Abbasid dynasty, 197–98
Abbeys as self-sufficient, 182
Abert, Hermann, 240–41
Accounting, 293–94
Achilles, shield of, 128–30, 226
Acorns, 45
Adam, 105
Africa: Ottoman Empire’s influence in, 258
Portuguese voyages to, 208–9. See also Algeria; Egypt; Libya, Roman
Age of discovery, 208
Age of exploration, 214, 215–16
Aggression, in nature, 270
Agricultural revolution, 40–41, 67. See also Neolithic Revolutions
Agriculture: Abu Hureyra, 30
attempts to theorize, 236–37
in cultural imagination, 239
disappearance of traditional methods, 283–84
effects of World War II on, 277–78
ethical vacuum around, 253
floodwater farming, 28, 40, 54
as foundation of political organization, 141
invention of, and environmental crisis, 7
at Jericho, 28
lowland vs. upland fields, 169–70
as mediator between humans and natural world, 244, 246–47
in myth systems, 101
and necessity of centralized power, 83
and need for community coordination, 63
as nonmonetized economy, 236
and nutrition, 26
in Oeconomicus, 143–44
and protection from invasion, 189
recovery from unsound practices, 287
at Renaissance villas, 225, 228
routes of transition to, 38–40
Samnite, 155–56
secular control of, 226
on shield of Achilles, 128–29
and spread of language, 61, 62
and state formation, 73, 85, 87, 88
theories of origins of, 25–26
in Uruk, 73
and women’s status, 66–67. See also Neolithic Revolutions
Agriculture, colonial, 219–23, 221–23
Agriculture, contemporary, 294–95
Agriculture, Indian, 200, 201–2
Agriculture, medieval, 183–87, 218
Agriculture, Muslim, 188–89, 199–203, 208, 220
Agriculture, Roman: Biferno Valley, 154–60
Cincinnatus, 152–54
and collapse of empire, 163, 167–69
in Egypt, 164–65
in Libya, 160–63
lowland fields, 169
pigs in, 159
preservation of books on, 180
slavery in, 166
success of, 166
transport of products, 165–66
and wealth, 159
Agri-tourism, 301
Akkadian, 75
Alepotrypa Cave, 47–50
Alexander the Great, 87
Algeria, 260–62
Anatolia: Çatalhöyük, 30–34
Hatti, 99–102
Anemia, 48–49
Animals: in cave art, 20–21, 119
and competition for food, 44, 45–46
dispersal of, 214
draft, 187
and field fertility, 186
in Neolithic Revolution, 41
and transportation, 117–20. See also specific animals
Aqueducts, 161
Arabic, 198
Archaeology, motives of, 84
Architecture: Palladio, 228
Samnite, 155–56
urban, 62
villas, 159, 224–28. See also Houses
Ard, 41
cave paintings, 18–23
in Maltese temples, 65–66
origins of, 22–23
post-Renaissance, 230
purposes of, 21–23
Ascetics, 179
‘Avad, 105
Ayat, 192
Babies, talking to, 23
Bachofen, Johann Jakob, 53
Badarian culture, 80–81
Banking industry, Florentine, 224
Barley, 36–37
Beautiful vs. sublime, 247–48
Being vs. becoming, 133
Beit al-Hikma, 204
Benedictines, 179–82, 183, 226
Bible, Christian, 103. See also Cosmology, biblical; Genesis
Biferno Valley, 154–60
Bitumen, 29–30
Boats. See Shipbuilding; Shipping; Ships
Brazil, 223
Breuil, Henri, 19
Britain, 237–38, 257, 279. See also Europe, northern
Bubbles, 287
Burials: in Çatalhöyük, 31
Egyptian, 77–78
Neanderthal, 15
Burke, Edmund, 247–48
Byzantine Empire, 200
Camel, 118
Caravels, 211
Cargo cults, 63
Carracks, 211
Çatalhöyük, 30–34
Catholic Church, 168. See also Christianity
Cats, 45
Cavalli-Sforza, Luca, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62
Caves: Alepotrypa Cave, 47–50
Franchthi Cave, 38–40
occupied by Neanderthals, 16
Chariots, 119–20
Charles X, 260
Charts, navigational, 211
Chenier, André, 242
Chickens, 45
Child mortality, in Neolithic, 48
Choice, in Stoic philosophy, 146
Christianity: and agriculture (see Agriculture, medieval); Augustine, 176–77
Benedictines, 179–82
Catholic Church, 168
commonalities with Islam, 188
cosmology, biblical, 103–9
divide between clerical and agricultural classes, 178–79, 180, 226
