed lotions and ointments but none had seemed to help. I could only use my water spray on all areas of the feet. I did this over the next three sessions because of the lesions. I could not apply firm pressure of the jet on any one place for more than a few seconds. By week five there was a little improvement to the skin; it appeared less angry. The one great improvement had been to his back and hips which he felt were much better, he was walking straighter and did not stoop. His breathing was still poor; he often arrived breathless for his treatment. We discussed his cutting down smoking. I suggested hypnotherapy; I often refer patients to another therapist in the next town who has had marvellous results with smokers. The patient assured me he would cut down his smoking. I also suggested an alcohol line, and social services.
On week six there was a good improvement. He had missed a week’s treatment due to a heavy cough and cold. I asked him if he had reduced his smoking and he replied that he had not smoked all week until the day of the treatment. There was such an improvement to his foot rash that I believed it was due to the absence of smoking in some way, so I asked him not to return to his 40 to 60 cigarettes a day as the improvement must surely prove to him that his smoking was causing him problems. I then asked him to try and abstain from any alcohol or at least to try and cut down, to see if we could achieve an even better result. He promised he would try not to smoke as much as possible.
The next week I received a telephone call from one of his friends saying he could not attend due to personal reasons and that he would telephone later for another appointment. I heard nothing from him for several weeks and I felt as though I had maybe not handled the situation as well as I should have. Perhaps if I had not pushed him quite so much to seek other help and left him just receiving the reflexology then things might have improved gradually. However, about 3 months after the initial cancellation I was out shopping and came face to face with him. I was extremely shocked by his appearance. I smiled, he touched his forehead and nodded, quickly scurrying away.
Unfortunately, I consider this one of the very few failures; maybe if I had continued treating him without the pressure on him to reduce his smoking I would have had a more successful end result.
The majority of sports injuries could be prevented if the right precautions were taken. Muscle fatigue is a common cause of many injuries. It is imperative that the participant establishes a gentle warming-up routine before doing any strenuous physical exercise. This increases the blood flow through the tissues, thus increasing the temperature within, which makes all the tissues more elastic. If the tissue is more supple there is less vulnerability to injury.
A fracture is a break in a bone. This can be caused by a sudden powerful force or persistent stress on a bone. Bone is a living structure; its cells are constantly renewing and repairing themselves.
A sprain is a similar injury to a ligament, a fibrous connective tissue composed of strong inelastic but flexible fibres. It often takes much longer than bone to heal, because ligaments do not have such a rich blood supply and their rate of healing is much slower.
A strain of a muscle is caused by excessive stretching or overworking a muscle. If there is a lot of damage to a muscle this can give rise to a widespread inflammatory process.
Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon. This can occur after excessive overuse and is quite common in the shoulder area in many sports enthusiasts. Tendons, like ligaments, are made of strong bundles of collagen fibres that can adapt to change, but if they are allowed to become slack due to inactivity then they will shorten and a sudden movement when overstretching or lifting may cause an injury.
Typical injuries are:
Achilles tendinitis. This is inflammation of the tendon of the muscles of the calf of the leg, often caused by some irritation to the back of the heel. This can be caused by poor sports footwear; many of today’s trainers have a large ridge or tab at the back which can cause friction. The Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneus) is situated at the back of leg; it commences below the calf and attaches distally to the middle of the ankle and to the calcaneus (heel bone). The gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles that flex the toes are often involved, because of their insertion through the tendon. These are the main muscles involved in walking or running. As this is such flexible tissue and can withstand quite a considerable amount of pulling force, injuries are often self-inflicted owing to insufficient care when preparing for sport.
Ankle sprain. This can be due to a tearing of some of the fibres in the ligament that supports the ankle bones. Usually this injury is the result of a sudden wrenching or twisting motion that can even rupture the blood vessels. This happens not only in many sports such as badminton, tennis or squash but also with poor supportive footwear; too-high heels can cause the foot to turn over on to its outer edge. Ankle sprains should never be ignored; care and rehabilitation are a must to ensure that the person is not left with a weak and unstable ankle.
