NOTES

Prologue

1. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 57.

2. Read, “Report by Lieut. W. J. Read on Coastwatching Activity,” p. 59.

3. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 149.

4. Ibid., p. 32.

5. Rhoades, “Secret Diary,” p. 1.

6. Ibid., p. 4.

7. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 106.

8. Ibid., p. 110.

9. Entry dated May 4, 1942, in Rhoades, “Secret Diary,” p. 4.

10. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 105.

11. Ibid., p. 147.

12. Rhoades, “Secret Diary,” p. 7.

13. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 187.

14. Ibid., p. 188.

Chapter One

1. The phrase may have been Bundy’s. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War, p. 506.

2. Karsten, Naval Aristocracy, p. xiv.

3. See the trenchant comments on this subject by Ruthven E. Libby, in Vice Admiral Ruthven E. Libby, USN (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1984, pp. 56–62.

4. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 29.

5. MacArthur to Army Chief of Staff, May 23, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 38.

6. Trumbull, “Big Bombers Won.”

7. Mears, Carrier Combat, p. 78.

8. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 18.

9. Tom Lea, “Peleliu Landing,” in Reporting World War II, Vol. 2: Part II, p. 500.

10. Churchill to Roosevelt, June 13, 1942, in Loewenheim, Langley, and Jonas, eds., Roosevelt and Churchill, p. 220.

11. “Sacrifice Will Win, Says Admiral King.”

12. Walter Muir Whitehill, “A Note on the Making of This Book,” in King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, pp. 649–50.

13. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, p. 69.

14. Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 141.

15. Entry dated January 20, 1943, in Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 364.

16. Admiral Ernest J. King to Joint Chiefs of Staff, “J.C.S.—Defense of Island Bases in the Pacific,” April 6, 1942, FDR Safe Files, Box 4, George C. Marshall file.

17. “Memorandum for the President,” January 18, 1942, Ernest J. King Papers, Box 9, FDR correspondence file.

18. “Situation in South Pacific and Southwest Pacific Areas as of the end of May, 1942,” Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet to Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, memorandum dated May 12, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 60.

19. King, “Memorandum for the President,” March 5, 1942, Ernest J. King Papers, Box 9, FDR correspondence file.

20. COMINCH to CINCPAC 2303-2306, June 24, 1942, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, pp. 602–3.

21. COMINCH to CINCPAC 1840, June 25, 1942, in ibid., p. 603.

22. COMSOPAC to CINCPAC 0015, June 26, 1942, in ibid., p. 604.

23. PESTILENCE Operation Plan, COMSOPAC File No. A 4-3/A16-3, Serial 0017, in NARA, RG 38, “SOPAC Amphibious Force Diary, July 1942,” Box 173; and COMSOPAC dispatches in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, pp. 487–596.

24. “Interview of Captain M. B. Gardner, USN, Chief of Staff, ComAirSoPac,” January 13, 1943, Bureau of Aeronautics, pp. 2–3, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 24.

25. D. J. Vellis, oral history, recorded in Olson, Tales from a Tin Can, p. 89; and Huie, Can Do!, pp. 93–95.

26. “Callaghan’s Report of Conference” on Saratoga, July 28, 1942, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 24.

27. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 105.

28. “Division Commander’s Final Report on Guadalcanal Operations,” May 24, 1943, pp. 2–4, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 25.

29. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 111.

30. COMINCH to CINCPAC 2303-2306, June 24, 1942, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, pp. 602–3.

31. “Joint Directive for Offensive Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area,” July 2, 1942, in, NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 38, folder labeled “Memos to Gen. Marshall, 15 Jan. 42–1 Sept. 44.”

32. “COMSWPACFOR to COMINCH, etc., July 9, 1942,” in COMSOPAC, “Top Secret Incoming and Outgoing Dispatches, 1942–45,” in NARA, RG 38: 0313, Container 1.

33. COMINCH to Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, July 10, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 38, folder labeled “Memos to Gen. Marshall, 15 Jan. 42–1 Sept. 44.”

34. COMINCH to COMSOPAC 2100, July 10, 1942, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, p. 616.

35. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 30.

36. Merillat, Guadalcanal Remembered, p. 21.

37. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 27.

38. Lt. Chester M. Stearns, interview in November 1943 on board Baltimore, in Morison’s Notebook, Pacific XII 1943, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

39. Justice Chambers, Major, USMCR, oral history, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946.”

40. Donald Dickson, Major, USMC, oral history, in ibid.

41. Mears, Carrier Combat, p. 100.

42. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 120.

43. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 45.

44. Details to follow in NARA, RG 38, “SOPAC Amphibious Force Diary, August 1942,” Box 173.

45. Roland N. Smoot, USNI Oral History Program, 1972, p. 92.

46. “Annex King to Operation Plan No. A3-42,” p. 3, in NARA, RG 38, “SOPAC Amphibious Force Diary, July 1942,” Box 173; also Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, pp. 51–52.