effects on First Nature consensus, 168, 172–76
influence on Islam, 189–90
interaction with Muslim community, 203
Rome’s adoption of, 173–75
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, 152–54
Cities, 62
dependency on farms, 144
in Mesopotamia, 70–71
role in social life, 140–41
Cleanthes, 145
Clergy, separation of, from laboring classes, 178–79, 180, 226
Climate: during Middle Ages, 182
and mythology, 101. See also Weather
Clock, 233
Clubbing, 284
Coffee, 217
Cold War, 276–77
Colonialism: beginnings of, 5
and cotton, 255–57
encouragement of, 263
French occupation of Algeria, 260–62
inequalities of, 282
and myth of environmental degradation, 260–63
purposes of, 222
and sea power, 281
and seizure of resources, 254, 280, 282
Columbian exchange, 216–17
The Columbian Exchange (Crosby), 216
Community: coercive power of, 26
evolution of, 141–42. See also State formation
Confessions (Rousseau), 245
Conservation, in Islam, 191
Constantine, 173
Contracts, grazing, 185–86
Coppicing, 171–72
Cosmology, biblical, 103–9
Cosmology, Epicurean, 147–49
Cosmology, Greek: Aristotle’s, 140–42
Hesiod’s representation of, 131
Homer’s representation of, 130, 131
insulated from public view, 138
landscape in, 127–31, 136–38, 149
Plato’s, 138
pre-Socratic, 138
Stoics’, 144–47
Cosmology, Islamic, 190. See also Islam
Cosmology, Jewish, 108–9
Cosmology, mechanistic, 233–34
Cosmology, Mediterranean, 101, 102
Cosmology, Sumerian, 91
Creation/creator: biblical accounts of, 103–6
Deist account of, 233
intelligent design, 234
in Islam, 190–93
Plato’s account of, 137
Stoic view of, 146
Critias (Plato), 138–39
Cro-Magnon, 18–23
Crops. See Domesticates
Crusaders, 189
Cultivation. See Agriculture
Culture, 51, 89, 90. See also Language; Literature; Mythology; Poetry; Religion
Cuneiform scripts, 75–76
Cyprus, 220–21
Damascus, 197
Danube Valley societies, 53–57
Davidson, Alan, 36
Days, in Genesis, 103–4
Deforestation, after fall of Rome, 170–71
De rerum natura (Lucretius), 147–49
Desertification, 163
Diet: of Mediterranean littoral, 46
of Neolithic, 50
Discovery: age of, 208
vs. rediscovery, 214
Dissanayake, Ellen, 22–23
Diversity, cultural, 120–22
DNA analysis, 60–61
Dog, domestication of, 20, 44–45
Domesticates: attempts to transplant to colonies, 221–22
imported to Old World, 216–17
and restraints on trade, 214–15
spread of, 215–16
versions of, 296–97
Domestication. See Agricultural revolution; Agriculture; Dog, domestication of; Neolithic Revolution
Dualism, in Torah, 106
Ecofeminism, 53
Economics: and agriculture, 237–38
appropriation of Darwin’s ideas, 265
and costs of activities, 293–94
in decisionmaking, 238–39, 253–54, 293
nonmonetary, 235–36
and social Darwinism, 254
Eden, Garden of, 105
Egypt: agriculture and power of, 83
agriculture in, 80–81, 8–83, 164–65
Alexander’s conquest of, 87–88
archaeological evidence, 77–78
invaded by France, 258–59
Islamic conquest of, 195
Neolithic cultures in, 80–82
Nile floodplain, 80
Roman agriculture in, 164–65
study of, 77
Suez Canal, 259
treatment of dead, 77–78
writing of, 78. See also Nile Delta
Electric power production, 293–94
Emotion, in Stoic philosophy, 145
Enclosures, 237
Encyclopedic tradition, medieval, 177–78
Energy, 293–94
England, 237–38, 257, 279. See also Europe, northern
Enkidu, 95
Environment: degradation of, 139
theories of origins of crisis in, 6–8
Epicureanism, 147–49
Erosion, after fall of Rome, 172
Ethnicity, 121
The Etymologies (Isidore of Seville), 177
Euphrates River, 86
Europe, northern: agriculture in, 187
grapes in, 182
industrialization of, 257–58
potatoes in, 216, See also Britain
Evolution, human, 14, 263, 267. See also Darwin, Charles
Exegesis, 109
Farming: dependence upon Neolithic Revolutions, 296
