Page numbers in bold indicate key terms, when used in main entries.
A1 (primary auditory cortex) 234, 235
Acalculia 319
Access consciousness 148
Achromatopsia 116
visual imagery 132
Acquired brain damage see Brain damage, acquired
Acquired sociopathy 359
anarchic/alien hand syndrome 177
basic cognitive framework 165, 166–167
degrees of freedom problem 166
DF case study 181
dorsal and ventral streams 180–182
forward model 176
frontal eye fields see Frontal eye field (FEF)
homunculus problem 167
ideomotor apraxia 186
imitation and see Imitation
intentions 175
joint action 177
lateral and medial premotor cortex 171–172
left hemisphere dominance 187–188
mental representation 185, 185–186
movement and 166
object-based 180
optic ataxia 182
pantomiming 186
Parkinson’s disease see Parkinson’s disease
prefrontal regions see Prefrontal cortex
primary motor cortex see Primary motor cortex
proprioception 167
sensorimotor transformation see Sensorimotor transformation
somatosensation 167
subcortical structures 188–189
Action disorganization syndrome 174
Action potential 17–18, 18, 19–20
Activation 71
Additive factors method 42, 43
Adjectives 263
Adoption studies see Behavioral genetics
Afferent dysgraphia 315
Agnosia
amusia 244
congenital amusia 246
integrative 123
object orientation 124
pure word deafness 250
Agrammatism 278
Akinetopsia 116
Alien hand syndrome 177
Allocentric space 160
Allocortex 25
Allograph 313
Allophones 251
Alzheimer’s dementia 83
amnesia 213
hippocampal damage 212
Alzheimer’s dementia 213
characteristics 209
consolidation see Consolidation (memory)
hippocampus see Consolidation (memory)
Korsakoff’s syndrome 205
procedural and perceptual (implicit) memory 207–208
short-term memory (STM) 207
temporal gradients 210–211, 213
Amodal 266
Amusia 244
congenital 246
emotion processing 382–386, 385–386
Kluver-Bucy syndrome 382
Amygdala, and fear
skin conductance response 383, 384
Anarchic hand syndrome 177
Angiomas 83
Animal models, lesioned brain 94–95
Animate–inanimate debate 10, 271
Anomia 287
Anterior cingulate cortex
in pain 390
Anterior intraparietal area (AIP) 183
Anterior prefrontal cortex 347
Anterograde amnesia 205, 206, 207
Anti-caricature 46
Anti-social personality disorder 358–359
Aphasia
Apperceptive agnosia 120, 120–121, 122
Apraxia
frontal 174
ideomotor 186
Apraxia for speech 290
Aristotle 3
Arteriosclerosis 83
Articulation see Speech
Articulatory loop 255
Articulatory suppression 196–197, 197
Asperger syndrome 399
see also Autism
Aspiration, lesion methods 94
Associative agnosia 120, 120–121
ATOM model (A Theory of Magnitude) 330, 331
biased competition theory see Biased competition theory
disengagement 137
early selection 150
FIT see Feature-integration theory (FIT)
inattentional blindness 135, 136
inhibition of return 137
late selection 150
neglect see Neglect
orienting see Orienting
parietal lobes see Parietal lobe
perception, awareness and 146–148
premotor theory see Premotor theory of attention
salient 136
spatial and non-spatial processes 136–140
stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) 138
sustained 365
terminology 146
visual cortex and 146
Attentional blink 139, 139–140, 148
Auditory memory see Auditory processing
arcuate fasciculus 254
belt and parabelt regions 234–235
primary auditory cortex 234, 235, 236
tonotopic organization 235–236
“what” route 233, 236, 237, 239, 249, 253–255
“where” route 233, 236–237, 239, 242, 249, 253–255
see also Auditory processing
Auditory processing 231, 233–234, 237–243
auditory stream segregation 124, 241–242, 253–255
cocktail party problem 242–243
content and location coding 239–241
distortions by head and pinnae 240–241
fundamental frequency 234
head-related transfer function 240–241
inter-aural differences 239–240
mismatch negativity (MMN) 241–242
missing fundamental phenomenon 234, 237
pitch 233
pure tones 233
speech see Speech perception
timbre 234
Autism 399
Asperger syndrome 399
central coherence 401
embedded figures 400
empathizing and systemizing 400–401
gaze perception 395
male brain hypothesis 402
Autobiographical memory 205–207
Autotopagnosia 273
Awareness 146
access consciousness 148
model 147
neglect and 158
phenomenal consciousness 148
Axial section 23
action potential 17–18, 18–19, 19–20
myelin 19
synapse 17
Balint’s syndrome 155, 155–156
caudate nucleus 26
dysarthria 290
globus pallidus 26
hyperkinetic 26
hypokinetic 26
Parkinson’s disease see Parkinson’s disease
procedural skills 203
putamen 26
speech 424
Basic emotions see Emotion
Basilar membrane 234
Behavioral genetics 419, 419–423
Down’s syndrome 420
Turner syndrome 420
twin and adoption studies 419–421
William’s syndrome 420
see also Gene(s)
Behavioral neuroscience 93
Biased competition theory 151–153, 156–157
neural basis 152
parallel processing 152
