Introduction
1 Arthur Swinson, ed., A Register of the Corps and Regiments of the British Army (London: Archives Press, 1972), 206.
Chapter 1
1 John R. Grodzinski, “They Really Conducted Themselves Quite Well: Canadian Soldiers and the Great War, 1793-1815,” in The Canadian Way of War: Serving the National Interest, ed. Bern Horn (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2006), 65, 66, 68, 69.
2 Rory Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-1815 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 3, 4.
3 Grodzinski, “They Really Conducted Themselves Quite Well,” 68, 69.
4 David Facey-Crowther, The New Brunswick Militia, 1787-1867 (Fredericton: New Brunswick Historical Society, 1990), 3-4, 9.
5 Ibid., 3, 9-10.
6 Ron McGuigan, “The Forgotten Army: The Fencible Regiments of Great Britain, 1793-1816,” The Napoleon Series; available online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/fencibles/c_fencibles.html, accessed August 19, 2013; Charles Dupin, A Tour through the Naval and Military Establishments of Great Britain (London: Sir Richard Phillips, 1822), 86-87.
7 Dundas to Carleton, February 8, 1793, Library and Archives Canada (hereafter cited as LAC) RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 1.
8 Ibid.
9 “The King’s New Brunswick Regiment, 1793-1802,” Collections of the New Brunswick Historical Society, 1 (1894): 1; James Hannay, A History of New Brunswick, vol. 1 (Saint John: John A. Bowes 1909), 237, 238, 240; Dundas to Carleton, February 8, 1793, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 1; René Chartrand, British Forces in North America, 1793-1815 (London: Osprey Publishing, 1993), 13-15.
10 “King’s New Brunswick Regiment, 1793-1802,” 1; Hannay, History of New Brunswick, vol. 1, 238.
11 Dundas to Carleton, February 8, 1793, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 1; Hannay, History of New Brunswick, vol. 1, 237; Chartrand, British Forces in North America, 13-15.
12 “King’s New Brunswick Regiment, 1793-1802,” 38.
13 Chartrand, British Forces in North America, 16-17.
14 In its letter authorizing the formation of this regiment, the War Office named it the “New Brunswick Regiment,” whereas the Army List showed it as the “New Brunswick Fencible Infantry.” Several secondary sources incorrectly designate the regiment as the “New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry,” which refers to a different regiment that was raised in 1812. For the purposes of this book I use the designation “New Brunswick Fencible Infantry,” or the more common “New Brunswick Fencibles.” See Yorke to Martin, August 1, 1803, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 20; War Office, Army List, 1811 (London: Horse Guards, 1811), 388.
15 Yorke to Martin, August 1, 1803, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 20; Roderick MacArthur, “The British Army Establishments during the Napoleonic Wars Part I: The Infantry,” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 87, no. 350 (Summer 2009): 164-166; Royal Warrant, July 20, 1803, quoted in W. Austin Squires, The 104th Regiment of Foot (The New Brunswick Regiment), 1803-1817 (Fredericton, NB: Brunswick Press, 1962), 30.
16 War Office, Army List, 1811, 6, 338; Stuart Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen: A Directory of British Regular Army Officers of the War of 1812 (Toronto: ISER Publications, 2000), 136, 353, 384; “Thomas Emerson,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography On-Line, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/emerson_thomas_7E.html, accessed August 27, 2013; Martin Howard, Wellington’s Doctors: The British Army Medical Services in the Napoleonic Wars (Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount, 2002), 12.
17 War Office, Army List, 1811, 6, 338; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 136, 353, 384; “Thomas Emerson”; Howard, Wellington’s Doctors, 12.
18 Adjutant General’s Office, General Regulations and Orders for the Army, 1811 (London: Horse Guards, 1811), 65.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid., 66.
21 For a fascinating exploration of a little-known regular corps of black engineers, see René Chartrand, “The British Army’s Unknown, Regular, African-West Indian Engineer and Service Corps, 1783 to the 1840s,” Journal for the Society for Army Historical Research 89, no. 358 (Summer 2011): 117-138; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 66, 212; Winston Johnston, The Glengarry Light Infantry, 1812-1816 (Charlottetown, PEI, 2011), 37.
22 General Regulations and Orders for the Army, 1811, 93.
23 Ibid.
24 MacArthur, “British Army Establishments during the Napoleonic Wars Part I: The Infantry,” 161; Inspection Return of the 104th Regiment of Foot, 11 June 1812, The National Archives (hereafter cited as TNA) WO 27/226.
25 Royal Warrant, July 20, 1803, quoted in Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 30.
26 Ibid., 31, 37-38, 43.
27 Secretary at War, Collection of Orders, Regulations and Instructions for the Army (London: T. Egerton, 1807), 279; Yorke to Martin, August 1, 1803, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 21.
28 Martin was very clear on this point, stating that each man would receive three guineas after being examined and attested, two more guineas following inspection by a general or field officer, half a guinea for necessaries, and the remaining half guinea for the surgical examination and messing. Martin to White, August 14, 1803, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 17.
29 Collection of Orders, Regulations and Instructions for the Army, 279.
30 Kevin Linch, “The Recruitment of the British Army, 1807-1815” (PhD diss., University of Leeds, 2001), 129, 130; Quebec Gazette, February 24, 1804, reproduced in Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 32; Collection of Orders, Regulations and Instructions for the Army, 293.
31 Martin to White, August 14, 1803, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 17.
32 Ibid.; White to Hunter, November 23, 1803, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 18-19; Mann to Green, March 22, 1804, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 30; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 33-34.
33 Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 40, 45.
34 Yorke to Martin, August 1, 1803, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 718, 24.
35 London Gazette, July 12, 1803, no. 13600: 837; London Gazette, August 6, 1803, vol. 15608, 922.
36 Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 30, 42-43.
37 Ibid., 74, 75.
38 Francis J. Dunbar and Joseph H. Harper, Old Colours Never Die: A Record of Colours and Military Flags in Canada (Oakville: F.J. Dunbar & Associates, 1992), 30, 130; Chartrand, British Forces in North America, 177.
39 Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 22-25; John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, vol. 6 (London: Macmillan and Company, 1910), 64, 64n2; Caledon Mercury, September 20, 1806; Wentworth to Castlereagh, January 3, 1808, Public Archives of Nova Scotia (hereafter cited as PANS) CO 217 A 140, 17; Castlereagh to Wentworth, January 24, 1808, PANS CO 217 A. 140: 43; Castlereagh to Prevost, January 24, 1808, PANS CO 217 A. 140, 221; Linch, “Recruitment of the British Army,” 105; “Portsmouth, Saturday, May 2,” Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, May 4, 1807; “Portsmouth, Saturday May 18,” Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, May 18, 1807; “Portsmouth, Saturday January 23,” Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle, January 25, 1808.
40 John R. Grodzinski, Defender of Canada: Sir George Prevost in the War of 1812 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013), 33.
41 J.C.A. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 76-78; J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 22-23.
42 Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 81.
43 Torrens to Hunter, September 18, 1810, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 719, 6; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 86; J. Mackay Hitsman, Safeguarding Canada: 1763-1871 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), 74.
