Please note that index links point to page beginnings from the print edition. Locations are approximate in e-readers, and you may need to page down one or more times after clicking or tapping a link to get to the indexed material.
Page numbers followed by f or t indicate figures or tables, respectively.
1-h diabetic screen, 45t
5 Ws, 363
12-lead electrocardiogram, 414, 429, 432
A
AAFP. See American Academy of Family Physicians
AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics), 377
AASM (American Academy of Sleep Medicine), 559
ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) evaluation, 24, 30, 217, 220, 429, 475
ABCD criteria, skin lesions, 127t
ABCD2 (Age, Blood pressure, Clinical features, Duration of symptoms, and Diabetes) score, 430
abdominal aortic aneurysm, 18-19, 22
abdominal examination, 4-5
abdominal obesity, 319
abdominal pain, 295-299
abortion laws, 88
abscesses
definition, 125
fever and, 368
wheezing and, 380
abuse
elder, 346
physical, 343
abused substance categories, 397t-400t
acanthosis nigricans, 316
accelerations, fetal heart rate, 156
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors, 191, 201, 203, 205, 253, 258
ACOG. See American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 441. See also HIV/AIDS
ACR (American College of Rheumatology), 35
acral lentiginous melanoma, 126, 130
acromegaly, 483
ACS (acute coronary syndrome), 191
active phase, labor, 155
active range of motion, 118
activities of daily living (ADL), 171f, 172t
Actonel (risedronate), 111t
acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 191
AD (autistic disorder), 529
adenomatous polyps, 219
Adipex-P (phentermine), 318t
adjunctive therapy, 182
ADL (activities of daily living), 171f, 172t
adolescent health maintenance
clinical approach, 279-281
clinical pearls, 284
clinical presentation, 277-279
limping, 357
medical ethics and, 81-88
sports preparticipation examination, 281-282
adrenal insufficiency, 164t
adult female health maintenance
clinical approach, 107-112
cardiovascular disease, 107-108
screening for breast cancer, 108
screening for cervical cancer, 108-109
screening for domestic violence, 110, 112
screening for osteoporosis, 109-110
clinical pearls, 114
clinical presentation, 105-106
adult male health maintenance
clinical approach, 17-18
clinical pearls, 22
clinical presentation, 15-16
healthy lifestyle, 20-21
screening tests, 18-19
adult onset diabetes mellitus (AODM), 502
Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III guidelines, 319-320, 333
advance directives, 175-176
advanced maternal age, 41
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 20
AF (atrial fibrillation), 412, 415
age
advanced maternal, 41
considering when taking history, 2
pregnancy and, 42
Age, Blood pressure, Clinical features, Duration of symptoms, and Diabetes (ABCD2) score, 430
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 377
age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 172, 177, 178
agnosia, 306t
AHA (American Heart Association), 257t
AHI (apnea hypopnea index), 557
AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality), 377
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 441. See also HIV/AIDS
Airway, Breathing, Circulation (ABC) evaluation, 24, 30, 217, 220, 429, 475
alarm features, IBS, 388t
albuterol, 27
alcohol abuse
dementia and, 309
hepatitis and, 457
alcohol dependence, 406
aldosterone antagonist spironolactone, 258
alendronate, 111t
allergic conjunctivitis, 70
allergic disorders
allergic rhinitis, 67-68
anaphylaxis, urticaria, and angioedema, 69
clinical approach, 65-67
clinical pearls, 71
clinical presentation, 63-64
conjunctivitis, 70
treatment of, 68-69
allergic rhinitis
causes of, 67-68
characteristics, 65
clinical approach, 65-67
definition, 65
allergic salute, 66
allergic shiners, 66
Alli (orlistat), 318t
alosetron, 389
α1-antitrypsin deficiency, 29
α-glucosidase inhibitors, 507
Alzheimer disease, 306-308, 311
amblyopia, 53
ambulatory electrocardiographic rhythm monitoring, 414
AMD (age-related macular degeneration), 172, 177
amenorrhea, 493
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
family violence screening, 343
RSV bronchiolitis, 377
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 377
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), 559
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)
cervical cancer screening recommendations, 280
family violence screening, 343
fetal heart rate monitoring, 156
gestational diabetes screening, 47, 503
indications for ultrasound, 40
OCP recommendations, 246-247
American College of Rheumatology (ACR), 35
American Diabetes Association, 47
American Heart Association (AHA), 257t
American Medical Association
family violence screening, 343
GAPS recommendations, 280
American Urological Association (AUA), 137-138
Amitiza (lubiprostone), 387, 389, 391
amniocentesis, 47
amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), 422, 425
ampicillin, 102
analgesia, 35-36
anaphylaxis
allergic disorders, 69
definition, 65
insect stings, 421-422
anemia
in children, 54-57
definition, 91
geriatric, 89-96
KDOQI guidelines, 203
anemia of chronic inflammation, 93t
aneuploidy, risk for, 47
Angelman syndrome, 531t
angina, 194t
angioedema, 69
angiography, 192
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 201, 203, 258
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 191, 201, 203, 205, 253, 258
animal
allergies, 68
bites, 422
ankle
examinations, 119t
sprains, 116
annual physical, 17
anorexiant medications, 319
anovulation, 493
antalgic gait, 352
antenatal testing, 41
Anterior drawer test, 119t
anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), 116
antibiotic prophylaxis, 425
antibiotics
diarrhea and, 101
quinolone, 101-102
second-line, 182
antibody screening prenatal test, 44t
antibody screening test, 50
anticholinergics (ipratropium), 27
anticytokines, 36
antidepressants, black box warning, 235
antihistamines, 68
antihypertensive medications, 291t
antipsychotics, 308
antithyroid drugs, 144-145
antitussives, 182
anxiety, 194t
anxiety disorders, 237
AODM (adult onset diabetes mellitus), 502
aortic dissection, 194t
aphasia, 306t
apnea, 556
apnea hypopnea index (AHI), 557
apraxia, 306t
ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), 201, 203, 258
Aricept (donepezil), 307t
arrest of active phase, 159
arterial blood gas measurement, 6
arthritis
acute monoarticular, 34
acute polyarticular, 34
chronic monoarticular, 34
crystal-induced, 33
infectious, 37
septic, 355
AS (Asperger syndrome), 529, 530, 533
ASB (asymptomatic bacteriuria), 41
ASD. See autism spectrum disorder
Asherman syndrome, 494
Asperger syndrome (AS), 529, 530, 533
aspiration pneumonia, 229, 367, 370
aspirin, 188
asthma
clinical approach, 545
clinical pearls, 554
clinical presentation, 543-544
definition, 544
diagnosis, 545-549
severity classification, 547t, 548t
treatment, 549-552
and wheezing, 543-554
asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), 41
asymptomatic diverticuli, 220
atelectasis, 366-376
ATFL (anterior talofibular ligament), 116
ATP (Adult Treatment Panel) III guidelines, 319-320, 333
atrial fibrillation (AF), 412, 415
atypical agents, 237
AUA (American Urological Association), 137-138
Augmentin (amoxicillin-clavulanate), 422, 425
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
clinical approach, 529-532
clinical pearls, 534
clinical presentation, 527-528
neurodevelopmental conditions, 531t
red flag symptoms, 528, 531, 533
autistic disorder (AD), 529
autonomous thyroid nodule, 144
autonomy, 83
avascular necrosis, 353
B
B12 deficiency, 94
baby blues, 245
back and spine examination, 5
back pain. See acute low back pain
Back To Sleep campaign, 58, 62
bacteremia
pneumonia and, 227
postoperative fever, 366
bacterial conjunctivitis, 70
bacterial infections
group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS), 475