spatial and non-spatial processing 152–153
Biological motion 118
Blindness
cortical see Cortical blindness and “blindsight”
primary visual cortex (V1) 113
visual cortex and 97
visual word form area 299
“Blindsight” see Cortical blindness and “blindsight”
Blind spot 109
Body parts
BOLD technique, hemodynamic response function (HRF) 55, 56
Bonferroni correction 69
Box-and-arrow diagrams 6
Brain
acquired damage see Brain damage, acquired
cerebral cortex see Cerebral cortex
corpus callosum 20
critical and sensitive periods of development see Sensitive period
electrical stimulation 1
functional development 413–419
gray matter see Gray matter
hindbrain see Hindbrain
imaging 7
innate knowledge see Innate knowledge
interesting facts 16
lesions see Lesioned brain
midbrain see Midbrain
modularity 12
neurons see Neurons
occipital lobe 20
phrenology 13
plasticity 87, 195, 196, 410, 416, 417
postnatal development see Postnatal brain development
predetermined development 410, 411
prenatal development see Prenatal brain development
probabilistic development 410, 411
protocortex theory 413
split-brain 82
structural development 410–413
subcortex see Subcortex
tumors 83
ventricles see Ventricles
white matter see White matter
angiomas 83
arteriosclerosis 83
cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) 83
embolism 83
HIV 83
neurodegenerative disorders 83
neurosurgery 82
Pick’s disease 83
transcranial magnetic stimulation versus 98
traumatic head injuries 83
tumors 83
viral infections 83
Broca’s aphasia 276, 276–277, 279
Broca’s area 284
agrammatism 278
sentence production and understanding 278–281
Brodmann’s areas 25, 279–280, 347, 348
Broken-mirror theory (autism) 401, 401–402
Cancellation tasks 157
Cannabis
schizophrenia see Schizophrenia
Cannon-Bard theory 377
Capgras syndrome 394
Caricature recognition 46
Categorical perception 128, 251
Category specificity see Object recognition
Cathodal tDCS 103
Caudal 22
Caudate nucleus 26
Center-surround receptive fields 109
Central coherence 400
Central dyslexia 301
Central executive 199
Central nervous system, hierarchical view 20
Cerebellum 29
dysarthria 290
Cerebral achromatopsia 116, 117, 132, 233
Brodmann’s areas 25
cytoarchitecture 25
insula 25
neocortex 25
sylvian fissure 25
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 20, 21
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) 83
Chemical signalling 19
Children see Infants and children
Cingulate gyrus 27
Classical neuropsychology 81, 90
group studies 82
Classical single dissociation 84, 85
Co-articulation 252
Cochlea 234
Cocktail party problem 242, 242–243
action and 165
computational and connectionist models 302–303
embodied 267
emotion and 392
violation of expectancy 320
London taxi drivers 217
place cells 215
Cognitive neuropsychology 5, 81, 90
single-case studies see Single-case studies
infants and children see Infants and children
methods 8
additive factors method 42, 43
mental chronometry see Mental chronometry
mental representation 31
Cognitive subtraction 57, 57–59
interactions 59
problems 59
pure insertion 59
Cohort model 264
uniqueness point 264
Color(s)
category specificity 272
color perception (V4) see Visual cortex
Color constancy 117
Complex cells (vision) 111
Computerized tomography (CT) 50
Cone cells 109
Congenital amusia 246
nodes 7
Consolidation (memory) 209, 210–213
long-term potentiation (LTP) 210
semantic dementia 212
synaptic 210
system 210
Conspecific 392
faces 392
Constructive memory 222
Contention scheduling 174
Coronal section 23
Corpus callosum 20
Cortical blindness and “blindsight”
DB case study 114
hemianopia 114
neglect and 159
quadrantanopia 114
retinotopic organization 114
visual perception 114, 114–115
Counting 322
see also Numbers
Covert orienting 136, 136–137, 141–142
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) 83
Crystallized intelligence 361, 361–362
Cytoarchitecture 25
Darwin, Charles, emotion 375–376
Da Vinci, Leonardo, spelling and writing 314
Deactivation 71
Deception 75
Declarative memory 203
Deep dysgraphia 311
Default mode network 63
Degrees of freedom problem 166
Delay discounting (temporal discounting) 359
Delusions 426
Dementia
Alzheimer’s see Alzheimer’s dementia
multi-infarct 83
speech production 285
Dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) 83
see also Alzheimer’s dementia
Deoxyhemoglobin 55
Developmental dyslexia 425–426
Diencephalon 27
hypothalamus see Hypothalamus
thalamus see Thalamus
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 53
Dipole 40
Directed forgetting 221, 221–222
Disgust see Insula
Dissociations see Lesioned brain
Distance effect 324
Dizygotic twins 421
Domain specificity 12
Dopamine 427
schizophrenia 427
Dorsal stream (vision) 115, 116, 142, 180–182