44 Andrew Bamford, Sickness, Suffering, and the Sword: The British Regiment on Campaign, 1808-1815 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013), 12.
45 Linch, “Recruitment of the British Army,” 25, 25n12.
46 Torrens to Hunter, September 18, 1810, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 719, 6; MacArthur, “British Army Establishments during the Napoleonic Wars Part I: The Infantry,” 158, 163.
47 The change of establishment is noted in Torrens to Hunter, September 18, 1810, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 719, 6; MacArthur, “British Army Establishments during the Napoleonic Wars Part I: The Infantry,” 156, table 2: “British Infantry Battalion Establishments,” 157; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 83.
48 McCarthy had served in a number of European armies before obtaining a British commission in 1799. He joined The New Brunswick Fencibles in 1804 and left the regiment to take command of the Royal African Rifles. Afterwards he was governor of several British territories. Drummond’s seniority in the 60th of March 1807 was changed to reflect the date he joined The Fencibles. War Office, Monthly Army List, March 1808, 46; War Office, Monthly Army List, January 1812, 51; Donald E. Graves, “William Drummond and the Battle of Fort Erie,” Canadian Military History 1, no. 1 (1992): 26; Nesbitt Willoughby Wallace, A Regimental Chronicle and List of Officers of the 60th, or King’s Royal Rifle Corps (London: Harrison, 1879), 158; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 185.
49 Roderick Hamilton Burgoyne, Historical Records of the 93rd Sutherland Regiment (London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1883), 18, 20-21, 36, 45, 386.
50 Penelope Winslow to Edward Winslow, June 6, 1811, in W.O. Raymond, ed., Winslow Papers, A.D. 1776-1828 (St. John, NB: Sun Printing Company, 1901), 668.
51 Penelope Winslow to Edward Winslow, November 17, 1810, Winslow Papers, 657.
52 Viger to Wife, June 6, 1813, LAC M-8 Viger Papers, vol. 4; London Gazette, May 1, 1810, issue 16366, 2.
53 Dennis Carter-Edwards, At Work and Play: The British Junior Officer in Upper Canada, 1796-1812 (Ottawa, Parks Canada, 1985), 26.
54 Captain A. Suasso, A Treatise on the British Drill and the Exercise of the Company (London: W. Clowes, 1816), 5.
55 Ibid., 312.
56 Jenkins is perhaps best known for leading one of the British columns in the successful attack on Ogdensburg in early 1813. During the attack, Jenkins was wounded in both arms. His left arm was amputated at the shoulder, and he could move his remaining arm only partially. Jenkins returned to Fredericton, where he became town major until he was discharged in 1816. In February 1819, Jenkins passed away at Kingsclear, and was buried in the Old Burying Ground in Fredericton. War Office, Army List for September 1812, 51; War Office, Army List for July 1813, 52; War Office, Army List for July 1814, 55; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 192; Johnston, Glengarry Light Infantry, 283.
57 War Office, Army List, June 1812, 51; Robert Burnham and Ron McGuigan, The British Army against Napoleon: Facts, Lists and Trivia, 1805-1815 (Barnsley: Frontline Books, 2010), 130-133; Monthly Army List, February 1805, 42; Alan J. Guy, Oeconomy and Discipline: Officership and Administration in the British Army, 1714-1763 (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1985), 59.
58 London Gazette, July 24, 1810, issue 16390, 2.
59 Extract of a letter from Major Maule, January 6, 1812, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 719, 9; Linch, “Recruitment of the British Army,” 130, 132-134, 139; Bartlett, “Development of the British Army,” 144.
60 Linch, “Recruitment of the British Army,” 133.
61 Ibid., 133, 135, 178.
62 Recruiting Department, Horse Guards to unknown, June 29, 1811, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 719, 7; Extract of a letter from Major Maule, January 6, 1812, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 719, 8.
63 Gilpin to Adjutant General, March 30, 1812, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 719, 1.
64 Torrens to Prevost, 6 April 1812, LAC RG 8 I 3241, vol. 719, 4-5.
65 According to the establishment, the recruiting company included one captain, two lieutenants, one ensign, eight sergeants, eight corporals, and four drummers. MacArthur, “British Army Establishments during the Napoleonic Wars Part I: The Infantry,” 163.
66 Ibid.; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 88.
67 Inspection Return of the 104th Regiment of Foot, June 11, 1812, TNA WO 27/226.
68 Journal of the House of Commons, From November 4th, 1813 to November 1st, 1814 (London: House of Commons, 1814), 656, 662.
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid.; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 188-195; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 404.
72 Inspection Return of the 104th Regiment of Foot, June 11, 1812, TNA WO 27/226; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 307, 404; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 194; “Coun Douly Rankin,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography On-line, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/rankin_coun_douly_8E.html, accessed July 8, 2013.
73 Inspection Return of the 104th Regiment of Foot, June 11, 1812, TNA WO 27/226.
74 Prevost to Liverpool, May 18, 1812, Special Collections, Massey Library, Royal Military College of Canada (hereafter cited as RMC) CO 42/146, n.p.
75 Donald R. Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship: Myths of the War of 1812 (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2006), 41.
76 Robert L. Dallison, A Neighbourly War: New Brunswick and the War of 1812 (Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions and the New Brunswick Military Heritage Project, 2012), 24.
77 General Order, Fredericton, July 10, 1812, LAC RG 8 I 3520, vol. 1203 1/2/ E, 13; unfortunately the index card to the RG 8 series lists the wrong location for this document and, as a result, it has not been possible to verify this order; Dallison, Neighbourly War, 30, 32.
78 Dallison, Neighbourly War, 29, 37.
79 Salem Mercury, July 14, 1812.
80 Irvine to James Monroe, March 16, 1814, United States National Archives, RG 92 Commissary General of Purchases, Letters sent, letterbook A.
81 Ibid.
82 Irvine to Wadsworth, March 16, 1814, United States National Archives, Commissary General of Purchases, Letters sent, letterbook C.
83 Ibid.
84 René Chartrand, A Most Warlike Appearance: Uniforms, Flags and Equipment of the United States Forces in the War of 1812 (Ottawa: Service Publications, 2011), 38-39, 41, 43.
85 Prevost to Bathurst, January 16, 1813, RMC CO 42/150, 19; Prevost to Sherbrooke, April 20, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3526, vol. 1220, 312; Grodzinski, Defender of Canada, 98; Facey-Crowther, New Brunswick Militia, 32.
86 W.E. Campbell, “The March of the 104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot” (unpublished manuscript, St. John River Society, June 21, 2011), 2. The author is indebted to the work of Dr. Campbell, whose study of the march of the 104th Foot provides a useful introduction to that portion of the regiment’s history.
87 Dallison, Neighbourly War, 48; Campbell, “March of the 104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot,” 2.
88 Donald E. Graves, ed., Merry Hearts Make Light Days: The War of 1812 Journal of John Le Couteur, 104th Foot (Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2012), 93.