47. “Vice Admiral Crutchley’s Report on Operation Watchtower,” September 3, 1942, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

48. Merillat, Island, p. 28.

49. Roland N. Smoot, USNI Oral History Program, 1972, p. 93.

50. Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary, p. 15.

51. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 52.

52. Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p. 162.

53. Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary, p. 31.

54. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 63.

55. Justice Chambers, Major, USMCR, oral history, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946”; also Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary, p. 36.

56. Many histories have credited the San Juan’s guns with destroying the Kawanishis. Admiral Crutchley, who commanded the fire support groups, credits the F4Fs’ strafing attack. “Vice Admiral Crutchley’s Report on Operation Watchtower,” September 3, 1942, pp. 9–10, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

57. Photo negatives taken from the Wasp air group commander’s plane confirmed that VF-71’s claims were accurate. Wasp Action Report, “Capture of the Tulagi–Guadalcanal Area, 7–8 August 1942,” dated August 14, 1942, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 178.

58. Donald Dickson, Major, USMCR, oral history, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946.”

59. Pharmacist Frederick A. Moody, USN, oral history, recorded at the Navy Department, April 21, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946.”

60. Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary, p. 44.

Chapter Two

1. Lundstrom, First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign, p. 38.

2. Lindsay, Coast Watchers, p. 197.

3. Lundstrom, First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign, p. 48.

4. Entry dated August 8, 1942, p. 6, Commander Amphibious Force, Task Force 62, War Diary, August 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II War Diaries,” Box 173.

5. Lundstrom, First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign, p. 52.

6. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 151.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid., p. 152.

9. Calhoun, Tin Can Sailor, p. 53.

10. Thomas C. Kinkaid, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 429, Vol. 1, p. 186.

11. Wasp Action Report, “Capture of the Tulagi-Guadalcanal Area, 7–8 August, 1942,” p. 5, dated August 14, 1942, FDR Map Room Papers, Box, 178.

12. Merillat, Island, p. 33.

13. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 127.

14. Donald Dickson, Major, USMCR, oral history, p. 4, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 8.

15. “Division Commander’s Final Report on Guadalcanal Operations,” May 24, 1943, Phase II, pp. 2–5, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 25; also Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 128.

16. Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary, p. 56.

17. Donald Dickson, Major, USMCR, oral history, pp. 4–5, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 8.

18. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 73.

19. Justice Chambers, Major, USMCR, oral history, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” p. 11.

20. Kittredge, “Savo Island.”

21. Lord, Lonely Vigil, p. 41.

22. Read, “Report by Lieut. W. J. Read on Coastwatching Activity,” p. 22.

23. Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary, p. 52.

24. Operation Plan No. A3-42, Annex KING, in NARA, RG 38, “SOPAC Amphibious Force Diary, July 1942,” Box 173.

25. 1st Division Administrative Order 2a-42, July 22, 1942, in ibid.

26. Turner to Colonel James W. Webb, August 20, 1942, Richmond K. Turner Papers, Series I, correspondence, Box 1.

27. “CruDiv 16 War Diary,” p. 1, extracted from WDC 60984, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

28. Koda, “Doctrine and Strategy of IJN.”

29. Ibid.

30. “CruDiv 16 War Diary,” p. 1, extracted from WDC 60984, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

31. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 64.

32. Charles Clarke to Samuel Eliot Morison, January 13, 1947, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 27.

33. Smith, Battle of Savo, p. 118.

34. Dull, Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 187.

35. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 5, p. 37.

36. “To CTF-44, From Executive Officer, HMAS Canberra,” CINCPAC File A16/Solomon Serial 62636, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

37. Kittredge, “Savo Island.”

38. Toshikazu Ohmae, “The Battle of Savo Island,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 236.

39. Chief of the Bureau of Ships, U.S. Navy, “U.S.S. QUINCY, U.S.S. ASTORIA and U.S.S. VINCENNES, Report of Loss in Action.”

40. Ibid.

41. Lt. Cmdr. Bion B. Bierer to Mary Bierer, October 16, 1942, letter in possession of Bob Begin, quoted here with his permission.

42. Chief of the Bureau of Ships, U.S. Navy, “U.S.S. QUINCY, U.S.S. ASTORIA and U.S.S. VINCENNES, Report of Loss in Action.”

43. “To CTF-62, From Comdesron 4,” TOR 0610z, appended to Crutchley’s report to Turner, CINCPAC File A16/Solomon Serial 62636, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

44. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 56.

45. Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary, p. 62.

46. Harry L. Vincent in “Veterans’ Biographies,” p. 52.

47. Pharmacist Frederick A. Moody, USN, p. 15, oral history, recorded at the Navy Department, April 21, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 20.