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) 224, 225, 367–368, 369
Down’s syndrome 420
Dual-route model of reading 304–310, 309–310
Dysarthria 290
Dysexecutive syndrome 175
afferent 315
deep 311
phonological 311
surface 315
Dyslexia
central 301
peripheral 301
spelling 301
Dyspraxia, orofacial 424
DZ twins 421
Ear 234
basilar membrane 234
cochlea 234
pathway to brain see Hearing
Early selection (FIT) 150
Economic decision making 360–361
Edema 92
in lesioned brain 92
Efference copy 60
Egocentric space 160
Einstein, Albert, numeracy 341
Electrical brain stimulation 1, 154–155
Electroencephalography (EEG) 8, 32, 32, 36, 47
event-related potential (ERP) see Event-related potential (ERP)
infants and children 409
practical issues 41
rhythmic signal oscillations 38–39
Electrophysiology, mental chronometry 41–47
Embedded figures 400
Embodied cognition 267
Embolism 83
characteristics 374
cognition and 392
disgust see Insula
empathy see Mental states
expressions see Face
fear see Amygdala
hedonic value 374
hypothalamus and 377
mentalizing 374
mental states see Mental states
mirroring 374
neural basis see Amygdala; Anterior cingulate; Hypothalamus; Insula; Orbitofrontal cortex; Ventral striatum
reward and punishment 374, 379–380, 390–391
see also Face(s)
Cannon-Bard theory 377
Papez circuit 377
Empathy see Mental states
Empiricism 417
innate knowledge see Innate knowledge
Encoding of memory 224
Encoding specificity hypothesis 221
Endogenous 45
Endogenous ERP components 45
Endogenous orienting 137, 137–138
Enigma illusion 119
Entorhinal cortex 213
Environment, genes and see Gene(s)
Epilepsy 1
Episodic memory 203
Error-related negativity 369
Ethical issues
in functional imaging 64
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 102
Event-related design 63, 63, 65–66
Event-related potential (ERP) 8, 32, 33, 39–40, 47
children 409
deflection 43
dipole 40
endogenous and exogenous 45
evoked potentials 45
inverse problem 45
mismatch negativity (MMN) 241–242
practical issues 41
Evoked potentials 45
Executive functions 345–371, 346
automatic and controlled behavior 345–346
delay discounting (temporal discounting) 359
hemispheric differences 365–368
“hot” versus “cold” control processes 356–359
Moniz, Egas 355
multiple-demand network 359–362
neuroeconomics see Neuroeconomics
overcoming habitual responses 351
posterior to anterior organization 357
prefrontal cortex see Prefrontal cortex
reversal learning 356–357, 359
Somatic Marker Hypothesis 357
Supervisory Attentional System model 354
task-setting and problem solving 350
task switching 352, 352–353, 357
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 315, 352, 365–366
working memory and 346
Exogenous 45
Exogenous ERP components 45
Exogenous orienting 137
Explicit memory 203
Expression see Face(s)
Extinction 153
Extrastriate body area (EBA) 125–126
Eye
autism and 395
emotion processing 395
Eye direction detector 395
Eye movements 140, 154–155, 176
frontal eye fields 142, 169–170
Face(s)
anti-caricature 46
caricature recognition 46
conspecific 392
eye gaze 395
Face processing 43–46, 128–131, 392–396
faces as a distinct category 130–131
“Greebles” 130
Margaret Thatcher illusion 131
part-based vs. holistic perceptual processing 129
within-category discrimination 130
categorical perception 128
face recognition units 126
fusiform face area (FFA) 127
person identity nodes 126
superior temporal sulcus (STS) in 127
Face recognition units (FRUs) 126
Facial expressions 374, 375, 378–379, 392–394
Capgras syndrome 394
functions 394
social referencing 394
False Discovery Rate (FDR) 69, 69–70
Family Wise Error (FWE) 69
FAS Test 350
Fear
amygdala role see Amygdala, and fear
Feature-integration theory (FIT) 148–151, 157
early selection 150
illusory conjunctions 149
late selection 150
pop-out 149
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 150
visual search paradigm 148–149
Feral children 415
Figure–ground segregation 121
Fixation 302
Food
category specificity 272
encoding specificity hypothesis 221
levels-of-processing account 220
retrieval-induced forgetting 221–222
Formants 251
Forward model 176
Fovea 109
Fox, Michael J. 190
Fractional anisotropy (FA) 53
Fractionation assumption 87
Frameless stereotaxy 101
Free will 175
Freud, Sigmund
nature-nurture 408
Frontal apraxia 174
Frontal eye field (FEF) 141–142, 142, 155–156, 169–170
Frontal lobe(s)
executive function see Executive functions
Gage, Phineas 349
in movement and action see Action
working memory see Working memory
Frontal lobe syndrome 345
Fully distributed representation 33
Functional imaging 9, 11, 50, 52–57
active brain regions 59
cognitive subtraction see Cognitive subtraction
ethical issues in 64
see also Cognitive subtraction
fMRI see Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
functional integration see Functional integration