89 A.W. Playfair, “Comparison Between the March of the 43rd Light Infantry in 1837 and that of the Late 104th Regiment in 1813, from New Brunswick to Quebec,” British Standard, January 20, 1862, 3.
90 René Chartrand, A Scarlet Coat: Uniforms, Flags and Equipment of the British in the War of 1812 (Ottawa: Service Publications, 2011), 183; Halkett to Torrens, May 30, 1813, LAC RG 8 I, vol. 2773, 172-173.
91 Chartrand, Scarlet Coat, 48-54, 90, 155-156.
92 Charles Rainsford, “Captain Charles Rainsford’s Winter March Across Lake Temiscouata: A Thrilling Incident of the War of 1812,” Saint John Daily Sun, August 23, 1889, no. 202.
93 Chartrand, Scarlet Coat, 167, 169, 171-172.
94 De Witt Bailey, Small Arms of the British Forces in America, 1664-1815 (Woonsocket, RI: Mowbray Publishers, 2009), 44, 46; Blackmore, British Military Firearms, 1650-1850, 137-138.
95 The light muskets had the same characteristics as the India Pattern but incorporated components of lighter weight and construction. The issue of this model of the Brown Bess in no way suggests that the 104th, which was established as a colonial line regiment, was to be a light infantry regiment. At least one other line regiment, the 2/82nd, received this version of the Brown Bess without being given any special designation. Bailey, Small Arms of the British Forces in America, 286-291; MacArthur, “British Army Establishments during the Napoleonic Wars Part I: The Infantry,” 165. On the sergeant’s fusil, see Bailey, Small Arms of the British Forces in America, 46, 284, 290; Blackmore, British Military Firearms, 1650-1850, 137-138.
96 Chartrand, Scarlet Coat, 162-163.
97 Campbell, “March of the 104th,” 21; Graves, Merry Hearts, 95.
98 Playfair, “Comparison.”
99 Ibid.
100 Graves, Merry Hearts, 95-96.
101 Campbell, “March of the 104th,” 13-15.
102 General Order, Quebec, March 13, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3520, vol. 1203 ½ C, 340; General Order Quebec, March 27, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3520, vol. 1203½ G, 141; General Order Quebec, March 29, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3520, vol. 1203½ G, 145; Return of Medical Staff, Lower Canada, March 17, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 2282, vol. 230, 145; Inspectors Office, March 18, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 2864, vol. 290, 18.
103 General Order, Quebec, March 20, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3520, vol. 1203½ G, 112, 114.
104 Graves, Merry Hearts, 102.
105 Prevost to Adjutant General, Horse Guards, March 11, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3526, vol. 1220, 216.
106 General Monthly Return of Sick of the Forces in Regimental and Detachment Hospitals in Lower Canada, February 25, 1813-March 24, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3840, vol. 1707, 155.
107 General Order, Quebec, March 27, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3520, vol. 1203½, 142.
108 Ibid.; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 143.
109 General Order, March 27, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3520, vol. 1203½, 142; E.A. Cruikshank, ed., Documentary History of the Campaigns upon the Niagara Frontier in 1812 to 1814 (Welland, ON, 1896-1908), vol. 5, 137.
110 Authority for the issue of arms was announced in General Order, Quebec, March 26, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3502, vol. 1170, 140.
111 War of 1812 Casualty Database, available online at http://www.1812casualties.org/casualties_database/advanced_search, accessed August 26, 2013; Campbell, “March of the 104th Foot,” 18.
112 General Regulations and Orders for the Army, 1811, 255.
113 Welsh had originally joined The New Brunswick Fencibles in 1805. General Regulations and Orders for the Army, 1811, 255; Inspection Return of the 104th Regiment of Foot, June 11, 1812, TNA WO 27/226; MacArthur, “British Army Establishments during the Napoleonic Wars Part I: The Infantry,” 165.
114 General District Order, March 16, 1813, quoted in Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 137.
115 General Order, Fredericton, March 16, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3503, vol. 1203½ C, 299.
116 Sherbrooke to Prevost, April 27, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 2822, vol. 229, 67; Freer to Sherbrooke, March 19, 1813, quoted in Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 138.
117 Sherbrooke to Freer, April 27, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 2875, vol. 329, 112-113.
118 Sherbrooke to Freer, June 16, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3255, vol. 789, 104; Prevost to Adjutant General, Horse Guards, March 11, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3526, vol. 1220, 215.
Chapter 2
1 Return of Guns and Ammunition in the Batteries and Blockhouses at the Port of Kingston, June 4, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3232 vol. 688 C, 96; Distribution of Forces in Canada, May 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3840 vol. 1707, 61; General Monthly Return of the Serjeants, Trumpeters, Drummers and Rank and File of the several Corps serving in Canada, May 25, 1813, TNA WO 17/157, 65.
2 Graves, Merry Hearts, 108; Jacques Viger, “Reminiscences of the War of 1812-1814,” (Kingston, ON: News Printing Company, 1895), 10; Stephen D. Mecredy, “Some Military Aspects of Kingston’s Development during the War of 1812” (Masters thesis, Queen’s University, 1982), 44, 52n46; LAC Map of Kingston, January 24, 1816, National Map Collection, 22903.
3 Chauncey to Jones, March 18, 1813, in William Dudley, ed., The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1992), 431-432.
4 Prevost to Brock, July 31, 1811, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 2, 154; Carl Benn, Historic Fort York, 1793-2003 (Toronto: Natural Heritage, 1993), 49-50; Robert Malcomson, Capital in Flames: The American Attack on York, 1813 (Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2008), 95.
5 “Robert Roberts Loring,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/loring_robert_roberts_7E.html?revision_id=2494, accessed July 8, 2013; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 231.
6 Malcomson, Capital in Flames, 214, 217, 219.
7 Benn, Historic Fort York, 51, 53, 54, 56, 63; C.P. Stacey, “The Battle of Little York” (Toronto: Toronto Historical Board, 1977), 21; Malcomson, Capital in Flames, 72; Robert Malcomson, Warships on the Great Lakes, 1754-1834 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2001), 45, 100; Chauncey to Jones, March 18, 1813, Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 2, 431.
8 Coffin to Halkett, April 29, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3172, vol. 678, 174.
9 Graves, “William Drummond and the Battle of Fort Erie,” 27; Graves, Merry Hearts, 110; Viger, “Reminiscences of the War of 1812-1814,” 12.
10 Viger, “Reminiscences of the War of 1812-1814,” 12.
11 Ibid., 12-13; Graves, Merry Hearts, 111-112.
12 General Order, Quebec, April 22, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3502, vol. 1170, 177.
13 Halkett to Baynes, April 29, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 2773, vol. 165, 178.
14 Ibid., 180; Halkett to Torrens, May 30, 1813, LAC RG 8 I, vol. 2773, 172-173.
15 Halkett to Torrens, May 30, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 2773, vol. 165, 172.
16 Ibid., 174.
17 Prevost to Adjutant General, Horse Guards, March 18, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3526, vol. 1220, 216.