effects on communal life, 51
importance of, 295–96
by Old Europe cultures, 54
spread of, 51, 61. See also Agricultural revolution; Agriculture
Fertility: agricultural, 152, 186
Feudalism, 184
Fire, 130–31
First Nature: abandonment of, 286
appeal to wealthy, 225
collapse of, 249
effects of Christianity on, 168, 172–76
grounding in visible world, 229
Lucretius’s celebration of, 147–49
presence of, 287–88
recovery from abandonment of, 287
repudiation of, 125–26, 136, 149
Fishing, 284–85
Flooding: of Nile, 82
Floodwater farming, 28, 40, 54
Florence, 224–25. See also Italy
Food literacy, 295–96
Food shortages, after World War II, 278
Food supply, 25. See also Agriculture
Footprints, in caves, 19–20, 22, 44
Foreman, Dave, 17
Founder crops, 34–38
France: cultural influence of, 245
development of south of, 255, 273
and industrialization of cotton cloth, 257
invasion of Egypt, 258–59
occupation of Algeria, 260–62
physiocrats, 236
poetry of, 242–43
Rousseau, 245
and social implication of Darwin’s theories, 265–66
wheat production in, 278
Franchthi Cave, 38–40
Franciscans, 182–83
Freud, Sigmund, 288
Genetics, population, 58–62
Gennargentu National Park, 291
Geography, and mythology, 101–2
Geometry, 134
Germany, 265–66
Germination, 35–36
Gimbutas, Marija, 53, 56, 57, 66, 118
Global warming, 4
God, laws of, 269
Goddess hypothesis, 53, 55, 56
Gods, Greek/Olympian, 145–46, 152
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 241
Grain: collected as tax, 164
Grand Tour, 255
Graves, Robert, 53
Gravity, 232
Grazing rights, 185–86
Greece: abandonment of farms in, 283–84
Alepotrypa Cave, 47–50
Franchthi Cave, 38–40
idea of nature in, 271
Neolithic Revolution in, 125
return to farming in, 299–300
view of nature in, 126. See also Philosophers, Greek
Hamoukar, 70
Harvesting: effects on plants, 35–36
in Uruk, 73
Hatti, 99–102
Health, effects of Neolithic Revolution on, 47–50. See also Nutrition
Herders/herding, 41, 42, 44, 121, 185–86
Hesiod, 130–31
Hiebert, Theodore, 106
Hieroglyphic writings, 78
“The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis” (White), 104–5, 174, 177, 182, 183
Hittites, 99–102
Hobbes, Thomas, 46
Homer, 127–30
Homo sapiens, arrival of, 17
Hotel industry, 255
Houses: in Çatalhöyük, 31–32
of Old Europe, 54
Human image: in cave art, 21
in Renaissance art, 227
Human interaction, study of, 235
Humanism, 227
Humanity, severed from landscape, 137
Humans, in hierarchy, 104–5, 106, 249
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 14
Ibrahim, 190
Iliad (Homer), 125, 127, 128–30
Immortality, Greek belief in, 135
Inana, 90–95
India: agriculture in, 200, 201–2
cotton production in, 256–57
Portuguese voyages to, 212
Indian Ocean, control of, 212
Industry, intellectual edge of, 234
Inequality, as natural, 267
Infant mortality, 49
In Memoriam A.H.H. (Tennyson), 267–70
Intellect, in human development, 141–42
Intelligent design, 234
Inuit, 23–24
Invasion theory, 57–58, 118, 119
Iron deficiency, 48–49
Irrigation: in Islamic world, 203
in Libya, 161–62
in modern era, 283
in Uruk, 73
Isa, 190
Ischomachus, 143
Isidore of Seville, 177
Islam/Islamic world: accommodation to existing governments, 193
after fall of Rome, 188–89
agricultural inheritance of, 188–89, 199, 200–202
agricultural productivity in, 188–89
commonalities with Christianity, 188
conservation in, 191
creation/creator in, 190–93
effect of invasion of Egypt on, 259
interaction with Christian community, 203
and interest in mathematics, 204–5
Jesus in, 190
law in, 198–99
population of, 203
religious exclusivity in, 196, 198
Sunni, 205
territorial conquest, 193–96
trade, 189
treatment of captured land, 196–97
Italy: Florence, 224–25
Gennargentu National Park, 291
Giuseppe Parini, 244–45