48. Mikawa’s remarks are excerpted in Toshikazu Ohmae, “Battle of Savo Island,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 244.

49. Chief of the Bureau of Ships, U.S. Navy, “U.S.S. QUINCY, U.S.S. ASTORIA and U.S.S. VINCENNES, Report of Loss in Action.”

50. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 69.

51. Office of Naval Intelligence, “Battle of Savo Island,” pp. 43–44.

Chapter Three

1. Buell, Master of Seapower, p. 221.

2. Ibid.

3. Harry W. Hill, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 685, Vol. 2, p. 267.

4. John L. McCrea, USNI Oral History Program, 1990, pp. 169–70.

5. “Memorandum for the President, Via Admiral Leahy,” August 13, 1942, COMINCH File A16-3(1), FDR Map Room Papers.

6. “Reinforcement of Hawaii and South Pacific Areas,” Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet to Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, memorandum dated August 13, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 38.

7. Crutchley to Turner, August 10, 1942, letter enclosure in COMSOPAC to CINCPAC, “Preliminary Report Watchtown Operation,” dated August 16, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

8. COMINCH to Secretary of the Navy, September 14, 1942, “Investigation of the Loss of the U.S.S. VINCENNES, U.S.S. QUINCY, U.S.S. ASTORIA, and HMAS CANBERRA,” Richmond K. Turner Papers, Series 1, correspondence, Box 1.

9. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 129.

10. Fletcher to Hanson Baldwin, July 9, 1947, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Box 26.

11. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 5, pp. 29–30, including footnote on p. 30.

12. Lundstrom unpacks the subject at length, concluding with a measured defense of Fletcher. See Lundstrom, Black Shoe Carrier Admiral, pp. 368–83.

13. NARA, RG 38, “SOPAC Amphibious Force Diary,” August 15, 1942, Box 173.

14. “War Diary, Amphibious Force SOPAC,” August 16, 1942 entry, in ibid.

15. “War Diary, Amphibious Force SOPAC,” August 9, 1942 entry, in ibid.

16. Vandegrift to Turner, 151015, COMSOPAC War Diary, quoted in Merillat, Guadalcanal Remembered, source note, p. 307.

17. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 58.

18. “MR 203, Japanese Naval Activities,” FDR Map Room Papers, Box 64.

19. Fletcher to COMSOPAC to CTF-61, 211120, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, p. 807.

20. Merillat, Guadalcanal Remembered, p. 152.

21. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 61.

22. “Division Commander’s Final Report on Guadalcanal Operations,” May 24, 1943, Phase III, p. 1, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 25.

23. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 132.

24. Ibid., p. 134.

25. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 196.

26. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 136.

27. “ 8th Fleet War Diary,” p. 1, extracted from WDC 161259/397/901, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

28. “Detailed Battle Report No. 6 of the Fifth Air Attack Force,” issued at Rabaul, September 10, 1942, extracted from WDC 161012/399.901, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

29. “Staggering Blow,” Domei News Broadcast, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

30. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 95.

31. “Diary, No. 25 Air Flotilla,” pp. 3–4, extracted from WDC 161012/399.901, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

32. “Military Value of British New Guinea,” in Japanese Demobilization Bureau Records, Reports of General MacArthur, p. 24.

33. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 95.

34. “Diary, No. 25 Air Flotilla,” p. 2, extracted from WDC 161012/399.901, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

35. “Division Commander’s Final Report on Guadalcanal Operations,” May 24, 1943, Phase III, p. 6, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 25.

36. Miller, Cactus Air Force, p. 24.

37. “COMAIRSOPAC War Diary for August 1942,” August 13, 1942, entry, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 27.

38. Entry dated August 13, 1942, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, p. 825.

39. David Galvan quoted in Bergerud, Fire in the Sky, p. 79.

40. Brand, Fighter Squadron at Guadalcanal, p. 67.

41. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 139.

42. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 208.

43. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 84.

44. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 209.

45. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 142.

46. Ibid.

47. Merillat, Island, p. 75.

48. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 144.

49. “Japanese Naval Operations; Estimate of,” Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas, July 24, 1942, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, pp. 841–43.

50. COMSOPAC to CTF-61, 220910, in ibid., p. 808.

51. “Diary, No. 25 Air Flotilla,” extracted from WDC 161012/399.901, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

52. Harry D. Felt, USNI Oral History Program, Vol. 2, p. 109.

53. Ibid., p. 110.

54. “COMAIRSOPAC War Diary for August 1942,” August 24, 1942, entry, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 27.

55. Harry D. Felt, USNI Oral History Program, Vol. 2, p. 112.

56. “Narrative Report of Action with Enemy on August 24, 1942,” Commander, Saratoga Air Group, enclosure (e) to Saratoga Action Report, September 10, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

57. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, pp. 100–101.

58. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 122.

59. Enterprise Action Report, September 5, 1942, p. 3, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

60. Lt. Cmdr. Keiichi Arima, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 30.

61. Enterprise Action Report, September 5, 1942, enclosure (b), “Report of Fighter Director,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

62. Ibid.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid.

65. Mears, Carrier Combat, p. 117.

66. Thomas C. Kinkaid, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 429, Vol. 1, p. 198.

67. Mears, Carrier Combat, p. 121.

Chapter Four

1. Jackson, That Man, p. 111.

2. Ibid.

3. Harold Smith account in Rosenau, ed., Roosevelt Treasury, p. 323.

4. Lippmann, “Awkward Giant,” p. 9.

5. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, p. 202.

6. Childs, I Write from Washington, p. 242.

7. Congressional Record, 77th Cong., 2nd sess., Vol. 88, Part 6, pp. 5538–41.

8. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, p. 111.

9. Childs, I Write from Washington, p. 312.

10. Congressional Record, 77th Cong., 2nd sess., Vol. 88, Part 6, p. 7691.

11. “Washington in Wartime.”

12. Leahy, I Was There, p. 136.

13. Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7, p. 380.

14. McIntire, White House Physician, p. 141.

15. John L. McCrea, “Setting Up Map Room in White House and Other Incidents in Connection with Service There,” interview by W. W. Moss, March 19, 1973, p. 4, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 178.

16. Ibid., p. 6.

17. Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 161.

18. Leahy, I Was There, p. 122.

19. Entry dated April 15, 1942, in Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 249.

20. Ibid., p. 246.

21. Churchill to Roosevelt, July 9, 1942, in Loewenheim, Langley, and Jonas, eds., Roosevelt and Churchill, p. 222.

22. King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, pp. 398–99.

23. Ibid.

24. Baldwin, “Solomons Action Develops into Battle for South Pacific.”

25. Baldwin, “U.S. Hold in Solomons Bolstered.”

26. Harold H. Larsen, interview in Navy Department Bureau of Aeronautics, January 18, 1943, p. 14, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 16.

27. Bergerud, Fire in the Sky, pp. 79–80.

28. Harold H. Larsen, interview in Navy Department Bureau of Aeronautics, January 18, 1943, p. 3, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 16.

29. Read, “Report by Lieut. W. J. Read on Coastwatching Activity,” pp. 81–82.

30. Joseph J. Foss, USMCR, interview in Navy Department, April 28, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 9, p. 5.

31. Ibid., p. 6.

32. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 155.

33. Joseph J. Foss, USMCR, interview in Navy Department, April 28, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 9, p. 5.

34. Brand, Fighter Squadron at Guadalcanal, pp. 95–96.

35. Bergerud, Fire in the Sky, p. 80.

36. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 147.

37. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 89.

38. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 148.

39. Emphasis in the original. McCain to Vandegrift and Geiger, September 14, 1942, p. 1, Alexander Vandegrift Collection, Coll/3166, Box 2, folder “Correspondence Jan–Sept 1942.”

40. McCain to Vandegrift, September 20, 1942, p. 1, ibid.

41. Harold H. Larsen, interview in Navy Department Bureau of Aeronautics, January 18, 1943, p. 3, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 16.

42. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 125.

43. Bergerud, Fire in the Sky, p. 81.

44. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 147.

45. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 230.

46. C.O. Enterprise to CINCPAC, “Action of August 24, 1942, Report of,” September 5, 1942, CV6/A16-3/(10-My), Serial 008, p. 22, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

47. CINCPAC Report, “Solomons Island Campaign—Torpedoing of SARATOGA, WASP, and NORTH CAROLINA,” Serial 03168, October 12, 1942, enclosure “Hull Damage and Damage Control Measures,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 17.

48. CINCPAC Report, “Solomons Island Campaign—Torpedoing of SARATOGA, WASP, and NORTH CAROLINA,” Serial 03168, October 12, 1942, in ibid.

49. Wolfert, Battle for the Solomons, p. 40.

50. Cmdr. William C. Chambliss, USNR, oral history, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 6.

51. Ibid.

52. Lt. Chester M. Stearns, interview in November 1943 on board Baltimore, Morison’s Notebook, Pacific XII 1943, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

53. CINCPAC Report, “Solomons Island Campaign—Torpedoing of SARATOGA, WASP, and NORTH CAROLINA,” Serial 03168, October 12, 1942, enclosure “Captain Forest Sherman to Secretary of the Navy,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 17.

54. Hersey, “Sinking of the Wasp.”

55. Cmdr. William C. Chambliss, USNR, oral history, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 6.

56. Ibid.

57. CINCPAC Report, “Solomons Island Campaign—Torpedoing of SARATOGA, WASP, and NORTH CAROLINA,” Serial 03168, October 12, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 17.