Neisseria meningitidis, 475-476
bacterial pneumonia, 229
bacterial vaginosis (BV), 209, 210, 211f, 213
Barlow test, 354
barrel chest, 26
barrier method contraception
cervical cap, 272
definition, 266
diaphragm, 272
female condom, 271
male condom, 271
spermicides, 272
sponge, 271
basal cell carcinomas, 128, 130
baseline heart rate, 156
basic metabolic panel, 5
battery, 343
Beers criteria, 514
beneficence, 84
benign rhythm disturbances, 413
bereavement, 238
β2-adrenergic agonists COPD, 25
β-adrenergic antagonist, 188
β-blockers
Graves disease, 145
beta-blocking agents, 196
beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, 193
β-lactam, 227
bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), 257
bilirubin, 450
Billings method, 273
BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure), 257
bismuth subsalicylate, 102
bisphosphonates, 111t, 567, 570
bleeding
associated with irregular menstrual cycles, 494-495
associated with regular menstrual cycles, 494
diverticular, 219
DUB, 494-495
postpartum vaginal, 243
blood pressure, 290t
blood type prenatal test, 44t
BMI. See body mass index
BNP (brain natriuretic peptide), 256
body mass index (BMI)
definition, 315
definition of obesity based on, 316t
menstruation and, 493
screening, 19
bone mineral density testing, 175
Boniva (ibandronate), 111t
Bontril (phendimetrazine), 318t
Bordetella pertussis, 182
Borrelia burgdorferi, 476
bradycardia, fetal, 156
brain imaging, CVA/TIA, 432
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 256
BRCA, 107
breast diseases
characteristics, 483
clinical approach, 483-487
breast pain (mastalgia), 485-486
nipple discharge and galactorrhea, 486-487
palpable breast mass, 483-485
clinical pearls, 489
clinical presentation, 481-483
risk factors, 482-483
screening for cancer, 108
breast engorgement, 244
breast examination, 4
breast lumps, 484t
breast self-examination (BSE), 108, 482
breast-feeding
maternal benefits of, 242
postpartum care, 246
“Breathing Not Properly” study, 256
bromocriptine, 487
bronchitis
acute, 180
characteristics, 180
clinical approach, 181-182
clinical pearls, 186
clinical presentation, 179-180
definition, 181
chronic, 25
Bruce protocol stress test, 192
Brugada syndrome, 412
BSE (breast self-examination), 108, 482
bulla, 125
butyrophenones, 541
BV (bacterial vaginosis), 209, 210, 211f, 213
C difficile colitis, 103
CAGE mnemonic, 95
calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), 116
calcitonin (Miacalcin), 111t, 567
calcium channel blockers, 258
calcium disorders
calcium homeostasis, 163
clinical approach, 163
clinical pearls, 168
clinical presentation, 161-162
hypercalcemia, 164-167
calcium hydroxyapatite crystals, 33
calcium oxalate crystals, 33
calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals, 33
cancer. See also skin lesions
basal cell carcinomas, 128, 130
breast cancer screening, 108
cervical cancer screening, 108-109
colon cancer screening, 22
colorectal, 19
lung, 19
prostate cancer screening, 176
screening tests for adult males, 16, 19
screening tests for geriatrics, 175
squamous cell carcinomas, 128
Candida vaginitis, 208
Candida vulvovaginitis, 209, 213
cannabinoids, 397t
CAPD (central auditory processing disorder), 173
caput medusa, 451
car seat recommendations, 58, 62
carbimazole, 144
cardiac examination, 4
cardiac markers, 6
cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), 258, 260-261
cardiac rhythm disorders, 253t
cardinal movements, labor, 157-158
cardiovascular disease
adult females, 107-108
screening tests for adult males, 16, 18-19
cardioverter-defibrillator, 415
caregiver burden assessment, 306
carotid Doppler study, 429, 432
carotid endarterectomy (CEA), 434
cauda equina syndrome, 521-522
CBC (complete blood count), 5
CBE (clinical breast examination), 108
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CEA (carotid endarterectomy), 434
ceftriaxone, 213
cellulitis, 424
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
HIV screening, 442t
meningococcal vaccination, 281
central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), 173
cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack
clinical approach, 429-430
clinical pearls, 437
clinical presentation, 427-429
diagnosis and evaluation, 429, 431-433
prevention of stroke in patients with previous ischemic stroke or TIA, 434
cerumen impaction, 173
Cervarix and Gardasil (HPV vaccine), 281
cervical cancer
ACOG screening recommendations, 280
factors to discontinue screening, 106
screening for, 108-109
cervical cap, 272
CFL (calcaneofibular ligament), 116
CHD (coronary heart disease), 333
chest pain
clinical approach, 190-191
clinical pearls, 197
clinical presentation, 187-188, 193-195
differential diagnosis of, 189-190, 194t
risk factors for causes of, 192t
treatment, 191-193
CHF. See congestive heart failure
chicken pox, 473-474, 477t, 480
chief complaint, 2
child abuse
injuries suggestive of, 345t
overview, 344-346
physician responsibility regarding, 87-88
childhood disintegrative disorder, 531t
childhood schizophrenia, 531t
child-proofing, 59
children. See pediatrics
Chlamydia pneumoniae, 225
Chlamydia prenatal test, 44t
cholesterol, 337t. See also hyperlipidemia
cholinergic syndrome, 300
cholinesterase inhibitors, 307t
chorea
definition, 537
Huntington disease, 539
chorionic villus sampling (CVS), 47
chronic alcohol abuse, 309
chronic atrial fibrillation, 415
chronic bronchitis, 25
chronic diarrhea, 99
chronic hepatitis B infection, 454-455, 455f
chronic hepatitis C infection, 456, 459
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
characteristics, 200-201
clinical approach, 201-203
clinical pearls, 205
clinical presentation, 199-201
definition, 201
with volume overload, 205
chronic monoarticular arthritis, 34
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
classification of, 27t
clinical approach, 25-28
clinical pearls, 30
clinical presentation, 23-25
differential diagnosis, 24
etiology, 25
chronic pain, 573
chronic pain management
clinical approach, 573-575
clinical pearls, 577
clinical presentation, 571-573
chronic renal failure (CRF). See chronic kidney disease (CKD)
chronic sinusitis, 182
chronic subdural hematoma, 309
cigarette smoking, 25. See also smoking; tobacco use
CKD. See chronic kidney disease
classic clinical problem solving, 6-8
classic migraine, 323
clean-catch urine sample, 139
clinical breast examination (CBE), 108
clinical problem solving
approach to diagnosis, 6-11
approach to patient, 2-6
assessing disease severity, 7
classic, 6-8
diagnosis in, 7
physical examination, 4
response to treatment, 8
treatment based on stage, 7
clopidogrel, 191
Clostridium perfringens, 100
clue cells, bacterial vaginosis, 211f
coagulopathy, 494
cobblestoning, 67
Cockcroft-Gault equation, 202
cockroach allergy, 68
Cognex (tacrine), 307t
cognitive screening, 173-174
colchicine, 37
cold nodules, 148
colon cancer screening, 22
colon neoplasms, 219
colonoscopy, 6
colorectal cancer, 19
colorflow Doppler imaging, 6
combination oral contraceptives, 266
common migraine, 324
communicable diseases, reporting, 82
communication, impaired, 530
community-acquired pneumonia, 225
complete blood count (CBC), 5
compressive pain, 573
computed tomography (CT), 6, 134, 137, 368, 378
condoms
female, 271
HIV and, 442
latex, 276
male, 271
confidentiality
medical ethics and, 84
teenage pregnancy, 85-86
congenital dysplasia, 356
congenital hypothyroidism test, 54
congestive heart failure (CHF)
characteristics, 252-253
clinical approach, 253-258
epidemiology, 255
evaluation, 255-256
management of, 256-257
outpatient management of, 257-258
clinical pearls, 261
clinical presentation, 251-253
definition, 253
conjugated bilirubin, 450, 452
conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, 453-457
conjunctivitis, 70
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 257
contraception
barrier methods, 271-272
breast-feeding women, 242