18 Halkett to Torrens, May 30, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 2773, vol. 165, 175.
19 Ibid.
20 Halkett to Baynes, May 30, 1813, LAC RG 8 I, vol. 2773, 174-175. In 1837, the King conferred upon Halkett the Military Knight Commander of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order; London Gazette, March 10, 1837, 124.
21 General Order, Kingston, May 24, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3521, vol. 1203½ H, 61.
22 Adjutant General’s Office, General Regulations for the Army, August 12, 1811, 27.
23 Freer to Sheaffe, March 23, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3232, vol. 1615, 28; Prevost to Bathurst, June 1, 1813, RMC CO 42/150, 175.
24 Prevost to Bathurst, June 1, 1813, RMC CO 42/150, 175.
25 Ibid., 175; Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 129; Graves, “The Attack on Sackets Harbor, 29 May 1813: The British/Canadian Side” (Ottawa: Directorate of History, n.d.). For an overview of Yeo’s career, see Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 115-119, 130.
26 Douglas L. Hendry, British Casualties Suffered at Several Actions during the War of 1812: Queenston Heights, Sacket’s Harbor, Stoney Creek, Oswego, Bladensburg, Baltimore (Ottawa: Directorate of History, Department of Defence, 1994), 12, annex M.
27 Graves, Merry Hearts, 113.
28 Elijah Beach was another volunteer attached to the 104th from June 1813 to March 1814. Few details have been located regarding his service other than Squires noting that Beach was “a gentlemen out from England to see the war,” and a General Order issued in March 1814 approving Volunteer Beach’s “request to withdraw his Services.” Why Beach would journey all the way to North America, while a much larger British army was serving in Iberia, is unclear. Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 195; General Order Quebec, March 11, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3502, vol. 1171, 206; General Order, Quebec, March 11, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3511, vol. 1023 1/2J, 305.
29 Moodie to Addison, December 30, 1816, LAC RG 8 I 3362, vol. 1026, 77-78.
30 Memorial of John F.W. Winslow, LAC RG 8 I 3362, vol. 1026, 71-73; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 382.
31 Graves, Merry Hearts, 113-114.
32 Graves, “Attack on Sackets Harbor”; Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 130.
33 Graves, Merry Hearts, 115.
34 Baynes to Prevost, May 30, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 5, 276; Brenton to Freer, May 30, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 5, 279; Patrick Wilder, “We Will Not Conquer Canada This Year: The Battle of Sacket’s Harbor” (unpublished manuscript in the author’s possession), chap. 5: 10, 12, 13. Note that the pages are numbered by chapter.
35 Patrick Wilder, The Battle of Sackett’s Harbour, 1813 (Baltimore: Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1994), 72, 82; Graves, “Attack on Sackets Harbor.”
36 Wilder, “We Will Not Conquer Canada This Year,” chap. 3: 10, 14, 18; chap. 4: 18-20.
37 Graves, Merry Hearts, 116.
38 Ibid., 115; Wilder, “We Will Not Conquer Canada This Year,” chap. 6: 5-6.
39 Wilder, “We Will Not Conquer Canada This Year,” chap. 6: 7.
40 Ibid., chap. 6: 9; Bernard Andrès, La guerre de 1812: Journal de Jacques Viger (Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval, 2012), 101-102.
41 Graves, Merry Hearts, 116.
42 Wilder, “We Will Not Conquer Canada This Year,” chap. 6: 14-15; Graves, Merry Hearts, 116.
43 Prevost to Bathurst, June 1, 1813, RMC CO 42/150, 175; Graves, “Attack on Sackets Harbor.”
44 Wilder, “We Will Not Conquer Canada This Year,” chap. 6: 16-17.
45 Graves, “Attack on Sackets Harbor.”
46 Baynes to Prevost, May 30, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 5, 277-278; Graves, “Attack on Sackets Harbor.”
47 Prevost to Bathurst, June 1, 1813, RMC CO 42/150, 175.
48 Graves, Merry Hearts, 116.
49 Prevost to Bathurst, June 1, 1813, RMC CO 42/150, 281; Baynes to Prevost, May 30, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 5, 277-278; Brenton to Freer, May 30, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3829, vol. 1707, 236; Graves, “Attack on Sackets Harbor”; Wilder, Battle of Sackett’s Harbour, 72, 108.
50 Wilder, Battle of Sackett’s Harbour, 110; Brenton to Freer, May 30, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3840, vol. 1707, 236.
51 Graves, Merry Hearts, 117; Dearborn to Armstrong, June 8, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 55; Chauncey to Secretary of the Navy Jones, June 11, 1813, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 2, 493.
52 Chauncey to Secretary of Navy Jones, June 2, 1813, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 2, 477-478.
53 Ibid.
54 Graves, Merry Hearts, 118.
55 Ibid.
56 See Graves, “Attack on Sackets Harbor.”
57 British casualties at Queenston Heights totalled about 105 soldiers and 5 First Nations warriors. The losses at Stoney Creek included 23 killed, 135 wounded, and 55 missing, for a total of 213. At Chateauguay, the British lost 22 men: two killed, 16 wounded, and 4 prisoners of war; 179 casualties were suffered at Crysler’s Farm, including 22 dead, 148 wounded, and 9 missing. Total losses at York, including militia, volunteers, dockyard workers, Provincial Marine, and regular troops were 475, 166 of them regulars. “General Return of Killed Wounded and Missing in an Action with the Enemy Near the Head of Lake Ontario, 6 June 1813,” LAC RG 8 I 3172, vol. 679, 35; Robert Malcomson, A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812 (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2006), 196; Donald E. Graves, Field of Glory: The Battle of Crysler’s Farm, 1813 (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 109; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 121; War of 1812 Casualty Database, available online at http://www.1812casualties.org/casualties_database/advanced_search, accessed August 22, 2013. Overall casualty figures from Graves, “Attack on Sackets Harbor.”
58 Grodzinski, Defender of Canada, 120.
59 General Order, Kingston, June 10, 1813, LAC Duncan Clark Papers, MG 19, A 39, 68.
60 General Order, Kingston, June 6, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3522, vol. 1203½ R, 8.
61 General Order, Kingston, June 6, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 5; General Order, Kingston, 6 June 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3522, vol. 1203½ R, 8; General Order, Kingston, June 8, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 53-54; Return of the Troops, June 13, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 73.
62 General Order, Kingston, June 11, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 69.
63 General Order, Kingston, June 14, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 84.
64 General Order, Kingston, June 15, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 87.
65 General Order, Kingston, June 19, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 99-100.
66 Garrison Order, Kingston, June 22, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 53.
67 Extract, Headquarters, Fort George, June 20, 1813, American State Papers, Military Affairs, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1832), 449.
68 Chauncey to Jones, June 18, 1813, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 2, 495.
69 Chauncey to Jones, June 18, 1813, United States National Archives, Washington, DC, Captain’s Letters to the Secretary of the Navy, Record Group 45, 1813, M125 Roll 29, 1813, vol. 4, Item 82.
70 General Order, Kingston, June 23, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 110.
71 Garrison Order, June 22, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 104-105.
72 District General Order, June 26, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 156.
73 Ibid.; District Orders, Kingston, July 4, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 173; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 95.