lie detection 75
PET see Positron emission tomography (PET)
reading see Reading
safety issues in 64
vegetative state 77
Functional integration 63
default mode network 63
resting state paradigm 63
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 99–102
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 9, 55–57
block versus event-related design 65
BOLD technique 55
deoxyhemoglobin 55
infants and children 409
reaction times and 10
spatial resolution 56
temporal resolution 56
see also Functional imaging
Functional specialization 4, 4–5
Fundamental frequency 234
Fusiform face area (FFA) 127, 128
Fusiform gyrus 127
Gage, Phineas 349
Galen 3
Gall F. J. 4
Garden-path sentences 281, 281–282
Geminates 312
Gender differences, in voice 249
Gene(s)
behavioral genetics see Behavioral genetics
mutations 420
see also Behavioral genetics
Gene–environment interplay 423–428
developmental dyslexia 425–426
gene–environment correlations (rGE) 423
gene X–environment interactions (G x E) 423
schizophrenia see Schizophrenia
Geniculostriate pathway
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) 27, 109, 110, 111
magnocellular layers 110
Genie case study 415
Genius 341
Gestalt grouping principles 121–123
Figure–ground segregation 121
law of common fate 122
law of good continuation 121–122
law of proximity 121
law of similarity 121
Glia 20
Globus pallidus 26
Go/No-Go Test 351
Graph 313
Graphemic buffer 311, 311–312, 315
Gray matter 20
cerebral cortex see Cerebral cortex
imaging 53
“Greebles” 130
Grid cells 217
Group studies 82
in classical neuropsychology 82
lesion-deficit analysis see Lesioned brain
single-case studies versus 88–90
Hallucinations 426
Hardware 11
Head movement correction (fMRI) 67–68
Head-related transfer function (HRTF) 240, 240–241
auditory processing see Auditory processing
ear see Ear
music perception see Music perception
sound see Auditory processing
speech see Speech perception
visual system and 237
voice perception see Voice perception
Hemianopia 114
Hemiplegia 168
Hemodynamic methods 52
Hemodynamic response function (HRF) 55, 56
Heritability 420, 421, 421–423
reading 422
see also Behavioral genetics
Herpes simplex encephalitis 83
cerebellum 29
medulla oblongata 29
pons 29
Alzheimer’s dementia 212
grid cells 217
lateralization of function 216
Morris water maze 216
multiple-trace theory, memory 214
permanent storage, memory 213–217
see also Cognitive map theory; Consolidation (memory)
spatial maps 216
HIV 83
Homophone 304
“Hot spot” 91
Huntington’s disease 191, 191–192
disgust 386
Hypercomplex cells (vision) 111
emotional processing 377
Ideomotor apraxia 186
Illusory conjunctions 149
functional see Functional imaging
invasiveness 9
spatial resolution 9
structural see Structural imaging
temporal resolution 8
see also individual techniques
Imitation 177
in animals 178
goal states 178
mirror neuron see Mirror neuron
Implicit memory 203
Imprinting 414
Impulsivity 351
Inattentional blindness 135, 136
Individual differences, in functional imaging data analysis see Functional imaging
Infants and children
brain damage 416
cognitive neuroscience approaches 408, 409
violation of expectancy 320
Inferior colliculi 28
Inferior frontal gyrus 73
Inferior parietal lobe, reading 308
Inferior pulvinar 112
Inferotemporal cortex (IT) 124–125
mental chronometry see Mental chronometry
Inhibition 70
Inhibition of return 137
phobias 418
prepared learning 418
Inner speech 286
Huntington’s disease and 386
interoception 387
Intelligence
Interactions 59
Interactivity 6
Inter-aural differences 239–240
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 251
Interoception 387
Intraparietal sulcus (IPS), numbers 326–327, 328–329
Invasiveness 9
Inverse problem 45
Iowa Gambling Task 357, 357–358
James-Lange theory 376, 376–377
Japanese
Joint action 177
Kanizsa illusion 107, 108, 112
Kluver-Bucy syndrome 382
“The Knowledge” 217
Korsakoff’s syndrome 205
Language
reading see Reading
speech see Speech
terminology 263
word see Word
writing see Writing
see also Speech
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) 27, 109, 110, 111
Lateral intraparietal area (LIP) 140, 140–142
Late selection (FIT) 150
Learning
prepared 418
reversal learning 356–357, 359
see also Brain damage, acquired
classical neuropsychology 81
cognitive neuropsychology 81
dissociations and associations 84–86
structural imaging techniques 92–93
tDCS see Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
TMS see Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
virtual lesions 82
Lesion studies, semantic dementia 73–74
Letter-by-letter reading 300–302
Levels-of-processing account 220
Lexical access 261
Lexical decision 296
Lexicon, mental 266
Lie detection 75
cingulate gyrus 27
hippocampus 27
mamillary bodies 27