Back pain. Back pain can strike at any time irrespective of age or gender. If you are a sports enthusiast it is often due to a ligament sprain, a muscle or tendon strain. Severe cases may be caused by displacement of an intervertebral disc. Often problems arise because of excessive twisting, lifting heavy weights incorrectly, or continuous repetitive movements. Typical sports that make you most vulnerable are golf, gymnastics, rowing, or tennis – or anything where you are in a stretched position (see Back chatand back exercises, plates 22–6).
Hamstring muscles. The semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the biceps femoris are the three muscles collectively known as the hamstrings; they flex the knee and extend the hip. The common injury of tearing of some of the fibres within these muscles at the back of the thigh is often due to overstretching as you suddenly sprint off, or you overkick a ball; it is referred to as a pulled hamstring muscle. RSI from sports activities can affect this muscle, which in turn may affect the knee causing painful spasm. The body’s protective response is restriction of the knee joint by spasm; however, although this muscle spasm limits further injury the quadriceps muscle will suffer.
Knee problems. Knee problems affect many people, not only sports enthusiasts. The knee is a complex joint with a similar action to a hinge joint; with the crescent-shaped patella lying across the front of this joint, it can bend and straighten and has slight rotation. It has two discs of cartilage (menisci) that are wedge shaped, being thicker at their outer edge; this helps to protect the knee by reducing the shock of impact or friction and giving stability. It has two strong ligaments on each side to support and limit the sideways movement. On the anterior surface the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle supports the patella. There are two fluid-filled sacs (bursae) above and below, together with lumps of fat that act as pads to prevent friction. Synovial fluid is secreted around the joint from the synovial membrane. The quadriceps muscle straightens the knee; it is a very strong muscle and it does not cause too many problems. However, any knee problem that brings about restricted movement or any swelling that limits the full extension of the quadriceps muscle may lead to wasting of this muscle within 48 hours; this in turn can affect the knee even more so that it simply gives way when weight is put on it. So gentle and correct exercise is of paramount importance at an early stage of injury.
Damage to the cartilage can be the result of twisting when the knee is already in a bent position and the weight of the body is forced on to that leg. Tearing of the fibres in any one of the ligaments that support the knee is quite common; the inside ligaments are often vulnerable if the lower leg is forced sideways. Bursitis can be caused by prolonged pressure or friction on the knee if you remain in the kneeling position for long periods; many occupations can cause this repetitive strain injury. A locked knee occurs when there is an inability to extend the knee fully; this may be due to the presence of a loose body in the joint or a tear within the medial meniscus of the knee joint (see above).
Shin splints. This is a vague term that refers to a stress reaction in the lower leg. This problem can remain for a long time and a period of prolonged rest is often advisable. Injury is often caused by tendon or muscle strain owing to incorrect or abnormal foot posture. Pain develops at the front of the leg on any excessive movement. Soft tissue injury can affect different compartments of the leg, and the nerve endings are irritated. The peroneus longus and brevis muscles that evert the foot, rotate it medially and dorsiflex it, become exhausted as they are continuously used in the balancing action, so uneven surfaces create even more strain.
Shoulder problems. Strain in any part of the shoulder girdle can be very debilitating because of the many areas involved, mainly both scapulas, the clavicles and the humerus as all three bones join at this point. The shoulder is a ball and socket joint; even the radial and ulna bones may be affected, causing pain and discomfort in the forearm and wrist. Excessive use of the shoulder can damage the delicate tissue and tendons surrounding the joint; it is important not to overstrain or overuse any joint. Many people sit in an office all day then go out once or twice a week to play a sport; racquet games are popular and so is golf, and many people do not warm up sufficiently. The usual problem is of muscle fatigue causing an injury.
Tennis elbow. This is inflammation of the outer border of the elbow; it is often caused by overworking the muscles of the forearm. This problem can arise not only in sport but also commonly in repetitive strain injury.
Note. First-aid measures.
To any soft tissue injury apply the RICE routine: rest, ice, compression and elevation. This will help relieve the immediate discomfort such as pain and tenderness, and also alleviate any swelling.