rice cultivation in, 218–19. See also Renaissance
Jefferson, Thomas, 228
Job, 108
Justice, 268
Kennan, George F., 280
Keynes, John Maynard, 265
King, William, 14
Koyukon Inuit, 23–24
Kurgan Culture, 57
Labor: abuse of, 295
Aristotle’s dichotomy, 142
in Benedict’s rule, 179–80
clergy separated from, 178–79, 180, 226
constraints on, 253
control of, 223
in cotton production, 256
derogation of, 303
economics in decisions about, 239
and Libyan irrigation system, 162
in Oeconomicus, 143–44
and rice cultivation, 218–19, 245
in Roman world, 179
social division of, 267
value of, 66, 67. See also Slavery/slaves
Land: Benedictines’ management of, 181–82
constraints on, 253
distribution in Middle Ages, 184–85
donated to monasteries, 180–81
economics in decisions about, 239, 253
enclosures, 237
Islamic management of, 202–3
Mongol treatment of, 204
ownership of, 219
Landscape: beauty of, 297–98
and Israelite community, 106–7, 108–9
in Mediterranean cosmology, 102
power over, 227
preservation of agricultural, 301–4
Renaissance celebration of, 226–27
writings about, 239. See also Literature; Poetry; Scenery
Language: baby talk, 23
graphic representation of, 75–76
linguistic fragmentation, 61
origins of, 53
spread of, 58, 61, 62. See also Writing
Lares, 152
Larinum, 156
Legumes, benefits of, 37
Leopold, Aldo, 7, 300–301, 302
Libraries, 204
Libya, Roman, 160–63
Linen, 41
Listening, 288
Literature: environmental, 291–93
nature separated from agriculture in, 239–40
in nineteenth century, 254–55
of Ugarit, 96–99
Locke, John, 234
Logic, in Greek philosophy, 133–34
Longinus, 247
Lucretius, 147–49
Maadian culture, 81–82
Mahudel, Nicholas, 15
Malaria, 169–70
Malnutrition, 49
Mathematics, 204–5
Matriarchy, 53–57
McKibben, Bill, 291–92
Mechanical, exaltation of, 233, 234
Medici (family), 225
Medina, 193
Mediterranean: after World War II, 276–77
biogeography of, 115–16
defined, 5
influence of, 5
outside management of, 275–77
stress on, 2–4
Megaliths, 63–64
Mellaart, James, 31
Men, in Old Europe communities, 56
Mesopotamia: Abbasid dynasty in, 197–98
in agricultural historical narrative, 72–73
criticism of, 83–86
Nineveh, 86
population of, 86
power of, and agriculture, 83
reasons for decline of, 84–88
and theories of origins of agriculture, 25–26
villages in, 71. See also Uruk
Middle Ages: agriculture in, 183–87, 218
population in, 180. See also Christianity
Migration: and spread of language, 57, 58–62
“wave of advance” theory, 67
Mitochondrial DNA, 60–61
Money, 235, 237–38. See also Economics
Monocultures, 283
Monticello, 228
Monuments, 63–67
Moon, 230–31
Morals, and environmental crisis, 7–8
Moses, 190
Motion, Newton’s laws of, 231–32
Mountain scenery, 240–41, 245–46
Mozart, Leopold, 240–41
Mozart, Wolfgang, 240–41
Muhammad, 190
Multiethnicity, 121
Musa, 190
Mythology: Baal, 96–99
and climate, 101
in Hatti, 99–102
links to geography, 101–2
origins of, 53
Sumerian, 90–95
of Ugarit, 101–2
in Uruk, 90–95. See also Religion
Nation-state, and ideology of ethnic uniformity, 121. See also State formation
Natural selection, 267. See also Darwin, Charles
Nature: American conception of, 289
in Augustine’s theology, 177
changes in thinking about, 239–49
in Christianity, 168, 174, 176–83
end of, 291–92
and Franciscans, 182–83
identified with wilderness, 246–47, 289–90
in In Memoriam A.H.H., 268–70
modern conception of, 93
nineteenth-century view of, 270–71
in Stoic philosophy, 146
and threat of mortality, 248
writing about, 272. See also Literature; Poetry
Navigation, 211
Neanderthals, 13–14, 15, 16, 17, 18
Nelson, Richard K., 23–24
Neolithic: and beginning of environmental crisis, 7
Chinese, 214
criticisms of, 296
economic power of, 113
and human dominion over earth, 105
package, 40
population of, 50