olfactory bulbs 27
Line bisection 157
Lip-reading 252
reading see Reading
spelling see Writing
writing see Writing
Lobotomy 355
Local representation 33
Logographs 295
London taxi drivers 217
Long-term memory (LTM) 196, 203–204
brain lesions 226
experiential states 225
memory encoding 224
monitoring and memory retrieval 224–225
source monitoring 225, 225–226
temporal context, prefrontal cortex 226–227
Long-term potentiation (LTP) 210
Lorenz, Konrad 414
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 50–52
advantages 51
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 53
fractional anisotropy (FA) 53
spatial resolution 51
tesla (T) 51
voxel-based morphometry (VBM) 53
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 8, 46, 47
superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) 47
Magnocellular layers 110
Male brain hypothesis (autism) 402
Mamillary bodies 27
Margaret Thatcher illusion 131
Mathematical genius 341
McCloskey model 334–340, 336–340
Medial geniculate nucleus 27
Medial temporal lobe 213
Medulla oblongata 29
amnesia see Amnesia
auditory 241
cognitive map theory see Cognitive map theory
constructive memory approach 222
declarative 203
entorhinal cortex 231
episodic see Episodic memory
explicit 203
forgetting see Forgetting
hippocampus see Hippocampus
implicit see Implicit memory
long-term see Long-term memory (LTM)
medial temporal lobe 213
multiple-trace theory 214
non-declarative 203
personal semantic 203
phonological short-term see Short-term memory (STM)
procedural 203
recognition see Recognition memory
semantic see Semantic memory
short-term (STM) see Short-term memory (STM)
source monitoring see Long-term memory (LTM)
for tunes see Music perception
visuospatial see Short-term memory (STM)
working see Working memory
reaction time see Reaction time
Mental imagery see Visual imagery
Mental lexicon 266
Mentalizing 374
Mental number line 330, 330–331, 336–337
Mental representation 31
autism and see Autism
mentalizing 396
mirror system (empathy) 397–398
simulation theory 396
theory-of-mind see Theory-of-mind
Mesocortex 25
Micrographia 190
inferior colliculi 28
superior colliculi 28
Midline section 23
Mimicry 177
Mind
reading see Mental states
Mind-blindness 399
Mirroring 374
implications 180
speech perception 253
Mirror systems 397
Mismatch negativity (MMN) 241, 241–242
Missing fundamental phenomenon 234, 237
Modularity 12
Monitoring 365
Moniz, Egas 355
Monozygotic twins 421
Morpheme 263
Morris water maze 216
Motion see Movement
Motor theory, speech perception see Speech perception Movement
action and 166
frontal lobes 192
see also Huntington’s disease
hypokinetic 191
see also Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease see Parkinson’s disease
perception see Visual cortex
subcortical structures 188–189
MT (V5) see Visual cortex
Multi-cell/unit recordings 33
Multi-infarct dementia 83
Multiple-demand network 359
Multiple sclerosis 19
Six Element Test 354
Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) 74–77, 77
Murdoch, Iris 285
Music cognition, model 243–244
amusia 244
congenital amusia 246
function 248
musical features 243
pitch 246
timbre 247
tone deafness 246
Mutations 420
MZ twins 421
Nativism 417
innate knowledge see Innate knowledge
Nature–nurture debate 407–408, 408
behavioral genetics see Behavioral genetics
innate knowledge see Innate knowledge
neuroconstructivism 408
theorists 408
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 408, 409
Neglect 143, 143, 146, 157–162
blindsight and 159
bodily space 161
egocentric space 160
extinction 153
hemispatial 143
information processing 158–159
low-level perception 158
near versus far space 161
parietal lobe lesions 153, 158
perceptual 160
Piazza del Duomo task 160
representational 160
tactile 158
visual perception and 158
Neocortex 25
fully distributed representation 33
local representation 33
rate coding 36
single-cell recordings see Single-cell/unit recordings
sparse distributed representation 33
temporal coding 36
Neural tube 411
Neuroblasts 411
Neurochemical lesions 94
Neuroconstructivism 408
Neurodegenerative disorders, acquired brain damage and 83
Neurons 17
axon see Axon
chemical signalling 19
imaging 54
mirror see Mirror neuron
Neuropsychology
animal models see Lesioned brain
classical see Classical neuropsychology
cognitive see Cognitive neuropsychology
tests 93
Neuroscience, cognitive psychology and 11–13
Neurosurgery, acquired brain damage and 82
Nodes (connectionist models) 7
Nodes of Ranvier 19
Non-declarative memory 203
Nouns 274
acalculia 319
animal studies 326
ATOM model (A Theory of Magnitude) 330, 331
category specificity 274
collections and quantities 322–324, 332
continuous or discontinuous 329–331
Einstein, Albert 341
Gerstmann’s syndrome and 333
hemispheric specialization 327–329