A practitioner of reflexology comes into contact with many sports injuries. Many patients present themselves with strains and sprains to the back and legs from injuries at work, from working in the garden or from doing odd jobs around the house. Reflexology stimulates the nerve and blood flow to the damaged region, facilitating the healing process, relieving tension in muscles that have gone into spasm and relaxing taut tendons and ligaments. Working on the direct reflex point that is related to the injury and also on the adrenal glands reflex helps stimulate the naturally occurring glucocorticosteroids, which have such a powerful anti-inflammatory effect. It is important to work the reflexes of the spinal area thoroughly as these contact the nerve plexuses, which are very complicated, hence the boundaries may vary from patient to patient. The 31 pairs of nerves either side of the spine (see figure 2.5) can be stimulated or calmed down if there is a shoulder or lumbar injury. (See also each individual problem.) Pressure on a nerve can cause decreased sensation, or pain in an area supplied by a nerve. Patients do not always relate leg and foot problems to their backs. A little more intensive work on the spinal reflexes helps leg and foot pain. As holistic practitioners we embrace all aspects, giving advice to prevent problems arising; we also stimulate and accelerate the healing process, helping the patient’s injury to repair and recover. If a pain persists despite resting and having reflexology treatment a patient should consult their GP.
M/R. Work reflex of problem.
A/A. Adrenals for any inflammation.
P/Hs. HE-4 and SI-4 for hand, arm or neck problems; SI-5 for any knee disorders.
P/LL. GB-34 to 38 will help all leg or knee problems. GB-38 helps any pain in the whole body. LIV-7 is known as the ‘knee gate’.
P/AS. Area of problem.
P/AA. Apex of ear for inflammatory disorders and to have a soothing analgesic effect.
P/OM. Adrenal glands for their powerful anti-inflammatory properties.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
(See Leg and foot problems; see also figure 5.9a and b, and Frozen shoulder.)
A detailed account of the role of reflexology in stress is given in chapter 10.
M/R. A full treatment session is needed (see Nervous disorders).
P/Hs. Palpation on the heart meridian on the hands is most beneficial, from HE-9 from the inner edge of the nail bed around to the pad and working down to the wrist all on that little finger (the fifth zone) will help anxiety, depression, and stress related symptoms. (See Anger, for calming the mind).
P/LL. There is a foot point that is useful for self-help, just below the tuberosity on the outside of the foot (fifth zone). This is BL-64; this reflex calms the mind. KI-1 on the plantar aspect of the foot for all acute problems.
P/AS. Stroking the ears will aid and soothe rebellious liver energy and relieve mental depression.
P/OM. The subcortex aids the nervous system.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
A case history of a stress-related hernia is given in box 8.11.
Female, aged 41 years, ran own business in domestic cleaning services (quite stressful).
Clinical problems presented at first treatment. Hernia: The patient had suffered pain and discomfort over a period of 2 years. Her GP felt it was unwise to have more surgery. She was told she was overweight, which was adding to the problem. Her main problem was bowel discomfort. She had slight acid reflux, but lots of noises in stomach and bowel area (borborygmus).
Diet. She felt this was reasonably good. She could not tolerate a high-fat diet and had had her gall bladder removed 15 years previously. She knew she drank too much coffee and tea.
Background medical history. Over the period of the past 12 years she had had six operations for a hernia and a repair. The hernia was between the midabdomen and breast bone.
Observations of the feet and general evaluation. There was a striated area on the gall bladder point. It was also very red in the upper arch of the right foot; there was a deep groove near the medial edge of this foot.
This lady was at her wit’s end when she came to see me in early July 1994. Specific points that related to the condition were extremely tender. She attended on a weekly basis for 12 weeks, then every 2 weeks, then at 3-weekly intervals. We seemed to stick at this 3-weekly treatment until February this year. Great improvement was felt, with less acid reflux, stomach and bowel noises had normalized and there was no pain in the abdomen area.
In February I also applied magnetic therapy to the corresponding reflex points. This seemed to speed the healing process; the little remaining discomfort disappeared completely. Her comment was: ‘It is as if I never had a hernia problem.’ She commented that she felt well and full of energy, much more relaxed and positive. She had joined Weight Watchers to see whether she could lose weight.
March 1995. There is one slight groove still over the gall bladder point. The previously red area is now normal, with a good temperature to the foot. The deep groove on the medial edge of the right foot is barely evident. This lady attends on a 4- or 5- week basis.