clinical approach, 266
clinical pearls, 276
clinical presentation, 263-265
comparison of, 267t-269t
ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Preven), 274
contraindications to, 270t
etonorgestrel implant, 271
intravaginal ring contraceptive, 270
medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera), 270
steroid, 266
transdermal contraceptive, 270
intrauterine devices (IUDs), 272-273
natural family planning, 273
surgical sterilization, 273
COPD. See chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
copper IUD (ParaGard T380A), 272
cor pulmonale, 30
core-needle biopsy, 484
coronary artery disease, 19
coronary heart disease (CHD), 333
corticosteroid nasal sprays, 68-69
corticosteroids
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 25
croup, 378
costochondritis, 194t
CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure), 257
C-reactive protein (CRP), 354
creatinine clearance, 515
CRF (chronic renal failure). See chronic kidney disease (CKD)
cromolyn sodium, 552
croup, 378-379
CRP (C-reactive protein), 354
CRT (cardiac resynchronization therapy), 258, 260-261
crystal-induced arthritis, 33
CT (computed tomography), 6, 134, 137, 368, 378
CT urography, 137
Cushing disease, 496
CVA/TIA. See cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack
CVS (chorionic villus sampling), 47
cyclic mastalgia, 485
CYP (cytochrome P450), 513
cysts
definition, 125
overview, 482-483
cytochrome P450 (CYP), 513
Cytotec (misoprostol), 244
D
danazol, 486
D&C (dilation and curettage), 495
DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet plan, 291
DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial), 502
decelerations, fetal heart rate, 156-157
decompression, 525
decongestants, 68
deep abscesses, neck, 380
deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 363, 368, 370, 584
dehydration, 100
delayed reactions, stings, 421
delirium, 309
delirium tremens, 404t
delivery. See labor
dementia
Alzheimer disease, 306-308
clinical approach, 305-306
clinical pearls, 311
clinical presentation, 303-304
delirium, 309
frontotemporal lobe dementia, 308-309
Lewy body dementia, 308
other illnesses associated with, 309
vascular, 308
dementia of Parkinson disease, 311
dementia with Lewy bodies, 311
Dennie-Morgan lines, 67
denosumab, 568
dental x-rays, 40
Denver II developmental screening test, 54
Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone), 270
depressants, 397t
depression
characteristics, 232-233
clinical approach, 233-235
clinical pearls, 240
clinical presentation, 231-233
dementia and, 306
inpatient management, 237
major, 233
medications for, 236-237
atypical agents, 237
MAOIs, 237
SNRIs, 236
SSRIs, 236
TCAs, 236-237
mood disorders, 237-238
anxiety disorders, 237
bereavement, 238
bipolar disorder (manic depression), 238
dysthymic disorder, 238
postpartum, 245
screening for in elderly, 174
USPSTF screening recommendations for, 19
desensitization therapy, allergy, 69
detoxification, 395
developmental disorders
clinical approach, 529-532
clinical pearls, 534
clinical presentation, 527-528
treatment, 530-532
developmental milestones, infant, 55t-56t, 61-62
DEXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), 6, 110, 175, 564
Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), 318t
dextroamphetamine, 318t
Dextrostat (dextroamphetamine), 318t
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 502
diabetes mellitus (DM)
clinical approach, 502-503
gestational diabetes, 503
type 1 diabetes, 502
type 2 diabetes, 502-503
clinical pearls, 510
clinical presentation, 499-501
diagnosis, 503-504
management, 504-508
management of hypoglycemia, 508
diabetic ketoacidosis, 502, 510
diabetic retinopathy, 172, 177, 178
diagnostic adjuncts, 6
diarrhea, 99
acute
clinical approach, 99-102
clinical presentation, 100
etiologies, 99-100
prevention, 101
traveler’s diarrhea (TD), 101-102
treatment, 100-101
clinical pearls, 104
clinical presentation, 97-98, 100
definition, 99
diagnostic criteria, 98-99
diastolic dysfunction, 253
dicyclomine, 391
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet plan, 291
diethylpropion (Tenuate), 318t
digital rectal examination (DRE), 177
digoxin, 415
dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker amlodipine (Norvasc), 258
dilation and curettage (D&C), 495
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, 507
diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, 62
dipstick method, 136
disease, assessing severity of, 7
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), 36
dissociative anesthetics, 397t
diverticular disease, 218
DM. See diabetes mellitus
DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), 36
do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) orders, 176
domestic violence, 110, 112. See also family violence
donepezil (Aricept), 307t
dopamine agonists
breast disease, 487
Parkinson disease, 538
Doppler fetoscope, 43
double contrast barium enema, 6
doxycycline
Chlamydia infections, 210
pneumonia, 227
DPOA-HC (durable power of attorney for health care), 176
DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) inhibitor, 507
DRE (digital rectal examination), 177
Drop-arm rotator cuff test, 119t
drug fever
definition, 363
medications associated with, 367-368
drugs, adverse reactions and interactions
clinical approach, 513-516
clinical pearls, 517
clinical presentation, 511-513
DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) vaccine, 62
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 6, 110, 175, 564
DUB (dysfunctional uterine bleeding), 494-495
duct ectasia, 483
Dukes System, colon cancer, 219
duodenal ulcers, 463
durable power of attorney for health care (DPOA-HC), 176
dust mites, house, 67
DVT (deep venous thrombosis), 363, 368, 370, 584
dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), 494-495
dyskinesias, 542
dyspepsia
clinical approach, 463-467
clinical pearls, 468
clinical presentation, 461-463
dysplasia, 353
dyspnea, 23-30. See also chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
E
ear infections, 184-185
early deceleration, 156-157, 159
early diagnostic endoscopy, 463, 463t
early postpartum hemorrhage, 244
echocardiography, 256, 260, 432
EDC (estimated date of confinement), 154
effective screening, 17
egophony, 226
ehrlichiosis, 478t
Eikenella species, 424
elder abuse, 346
electrocardiogram, 6
electroconvulsive therapy, 239
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), 443, 445
embolic stroke, 430
emergency contraception, 274, 275
emphysema, 25
Empty can test, 119t
end-of-life issues, 175-176
endometrial biopsy, 495
endometrial polyps, 494
endometritis, 243, 245, 496-497
end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 201
energy balance, 316
entacapone, 542
enterotoxigenic E coli, 99
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 443, 445
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, 70
epiglottitis, 183, 379-380, 382
epilepsy, 49
epithelium, normal, 211f
Epworth sleepiness scale, 558
erythema infectiosum, 474, 477t, 479
erythema migrans, 476
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 353
erythromycin, 229
Escherichia coli, 99, 100, 103
esophageal perforation, 300
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), 353
ESRD (end-stage renal disease), 201
essential hypertension, 293
essential tremor, 536
essure, 276
establishing database, 2
estimated date of confinement (EDC), 154
estrogen, 111t
ethnicity
considering when taking history, 2
pregnancy screenings, 42
etonorgestrel (Implanon), 268, 271
etonorgestrel implant, 271
European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), 35
Evista (raloxifene), 111t
exacerbation of chronic sinusitis, acute, 182
exanthem, 472
excisional biopsies, 130
executive functions, 305
Exelon (rivastigmine), 307t
exenatide, 507
exercise
COPD and, 27
stress tests, 414
exercise-induced hematuria, 136