intraparietal sulcus (IPS) 326–327, 328–329
mental number line 330–331, 336–337
spatial representation and 331–334
transcoding model 334, 335, 339–340
Number forms 332
Number neurons 327
Number-space synesthesia 332
Object orientation agnosia 124
category specificity 125, 125–126
extrastriate body area (EBA) 126
face recognition see Face(s)
Gestalt grouping principles see Gestalt grouping principles
inferotemporal cortex (IT) 124–125
object orientation agnosia 124
parahippocampal place area (PPA) 125–126
stages 120
visual agnosia, case HJA 122–123
Object use 180
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 192
Occipital lobe 20
Olfactory bulbs 27
Ontogenetic development 293
Opaque orthography 295
Optic nerve 109
Orbitofrontal cortex, emotion processing 387–388
pleasantness 388
Orienting (attention) 136, 136–137
covert orienting 136–137, 141–142
exogenous 137
Orofacial dyspraxia 424
Orthographic lexicon 297
Pantomiming 186
Papez circuit 377
Parahippocampal place area (PPA) 125–126
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) 7
Parallel processing 6
Parietal lobe
anterior intraparietal area (AIP) 183
extinction 153
hemispatial neglect and 142–143
hemispheric asymmetries 142–145
ideomotor apraxia 186
intraparietal sulcus (IPS) 326–327, 328–329
lateral intraparietal area (LIP) 140–142
mechanisms of spatial attention 140–142
over-attention and 143
pseudo-neglect and 143
rubber hand illusions and 145
salience map 141
salient and non-salient stimuli and 145
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 150
ventriloquist effect and 145
Parietal lobes (attention) 140–148
Parkinson’s disease 190, 190–191
Fox, Michael J. 190
spared actions 191
Parsing 281
Parvocellular layers 110
perceptual representation systems 203
Perceptual representation systems 203
Peripheral dyslexia 301
Personal semantic memory 203
Person identity nodes (PINs) 126
Phantom limb 184
Phenomenal consciousness 148
Philosophical approaches
Phlogiston 3
Phobias 418
Phonemes 262
phoneme-grapheme conversion 311
Phonological dysgraphia 311
Phonological dyslexia 305, 310
Phonological lexicon 261
Phonological loop 255
Phonological mediation 303–304, 304
Phonological short-term memory (STM) see Short-term memory (STM)
Phylogenetic development 293
Piaget, Jean 408
Piazza del Duomo task 160
Pick’s disease 83
Pitch 233
music perception see Music perception
Place cells 215
Place value system 320
Plasticity 87, 195, 196, 410, 416, 417
Players 110
Polygraph 75
Pons 29
Pop-out (FIT) 149
Positron emission tomography (PET) 8, 9, 54–55
spatial resolution 54
tracers 54
Postnatal brain development 411–412
myelination 412
Postsynaptic neuron 18
Predetermined development 410, 411
anterior 347
Brodmann’s areas 25, 279–280, 347, 348
dorsolateral (DLPFC) 224, 225, 367–368, 369
evolutionary enlargement 346
functional specialization 347–348
Gage, Phineas 349
lobotomy 355
in long-term memory see Long-term memory (LTM)
memory see Working memory
Moniz, Egas 355
planning (SAS model) 173–175, 354
rostral 362
ventrolateral, working memory and 223
Premotor theory of attention 153–156, 157
electrical stimulation studies 155
spatial cueing task evidence 153–154
Prenatal brain development 411
neural tube 411
neuroblasts 411
radial glial cells 411
Prepared learning 418
Prestriate cortex 115
Primary auditory cortex (A1) 234, 235
Primary motor cortex 168, 168–169
hemiplegia 168
prosthetic limbs 170
somatotopic organization 168
Primary visual cortex (V1) 109, 109–112, 113, 116
blindness 113
complex cells 111
geniculostriate pathway see Geniculostriate pathway
hypercomplex cells 111
law of continuation 122
simple cells 111
visual imagery 133
Priming 44
Probabilistic development 410, 411
Procedural memory 203, 207–208
Pronouns 274
Proper name anomia 274
Proper names 274
Proprioception 167
Prosody 263
visual imagery 132
Prosthetic limb guidance 170
Protocortex theory 413
Psychology 5
Psychosis 426
Pure insertion/deletion 59
Pure tones 233
Pure word deafness 250
Putamen 26
Quadrantanopia 114
Radial glial cells 411
Railway track illusion (Ponzo) 181–182
Random field theory 69
Random sequence generation 367
additive factors method 42, 43
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and 10
Reading
computational and connectionist models 302–303
dyslexia see Dyslexia
heritability 422
homophone 304
phonological mediation 303–304
pure alexia or “letter-by-letter” reading 300–302
spelling and reading aloud 303–310
summation hypothesis 306
visual lexicon 297
visual word form area in blind people 299
visual word recognition 296–297
word superiority effect 296
see also Writing
Recall 218
Receptive field 109
Recognition memory 218
experiential states 225
Recollection 218, 219–220, 225
Remapping (spatial attention) 141
Remembering see Memory