74 E.A. Cruikshank, Blockade of Fort George, 1813 (Welland, ON: Niagara Historical Society, 1898), 20. Dispositions based on a map taken from Niles Weekly Register, as reproduced in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 153; Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 148-151.
75 Benn, Iroquois in the War of 1812, 109, 114; Stuart Sutherland, ed., “A Desire of Serving and Defending My Country”: The War of 1812 Journals of William Hamilton Merritt (Toronto: ISER Publications, 2001), 8; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 120-121.
76 Vincent to Prevost, June 6, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3173, vol. 679, 27.
77 Evans to Vincent, June 8, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3173, vol. 679, 61-62.
78 Vincent to Baynes, June 14, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3172, vol. 679, 91.
79 E.A. Cruikshank, Fight in the Beechwoods: A Study in Canadian History (Welland, ON: W.T. Swayle, 1895), 10; Graves, Merry Hearts, 126-127; Alun Hughes, “Following in Laura’s Footsteps,” Newsletter of the Historical Society of St. Catharines (December 2012): 1, 10.
80 Benn, Iroquois in the War of 1812, 115.
81 Graves, Merry Hearts, 128.
82 Benn, Iroquois in the War of 1812, 117-118.
83 Graves, Merry Hearts, 128.
84 Bisshopp to Vincent, June 24, 1813, attachment to Prevost to Bathurst, July 3, 1813, RMC CO 42/151, 52.
Chapter 3
1 Cruikshank, Blockade of Fort George, 33, 38.
2 De Rottenburg to Prevost, July 7, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3173, vol. 679, 202.
3 De Rottenburg to Prevost, July 9, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3173, vol. 679, 210, 211; Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 149; Benn, Iroquois in the War of 1812, 127.
4 De Rottenburg to Prevost, July 20, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3173, vol. 679, 264-265; Benn, Iroquois in the War of 1812, 124.
5 Cruikshank, Blockade of Fort George, 44; Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 7, Map between 55 and 56; Graves, “William Drummond and the Battle of Fort Erie,” 28; Graves, Merry Hearts, 130.
6 Extract, Headquarters, Fort George, June 20, 1813, American State Papers, Military Affairs, vol. 1, 449.
7 Wilkinson to Boyd, July 7, 1813, John Parker Boyd, Documents and Facts Relative to Military Events During the Late War (no publisher, 1816), 17; M. Ian Bowering, A Study of the Utilization of Artillery on the Niagara Frontier, Manuscript Report 446 (Parks Canada, March 1979), vol. 2, 243.
8 Cruikshank, Blockade of Fort George, 44; Sketch Map of “American Piquets around Fort George, Summer 1813,” Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 7, Map between 55 and 56; John C. Fredricksen, Green Coats and Glory: The United States Regiment of Riflemen, 1808-1821 (Youngstown, NY: Old Fort Niagara Association, 2000), 38; Bowering, Study of the Utilization of Artillery on the Niagara Frontier, vol. 1, 64; ibid., vol. 2, 243
9 Scott to Boyd, August 3, 1813, American State Papers, Military Affairs, vol. 1, 450; Boyd to Armstrong, August 12, 1813, American State Papers, Military Affairs, vol. 1, 451.
10 De Rottenburg to Prevost, July 7, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3173, vol. 679, 202.
11 Graves, Merry Hearts, 131.
12 Ibid.; War of 1812 Casualty Database, available online at http://www.1812casualties.org/casualties_database/advanced_search, accessed July 16, 2013.
13 Charles James, Military Dictionary (London: Military Library, 1805), entry for “Desertion.”
14 Bamford, Sickness, Suffering and the Sword, 246-247.
15 Fulton to Prevost, July 7, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3362, vol. 1024, 56.
16 This name appears as Sayer Baby in the General Order of July 18, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 251-252; see also Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 231.
17 De Rottenburg to Brenton, July 18, 1813, RG 8 I 3173, vol. 679, 258; General Order, July 18, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 6, 251-252; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 199, 215, 218, 239.
18 General Order, August 23, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3173, vol. 679, 483.
19 Jones to Chauncey, January 27, 1813, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 2, 419-420; Chauncey to Hamilton, January 1, 1813, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 2, 406-407; Chauncey to Jones, February 16, 1813, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 2, 426; Jones to Chauncey, June 26, 1813, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 2, 508; Chauncey to Perry, July, 30 1813, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 2, 530; Thomas Malcomson and Robert Malcomson, The Battle for Lake Erie (St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell Publishing, 1990), 30, 34, 39.
20 General Order, August 23, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3173, vol. 679, 483-486.
21 Ibid., 483.
22 Ibid., 484; State of Troops, St. David’s, August 22, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 7, 51.
23 Graves, Merry Hearts, 132.
24 Le Couteur makes reference to a “Sergeant Avarne” in his journal. As no such name appears on the regimental nominal role, I assume the reference is to Avery.
25 Graves, Merry Hearts, 133.
26 Yeo to Prevost, August 22, 1813, LAC RG 8 I, vol. 3244, 96; State of the Troops, August 22, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 7, 51; Prevost to Bathurst, August 25, 1813, RMC CO 42/151, 158; Quebec Mercury, September 7, 1812, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 7, 59; Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 184; Brian Leigh Dunnigan, Forts Within a Fort: Niagara’s Redoubts (Youngstown, NY: Old Fort Niagara Association, 1989), 44; Benn, Iroquois in the War of 1812, 124.
27 General Monthly Return of Sergeants, Trumpeters, Drummers and Rank and File of the several Corps serving in Canada, August 25, 1813, TNA WO 17/1518; War of 1812 Casualty Database, available online at http://www.1812casualties.org/casualties_database/advanced_search, accessed July 16, 2013.
28 Freer to de Rottenburg, September 7, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3525, vol. 1221, 45; Darroch to Prevost, October 7, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3171, vol. 680, 151-152.
29 Graves, Merry Hearts, 138.
30 Ibid.
31 Another 22 men of the 104th were at Kingston; see General Weekly Distribution Return of the Troops forming the Centre Division of the Army of Upper Canada, September 15, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3830, vol. 1708, 50; Morning Sick Report, Centre Division of the Army of Upper Canada, September 15, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3840, vol. 1708, 42.
32 Graves, Merry Hearts, 139.
33 Darroch to Prevost, October 7, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3171, vol. 680, 151-152; Darroch to Prevost, October 8, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3173, vol. 680, 159-160; Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 207-208.
34 Kingston Gazette, October 9, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 8, 43.
35 Although William and Gordon Drummond shared the same surname, they were only distantly related. See Graves, “William Drummond and the Battle of Fort Erie,” 42n26. The units assigned to the Left Division at this time included 1 Troop, 19th Light Dragoons; two companies of the Royal Artillery; 2nd Battalion, 41st Foot; elements of the 49th Foot; 2nd Battalion, 89th Foot; 104th Foot; the Regiment de Watteville; four companies of The Canadian Fencibles; and four companies of the Voltigeurs Canadiens. Prevost to Bathurst, October 30, 1813, RMC CO 42.151, 291.