extension movement, 157
external rotation movement, 157
external rotation test, 119t
extramammary pain, 485
extremities examination, 5
F
FABER test, 353
failure to thrive, 53-54
fall assessment, 173
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH), 166
family health. See adult female health maintenance
family medical history (FMH), 4, 125
family planning. See also contraception
algorithm, 265f
postpartum care, 246-247
family violence
clinical approach, 343-346
child abuse, 344-346
elder abuse, 346
intimate partner violence, 343-344
clinical pearls, 348
clinical presentation, 341-342
overview, 342-343
FAQ (functional activities questionnaire), 306
Fastin (phentermine), 318t
fasting glucose level, 316
fasting lipids, 316
FBAO (foreign-body airway obstruction), 374-375
fecal occult blood test (FOBT), 19, 513
Federal Older Americans Act, 348
female condom, 271
female health. See adult female health maintenance
fetal alcohol syndrome, 531t
fetal bradycardia, 156
fetal head compression, 159
fetal heart rate monitoring, 152f
fetal lie, 154
fetal presentation, 154
fetal scalp electrode, 156
FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in first second of expiration), 26
fever. See also rash
infectious causes of, 477t-478t
postoperative, 361-371
surgical morbidity, 368
FHH (familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia), 166
fiber supplements, 391
fibroids, 494
fine-needle aspiration (FNA), 146-147, 148, 484
first-generation antihistamines, 68
five R’s strategy, 76
flexion movement, 157
fluconazole, oral, 213
FMH (family medical history), 4, 125
FNA (fine-needle aspiration), 146-147, 148, 484
FOBT (fecal occult blood test), 19, 513
Foley catheter, 205
folic acid supplements, 42, 49, 50
follicular cell malignancy, 147
Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), 174, 305
forced expiratory volume in first second
of expiration (FEV1), 26
forced vital capacity (FVC), 26
foreign-body airway obstruction (FBAO), 374-375
Forteo (teriparatide), 111t
Fortical (calcitonin), 111t
Fosamax (alendronate), 111t
fractures, 355
Fragile X syndrome, 531t
Framingham Heart Study, 253
frank diabetes, 501
frontotemporal lobe dementia, 308-309, 311
functional activities questionnaire (FAQ), 306
functional assessment, 170, 171-172
FVC (forced vital capacity), 26
G
gait, 352
galactorrhea, 486-487
galantamine, 307t
Galeazzi test, 354
Gallium scans, 358
GAPS (Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services), 279, 280
GAS (group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus), 183-184, 475
gastric ulcers, 463
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 194t, 462
gastrointestinal bleeding, lower
clinical approach, 217-218
clinical pearls, 221
clinical presentation, 215-216
colon neoplasms, 219
definition, 217
diverticular disease, 218
hemorrhoids, 218
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 218-219
gastrointestinal. See lower gastrointestinal bleeding
gastroparesis, 501
GBS. See group B Streptococcus
GCT (glucose challenge test), 503
gender, 2
genetic history, 43
genital examination, 5
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), 194t, 462
Geriatric Depression Scale, 174
geriatric health maintenance
anemia
clinical approach, 91-93
clinical pearls, 95
clinical presentation, 89-90, 91-93
diagnostic criteria, 90-91
epidemiology, 91
treatment, 93
clinical approach, 171-175
cancer screening, 175
cognitive screening, 173-174
depression screening, 174
fall assessment, 173
functional assessment, 171-172
hearing screening, 172-173
hypertension screening, 174
immunizations, 175
incontinence screening, 174
nutrition screening, 174
osteoporosis screening, 175
stroke prevention, 175
vision screening, 172
clinical pearls, 178
clinical presentation, 169-170
diagnosis of, 170
end-of-life issues, 175-176
gestational diabetes, 503, 510
gestational diabetes prenatal test, 47
Gilbert disease, 458
Gilbert syndrome, 452-453, 458
GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), 507
glomerular hematuria, 135
glomerulonephritis, 184
glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), 507
glucocorticoids, 36
glucose challenge test (GCT), 503
glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), 507
glucosuria, 501
glycemic control, 205
glycoprotein (GP) IIB/IIIA inhibitors, 188
gonorrhea prenatal test, 44t, 47
gouty arthritis
definition, 33
initial presentation, 37
GP (glycoprotein) IIB/IIIA inhibitors, 188
granulomatous disease, 164t
grapefruit juice, 517
grass pollen, 67
Graves disease, 142-143, 142f, 144, 145
Grey-Turner sign, 4
gross hematuria, 135
group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS), 183-184, 475
group B Streptococcus (GBS)
culture prenatal test, 45t
during pregnancy, 151
reducing risk of fetal infection, 154
screening, 48
growing pains, 357
Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS), 279, 280
gynecologic history, 43
H
H2 blocker, 463
Haemophilus influenzae, 28, 182, 225
hallucinogens, 398t
hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 477t
Hashimoto thyroiditis, 145
Hawkins impingement, 119t
HCTZ (hydrochlorothiazide), 31-32
HCV RNA (hepatitis C virus RNA), 456
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, 333
head and neck examination, 4
head, ears, eyes, nose, and throat (HEENT) examination, 179
headaches
chronic medical conditions, 328
migraine
characteristics, 324
chronic medical conditions, 328
clinical approach, 326-327
clinical pearls, 330
clinical presentation, 323-324
definition, 325
diagnostic criteria, 324
history, 326
treatment, 327
red flag symptoms, 325t
health maintenance, definition, 17
health-care–associated pneumonia, 225-226, 227
Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE-S), 173
hearing screening
geriatric health maintenance, 172-173
infant, 57
heart failure, 194t
HEENT (head, ears, eyes, nose, and throat) examination, 179
Heimlich maneuver, 375
Helicobacter pylori, 465, 466t
Hemabate (prostaglandin F2a), 244
hematochezia, 217
hematuria
clinical approach, 135-138
clinical pearls, 139
clinical presentation, 133-134
diagnosis, 134
hemoglobin prenatal test, 44t
hemolysis, 453
hemorrhage
postpartum care, 244
hemorrhoids, 218
heparin, 191
hepatitis A, 453-454
hepatitis A vaccination, 20, 454
hepatitis B surface antigen, 45t
hepatitis B vaccination, 20, 456
hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV RNA), 456
hepatitis D, 456
hepatitis E, 456-457
hepatosplenomegaly, 186
herpes zoster, 194t, 474, 477t
HHIE-S (Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly), 173
HHV-6 (human herpes virus 6), 473
high cholesterol. See hyperlipidemia
high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, 333
high-risk sexual behavior, 82
history
allergic disorders, 66
FMH, 125
patient, 2-4
pediatric, 53
social
defined, 3
jaundice, 451-452
pregnancy and, 43
sprains and strains, 117
history of present illness (HPI), 125
HIV ELISA prenatal test, 44t
HIV/AIDS
AIDS-defining conditions, 444t
CDC screening recommendations, 442t
clinical approach, 441-446
clinical categorization of, 443
diagnostic evaluation, 443, 445
epidemiology, 441-442
late disease, 445
primary infection, 443
transmission, 442-443
treatment, 445-446
clinical pearls, 448
clinical presentation, 439-441
definition, 441
not AIDS-defining conditions, 444t
HMG-CoA (beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors, 193
Homan sign, 368
hormonal contraception
breast-feeding women, 242
contraindications to, 270t
etonorgestrel implant, 271
intravaginal ring contraceptive, 270
medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera), 270
steroid, 266
transdermal contraceptive (Ortho Evra), 270
hormone replacement therapy, 107-108
hot flashes, 107
hot thyroid nodules, 148
house dust mites, 67
HPI (history of present illness), 125
HPV vaccine, 279
human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), 473
human immunodeficiency virus.