This includes hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. In the former the person often feels overstressed, and may have palpitations and interrupted sleep patterns. The skin in general will be hot and sweaty, and the person feels pushed to be overactive; they end up feeling as if they are chasing their own tails, and generally lose weight. In the latter, symptoms are the reverse: everything seems to slow down, there is often a weight increase and the skin becomes more coarse, the hair may also begin to thin. Both of these disorders are easily diagnosed by having a blood test. These disorders often arise because there is a homeostatic imbalance of the thyroid hormones, which are thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine, T4 and T3. This can be caused by any major trauma, or emotional upset; the onset often manifests after the death of a loved one. (See plate 12.)
The aim of treatment is to regulate the gland, regardless of whether it is underactive or overactive, as a normal reflexology treatment does not make an organ overproduce or underproduce but aids in normalizing function.
M/R. The thyroid area, plantar and dorsal, of the hands or feet; this is aimed at normalizing the general metabolism of the body. It also aids the skin, hair and nails.
A/A. The pituitary gland to stimulate activity of the thyroid gland, and other endocrine glands.
P/Hs. LI-4.
Warning! LI-4 can be used only providing the person is not pregnant, as it is an empirical point to promote delivery during labour.
P/LL. ST-40 helps any lumps especially in the thyroid area.
P/AS. Thyroid point.
P/AA. Apex of antitragus for thyroiditis.
P/OM. Endocrine point.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief; also to aid if sleep patterns are disturbed.
P/HF. For all eye problems ST-1 and 2 and GB-1.
Tinnitus includes any noises in the ear; this can be ringing or buzzing, or in some cases it sounds like surging water. It can have a simple cause, such as excess hard wax causing pressure. Some medication can also cause this. In Ménière’s disorder, there is an accumulation of fluid in the inner ear, causing other distressing side-effects. Often there is no underlying cause; most drugs do not cure, but only help in suppressing the noise and some of the side-effects. Reflexology is a wonderful way of helping to relieve this disorder. Fitzgerald first spoke of helping unilateral tinnitus by raising the nail at the lateral edge of the third finger.
M/R. Ear, eye and facial areas; also the cervical area as in ear disorders.
A/A. All relaxation techniques as tinnitus can create a lot of anxiety in the patient.
P/Hs. TB-2 is a good point for tinnitus, or other ear disorders.
P/LL. GB-43 and 44 aid the head and ear, the former being exceptionally good for tinnitus.
P/AS. Ear and cervical points.
P/AA. Midpoint of rim aids this problem as well as Meniere’s syndrome.
P/HF. Self-help tip: the Tinggong point (on the side of the jaw in the depression as you open your mouth) helps all ear problems.
A case history of tinnitus is given in box 8.12.
Female, aged 57 years.
Clinical problems presented at first treatment. Meniere’s syndrome, recurrent vertigo, tinnitus.
Diet. She had a sensible diet, although she never eats breakfast. She was active and played a lot of tennis.
Background medical history. The patient complained of acute onset, when she would often be debilitated for a period of a few weeks and the tinnitus and vertigo remained with varying levels of discomfort. She had a damaged nail, which had been caused by a falling branch when gardening 2 years previously, and the tinnitus and vertigo had set in only after this. The lady had also undergone radiation therapy and then finally a mastectomy, also 2 years previously.
Observation of the feet and general evaluation. There were great red areas on the third and fourth toes and a corn on the third toe of the left foot. Her left ear was affected, and on the other foot there was a red area on the third toe, which could quite easily be distinguished from paler area on all other toes. The breast that had been removed was in the same zone as her affected ear. She had taken antiemetic drugs over the preliminary stage of reflexology, but she then discontinued all medication and proceeded with reflexology alone. She experienced great tenderness in the brain reflex (toe areas), facial, eye and especially ear reflexes on the third toe of the offending side. The cervical spine area was very tender, as was the liver area. The first treatment commenced on the hands and then the feet, working particularly on TB-1, 2 and 3 of the hands. She actually had relief from the tinnitus during the first treatment, but this returned after the third day. But, as treatments continued, relief was felt in all areas, and her vertigo became less troublesome when changing positions. The slight nystagmus she had in the eye cleared up after several treatments.