36 For an overview of this part of the campaign against Montreal, see Graves, Field of Glory; Michelle Guitard, The Militia of the Battle of the Châteauguay: A Social History (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1983); Victor Suthern, The Battle of the Châteauguay (Ottawa: Canadian War Museum, 1974).
37 Swift to Armstrong, July 17, 1836, in Benson J. Lossing, The Pictorial Fieldbook of the War of 1812 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1869), 655n.
38 Prevost to de Rottenburg, October 12, 1813, LAC RG 8 I, vol. 1221, 179; Prevost to Yeo, October 12, 1812, LAC RG 8 I 3527, vol. 1221, 182; Yeo to Croker, October 14, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 7, 221; Prevost to Yeo, November 21, 1813, LAC, RG 8 I 3521, vol. 1221, 218; Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 219; Mulcaster to Yeo, November 2, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 8, 123-124; Prevost to Bathurst, November 15, 1813, RMC CO 42/152, 11; Prevost to Bathurst, October 8, 1813, RMC CO 42/151, 199.
39 Graves, Field of Glory, 114-115; idem, Merry Hearts, 150.
40 Niagara Frontier: 40 Mile Creek, Burlington Heights, Fort Schlosser, Black Rock, Stoney Creek, Beaver Dams, TNA WO 164/556, 124.
41 As of July 15, 1806, privates earned 1s a day; after seven years of service, their pay increased to 1s 1d, and after fourteen years to 1s 2d. Secretary at War, Collection of Orders, Regulations and Instructions for the Army on Matters of Finance (London: Horse Guards, 1807), 39.
42 Niagara Frontier: 40 Mile Creek, Burlington Heights, Fort Schlosser, Black Rock, Stoney Creek, Beaver Dams, TNA WO 164/556, 114-124.
43 Although John Smith appears in the nominal roll of non-commissioned personnel of the 104th in Squires, the closest candidate named Smith in Sutherland’s roster of British officers is Jacob, who received a temporary commission as a lieutenant in the New Brunswick Fencibles in March 1814; see Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 233; and Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 406.
44 Dallison, Neighbourly War, 75; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 268; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 174.
45 The records on desertion are incomplete and sometimes contradict one another. The figure provided here is a minimum estimate of desertions. Journal of the House of Commons, From November 4th, 1813 to November 1st, 1814 (London: House of Commons, 1814), 667.
Chapter 4
1 Drummond to Prevost, April 5, 1814, LAC RG 8 I, vol. 2936, 61.
2 Prevost to Drummond, March 22, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3527, vol. 1222, 68.
3 General Order, Montreal, May 9, 1814, LAC RG 8 I, vol. 3503, 266; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 276.
4 Quoted in Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot,160.
5 Baynes to Drummond, June 28, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3527, vol. 1222, 148, 224.
6 Graves, Merry Hearts, 163.
7 Ibid., 164.
8 Ibid., 165.
9 Duncan Clark Papers, June 3, 1814, LAC MG 19 A39, 234.
10 Statement of a Force and Means which it is Assumed May be Collected in Upper Canada for the Attack on Sackets Harbor, April 28, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 688, 65.
11 Yeo to Prevost, April 13, 1813, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 683, 19.
12 Graves, Merry Hearts, 164.
13 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 261-262.
14 Graves, Merry Hearts, 166, 172.
15 Drummond to Prevost, July 17, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 684, 120.
16 Prevost to Drummond, January 5, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3527, vol. 1222, 15.
17 Drummond to Prevost, 10 July 10, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History,
vol. 1, 36.
18 “Arrangements for Collecting a Force at Burlington,” c. July 13, 1813, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 57.
19 Drummond to Prevost, July 15, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 59; Drummond to Prevost, July 9, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 684, 48.
20 Riall to Drummond, July 20, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 77.
21 Donald E. Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead: The Battle of Lundy’s Lane, 25 July 1814 (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1997), 101-102.
22 Ibid., 102; Harvey to Riall, June 23, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 82.
23 Harvey to Tucker, July 23, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 84-85.
24 Harvey to Riall, July 23, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 82-83.
25 Graves, “William Drummond and the Battle of Fort Erie,” 29.
26 Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead, 104, 107; idem., “William Drummond and the Battle of Fort Erie,” 29.
27 Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead, 98.
28 Graves, Merry Hearts, 174; idem, Where Right and Glory Lead, 110.
29 Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead, 113-114.
30 Norton had great respect for William Drummond and referred to him in his journal as his “gallant friend.” As a sign of his respect toward the First Nations, Drummond often wore a string of native beads while in uniform. Carl F. Klinck and James J. Talman, eds. The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 2011), 343.
31 Ibid., 342.
32 Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead, 144-145.
33 Drummond to Prevost, July 27, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 236. The letter also appears in Prevost to Bathurst, August 5, 1814, RMC CO 42/157, 118.
34 Drummond to Prevost, July 27, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 236; Richard Barbuto, Niagara 1814: America Invades Canada (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 221.
35 Graves, Merry Hearts, 176.
36 Johnston, Glengarry Light Infantry, 183.
37 Graves, Merry Hearts, 176.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid., 175; Johnston, Glengarry Light Infantry, 183.
41 Drummond to Prevost, July 27, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 684, 237-238.
42 Letter, William Drummond, Edinburgh Annual Register for 1814 vol. Seventh,
Parts I and II (Edinburgh: James Ballantyne and Company, 1816), 334.
43 Ibid.
44 Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead, 161-162.
45 Drummond to Prevost, July 27, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 684, 235.
46 “Testimony of Captain William McDonald,” 19th US Infantry, quoted in Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead, 174.
47 Graves, Merry Hearts, 177.
48 Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead, 186.
49 British figures are provided in District General Order, July 26, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 92-96; American figures come from Barbuto, Niagara 1814, 229.
50 Sutherland, Desire of Serving and Defending My Country, 59.
51 Return of Killed Wounded, Missing and taken Prisoner of the Right Division … in Action with the Enemy near the Falls of Niagara, July 25, 1814, TNA CO 42/157, 115; War of 1812 Casualty Database, available online at http://www.1812casualties.org/casualties_database/advanced_search, accessed July 16, 2013.
52 Graves, Merry Hearts, 177, 179. As for the other Moorsom brothers, Ensign William Moorsom served with the 67th Foot in Iberia and died in October 1812, and three were in the Royal Marines: Nathaniel was a lieutenant-colonel, Henry Nathanial a lieutenant, and William Richard a second lieutenant in the Royal Marine Artillery. The fate of these officers has not been determined. War Office, Army List, 1805, 20, 406, 420, 422; Captain E.A. Challis, “Peninsula Roll Call, also known as the “Challis Index,” Napoleon Series, available online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/GreatBritain/Challis/c_ChallisIntro.html, accessed July 25, 2013.
53 Graves, Merry Hearts, 177.
54 District General Order, August 1, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 2284, vol. 231, 128; Donald E. Graves, All Their Glory Past; Fort Erie, Plattsburgh and the Final Battles in the North (Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2013), 26.