See HIV/AIDS
Huntington disease, 309, 539-540
hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), 31-32, 168
hydrocortisone, 145
hymenoptera, 421
hyperbilirubinemia
conjugated, 453-457
unconjugated, 452-453
hypercalcemia
clinical manifestations of, 165
diagnostic approach, 165-166
etiology, 164
physical manifestations of, 165t
treatment of, 166-167
hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules, 148
hyperkalemia, 203
hyperkinesias, 537
hyperlipidemia
clinical approach, 333
clinical pearls, 339
clinical presentation, 331-332
determination of lipid goal, 333-337
hyperparathyroidism, 163
hyperplastic polyps, 219
hypertension
adolescents and, 284
clinical approach, 289-291
diagnosis and workup, 289-290
nonpharmacologic management, 290-291
pharmacologic management, 291
clinical pearls, 294
clinical presentation, 287-288
coronary pathology and, 193
screening for in elderly, 174
stroke and, 430
USPSTF screening recommendations, 18
hyperthyroidism
laboratory and imaging evaluation, 144
pathogenesis, 144
signs and symptoms, 143-144
treatment, 144-145
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 413, 418
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 297, 298
hypervitaminosis A, 164t
hypervitaminosis D, 164t
hypofunctioning nodules, 148
hypoglycemia, 437
hypoglycemia, management, 508
hypokinesias, 537
hypopnea, 557
hypothalamic dysfunction, 145
hypothyroidism, 338
laboratory and imaging evaluation, 145
pathogenesis, 145
signs and symptoms, 145
treatment, 146
hypovolemic, 248
hysterectomy, 113
hysteroscopy, 495
I
IADL (instrumental activities of daily living), 171f, 172t, 306
iatrogenic hyperthyroidism, 144
ibandronate (Boniva), 111t
IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), 218-219
IBS. See irritable bowel syndrome
ICS (inhaled corticosteroids), 551, 554
IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), 502
IgE-mediated reaction, 424
imaging
immobilization, 164t
immunizations
6-month well-child visit, 52
adult male health maintenance, 16, 20
ASDs, 528
fever and rash, 473
geriatric health maintenance, 175
history, 3
recommended schedule, 60t
well-child care, 59-60
impaired communication, 530
impaired glucose tolerance, 501
impaired social interaction, 530
incontinence screening, 174
increased bone resorption, 164t
increased calcium absorption, 164t
indirect Coombs test, 50
infants, limping, 355-356
infectious arthritis, 37
infectious causes of postoperative fever, 366t
infectious mononucleosis, 183, 186
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 218-219
inflammatory pain, 573
influenza vaccination, 20, 22, 27, 48, 228
inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), 551, 554
initial prenatal visit, 43, 46, 50
insect stings
anaphylaxis, 421-422
delayed reactions, 421
local reactions, 421
instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), 171f, 172t, 306
insulin preparations, 504t
insulin secretagogues, 506
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 502
intermittent asthma, 544-545
intermittent ischemia, 197
internal intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC), 157
internal rotation movement, 157
internal rotation test, 119t
interstitial nephritis, 136
interventions, drugs, 515-516
intimate partner violence (IPV), 113, 343-344
intraductal papilloma, 483
intraperitoneal leak, 370
intrauterine device (IUD), 247, 249, 266, 272-273, 275
intravaginal ring contraceptive, 270
intravascular catheter infection, 368
intravenous pyelogram (IVP), 134, 137
Inversion stress test, 119t
Ionamin (phentermine), 318t
ionized calcium, 163
ipratropium (anticholinergics), 27
IPV (intimate partner violence), 113, 343-344
iron-deficiency anemia
versus anemia of chronic inflammation, 93t
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
clinical approach, 387-389
diagnosis, 387-389
treatment, 389
clinical pearls, 392
clinical presentation, 385-386
definition, 387
irritant triggers, rhinitis, 66
ischemic stroke, 429
isoimmunization, 41
IUD (intrauterine device), 247, 249, 266, 272-273, 275
IUPC (internal intrauterine pressure catheter), 157
IVP (intravenous pyelogram), 134, 137
J
Jaeger card, 172
Japanese encephalitis vaccination, 459
jaundice
clinical approach, 451-452
clinical pearls, 459
clinical presentation, 449-451
conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, 453-457
unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, 452-453
JNC-7 (Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, 7th report), 289, 434
JODM (juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus), 502
joint attention, 529
Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, 7th report (JNC-7), 289, 434
joint pain. See also musculoskeletal injuries
clinical approach, 33-36
clinical pearls, 38
clinical presentation, 31-33, 34-35
differential diagnosis, 32-33
treatment, 35-36
judicial bypass, 83
jugular venous distension (JVD), 30
justice, ethics, 84
juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus (JODM), 502
JVD (jugular venous distension), 30
K
Kaposi-Stemmer sign, 582
Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI), 202, 203
knee examinations, 119t
KOH prep, 208-209
L
LABA (long-acting β2-agonists), 551
labor
clinical approach, 154-158
clinical pearls, 159
clinical presentation, 151-153
complications, 153-154
definition, 154
diagnosis, 155
progress of, 155-158
stages of, 155
laboratory assessments, 5-6
Lachman test, 119t
lactation-induced amenorrhea, 247
LAGB (laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding), 319
lambskin condoms, 442
lap banding, 319
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), 319
laparotomy, 370
large local allergic reactions, 421
Lasix (furosemide), 252-253
last menstrual period (LMP), 43
late deceleration, 157
late postpartum hemorrhage, 244
latent phase, labor, 155
latex condoms, 276
LBBB (left bundle branch block), 190, 196
LCP (Legg-Calvé-Perthes) disease, 356-357, 359
LDL. See low-density lipoprotein
lead risk questionnaire, 56t
left bundle branch block (LBBB), 190, 196
left-sided heart failure, 254
legal considerations, ethics, 84-85
Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) disease, 356-357, 359
Legionella pneumophila, 225
leiomyomata, 494
lentigo maligna melanoma, 126
leukotriene inhibitors
allergies and, 69
leukotriene receptor antagonists (LRA), 551
Levine sign, 193
levodopa, 538
levonorgestrel (Plan B), 274
levonorgestrel IUD (Mirena), 272
Lewy body dementia, 308
lidocaine, 415
Lift-off test, 119t
limping
common causes in children, 354t, 355t
pediatrics
clinical approach, 353-357
clinical pearls, 359
clinical presentation, 351-353
line-associated infection, 368
lipid disorders, 18
lipid levels, classification, 334t
lipid screening recommendations, 57, 58t
lipidema, 581
liver function test, 6
LMP (last menstrual period), 43
local reactions, stings, 421
lochia, 243
long QT interval syndrome, 412-413
long-acting β2-agonists (LABA), 551
long-acting bronchodilators, 27, 30
longitudinal care, 2
long-term variability, fetal heart rate, 156
loperamide, 103
low back pain, acute
clinical pearls, 525
clinical presentation, 519-520
differential diagnosis, 522t
history, physical, and evaluation, 521-524
red flag symptoms, 521t
treatment, 524
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
definition, 333
goal level, 193
management guidelines for, 335t
screening test, 6
lower extremity swelling
clinical approach, 581
clinical pearls, 586
clinical presentation, 579-581
diagnosis, 581-583
treatment, 583-584
deep vein thrombosis, 584
idiopathic edema, 583
lymphedema, 583
venous insufficiency, 583
lower gastrointestinal bleeding
clinical approach, 217-218
clinical pearls, 221
clinical presentation, 215-216
definition, 217
etiologies, 218-219
colon neoplasms, 219
diverticular disease, 218
hemorrhoids, 218
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 218-219
LP (lumbar puncture), 9
LRA (leukotriene receptor antagonists), 551
lumbar puncture (LP), 9
lumbar strain, 523-524
lung cancer, 19
M
macrocytic anemia, 94
macrolides, 227
macules, 125
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 6, 120
major depression, 233. See also depression
male health. See adult male health maintenance
malignancy, 164t
malignant hyperthermia, 363, 364-366
mallampti score, 559t
malnutrition, 174
mammogram, 6
mammography, 108
mammotome biopsy, 484
mandibular repositioning appliances (MRA), 560
manic depression, 238
Mantoux test, 57
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), 237
Marfan syndrome, 278, 282, 413, 418
mastalgia, 485-486
maternal age, advanced, 41
M-CHAT (Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers), 531
McRoberts maneuver, 158
MCV (mean corpuscular volume), 92
MDI (metered-dose inhalers), 551
MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) equation, 202
mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 92
measles, 477t
measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) booster, 281
mechanical back pain, acute, treatment, 524
mechanical low back pain, 522t
mechanical pain, 573
mechanical ventilation, 257
medical ethics