South American, 215
Neolithic Revolutions: effects of, 47–50
in Greece, 125
primary domesticates, 34–38
and transformation of native plants, 214. See also Agricultural revolution; Agriculture
New World, 219–23
flooding of, 82
floodplain, 80
in Roman Egypt, 165
Nineveh, 84–86
Nutrition: and agriculture, 26
and germination, 35
and milk, 43. See also Health
Obsidian, 29
Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 142–44
Old Europe cultures, 54–57
Oleasters, 37–38
Olives, 37–38
On Nature (Empedocles), 132, 135
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 14, 263–67
Orrery, 233
Ottoman Empire, 205–6, 258, 263, 282
Oxcart, 117
“Ozymandias” (Shelley), 84
Pack animals, 117–18
Paleolithic: and Hobbes, 46
interest in, 13
utopian view of, 26, 47. See also Cro-Magnon; Neanderthals
Paley, William, 234
Palladio, Andrea, 228
Pandora, 131
Parini, Giuseppe, 244–46
Parmenides, 132–34
Pelicans, 178
Penates, 152
Petrie, Flinders, 81
Philosophers/philosophy: ancient vs. modern, 126
eighteenth-century, 247–48
Renaissance, 230. See also Philosophers, Greek; Philosophy, Greek
Philosophers, Greek: Aristotle, 136–37, 140–42
on city, 140–41
education of, 134
influence of, 126
Parmenides, 132–34
rejection of sense perception, 230
repudiation of First Nature, 125–26, 149
Socrates, 140
Philosophy, Greek: logic in, 133–34
relation to religion, 127
separated from common people, 138
Physiocrats, 236
Plants: native, 214
wild, 35–36
Plows, 41
Poetry: of eighteenth century, 242–45
French, 242–43
In Memoriam A.H.H., 267–70
nature separated from agriculture in, 239–40
of nineteenth century, 254–55, 271, 272
“Ozymandias,” 84
and view of landscape, 240–46
Polis: Aristotle on rise of, 141
in Oeconomicus, 142–44
Roman republic as, 153
Political community, 73. See also State formation
Pollarding, 171–72
Pollen, 16
Pollution, 291–92
Population, during Neolithic, 50
Potatoes, 216
Pottery, and agricultural revolution, 27
Po Valley, 218
Preservation of agricultural landscapes, 301–4
Prometheus, 131
Purifications (Empedocles), 132, 135
Quesnay, François, 236
Qur’an, 190, 191, 198. See also Islam/Islamic world
Rainfall, in North Africa, 160–61
Recordkeeping, in Uruk, 74–75
and focus on text, 109
and geocentric universe, 231
and Ugaritic texts, 95. See also Christianity; Judaism; Monuments; Mythology; Temples
Renfrew, Colin, 61
Resource depletion, 84–85
Rift valleys, 27
Riviera, 273–74
Roads, 117
Rome: adoption of Christianity, 173–75
characteristics of, 150–51
citizenship in, 153
conquest of Samnium, 156–58
country homes, 159
demand for agricultural products, 163, 164
dissolution of empire, 167, 188, 199–200
divide between state and religious responsibility, 174–75
Lucretius, 147–49
personal fulfillment in, 173
view of country in, 154
water management in, 161–62
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 245
Royer, Clémence-Auguste, 266–67
Saepinum, 157–58
Samnites, 155–58
São Tomé, 222–23
Sasanian Empire, 188–89, 194, 200
Scenery, 240–41, 245–46. See also Landscape
Sea power, 212, 280–81. See also Shipping
Secondary products, 40, 41–44, 111, 113–15
Secondary Products Revolution, 40
Second homes, 285
Senses, rejection of, 133–34, 136
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 84
Shepherds. See Herders/herding
Sherratt, Andrew, 28, 34, 40, 42, 102
Shipbuilding, 212
Shipping, 258, 280–81. See also Sea power
Ships: for Portuguese voyages, 209, 211
and trade, 116–17
Uluburun shipwreck, 111–13
Shrines, 33
Sickles, 73
Signs, 192–93
Sinai, Mount, 107–8
Slavery/slaves: in Middle Ages, 220
in Oeconomicus, 143–44
in Roman agriculture, 166
trade, 209
Smith, Mark S., 99
Social Darwinism, 254
Socrates, 140
Soul, 137
Soviet Union, 276–77, 279–80, 282–83
Spain, in New World, 212–13