55 Austin (ADC to Brown) to Secretary of War, July 29, 1814, in E.A. Cruikshank, ed., Documents Relating to the Invasion of the Niagara Peninsula by the United States Army, commanded by General Jacob Brown in July and August 1814 (Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON: Niagara Historical Society, 1920), 51-52; Brown to Secretary of War, August 5, 1814, in ibid., 55.
56 John R. Grodzinski, “The Vigilant Superintendence of the Whole District: The War of 1812 on the Upper St. Lawrence” (master’s thesis, Royal Military College of Canada, 2002), 56.
57 Robert J. Burns, Fort Wellington: A Narrative and Structural History, 1812-1838 (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1979), 39; Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 331-332.
58 Baynes to Drummond, June 26, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3527, vol. 1222, 148; Drummond to Prevost, July 9, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 684, 48; Drummond to Prevost, July 17, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 684, 120.
59 Most of these officers continued to hold their commands from 1813, except for Jobling, who might have replaced Hunter, who was promoted to major in June 1814. Unfortunately, few of these appointments can be verified. Douglas Hendry, British Casualties during the Niagara Campaign of 1814 (Ottawa: Directorate of History, Dept. of Defence, 1992), annex P; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 200.
60 Drummond to Prevost, June 23, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 683, 303-304.
61 E.A. Cruickshank, “Record of Services of Canadian Regiments in the War of 1812: III: The 104th Regiment,” Canadian Military Institute, Selected Papers 7 (1895-96): 16; General Monthly Return, Canada, July 25, 1814. TNA WO 17/1518, 111.
62 Duncan Clark Papers, January 29, 1814, LAC MG 19 A39, 184.
63 Elinor Kyte Senior, From Royal Township to Industrial City: Cornwall 1784–1984 (Belleville, ON: Mika Publishing, 1983), 108, 110.
64 District General Order, Kingston, June 7, 1814, in Duncan Clark Papers, LAC MG 19A39, 243-244; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 196-240.
65 Harvey to Conran, August 2, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 32.
66 Ibid., 31-32.
67 Graves, Merry Hearts, 183.
68 Tucker to Conran, August 4, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 34.
69 The four men were Donald Campbell, Peter Chamberlain, Peter Myette, and Louis (Lewis) Norman. Hendry, British Casualties during the Niagara Campaign of 1814, annex M; Tucker to Conran, August 4, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 35; War of 1812 Casualty Database, available online at http://www.1812casualties.org/casualties_database/advanced_search, accessed July 16, 2013.
70 James, Military Dictionary, entry for “Fortifications”; David A. Owen, Historic Fort Erie: An Historical Guide (Niagara Falls, ON: Niagara Parks Commission, 2001), 3, 6, 8, 10, 50; Graves, Merry Hearts, 188; Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead, 215; Graves, All Their Glory Past, 74.
71 Graves, All Their Glory Past, 48.
72 Graves, Merry Hearts, 184-185; Hendry, British Casualties Suffered during the Niagara Campaign of 1814, annex M; War of 1812 Casualty Database, available online at http://www.1812casualties.org/casualties_database/advanced_search, accessed July 16, 2013.
73 Graves, Merry Hearts, 186.
74 The dead included Chandler Copp, Daniel Dillon, and Joseph Dupre. The missing man was James Brown. Hendry, British Casualties Suffered during the Niagara Campaign of 1814, annex M.
75 Drummond to Prevost, August 13, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 108; Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 296-297.
76 Drummond to Prevost, August 15, 1815, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 94.
77 Headquarters Camp Before Fort Erie, August 14, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 83-84, 90-93.
78 Ibid., 83.
79 Young to Scott, December 20, 1814, LAC MG 24, F 15.
80 William Dunlop, Tiger Dunlop’s Upper Canada (Ottawa: Carleton University, 1967), 52.
81 Ibid., 51.
82 Drummond to Prevost, August 15, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 94; Drummond to Prevost, August 16, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 102; Fisher to Harvey, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 144-145.
83 Drummond to Prevost, August 15, 1814. LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 95; Klinck and Talman, Journal of John Norton, 349; Graves, All Their Glory Past, 87-88.
84 Gaines to the Secretary of War, August 23, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 153; Drummond to Prevost, August 15, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 97; Graves, All Their Glory Past, 89, 94.
85 Drummond to Prevost, August 15, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 99; Graves, All Their Glory Past, 91; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 233.
86 Graves, Merry Hearts, 188.
87 John Le Couteur to H. Couteur, July 29, 1869, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 168-169; Joseph Whitehorne, While Washington Burned: The Battle for Fort Erie, 1814 (Baltimore: Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1992), 59, 63.
88 Graves, “William Drummond and the Battle of Fort Erie,” 35.
89 Court-Martial of Brigadier-General E.P. Gaines, United States National Archives, Washington, DC, Record Group 153, Records of the Judge Advocate General, 258.
90 Graves, “William Drummond and the Battle of Fort Erie,” 35; Drummond to Prevost, August 15, 1814, RMC CO 42/157, 175-176, 179.
91 Graves, Merry Hearts, 188.
92 Ibid., 189.
93 Ibid., 190.
94 Return of Killed, Wounded and Missing of the Right Division, in the Assault on Fort Erie, Drummond to Prevost, August 15, 1814, RMC CO 42/157, 178.
95 Many of those taken prisoner at Fort Erie (and indeed those taken prisoner in the Niagara Peninsula during that summer) — including, for example, Private William Gilfoil — were later moved to a large prisoner cantonment at Pittsfield, Massachusetts; Killed Wounded and Missing of the Right Division at Fort Erie on the Morning of August 15, 1814, Prevost to Bathurst, August 27, 1814, RMC CO 42/167, 182; War of 1812 Casualty Database, available online at http://www.1812casualties.org/casualties_database/advanced_search, accessed July 16, 2013; David F. Hemmings and Joshua J. Lichty, Captured in the War of 1812: Prisoner of War Camps in America (Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON: Niagara Historical Society, 2012), 27, 126, 135, 137; Graves, Merry Hearts, 191.
96 Dunlop, Tiger Dunlop’s Upper Canada, 40.
97 Graves, All Their Glory Past, 226.
98 Graves, Merry Hearts, 194.
99 Ibid.
100 Ibid., 199.
101 Drummond to Prevost, September 24, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 685, 266-269; District General Order, September 23, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 1, 227; Glenn A. Steppler, “‘A Duty Troublesome Beyond Measure’: Logistical Considerations in the Canadian War of 1812” (PhD dissertation, McGill University, August 1974), 191-193.
102 Drummond to Prevost, October 10, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 2, 241; Lewis Einstein, ed., “Recollections of the War of 1812 by George Hay, Eighth Marquis of Tweeddale,” American Historical Review 32, no. 1 (1926): 74; Barbuto, Niagara 1814, 282, 295.
103 Graves, Merry Hearts, 203.
104 Myers to Drummond, October 19, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 686, 70; Johnston, Glengarry Light Infantry, 201; Klinck and Talman, Journal of John Norton, 353.
105 Myers to Drummond, October 19, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 686, 70-71; Graves, Merry Hearts, 205.