Chapter Five

1. Kokusai Shashin Joho (International Graphic Magazine), Vol. 21, No. 12, December 1, 2602 (1942).

2. Ibid., Vol. 21, No. 10, September 1, 2602 (1942).

3. Hideki Tojo, speech at the War Ministry, December 8, 1942, excerpted in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 155.

4. Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura, former ambassador to Washington, January 22, 1943, in ibid., p. 154.

5. Diary indicates that this occurred on December 17, 1942; see Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 6.

6. Hiroyo Arakawa, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 179.

7. Ibid.

8. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 184.

9. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 183.

10. Ibid., p. 281.

11. Ibid., p. 280.

12. Ibid., p. 279.

13. Junichiro Watanabe, “Isoroku Yamamoto and the Sword-smith Sadayoshi Amada,” Hisato Takeuchi, trans., Nihontocraft.com, online at http://www.nihontocraft.com/Yamamoto NBTHK.html (accessed November 2014).

14. Reiji Masuda, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 301.

15. Entry dated August 13, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 183.

16. Entry dated August 20, 1942, in ibid., p. 186.

17. Entry dated August 24, 1942, in ibid., p. 193.

18. Entry dated September 1, 1942, in ibid., pp. 202–3.

19. Entry dated August 24, 1942, in ibid., p. 193.

20. Entry dated September 13, 1942, in ibid., p. 214.

21. Entry dated October 7, 1942, in ibid., p. 228.

22. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 62.

23. Potter, Nimitz, p. 76.

24. Ibid., p. 236.

25. “CINCPAC Conference in Argonne,” September 28, 1942, p. 1, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 24.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid., pp. 1–3.

28. Arnold, Global Mission, pp. 360–61.

29. Arnold to Hopkins, “Plans for Operations Against the Enemy,” September 3, 1942, Harry L. Hopkins Papers, Book 5: The Air Offensive, Box 313.

30. Ibid.

31. Arnold, Global Mission, p. 344.

32. Ibid., p. 342.

33. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, pp. 171–72.

34. Entry dated September 30, 1942, excerpted in Merillat, Guadalcanal Remembered, p. 159.

35. Arthur Lamar, oral history, in Recollections of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, p. 13.

36. Les Cleveland, “Soldiers’ Songs: The Folklore of the Powerless,” New York Folklore, Vol. 11, 1985, online at http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/fishlm/folksongs/les01.htm.

37. Turner to Vandegrift, September 28, 1942, quoted in Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 169.

38. Merillat, Guadalcanal Remembered, pp. 177–78.

39. Huie, Can Do!, p. 41.

40. Harold H. Larsen, interview in Navy Department Bureau of Aeronautics, January 18, 1943, p. 7, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 16.

41. Mears, Carrier Combat, p. 136.

42. Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary, p. 250.

43. Joseph J. Foss, USMCR, interview in Navy Department, April 28, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 9, p. 11.

44. Harold H. Larsen, interview in Navy Department Bureau of Aeronautics, January 18, 1943, p. 7, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 16.

45. Ibid., p. 11.

46. Merillat, Guadalcanal Remembered, p. 180.

47. Action Report, U.S.S. San Francisco, night action, November 12–13, 1942, p. 60, item 300, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 23. This report contains a detailed description of the same shells employed in the October 13–14 night bombardment. Also see Admiral T. Koyanagi, memorandum entitled “The Retreat from Guadalcanal,” dated May 1, 1967, John Toland Papers, Box 3, “Guadalcanal.”

48. Entry dated October 14, 1942, in Merillat, Guadalcanal Remembered, p. 179.

49. Mears, Carrier Combat, p. 145.

50. Huie, Can Do!, p. 46.

51. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 176.

52. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 121.

53. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 176.

54. Merillat, Guadalcanal Remembered, p. 180.

55. Huie, Can Do!, p. 46.

56. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 257.

57. Mears, Carrier Combat, p. 146.

58. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. 157.

59. Bergerud, Fire in the Sky, p. 82.

60. Lt. Cmdr. John E. Lawrence’s notes in Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 116.

61. COMSOPAC to CINCPAC, Info COMINCH, 160440, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 2, p. 950.

62. John L. McCrea, USNI Oral History Program, 1990, pp. 170–71.

63. See Col. Brown’s notes in Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 111.

64. Layton, Pineau, and Costello, “And I Was There,” pp. 461–62.

65. CINCPAC TO COMINCH, 160937, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 2, p. 895.

66. COMINCH TO CINCPAC, 160245, in ibid.

67. Col. Julian Brown’s notes in Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 109.

Chapter Six

1. Lt. Comdr. Roger Kent quoted in Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 116.

2. Wolfert, Battle for the Solomons, p. 99.

3. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 185.

4. Ibid.

5. Hara, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 116.

6. Enterprise Action Report, November 10, 1942, enclosure: Fighting Squadron 10 Report on Flight of October 25, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 21.