Even though we know that the above problem is caused by a change in the levels of fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear, thus upsetting the balance of the vestibulocochlear nerve (the VIIIth cranial nerve), this in turn may affect the intratympanic muscle, which we contact on the great toe, and the trigeminal nerve on the lateral edge of the dorsum of the great toe. Both help enormously when worked firmly. The client felt she had gained a quick and beneficial effect.
Observation of the feet at end of treatment. The red areas of all toes had disappeared, and the corn on the third toe of the left foot had almost gone, which had never happened before even after repeated visits to the chiropodist. Her damaged nail had come away and there was a new nail showing.
For many years it was quite normal for the tonsils to be removed the moment they were a problem. Today the medical profession realize this should not be the first move as there is evidence that the infection would enter further into the body; now they are only removed as a last resort. Tonsils are a mass of lymph tissue and they play a very important part in the protective mechanism of the body. They often react to a faulty diet, and this is often the reason for enlarged tonsils being so prevalent in children today. As the tonsils are part of the lymphatic system they are involved in the filtering and cleansing of impurities, which may manifest due to faulty nutrition. The tonsils are at either side and the back of the mouth, where it joins the throat. They are there to protect against infection and the invasion of bacteria going deeper into the body. When they are removed, if the poor dietary habits continue, the whole system becomes further abused and congested by demineralized food, causing complaints to go further into the body. If parents value the health of their children they should limit most confectionery and white sugars, as they have no food value whatsoever. Regular meals lead to internal harmony and a healthy body. This is so essential if the body is to obtain some benefit from food.
M/R. Work the lymphatic system, the tonsils area and the throat. In children work the same areas but with more emphasis on the thymus gland, to aid the immune system.
A/A. Work the bladder, kidneys and adrenals in case the throat infection affects these other organs. The liver helps rid the body of toxins; the adrenals have a powerful anti-inflammatory action, and normalize the system. If there is any temperature then work the hypothalamus and pituitary to help the fever.
P/Hs. LU-8, 10 and 11 for all throat problems.
P/LL. ST-45 relieves tonsillitis.
P/AS. Helix 1–6 is for tonsillitis and any fever; also the apex of antitragus is for any ‘itis’ disorders as it assists in any inflammatory problem.
P/AA. Throat/pharynx/larynx point.
P/OM. Adrenal glands.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
True torticollis is due to a shortness in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. However, this term is often used for a severe spasm of the neck when there is a restriction to its movement; because the affected muscle is in spasm the neck is often twisted more to one side and there is difficulty in moving the head at all.
M/R. All neck, chronic neck and cervical reflexes.
A/A. The adrenal glands for inflammation; also the brain as the spinal accessory nerve will help. Also work all axillary areas.
P/Hs. SI-1 is a major point for torticollis and neck problems.
P/LL. BL-65 and 66 are good for neck problems, and releasing torticollis. GB-41 is for any pain.
P/AS. All the neck points; also cervical and clavicle points as these aid the whole area, and give instant relief.
P/AA. Apex of ear for the anti-inflammatory properties, and the strong analgesic effect.
P/OM. Adrenal glands for the anti-inflammatory properties, giving swift pain release.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
P/HF. Tianzhu (BL-10) on the posterior aspect of the head helps stiff necks.
In this, a sharp, violent pain is often felt on the side of the head and it can affect all regions of the face. Pain of a sudden onset can be caused by any extreme of temperature. It is a painful disorder, which can be greatly helped with reflexology.
M/R. The trigeminal nerve reflex; this aids all parts – the eyes, forehead, the cheek, the mouth, throat and teeth.
A/A. The adrenal glands for any inflammation, all facial areas, and the dorsal aspect of the toes and fingers for teeth.
P/Hs. LI-4.
Warning! LI-4 can be used only providing the person is not pregnant, as it is an empirical point to promote delivery during labour.
P/LL. GB-44 and ST-44 and 45 are for all facial problems. Also KI-1 for any acute onset.
P/AS. Work area of problem.
P/AA. Apex of ear for the anti-inflammatory properties, and the strong analgesic effect.
