FIGURES

13.1  The four stages or sub-levels in the first world of Super Mario Bros. (1985)

22.1  Steve Swink’s “Interactivity in Detail” diagram shows six stages of an input–output loop between player and computer

22.2  Wheatley in Portal 2 (2011) is a programmed NPC reacting to the player’s input, but he has been designed and performed to be perceived by the player as another autonomous participant in an interactive exchange

28.1  General properties that define the three actional modalities of Execution, Resolution, and Strategy, according to what they share and are opposed to

30.1  The author’s avatar, Nirvano, joining a mission group in Anarchy Online (2001)

30.2  Screenshot from Macbeth game by two 13-year-old girls

38.1  An avatar dies in Gun Fight (1975)

49.1  Whitening Run DMC: Rain Arenas’ The Sims 2 (2004) King of Rock (1985) machinima

49.2  Sheva Alomar of Resident Evil 5 (2009)

49.3  Grand Theft Auto V (2013)

59.1  Six research perspectives on games

59.2  A simple division of the empirical object, into three main components

59.3  Two skins, one system, one game?