Repetition priming 286
mental 31
neural see Neural representation
Resting state paradigm 63
blind spot 109
cone cells 109
fovea 109
geniculostriate pathway see Geniculostriate pathway
optic nerves 109
receptive field 109
Retinocentric space 159
Retinotopic organization 114
Retrieval, memory see Memory
Retrieval-induced forgetting 221, 221–222
Reversal learning 356, 356–357, 359
Reversible “lesions” 94
Role of 195
Rostral prefrontal cortex 362
Rubber hand illusions 145
Safety
in functional imaging 64
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) 103–104
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 102
Sagittal section 23
Salience map 141
Salient (attention) 136
SAS model see Prefrontal cortex
Savants 400
delusions 426
dopamine 427
hallucinations 426
psychosis 426
Second language learning 353, 416
Self-ordered pointing task 201, 202
Semantic dementia 73, 73–74, 186, 212, 213
amnesia 213
Semantic memory 73, 73–74, 203
categorical specificity 275–276
entorhinal cortex 213
reading and 309
semantic knowledge see Speech
words and see Word(s)
Semantic representations of objects 186
Semantics, syntax and see Sentence production and understanding
feral children 415
Genie case study 415
see also Critical period
Sensorimotor transformation 167
anterior intraparietal area (AIP) 183
phantom limb 184
properties of objects 183
specificity of actions 183
Sensory-functional distinction 271, 271–272
Sentence production and understanding 278–284
agrammatism 278
Broca’s area see Broca’s area
parsing 281
processing 283
syntax 278
Short-term memory (STM) 196, 196–202
amnesia 207
features 202
working memory see Working memory
Simple cells (vision) 111
Simulation theory 393, 393–394, 396
Caramazza 86
Single-cell/unit recordings 32
methods 33
rate coding 36
superior temporal sulcus (STS) 34
temporal coding 36
strong 84
Six Element Test 354
Size effects (numbers) 324
Skin conductance response (SCR) 383
“Slips of the pen” 312
SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect 331
Social cues 36
Social referencing 394
Sociopathy 358
acquired 359
Software 11
Somatic Marker Hypothesis 357
Somatosensation 167
Somatotopic organization 168
Sound see Auditory processing
Source monitoring 225, 225–226
Sparse distributed representation 33
Sparse scanning (MRI) 236, 236
Spatial attention see Attention
Spatial maps 216
grid cells 217
Spatial representation, numbers and see Numbers
Spatial resolution 9
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 56
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 51
positron emission tomography (PET) 54
Speech
apraxia for 290
basal ganglia 424
category specificity see Speech category specificity
cohort model see Cohort model
dysarthria 290
grammatical properties 285
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 251
linguistic terminology 263
orofacial dyspraxia 424
processing and brain regions 62
see also Word(s)
production in dementia 285
sentence production and understanding see Sentence production and understanding
sound waves 259
spoken word recognition see Spoken word recognition
syllabification 289
see also Language
Speech category specificity 270–275
colors 272
food 272
nouns 274
numbers 274
pronouns 274
proper names 274
sensory-functional distinction 270–272
anomia 287
inner speech 286
mixed errors 288
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon 287
allophones 251
brain regions 250
co-articulation 252
formants 251
mirror neurons 253
motor theory 253
pure word deafness and 250
voicing 251
Spelling
Da Vinci, Leonardo 314
definition 311
dual-route model 311
“Slips of the pen” 312
spelling dyslexia 301
see also Writing
Spoken word recognition 261–266
cohort model see Cohort model
lexical access 261
phonemes 262
phonological lexicon 261
terminology 263
Spurzheim, J. C. 4
SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) 47
Statistical analysis, of functional imaging data 69–70
Stereotactic normalization 67, 68
Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) 138
Striate cortex see Visual cortex
Strong single dissociation 94
Stroop Test 351
in Parkinson’s disease 191
Structural descriptions 120
computerized tomography 50
in lesioned brain see Lesioned brain
magnetic resonance imaging see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
basal ganglia see Basal ganglia
diencephalon see Diencephalon
limbic system see Limbic system
in movement and action 188–189
Subitizing 324
Substantia nigra 29, 190, 191, 192
Summation hypothesis 306
Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) 47
Superior colliculi 28
Superior temporal sulcus (STS) 34, 254
in face perception 127
Supervisory Attentional System (SAS) see Prefrontal cortex
Supplementary motor area (SMA) 171, 171–172
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 113