P/OM. The adrenal glands for any inflammation.
P/TCM. Sanjiao point is ideal for Bell’s palsy, any facial spasm or facial paralysis, and trigeminal neuralgia. Shenmen for pain relief.
P/HF. Yang bai (GB-14) will help trigeminal neuralgia.
Colon disease is very common and the prognosis is poor; no drugs provide a permanent cure for these problems. There are many types of colon disease or inflammatory bowel disease. In Crohn’s disease any part of the digestive tract can be affected; the section between the small and large bowel, the terminal ileum, is the portion most often affected, and this becomes thickened and ulcerated. Dietary habits can exacerbate the problem: sometimes the client is eating too much sugar in their diet; this is a ‘dead’ carbohydrate and of no nutritional value. In Crohn’s disorder there is often malabsorption of nutrients from the diet, and often weight loss.
Ulcerative colitis is a condition in which the lining of the colon (large bowel) and the rectum becomes inflamed. If the inflammation is limited to the rectum the condition is called proctitis, but when more of the colon is involved, the term colitis is used.
For both, symptoms consist of episodes of diarrhoea, which may contain blood and mucus; there may also be a feeling of urgency, of having to rush to the toilet. Weight loss is very unusual, except in severe attacks, and abdominal pain is unusual apart from some feelings of discomfort before a bowel action. Rarely, the skin, eyes and joints can be affected. There is no known cause for ulcerative colitis. It can affect both sexes at any age but is more common in the late teens/early twenties. It is more common in Western Europe and North America than in developing countries. There is doubt as to whether it is hereditary.
Ulcerative colitis is, by nature, an illness that comes and goes throughout life. There may be prolonged periods when the condition will be better. These periods of remission are made longer by maintenance treatment, which should be taken even when the person feels well. At times, when the inflammation flares up, different treatment may be necessary. Over a period ulcerative colitis may even cause eye inflammation, conjunctivitis or iritis, and other disorders like liver problems and jaundice. Arthritis and lower back pain are common problems. Skin disorders and septic spots or rashes may manifest. Ankle swelling, due to oedema, may occur. In the case of loss of blood from the bowel, then the patient may become anaemic.
The majority of people with ulcerative colitis choose to be treated by medication alone. The medications come in tablet, enema and suppository forms and will be prescribed at various doses depending on whether the inflammation is active or not. Steroids may also be prescribed for acute attacks. These can be given as tablets, enemas, suppositories or, in severe attacks, intravenously. The preparation chosen by the doctor depends on how much of the colon is inflamed and how severe the attack is.
In more severe cases when the symptoms recur more frequently or when the colon becomes very seriously damaged by the inflammation the doctor may decide it is necessary to remove the colon. The remaining bowel may be attached to the anus by an ileoanal anastomosis. In some cases, the bowel is brought to the surface of the abdomen where a permanent opening is made, called an ileostomy. However, thankfully the majority of patients do not require surgery.
The aim of reflexology is to stimulate organ secretion to aid normal digestion, and to assist in the normal healing process. Reflexology helps the immune system and inflammation.
M/R. Work all intestinal areas, with special pressure applied to the rectum and anal reflexes. Also work all the brain area as the vagus nerve aids the movement of the bowels.
A/A. Adrenal glands are for any inflammation; this strong anti-inflammatory aids natural healing.
P/Hs. SI-3 and 4 help intestinal colic or constipation. Also LI-4 has an antispasmodic effect on the intestines.
Warning! LI-4 can be used only providing the person is not pregnant, as it is an empirical point to promote delivery during labour.
P/LL. ST-35 and 37 are very good for intestinal fluctuations, and ST-36 to strengthen the body.
P/AS. Work the large intestine, small intestine, rectum and anus points.
P/AA. Apex of antitragus is for ulcerative colitis, and centre of superior concha for abdominal pain or distension.
P/OM. Sympathetic nervous system is for intestinal spasms.
P/TCM. Sanjiao is for all abdominal problems; as the vagus nerve is contacted at this point it helps all the abdominal viscera as far as the splenic flexure.
P/HF. For constipation work the Chengjiang point (CV-24) on the lower lip.