clinical approach, 83-86
conclusion, 86
ethics, 83-84
legal considerations, 84-85
reportable diseases, 85
teenage pregnancy and confidentiality, 85-86
clinical pearls, 88
clinical presentation, 81-82
medication-related headache, 328
medication. See also drugs, adverse reactions and interactions
depression, 236-237
history and, 3
medication-related headache, 328, 330
medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera), 270
meglitinides, 506
melanoma, 126
memantine, 307t
meningococcal vaccine, 20
meningococcemia, 475, 477t, 480
menometrorrhagia, 493
menorrhagia, 493
menstrual cycle irregularity
clinical approach, 493-495
bleeding, associated with irregular cycles, 494-495
bleeding, associated with regular cycles, 494
clinical pearls, 497
clinical presentation, 491-493
menstruation
breast-feeding and, 243-244
overview, 492
metabolic acidosis, 203
metabolic syndrome, 314-322, 315, 319-320
metaphyseal corner fractures, 342
metered-dose inhalers (MDI), 551
Methergine (methylergonovine), 244
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 36, 367
methylergonovine (Methergine), 244
methylmalonic acid (MMA) level, 92
methylxanthines, oral, 27
metronidazole, 103
oral, 213
metrorrhagia, 493
MI. See myocardial infarction
Miacalcin (calcitonin), 111t
microscopic hematuria, 135, 136, 139
mifepristone (RU-486), 274
migraine headaches
characteristics, 324
chronic medical conditions, 328
clinical approach, 326-327
clinical pearls, 330
clinical presentation, 323-324
definition, 325
diagnostic criteria, 324
history, 326
treatment, 327
mild croup, 378
milk alkali syndrome, 164t
Mini-Cog, 305
Mirena, 272
misoprostol (Cytotec), 244
mitral valve prolapse (MVP) syndrome, 411
MMA (methylmalonic acid) level, 92
MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) booster, 281
MMSE (Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination), 174, 305
moderate croup, 378
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation, 202
Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), 531
MONA therapy, 188
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 237
monoarticular arthritis, acute, 34
monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, 33
montelukast, 71
mood disorders. See also depression
anxiety disorders, 237
bereavement, 238
bipolar disorder (manic depression), 238
dysthymic disorder, 238
postpartum care, 245-246
moral principles of ethics, 83-84
Moraxella catarrhalis, 28, 182, 225
morbidity, 234-235
morphine, 188
morphine derivative, 398t
MORPHINE-ABC mnemonic, 406
mortality, 234-235
movement disorders
classification of, 537t
clinical approach, 537-540
Huntington disease, 539-540
Parkinson disease, 538-539
Tourette syndrome, 539
clinical pearls, 542
clinical presentation, 535-537
MRA (mandibular repositioning appliances), 560
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 6, 120
MRSA (methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus), 36, 367
MSU (monosodium urate) crystals, 33
mucopurulent cervicitis, 210
muscle pain, 573
musculoskeletal injuries
clinical pearls, 122
clinical presentation, 115-116
sprains and strains, 117-120
clinical approach, 117-120
history, 117
management principles, 120
MVP (mitral valve prolapse) syndrome, 411
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 225
myocardial infarction (MI)
definition, 190
symptoms, findings, and studies, 194t
myxedema, 581
N
Namenda (memantine), 307t
nasal crease, 66
National Cholesterol Education Program, 319-320
National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES), 91
hypertension, 289
obesity, 314
National Kidney Foundation (NKF), 202
National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), 110, 565
natural family planning, 273
nebulized racemic epinephrine, 379
nebulizer, 551
nedocromil, 552
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), 475-476
nephrolithiasis, 162
neurocutaneous disorders, 531t
neurodevelopmental conditions, 531t
neurofibromatosis, 531t
neurologic examination, 5
neuropathic pain, 573
neurosyphilis, 307
neurotransmitters, 234
New York Heart Association (NYHA)
CHF severity classification, 257t
functional classification of angina, definition, 190
NHANES. See National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys
nicotine cartridge inhaler, 77
nicotine lozenge, 77
nicotine nasal inhaler, 77
nicotine patch, 78
nicotine replacement therapy, 77
NIDDM (non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), 502
nipple discharge, 486-487
nitrates, 257
Nitrazine test, 155
NKF (National Kidney Foundation), 202
NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) antagonist, 307t
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, 307t
nodular melanoma, 126, 126f, 130
nodular thyroid disease, 146-147
nodule, 125
NOF (National Osteoporosis Foundation), 110, 565
noise-induced hearing loss, 173
noncyclic mastalgia, 485
nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, 258
nonglomerular hematuria, 135
noninfectious causes of postoperative fever, 366t
non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 502
nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome, 503
nonmaleficence, 84
nonmechanical spinal conditions, 522t
nonmelanoma skin cancers, 128
nonpharmacologic management, hypertension, 290-291
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
acute sinusitis, 182
chronic pain, 574
lower gastrointestinal bleeding, 216
musculoskeletal injuries, 120
sting and bite injuries, 420
nontraumatic joint pain. See joint pain
normal pressure hydrocephalus, 309, 311
NSAIDs. See nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Nuchal translucency (NT), 45t
nutrition screening, geriatrics, 174
NYHA. See New York Heart Association
O
OA. See osteoarthritis
obesity
characteristics, 314-315
clinical approach, 315-320
bariatric surgery, 319
diagnostic tools, 315-316
health hazards associated with, 317
metabolic syndrome, 319-320
pathogenesis, 316-317
pharmacotherapy, 318-319
treatment, 317-318
clinical pearls, 321
clinical presentation, 313-314
definition, 315
medical complications of, 317t
USPSTF screening recommendations, 19
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 237
associated conditions, 557t
clinical approach, 557-559
clinical pearls, 562
clinical presentation, 555-556
differential diagnosis, 558t
pathophysiologic factors associated with, 558t
treatment, 559-560
occupational rhinitis, 66
OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder), 237
OCPs (oral contraceptive pills), 246-247, 266, 269
ocular examination, 66-67
OE (otitis externa), 184
OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test), 45t, 47
OM (otitis media), 184-185
omalizumab (Xolair), 552
Ombudsmen program, 348
opioid intoxication, acute, 406
opioids, 574-575
opioids derivative, 398t
oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), 246-247, 266, 269
oral corticosteroids, 69
oral doxycycline, 213
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 45t, 47
oral hyperglycemics, 505t
oral rehydration solution, 100
oral vancomycin, 103
orlistat (Xenical, Alli), 318t, 321
Ortolani test, 354
OSA. See obstructive sleep apnea
osteoarthritis (OA)
in elderly, 34
obesity and, 37
osteomalacia, 565
osteoporosis
bisphosphonates, 567
calcitonin, 567
clinical pearls, 570
clinical presentation, 563-564
combination therapy, 568
definition, 565
denosumab, 568
diagnosis, 566
factors, 525
hormone replacement therapy, 567
medication for prevention and treatment of, 111t
prevention, 565
reducing risk, 106
screening, 109-110, 175, 565-566
selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), 567
treatment, 566-568
osteoporotic fractures, 178
otitis externa (OE), 184
otitis media (OM), 184-185
otosclerosis, 173
otoscopy, 66
Ottawa Ankle Rules, 117, 118, 121
Ottawa Knee Rules, 118
overweight, 315
oxygen therapy
MI and, 188
oxytocin (Pitocin), 157, 241, 243, 247
P
pain, acute, 573
palpable breast mass, 483-485
palpitations
clinical pearls, 418
clinical presentation, 409-411, 414
definition, 411
etiologies, 411-414
treatment, 415
pancreas function test, 6
pancreatitis, 194t
PAP (positive airway pressure), 559-560, 561
Pap smear prenatal test, 45t
papules, 125
parathyroid hormone (PTH), 111t, 163
parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-rP), 166
Parents’ Evaluations of Developmental Status (PEDS), 54
Parkinson disease, 309, 538-539
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), 412, 415
partner notification, 85
passive range of motion, 118
Pastia lines, 475
patient, approach to, 2-6
PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome), 315, 492-493
PDD-NOS (pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified), 529
peak expiratory flow (PEF), 545
pediatrics. See also well-child care
abdominal pain and vomiting
characteristics, 296
clinical approach, 297-299
clinical pearls, 301
clinical presentation, 295-296
diagnosis of, 297
etiologies, 298-299
treatment, 299
history, 53
limping
clinical approach, 353-357
clinical presentation, 351-353
PEDS (Parents’ Evaluations of Developmental Status), 54
PEF (peak expiratory flow), 545