Surface dysgraphia 315
Surface dyslexia 305, 310, 314
Sustained attention 365
Switch cost 352
Syllabification 289
Sylvian fissure 25
Symbol grounding problem 266
Synapse 17
synaptic potential 18
Synaptic consolidation 210
grouping for lesion-deficit studies 91
Syntax see Sentence production and understanding
System consolidation 210
Talairach coordinates 68
Task-demand artifact 84–85, 85
Task monitoring see Executive functions
Task-resource artifact 84–85, 85, 86
Task switching see Executive functions
Taxi drivers 217
Temporal discounting (delay discounting) 359
Temporal gradients (amnesia) see Amnesia
Temporal lobe 213
Temporal-parietal junction 404–405
Temporal poles 403
Temporal resolution 8
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 56
positron emission tomography (PET) 54–55
Tesla (T) 51
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) 27
medial geniculate nucleus 27
The Thatcher illusion 131
Theory-of-mind 396
in autism see Autism
mind-blindness 399
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon 65, 287
Tone deafness 246,
Tonotopic organization 235, 235–236
Tools see Action
Top-down processing 6
Tourette’s syndrome 191–192, 192
Tower of London test 350
Transcoding (numbers) see Numbers
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) 8, 82, 103–105
aftereffects 103
cathodal 103
immediate effects 103
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 8, 82, 95–102
acquired brain damage versus 98
advantages 98
children 409
ethics 102
frameless stereotaxy 101
limitations 98
location of regions 101
parietal lobe 150
safety 102
“sham” 101
task control 102
Transection, lesion methods 94
Transmitter-gated ion channels 19
Transparency assumption 87, 87–88
Transparent orthography 295
Traumatic head injuries 83
Triple-code model 334–335, 334–336, 334–340
Tumors 83
Turner syndrome 420
Twins
dizygotic twins 421
monozygotic twins 421
studying see Behavioral genetics
Uniqueness point 264
Universality assumption 87, 88
Universal numeracy see Numbers
Utilization behavior 173
V1 see Primary visual cortex (V1)
V4 see Visual cortex
V5 (MT) see Visual cortex
VB case study 315
Vegetative state 77
Ventral stream (vision) 115, 116, 180–182
Ventral striatum, emotion 390, 390–391
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 20, 21
Ventriloquist effect 145
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 347, 358
Violation of expectancy 320
Viral infections 83
Virtual lesions 82
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 96–97
Visual cortex
attention and 146
blindness and 97
dorsal stream 115, 116, 142, 180–182
functional specialization beyond V1 115–119
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 95–96, 99–100
V1 see Primary visual cortex (V1)
ventral stream 115, 116, 180–182
achromatopsia 132
primary visual cortex (V1) 133
prosopagnosia 132
Visual lexicon 297
auditory system and 237
center-surround receptive fields 109
cerebral achromatopsia 116, 117, 132, 233
cortical and noncortical routes 112–113
cortical blindness and “blindsight” see Cortical blindness and “blindsight”
face recognition see Face(s)
Kanizsa illusion 107, 108, 112
neglect and 158
object recognition see Object recognition
primary visual cortex (V1) see Primary visual cortex (V1)
retina see Retina
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and 113
visual cortex functional specialization see Visual cortex
feature integration theory 148–149
Visual word recognition see Reading
Visuospatial short-term memory (STM) see Short-term memory (STM)
brain regions 249
models 249
Voicing 251
Voltage-gated ion channels 18
multi-voxel pattern analysis 74–77
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) 53
WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) 361–362
Water maze (Morris) 216
Weak central coherence 400
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 361–362
Wernicke’s aphasia 276, 276–277
“What” route 233, 236, 237, 239, 249, 253–255
“Where” route 233, 236–237, 239, 242, 249, 253–255
glia 20
imaging 53
William’s syndrome 420
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 352
Word(s)
spoken word recognition see Speech
spoken word retrieval 284–289, 286
visual word recognition see Reading
see also Writing
Word superiority effect 296
central executive 199
executive function and 346
long-term memory and 200
self-ordered pointing task 201, 201
syntax and see Sentence production and understanding
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and 223
verbal 62
Writing
allograph 313
Da Vinci, Leonardo 314
dysgraphia 84, 85, 311, 314, 315
Kanji 294
logographic 294
micrographia 190
opaque 295
origins 294
phoneme-grapheme conversion 311
spelling see Spelling
transparent 295
X-ray
in computerized tomography 50
magnetic resonance imaging and 51