Any painful spasm of the muscles of the vagina, which may occur when there is contact with the vagina when intercourse is attempted. This may be psychological, in which case many factors need to be addressed. A medical reason, such as inflammation or tenderness, can also be the cause.
M/R. The aim is to relax the client. A good general treatment will aid and assist the whole body.
A/A. Work the groin lymphatics in case of any inflammation. Also work the spinal areas as the pelvic and pudendal nerve that arises from the sacral plexus, S2-S4, serves the perineum, the urethral sphincter and the clitoris.
P/Hs. LI-4 has a marvellous antispasmodic effect on the uterus.
P/LL. BL-60 will aid if there is any swelling of the vulva.
Warning! LI-4 and BL-60 can be used only providing the person is not pregnant, as they are empirical points to promote delivery during labour.
P/AA. Centre of ear is very good if there is any neurosis.
P/OM. Endocrine point for all urogenital problems.
P/TCM. Shenmen for pain relief.
This may be caused by a disorder of the inner ear. The three semicircular canals are responsible for maintaining our balance, and many things can cause this intricate mechanism to go awry. There is often a sense of tilting or reeling; infections can cause this, as in the case of Meniere’s disorder, or labyrinthitis. There may be nausea or vomiting, and in some cases also tinnitus. Certain drugs are also responsible for causing side-effects of vertigo.
M/R. Work the brain area for the VIIIth cranial nerve, and ear areas, to ensure that fluid levels are balanced.
A/A. All relaxation techniques. Make sure you advise the patient to move slowly when changing position. Also work the cervical area.
P/Hs. PE-6 helps any nausea. TB-1 and 2 help ear problems and tinnitus.
P/LL. B-67 is a good point for vertigo.
Note. Do not use this point in the latter stages of pregnancy.
P/AS. Midpoint of rim is useful in Meniere’s syndrome.
Any unexplained vomiting should always be investigated. Reflexology will often help; treatment will also help motion sickness, and morning sickness in pregnancy. The hands are by far the best place to work for this unpleasant physical discomfort.
M/R. The aim is to calm the nerve centre in the brain that triggers off vomiting; this is the medulla oblongata, so working all the brain areas of the hands or feet will help.
A/A. Work the ear reflex to ensure there is no imbalance there.
P/Hs. PE-6 helps any nausea. Scratch the back of the hands as this also aids in alleviating any nausea. This is also especially helpful for treating morning sickness or motion sickness.
This should always be investigated in case there is any damage to the ligaments or cervical nerve roots. If the neck is immobilized by a support collar then reflexology treatment can help. Work as for neck problems and torticollis.
This covers carpal tunnel syndrome; for working see RSI and Sports injuries.
This is dry mouth, a very upsetting problem that can create a lot of stress; it is evident in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. This disorder can be made worse by some medications. The patient can have sore lips and the area of skin around the mouth becomes very inflamed and painful. Salivation is under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic stimuli may arise in response to some stress, resulting in a dry mouth. Extreme stress over a period may change the salivary enzymes.
A/A. Work directly on the mouth reflex of the hands and ears. Work also all the brain area as the cranial nerves, the facial nerve (VII) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) are responsible for stimulating salivation.
P/LL. ST-45 aids digestion.
P/AA. The apex of tragus is the thirst point; drinking water will aid the moisture of the mouth.
P/HF. The Chengjiang point (CV-24) on the lip is useful for a dry mouth.
This is a reflex action that may be caused by tiredness or boredom; it has also been linked to indigestion and low oxygen levels (it is a natural reflex which encourages oxygen into the lungs).
M/R. A general treatment rejuvenates.
Note. Many of the case histories in this book show that stress may be the underlying cause of many physical disorders, creating adverse functioning of the body as a whole. For instance, stress often affects hormone levels, which may in turn create changes to the body’s internal environment. Skin rashes on the feet are often external manifestations of internal disorder. Many of the patients mentioned had at some time consulted their doctors about skin complaints but had not subsequently obtained much relief. Although most of them had initially turned to reflexology for other reasons, their skin irritations were also cleared up as a result of the treatment. This shows how reflexology embraces the whole person, not just a single disorder, and that a holistic approach to treatment must be adopted at all times. (See chapter 9.)