7. Edward L. Feightner, “The Enterprise and Guadalcanal,” in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 82.

8. C.O., Enterprise to CINCPAC (via etc.), November 10, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 21.

9. Ibid.

10. “CO, Striking Fleet to CinC, Combined Fleet,” October 27, 1942, item 7, p. 2, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Box 25, Folder “CruDiv 8 Combat Report.”

11. Enterprise Action Report, November 10, 1942, enclosure B: “Comments, Action by the Task Force on October 26, 1942,” by Lt. Cmdr. James H. Flatley, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 21.

12. “CruDiv 8 Combat Report No. 5,” WDC 161270, November, 18, 1942, item 3, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Box 25.

13. VS-8 and VB-8 Reports to CO, U.S.S. Hornet, November 2, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 21.

14. Author’s interview with Oral L. “Slim” Moore, Berkeley, CA, February 27, 2013.

15. “CO, Striking Fleet to CinC, Combined Fleet,” October 27, 1942, item 7, p. 2, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Box 25, Folder “CruDiv 8 Combat Report.”

16. Hara, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 121.

17. Hornet Action Report, Hornet CO to CINCPAC, et al., October 30, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 21.

18. Kernan, Crossing the Line, p. 63.

19. Interview with Cmdr. F. Monroe, Morison’s Notebook, Pacific XII 1943, p. 2, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

20. Hornet Action Report, Executive Officer to CO, October 30, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 21.

21. Hornet Action Report, Hornet CO to CINCPAC, et al., October 30, 1942, in ibid.

22. “War Damage Report,” enclosure to Enterprise Action Report, November 10, 1942, in ibid.

23. Beaver, Sailor from Oklahoma, p. 184.

24. C.O. Enterprise to CINCPAC (via etc.), (Enterprise Action Report), November 10, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 21.

25. Francis Foley, “The Hornet and the Santa Cruz Islands,” in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 73.

26. Hornet CO to CINCPAC, et al., October 30, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 21.

27. Report of Cmdr. E. P. Creehan, enclosure B, Hornet Action Report, October 30, 1942, in ibid.

28. Report of C. H. Dodson, Communications Officer, Hornet Action Report, October 30, 1942, in ibid.

29. “CO, Striking Fleet to CinC, Combined Fleet,” October 27, 1942, item 4, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Box 25, Folder “CruDiv 8 Combat Report.”

30. “CruDiv 8 Combat Report No. 5,” WDC 161270, November 18, 1942, item 7, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Box 25.

31. Hara, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 125.

32. Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 122.

33. Clemens, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. 267.

34. Peattie, Sunburst, p. 184.

35. Lt. Cmdr. Iyozo Fujita, oral history, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 241.

36. Read, “Report by Lieut. W. J. Read on Coastwatching Activity,” p. 78.

37. Leahy, I Was There, p. 118.

38. FDR to Joint Chiefs, October 23, 1942, holograph of memorandum reproduced in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 622–23.

39. Halsey to Nimitz, October 31, 1942, quoted in Lundstrom, First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign, p. 337.

40. Cmdr. William J. Kitchell’s notes, in Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 123.

41. Trumbull, “All Out with Halsey!”

42. Wolfert, Battle for the Solomons, p. 127.

43. Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 123.

44. C.O., U.S.S. Enterprise, “Action Against Japanese Forces Attempting the Recapture of Guadalcanal, November 13–14, 1942—Report of,” November 19, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 18.

45. C.O., U.S.S. San Francisco, “Air Attack, November 12, 1942,” report dated November 16, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “CINCPAC Action and Operational Reports,” Box 19.

46. Entry dated November 18, 1942, “War Diary,” 1942–44, Papers of Captain Flavius J. George, USNR.

47. C.O., U.S.S. San Francisco, “Air Attack, November 12, 1942,” report dated November 16, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “CINCPAC Action and Operational Reports,” Box 19.

48. Sullivan, “Ship Ahead Just Disappeared.”

49. Hornfischer, Neptune’s Inferno, p. 254.

50. “Narrative by L. E. Zook, Signalman First Class, U.S. Navy,” recorded May 27, 1943, in Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

51. Calhoun, Tin Can Sailor, p. 77.

52. Action Report, U.S.S. San Francisco, “Night Action of November 12–13, 1942,” item 300 in “Chronological Log,” in NARA, RG 38, “CINCPAC Action and Operational Reports,” Box 19.

53. Entry dated November 18, 1942, “War Diary,” 1942–44, Papers of Captain Flavius J. George, USNR.

54. Wolfert, Battle for the Solomons, p. 160.

55. Action Report, U.S.S. San Francisco, “Night Action of November 12–13, 1942,” item 300 in “Chronological Log,” in NARA, RG 38, “CINCPAC Action and Operational Reports,” Box 19.