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 211-212, 212t
pelvimetry, 43
PEP (postexposure prophylactic) treatment, 443
peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
clinical approach, 463-467
complications of, 465
Helicobacter pylori, 465
history and examination, 464-465
management of, 465-467
clinical pearls, 468
clinical presentation, 461-463
symptoms and findings and studies, 194t
peptic ulcers, 464t
perennial allergic rhinitis, 67
perennial rhinitis, 66
perfect use effectiveness, 266
periodic abstinence, 273
periodic fetal heart rate changes, 156-157
perioperative interventions, 364t
peripheral arterial disease, 19
peripheral neuropathy, 501
peritonsillar abscesses, 380, 382
pernicious anemia, 94
persistent asthma, 545
persistent emesis, 201
pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), 529
pharmacotherapy
allergies and, 68
depression and, 235
hypertension, 291
obesity, 318-319
substance abuse, 402
tobacco cessation, 76-78
pharyngitis, 183-184
phendimetrazine, 318t
phentermine (Adipex), 318t
phenylketonuria (PKU), 54, 531t
phobias, 237
physical abuse, 343
physical examination
allergic disorders, 66-67
patient, 4-6
skin lesions, 127
substance abuse, 401
PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), 211-212, 212t
pink eye, 70
pituitary dysfunction, 145
PKU (phenylketonuria), 54, 531t
Plan B (levonorgestrel), 274
plaque, 125
PMI (point of maximal impulse), 4
pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination, 20, 22
pneumococcal vaccination, 26, 228
Pneumococcus, 28
Pneumocystis jiroveci, 226, 440-441, 447
pneumonia
characteristics, 224
clinical pearls, 230
clinical presentation, 223-224
community-acquired, 225
complications, 227
diagnosis, 226
health-care–associated, 225-226, 227
postoperative, 367
prevention, 228
symptoms and findings and studies, 194t
treatment, 226-227
Pneumonia Severity Index, 227
pneumonitis, 225
pneumothorax, 194t
podagra, 34
point of maximal impulse (PMI), 4
pollens, 67
polyarticular arthritis, acute, 34
polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), 315, 492-493
positive airway pressure (PAP), 559-560, 561
posterior rib fracture, 348
posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL), 116
postexposure prophylactic (PEP) treatment, 443
posthepatic jaundice, 451
postoperative fever
clinical approach, 363-369
clinical pearls, 370
clinical presentation, 361-362
postpartum care
breast-feeding, 246
clinical approach, 243-244
clinical pearls, 249
clinical presentation, 241-243
family planning, 246-247
medical complications, 244-246
fever, 245
hemorrhage, 244
mood disorders, 245-246
overview, 242-243
poststroke cerebral edema, 433
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 237
PPD (purified protein derivative) test, 445
PPI (proton pump inhibitor), 463
pramlintide, 507
preconception visit, 41-42
pre-diabetes, 504
pregestational diabetes, 510
pregnancy
GBS, 151
risk factors, 42
teenage, 85-86
thyroid cancer and, 148
vaccinations, 48
pregnancy category B, 75
pregnancy category C, 75
pregnancy category D, 75
prehepatic jaundice, 450
premature rupture of membranes, 154
premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), 413
prenatal care
clinical approach, 41-48
initial prenatal visit, 43, 46, 50
subsequent visits, 46
testing and laboratory studies, 44t-45t, 46-48
vaccinations during pregnancy, 48
clinical pearls, 50
clinical presentation, 39-41
preoperative interventions, 364t
presbyopia, 178
pressure overload, 253t
preterm rupture of membranes, 159
Preven, 274
prevention, 17
PRICE (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) therapy, 116, 117, 120
primary hyperparathyroidism, 164t
primary prevention, 17
primary rhythm disorder, 411
primidone, 537
probenecid, 515
probiotics, 101
Pro-Fast (phentermine), 318t
propanolol (Inderal), 292, 404, 537
propylthiouracil (PTU), 144, 145
prostaglandin F2a (Hemabate), 244
prostate cancer, 19
prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 176, 177
prostatitis, 139
Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation (PRICE) therapy, 116, 117, 120
protein undernutrition, 174, 178
proton pump inhibitor (PPI), 463
PSA (prostate-specific antigen), 176, 177
pseudodementia, 306
pseudoephedrine, 68
pseudogout, 33
pseudomembranous colitis, 221
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 184
PSVT (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia), 412, 415
psychiatric disorders, 391
psychosis, 246
psychosocial factors, 523
psychotherapy, 235
psychotic depression, 239
PTFL (posterior talofibular ligament), 116
PTH (parathyroid hormone), 111t, 163
PTH-rP (parathyroid hormone-related peptide), 166
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), 237
PTU (propylthiouracil), 144, 145
PUD. See peptic ulcer disease
pulmonary edema, 254t
pulmonary embolism, 194t, 368, 370
pulmonary examination, 4
purified protein derivative (PPD) test, 445
PVCs (premature ventricular contractions), 413
pyrogenic cytokines, 364
Q
quad screen, 46
quadruple therapy, 466t
quinolone antibiotic, 101-102
R
RA (rheumatoid arthritis), 34-35, 36, 37
radioactive iodine, 144
radionucleotide imaging, 144
range of motion (ROM), 34, 118
rapid antigen tests, 183-184
rash
bacterial infections, 475-476
clinical approach, 472-473
clinical pearls, 480
clinical presentation, 471-472
infectious causes of, 477t-478t
tick-borne diseases, 476
viral infections, 473-474
Razadyne (galantamine), 307t
RDI (respiratory disturbance index), 557
reactive airway dysfunction syndrome, 544
Reality Female Condom, 271
rear-facing car seat recommendations, 52
Reclast (zoledronic acid), 111t
recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA), 433
rectal examination, 5
recurrent acute rhinosinusitis, 182
recurrent wheezing, 375
red flag symptoms
headaches, 325t
low back pain, 521t
relapse, 395
renal disease. See chronic kidney disease (CKD)
renal hematuria, 135
repetitive patterns, 530
reportable diseases, 85
RERA, 557
respiratory disturbance index (RDI), 557
respiratory infections. See upper respiratory infections
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 376
restricted patterns, 530
retrograde pyelography, 137
retropharyngeal abscesses, 380
Rett syndrome, 531t
reversibility, COPD, 26
review of systems, 4
reward-reinforcement pathway, 396
Rh factor prenatal test, 44t
Rh isoimmunization, 41
rhabdomyolysis, 164t
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 34-35, 36, 37
rhinitis, 65
rhinosinusitis, 182
rhythm method, 273
rifaximin, 101
right-sided heart failure, 255
risedronate (Actonel), 111t
rivastigmine (Exelon), 307t
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), 476, 478t, 480
ROM (range of motion), 34, 118
Rome III diagnostic criteria, IBS, 388
rotavirus, 103
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), 319
RPR prenatal test, 44t
RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), 376
rtPA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator), 433
RU-486 (mifepristone), 274
rubella, 477t
rubella prenatal test, 44t
rubella vaccination, 48
rupture of membranes, 153-154, 155
RYGB (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass), 319
S
SABA (short-acting β2-agonists), 549
safe sexual practices, 21
salmeterol (Serevent), 27, 551
Salmonella, 99
satiation, 315
satiety, 315
SCFE (slipped capital femoral epiphysis), 352-353, 357
screening tests
adult male health maintenance, 18-19
breast cancers, 108
cardiovascular diseases in adult males, 18-19
cervical cancers, 108-109
cognitive, 173-174
colon cancer, 22
colorectal cancer, 19
definition, 17
family violence, 343
gestational diabetes, 503
history, 3
HIV/AIDS, 442t
incontinence, 174
LDL, 6
lipid disorders, 18
lung cancer, 19
nutrition, 174
obesity, 19
overview, 6
TB, 57
Screening Tool of Older Person’s Prescriptions (STOPP) criteria, 514
seasonal rhinitis, 66
secondary hyperparathyroidism, 163, 166
secondary prevention, 17
second-generation antihistamines, 68, 71
second-line antibiotics, 182
second-line therapy, 507
selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), 111t, 567
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 236, 239, 389
septic arthritis, 355
septic joints, 33, 36, 354, 359
SERM (selective estrogen receptor modulator), 111t, 567
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 236
serum calcium, 163
severe croup, 378
sexual practices, safe, 21
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
adolescent, 280
condoms and, 271
gynecologic history, 43
limb pain and, 357
PID, 212
Shigella, 99
short-acting β2-agonists (SABA), 549
short-acting bronchodilators, 27, 30
short-term variability, fetal heart rate, 156
shoulder dystocia, 158
shoulder/rotator cuff examinations, 119t
sick sinus syndrome, 412
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), 58, 62
sinusitis, 182
acute, 182
skin examination, 5
skin lesions
ABCD criteria, 127t
clinical approach, 130
clinical pearls, 130
clinical presentation, 123-125
melanoma
acral lentiginous, 126
lentigo maligna, 126
nodular, 126
superficial spreading, 126
nonmelanoma skin cancers, 128
physical examination, 127
prevention, 128
prognosis, 128