Specialization, occupational, 121
Species, loss of, 297
Spenser, Herbert, 264
Spirit, 141–42
State formation, and agriculture, 26, 87, 141
Stoics/Stoicism, 144–47, 148, 149, 227
Stonehenge, 63
“Sublime,” 247–48
Suez Canal, 259
Sugar, 47, 50, 221, 223, 255–56
Sumerian language, 75–76
Survival: and awareness, 24
of the fittest, 264
in world created by divinity, 130–31. See also Darwin, Charles
Syria, 30
Talmud, 108–9
Taxes, Roman, 164
Technology: and environmental crisis, 8
and exploitation of forests, 171
shipbuilding, 212
of trade, 116–20
Teeth, and Neolithic lifestyle, 49
Telescope, 229–31
Telipinu, 99–100
Tell Brak, 71
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 267–70
Texts: in Beit al-Hikma, 204
encyclopedic tradition, 177–78
focus on, 109
Greek, 125. See also Literature
Theogony (Hesiod), 125
Thomsen, Christian Jurgensen, 15
Tigris River, 70
Timaeus (Plato), 137–38, 139, 232
Time, organization of, 103
Tomato, 216
Tourism, 255, 273–74, 284–85, 301
Towns, 62
Trade: and abandonment of communities, 34
and agriculture, 113
and collapse of Rome, 168–69
and creation of cooperative community, 110
and cultural diversity, 120–21
in eastern Mediterranean, 200
ecological view of, 115–16
economic view of, 115
and grain, 28–31
international routes of, 189
in Islamic world, 189
at Jericho, 27
in Neolithic, 113–15
in Paleolithic, 113
partnerships in, 115
restraints on, 214–15
in secondary products, 111, 113–15
and ships, 116–17
technologies of, 116–20
Uluburun shipwreck, 111–13
Transhumance, 42
Transportation, 116–20. See also Shipping; Ships
Travel, 255, 273–74, 284–85, 301
Tuscany. See Italy
tyranny of the present, 287, 288–89
Uluburun shipwreck, 111–13
United States, 276–77, 279, 280, 283
Universe: Plato’s views of, 137
study of, 230–32
Uruk: agriculture in, 73
control of, 76
differentiated society in, 71
irrigation in, 73
location of, 70
mythology of, 90–95
size of, 76
worldview of, 95–96
Venice: control of Cyprus, 220, 221
destruction in, 275
history of, 2–4
during Renaissance, 227–28
wealth of, 224
Venus, 147
Vigilance, 23–24
Villages: and agriculture, 62–63
coexistence with cities, 71
of Old Europe, 54
Villa Lante, 226
Villas: in Biferno Valley, 159
during Renaissance, 224–28
Violence: Hesiod’s focus on, 130
in Iliad, 127–28
in nature, 270
Virchow, Rudolph, 14
Wadis, 161
Warfare: and agricultural viability, 87–88, 189
horses in, 120
origins of, 26
relation to state formation and agriculture, 73, 87
and resource bases, 87. See also World War II
Watch/clock, 233
Water: at Jericho, 27–28
in Qur’an, 191
and rice cultivation, 218
Roman management of, 161–62. See also Irrigation
“Wave of advance” model, 62, 118–19
Wealth: Roman, 159
of Venice and Florence, 224. See also Economics
The Wealth of Nations (Smith), 235
Weather, after World War II, 278
Weeks, in Genesis, 103–4
Wheat, 36
Wheels, 120
White, Lynn, 7, 104–5, 109, 174, 177, 182, 183
The White Goddess (Graves), 53
Whitehead, Alfred North, 233
Whitney, Eli, 257
Wilberforce, Samuel, 14
Wilderness: and environmental writing, 292–93
in Genesis worldview, 106
ideal of, 289–92
in metaphors that describe God, 107
in modern consciousness, 93
in mythology, 101
nature identified with, 246–47, 289–90
preservation of, 301–2
and recreation, 301
on shield of Achilles, 129–30
Sumerian conception of, 91, 92–94
Ugaritic representation of, 96, 97–99
value of, 300–301
Women: goddess hypothesis, 53
in Maltese society, 66
in Old Europe art, 55–56
work of, 144
Works and Days (Hesiod), 125, 130–31
World, model of understanding, 229, 230
World War II, 276–79
Worship. See Mythology; Religion; Temples
Writers, environmental, 291–93, 300–301
Xenophon, 142–44
Yamm, 101
Yathrib, 193
Yeats, William Butler, 6
Zeus, hymn to, 145–46