106 Harvey to Myers, October 18, 1814, in Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 2, 258; Myers to Drummond, October 19, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 686, 70-71; Einstein, “Recollections of the Marquis of Tweeddale,” 75; Barbuto, Niagara 1814, 298; Graves, Merry Hearts, 205-206; Johnston, Glengarry Light Infantry, 201-202.
107 Cruikshank, Documentary History, vol. 2, 260-261; War of 1812 Casualty Database, available online at http://www.1812casualties.org/casualties_database/advanced_search, accessed July 16, 2013.
108 Division General Order, October 22, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 686, 75.
109 Graves, Merry Hearts, 207.
110 Drummond to Prevost, October 20, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3174, vol. 686, 77.
111 Graves, Merry Hearts, 207, 210.
112 General Distribution of the Forces in the Canadas, November 8, 1814, TNA CO 42/157, 336; Hunter to Freer, December 9, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3255, vol. 789, 147.
113 Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 169.
114 A Return of the Age, Size, Length of Service of the Boys and Lads of the 104th Foot Stationed at Three Rivers and Kingston, February 23, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 3362, vol. 102, 74-75.
115 Graves, Merry Hearts, 210.
116 Armstrong to Bradley, September 28, 1814, LAC RG 8 I 2647, vol. 89, 139.
117 Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship, 296; Graves, Merry Hearts, 217, 221
Chapter 5
1 Proposed Arrangements for 1815, LAC RG 8 I 3538, vol. 1223, 40; General Order, Quebec, April 24, 1812, LAC RG 8 I 3502, vol. 1168, 129-130.
2 Steppler, “Duty Troublesome Beyond Measure,” 141.
3 Report of Board of Officers, February 16, 1815, LAC RG 8 I 2682, vol. 119, 85.
4 Paymaster List, 104th Regiment, January 25-February 24, 1817, LAC RG 8 I 2608, vol. 6, 181-182.
5 Freer to Kirkwood, January 29, 1815, LAC RG 8 I 3527, vol. 1224, 255; Moodie to Foster, May 3, 1815, LAC RG 8 I 3362, vol. 1025, 100, 102; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 174.
6 Bathurst to Drummond, October 18, 1815, TNA CO 43/23; Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 10, 228; ibid., vol. 11, 52.
7 Drummond to Bathurst, April 25, 1815, RMC CO 42/192, 49; General Monthly Return, Canada, December 25, 1819, TNA WO 17/1523.
8 Bathurst to Sherbrooke, February 5, 1817, TNA CO 43/23.
9 Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 4, part 2, 931-934; War Office, Army List, 1796, 312-328; S.J. Park and G.F. Nafziger, The British Military: Its System and Organization, 1803-1815 (Cambridge, ON: RAFM, 1983), 111-117; Estimate Charge of His Majesty’s Land Forces, December 25, 1815-December 24, 1815, Journal of the House of Commons, Session 1814-1815, 70 (London: 1814): 518; Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 4, part 2, 938; Bartlett, “Development of the British Army,” 105; Roger Morriss, The Foundations of British Maritime Supremacy: Resources, Logistics and the State, 1755-1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), table 2.3.
10 Downes to Lisle, February 8, 1815, LAC RG 8 I 3364, vol. 1035, 198, 200-201.
11 Horse Guards to Sherbrooke, January 23, 1817, LAC RG 8 I 3362, vol. 1026, 82.
12 General Order, Quebec, April 19, 1817, LAC RG 8 I 3504, vol. 1177, 11-18.
13 Six of the regiment’s officers currently in England would be placed on half-pay, a form of compensation, as their services were no longer required. General Order, Quebec, May 17, 1817, LAC RG 8 I 3504, vol. 1177, 49-50; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 9.
14 Proceedings of a Court of Inquiry, May 8, 1817, LAC RG 8 I 3362, vol. 1027, 45-47.
15 McBean to Harvey, May 31, 1817, LAC RG 8 I 3362, vol. 1027, 48.
16 Dallison, Neighbourly War, 130-131, 133; General Order, June 21, 1817, LAC RG 8 I 3504, vol. 1177, 94-95; Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 110-111; Squires, 104th Regiment of Foot, 180.
17 List of Invalids, August 21, 1817, LAC RG 8 I 2780, vol. 187, 141; General Regulations and Orders for the Army, 1811, 219-220.
18 These honours and their dates include: Detroit (August 16, 1812), Queenstown (October 13, 1812), Miami (April 23, 1813), Niagara (July 25, 1814), and Bladensburg (August 24, 1814).
19 This Battle Honour acknowledged two actions, the capture of Fort Niagara in December 1813 and the Battle of Lundy’s Lane. London Gazette, May 27, 1815, issue 17016, 993.
20 London Gazette, November 4, 1815, issue 17076, 1; Dunbar and Harper, Old Colours Never Die, 30; Alexander Roger, Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces, 1662-1991 (Ramsbury, UK: Crowood Press, 2003), 33; C.B. Norman, Battle Honours of the British Army (London: John Murray, 1911), 45.
21 The source for the casualty figures is the War of 1812 Casualty Database, available online at http://www.1812casualties.org/casualties_database/advanced_search?regiment=104th%20%28New%20Brunswick%29%20Regiment%20of%20Foot&sort=asc&order=Date%20Of%20Death, accessed July 4, 2013.
22 “The Soldier Cut Down in His Prime” is but one version of a traditional tune with variants including different words and titles, such as “The Trooper Cut Down in His Prime” and “The Sailor Cut Down in His Prime.”
Appendix Two
1 HRH The Duke of York to Prevost, October 12, 1812, LAC RG 8 I 3172, vol. 677, 132.
2 Ibid., 132-133.
3 Ibid., 133.
4 Ibid., 134; MacArthur, “British Army Establishments during the Napoleonic Wars: Part I,” 166.
5 Saumarez to Sherbrooke, October 25, 1813, RG 8 I 3241, vol. 719, 45.
6 Sutherland, His Majesty’s Gentlemen, 107, 219, 393.
7 Saumarez to Sherbrooke, October 25, 1813, RG 8 I 3241, vol. 719, 40-46.
8 Ibid., 41.
9 Dallison, Neighbourly War, 75.
10 Inspection Report, New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry, May 29, 1815, TNA WO 27/133.
11 Dallison, Neighbourly War, 109, 127; Inspection Report, New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry, May 29, 1815, TNA WO 27/133.
Appendix Three
1 Campbell, “March of the 104th Regiment of Foot,” 30.
2 George F.G. Stanley, Toil & Trouble: Military Expeditions to Red River (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1989), 245, 255.
3 Ibid., 39-41.
4 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 232-233, 240-241; “The Extraordinary March of Lieutenant Henry Kent, from St. John’s, New Brunswick to Kingston, Upper Canada,” Naval Chronicle 33 (January-July 1815): 123-128.
5 Brereton Greenhous, ed., Guarding the Goldfields: The Story of the Yukon Field Force (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1987), 31-32.
6 Playfair, “Comparison,” 2.
7 Ibid., 4.
8 Ibid.