treatment, 127
“slapped cheek” appearance, 474
slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), 352-353, 357
small pox, 477t
smoker’s cough, 23
smoking. See also tobacco use
COPD and, 25
Snellen chart, 172
SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), 236
social history
defined, 3
jaundice, 451-452
pregnancy and, 43
social relatedness, 529
Society for Adolescent Medicine, 83
spermicides, 272
SPF (sun protection factor), 128
spider veins, 451
spinal stenosis, 523
spirometry, 26
sponge, 271
sports preparticipation examination, 281-282
sprains, 117-120
squamous cell carcinomas, 128
Squeeze test, 119t
SSI (surgical site infection), 363, 367
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 236, 239, 389
St. John’s wort, 517
stance phase, gait, 352
Staphylococcus aureus, 34, 100, 103, 226
STDs. See sexually transmitted diseases
steeple sign, 378
stereotyped patterns, 530
sterilization, 276
steroid hormone contraception, 266
steroids, oral, 551
stimulants, 399t
sting and bite injuries. See also insect stings
animal bites, 422
characteristics, 420
clinical pearls, 425
clinical presentation, 419-420
insect stings, 421-422
stool antigen testing, 463, 465
STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Person’s Prescriptions) criteria, 514
strains, 117-120
“strawberry tongue,” 475
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 182, 225
stroke
embolic, 430
prevention, 175
risk factors, 431
subacute diarrhea, 99
subacute sinusitis, 182
subarachnoid hemorrhage, 9, 330
substance abuse
assessment, 395-401
epidemiology, 396
etiology and risk factors, 396
expectations, 395-396
laboratory examination, 401
physical examination, 401
reward-reinforcement pathway, 396
clinical approach, 395
clinical pearls, 407
clinical presentation, 393-395
definition, 395
intervention, 401-402
behavioral therapies, 402
pharmacotherapy, 402
treatment approach, 401-402
withdrawal symptoms, 403t-404t
substance dependence, 395
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 58, 62
suicide, 235t
sulfonylureas, 506
sun exposure, 130
sun protection factor (SPF), 128
superficial spreading melanoma, 126, 130
supraventricular tachycardia, 412
surgical site infection (SSI), 363, 367
surgical sterilization, 273, 276
SVT (symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia), 415
swelling. See joint pain
swing phase, gait, 352
symptomatic peripheral arterial disease, 338
symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), 415
systemic steroids, 28
systolic dysfunction, 253
T
tacrine, 307t
TB (tuberculosis) screening, 57
TCAs (tricyclic antidepressants), 236-237, 389
Td (tetanus-diphtheria) vaccine, 20, 22, 281
TD (traveler’s diarrhea), 99t, 101-102
Tdap (tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis) vaccine, 20, 22, 48
TEE (transesophageal echocardiogram), 414, 415
teenage pregnancy, 85-86
tension-type headache, 325, 327
Tenuate (diethylpropion), 318t
tertiary hyperparathyroidism, 163, 166
“test-and-treat” protocol, 466
tetanus prophylaxis, 425
tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine, 20, 22, 48
tetanus vaccination, 424
tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine, 20, 22, 281
tetrabenazine, 540
theophylline, 552
therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs), 336
thiazolidinediones (TZDs), 506
“three Ps,” labor, 155
three-item recall, 174
throat cultures, 184
thrombolytic therapy, 436
thrombotic stroke, 430
thumb sign, 379
thyroid disorders
clinical pearls, 148
clinical presentation, 141-143
hyperthyroidism, 143-145
hypothyroidism, 145-146
nodular thyroid disease, 146-147
thyroid storm, 143-144
thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) test, 145
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 141, 148
thyrotoxicosis, 164t
TIA (transient ischemic attack), 429, 436
TIBC (total iron-binding capacity), 92
tick-borne diseases, 476
Lyme disease, 476
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), 476, 478t, 480
tiotropium, 27
tissue trauma, 364
TLCs (therapeutic lifestyle changes), 336
tobacco use
cessation, 75-78
clinical approach, 75-78
clinical pearls, 80
clinical presentation, 73-74
toddler’s fracture, 348, 355-356, 359
toddlers, limping, 355-356
tongue retaining devices (TRD), 560
tonsillopharyngeal exudate, 186
tonsillopharyngeal/palatal petechiae, 186
topical decongestants, 182
total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), 92
Tourette syndrome (TS), 539, 541
toxic shock syndrome, 366, 477t
transdermal contraceptive, 270
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), 414, 415
transient ischemic attack (TIA), 429, 436
transient microscopic hematuria, 136
transient symptoms with infarction (TSI), 429
transient synovitis, 356
transmission, HIV/AIDS, 442-443
transvaginal pelvic ultrasound, 495
traveler’s diarrhea (TD), 99t, 101-102
TRD (tongue retaining devices), 560
tree pollen, 67
Trendelenburg gait, 353
TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone) test, 145
Trichomonas vaginalis, 208
Trichomonas vaginitis, 209, 213
trichomoniasis, 209-210
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 236-237, 389
triglycerides, 335
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 102, 182
triple screen, 46
triple therapy, 466t
trisomy, risk for, 47
trisomy screening, 40, 45t, 49
TS (Tourette syndrome), 539, 541
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), 141, 148
TSI (transient symptoms with infarction), 429
tuberculosis (TB) screening, 57
tuberous sclerosis, 531t
type 1 diabetes, 502
typhoid fever, 477t
typhoid vaccination, 459
typical use effectiveness, 266
TZDs (thiazolidinediones), 506
U
UKPDS (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study), 502
ulcerative colitis, 218, 219, 221
ulcers
definition, 125
duodenal, 463
gastric, 463
peptic, 464t
ultrasound
ACOG recommendations, 40, 43, 46
breast disease, 484
determining gestational age, 49
ultrasound examination, 6
unconjugated bilirubin, 450, 452, 458
unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, 452-453
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), 502
United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 17-18
family violence screening, 343
osteoporosis screening recommendations, 565, 569
smoking cessation recommendations, 78
universal choking sign, 374
unstable angina, 190
upper respiratory infections
acute bronchitis, 180
ear infections, 184-185
pharyngitis, 183-184
rhinosinusitis, 182
urea breath test, 463, 465, 468
urethral swab, 284
urinalysis, 5
urinary tract infection (UTI), 137, 245
urine culture, 5
urine culture prenatal test, 45t
urologic hematuria, 135
urticaria, 69
US Headache Consortium, 327
USPSTF. See United States Preventive Services Task Force
uterine atony, 244
UTI (urinary tract infection), 137, 245
V
vaccinations. See also immunizations
contraindications for, 62
during pregnancy, 48
vaginal bleeding, 243
vaginal fluid pH, 155
characteristics, 208
clinical pearls, 213
clinical presentation, 207-209
diagnosis, 208-209
etiologies, 209-212
mucopurulent cervicitis, 210
trichomoniasis, 209-210
vulvovaginal candidiasis, 209
Valgus stress test, 119t
varenicline (Chantix), 76-77, 79
variability, fetal heart rate, 156
variable deceleration, 157
varicella vaccinations, 20, 48, 62, 447, 474
varicella virus, 473-474
Varicella-Zoster virus, 480
Varus stress test, 119t
vascular dementia, 308
vasomotor symptoms, 107
VDRL prenatal test, 44t
venous edema, 581
venous insufficiency, 580-581, 583
ventricular arrhythmias, 415
ventricular tachycardia (VT), 418
vertebral compression fractures, 178, 523, 525
vertical transmission, 41
vesicles, 125
Vibrio, 103
viral diarrhea, 101
viral infections, 473-474
erythema infectiosum, 474
roseola, 473
varicella, 473-474
visceral disease, 522t
vision screening
geriatric health maintenance, 172
infant, 57
vital signs, 4
vitamin B12-deficiency anemia, 91-92
volume overload, 253t
volvulus, 300
vomiting, pediatrics, 295-301
VT (ventricular tachycardia), 418
vulvovaginal candidiasis, 209
W
warfarin (Coumadin), 259, 434, 436, 513
water load test, 582
weed pollen, 67
well-child care. See also pediatrics
clinical approach, 53-60
anticipatory guidance, 57-59
development, 54
growth, 53-54
pediatric history, 53
clinical pearls, 62
clinical presentation, 51-52
developmental milestones, 55t-56t
lead risk questionnaire, 56t
Westley croup score, 378
wheezing
abscesses, 380
acute, 375
and asthma, 543-554
bronchiolitis, 376-377
clinical approach, 375-380
clinical pearls, 382
clinical presentation, 373-374
croup, 378-379
definition, 375
differential diagnosis, 546t
epiglottitis, 379-380
whiff test, 210
Wilson disease, 536
Wolf-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, 412
women’s health. See adult female health maintenance
women’s health initiative, 107
World Health Organization, 247
WPW (Wolf-Parkinson-White) syndrome, 412
X
Xenical (orlistat), 318t
Xolair (omalizumab), 552
x-rays
ankle injury, 117
dental, 40
joint examination, 121
knee injury, 118
Y
Yuzpe method, 274
Z
zoledronic acid (Reclast), 111t
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 462