56. Entry dated November 18, 1942, “War Diary,” 1942–44, Papers of Captain Flavius J. George, USNR.

57. Calhoun, Tin Can Sailor, p. 84.

58. “Narrative by L. E. Zook, Signalman First Class, U.S. Navy,” recorded May 27, 1943, in Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

59. “Narrative by Lieut. Graham C. Bonnell, US Navy,” recorded January 25, 1944, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 1.

60. Calhoun, Tin Can Sailor, p. 92.

61. “Narrative by Lieut. Graham C. Bonnell, US Navy,” recorded January 25, 1944, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 1.

62. Cmdr., Torpedo Squadron 10, “Action of November 13–15, 1942,” submitted to the CO, U.S.S. Enterprise, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 18.

63. “Action Against Japanese Forces Attempting the Recapture of Guadalcanal, November 13–14, 1942—Report of,” November 19, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 18.

64. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 183.

65. Edward L. Feightner, “The Enterprise and Guadalcanal,” in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 85.

66. Mears, Carrier Combat, p. 155.

67. Wolfert, Battle for the Solomons, p. 169.

68. “Action Against Japanese Forces Attempting the Recapture of Guadalcanal, November 13–14, 1942—Report of,” November 19, 1942, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 18.

69. Thomas C. Kinkaid, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 429, Vol. 1, p. 209.

70. Paul H. Backus, U.S. Navy (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1995, p. 195.

71. Earl Hicks quoted in Olson, Tales from a Tin Can, p. 102.

72. Entry dated Monday, November 16, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 276.

73. Cmdr., Torpedo Squadron 10, “Action of November 13–15, 1942,” submitted to the CO, U.S.S. Enterprise, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 18.

74. Cmdr., Bombing Squadron 10, “Action of November 14–15, 1942,” submitted to the CO, U.S.S. Enterprise, in ibid.

Chapter Seven

1. Masanobu Tsuji, “Guadalcanal,” p. 28, unpublished memoir dated May 31, 1967, John Toland Papers, Series 1: The Rising Sun, Box 17.

2. Ibid., p. 46.

3. “Address or Message of Jap Detachment C.O. in Solomons,” Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

4. “Diary Taken at Kokumbona,” entries dated December 23 and 26, 1942, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 26.

5. Lt. Ko-o’s diary excerpted in Masanobu Tsuji, “Guadalcanal,” p. 51, unpublished memoir dated May 31, 1967, John Toland Papers, Series 1: The Rising Sun, Box 17.

6. Entry dated December 8, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 301.

7. Entry dated Monday, November 16, 1942, in ibid., p. 276.

8. Raizo Tanaka, “The Struggle for Guadalcanal,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, pp. 198–99.

9. Ibid., p. 200.

10. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Solomon Islands Campaign, Fifth Battle of Savo, 30 November 1942,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 20.

11. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Solomon Islands Campaign, Fifth Battle of Savo, 30 November 1942,” in ibid.

12. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 5, p. 315.

13. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Solomon Islands Campaign, Fifth Battle of Savo, 30 November 1942,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 20.

14. Raizo Tanaka, “The Struggle for Guadalcanal,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 204.

15. Ibid., p. 206.

16. Hitoshi Imamura, oral history, in Brawley, Dixon, and Trefalt, eds., Competing Voices from the Pacific War, p. 108.

17. Entry dated December 7, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 297.

18. Entry dated December 8, 1942, in ibid., p. 299.

19. Kokusai Shashin Joho (International Graphic Magazine), Vol. 21, No. 12, December 1, 2602 (1942).

20. Foreign Minister Tani quoted in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 113.

21. Tojo speech excerpted in ibid., p. 155.

22. Entry dated November 4, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 283.

23. Hara, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 157.

24. Joichiro Sanada, “Statement Concerning Particulars of Evacuation from Guadalcanal Island,” January 20, 1950, John Toland Papers, Box 3, “Guadalcanal.”

25. Gen. Kenryo Sato, “Dai Toa War Memoirs,” p. 10, John Toland Papers, Box 16.

26. Joichiro Sanada, “Statement Concerning Particulars of Evacuation from Guadalcanal Island,” January 20, 1950, John Toland Papers, Box 3, “Guadalcanal.”

27. Ibid.

28. Masanobu Tsuji, “Guadalcanal,” p. 57, unpublished memoir dated May 31, 1967, John Toland Papers, Series 1: The Rising Sun, Box 17.

29. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 461.

30. Joichiro Sanada, “Statement Concerning Particulars of Evacuation from Guadalcanal Island,” January 20, 1950, John Toland Papers, Box 3, “Guadalcanal.”

31. Adm. T. Koyanagi, memorandum entitled “The Retreat from Guadalcanal,” dated May 1, 1967, John Toland Papers, Box 3, “Guadalcanal.”

32. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Solomon Islands Campaign—Fall of Guadalcanal, period 25 January to 10 February, 1943,” April 17, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 20, item 64, p. 13.

33. Adm. T. Koyanagi, memorandum entitled “The Retreat from Guadalcanal,” dated May 1, 1967, pp. 6–8. John Toland Papers, Box 3, “Guadalcanal.”

34. Yahachi Ishida letter (undated) in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 132.

35. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Solomon Islands Campaign—Fall of Guadalcanal, period 25 January to 10 February, 1943,” April 17, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 20, item 64, p. 14.

36. Adm. T. Koyanagi, memorandum entitled “The Retreat from Guadalcanal,” dated May 1, 1967, p. 6, John Toland Papers, Box 3, “Guadalcanal.”

37. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Solomon Islands Campaign—Fall of Guadalcanal, period 25 January to 10 February, 1943,” April 17, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 20, item 81.

38. Glen C. H. Perry’s notes, December 2, 1942, in Perry, Dear Bart, p. 114.

39. Agawa, Reluctant Admiral, p. 342.

40. Twining and Carey, No Bended Knee, p. ix.

41. Hara, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 93.

42. Nobutake Kondo, “Some Opinions Concerning the War,” in Goldstein and Dillon, eds., Pacific War Papers, p. 313.

43. “Fire Scroll,” Book of Five Spheres, quoted in Cleary, Japanese Art of War, p. 81.

44. Raizo Tanaka, “The Struggle for Guadalcanal,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 209.

45. Hara, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 164.

46. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 208.

47. Vollinger, “World War II Memoirs of John Vollinger.”

48. Robert Bostwick Carney, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 289.

49. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 5.

50. Potter, Bull Halsey, p. 245.

51. Ibid., p. 247.

52. Capt. C. W. Fox, Supply Corps, USN, oral history, p. 10, recorded July 9, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 9.

53. Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 272.

54. Capt. C. W. Fox, Supply Corps, USN, oral history, p. 10, recorded July 9, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 9.

55. Entry dated November 4, 1943, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 71.

56. “Bull’s-Eye.”

57. Halsey to Nimitz, October 31, 1942, quoted in Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, pp. 172–73.

58. Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 79.

59. Solberg, Decision and Dissent, p. 37.

60. Lodge, “Halsey Predicts Victory This Year.”

61. Fussell, Wartime, p. 117.

62. Lodge, “Halsey Predicts Victory This Year.”

63. New Zealand Herald, January 7, 1943, excerpted in Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 143.

64. DeWitt Peck, CCOH Marine Corps Project, No. 701, p. 121.

65. Capt. Harold Hopkins, RN, to Edwin Hoyt, June 8, 1969, quoted in Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 169.

66. Halsey to Nimitz, December 11, 1942, William Frederick Halsey Papers.

67. Spruance to Nimitz, February 18, 1960, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 5.

68. Robert Bostwick Carney, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 293.

69. Entry dated November 4, 1943, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 71.

70. Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 139.

71. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 217.

72. Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 137.

73. Halsey to Nimitz, January 8, 1943, p. 6, William Frederick Halsey Papers.

74. Ibid.

75. Halsey to Nimitz, November 29, 1942, p. 1, William Frederick Halsey Papers.

76. Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 138.

77. Agawa, Reluctant Admiral, p. 331.

78. Ibid., p. 336.

79. Layton, Pineau, and Costello, “And I Was There,”p. 474.

80. Ibid., p. 475.

81. Edwin T. Layton, oral history, in Stillwell, Air Raid, Pearl Harbor!, p. 276.

82. Kenneth A. Boulier account in Russell, ed., No Right to Win, p. 236.

83. Entry dated April 18, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp. 330, 353.

84. Entry dated April 18, 1944, in ibid., p. 354.

85. Ibid., p. 355.

86. Entry dated May 22, 1943, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 29.

87. Agawa, Reluctant Admiral, p. 392.

Chapter Eight

1. Special Service Division, Instructions for American Servicemen in Australia.

2. Leckie, Helmet for My Pillow, p. 140.

3. Ibid., p. 144.

4. Alex Haley, “The Most Unforgettable Character I’ve Ever Met,” in Shenk, ed., Authors at War, p. 127.

5. Keresey, PT 105, p. 131.

6. Entry dated October 24, 1943, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 58.

7. Ralph, They Passed This Way, p. 158.

8. “ ‘Shocking’ Street Scenes at Night.”

9. Lake, “Desire for a Yank,” p. 623.

10. Courier-Mail, October 29, 1942, p. 4.

11. “Hey! You Diggers! He Came, He Saw, He Conquered,” Wolfson Collection of Decorative and Propaganda Arts.

12. Truth (Brisbane), June 14, 1942.

13. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 286.

14. Perry, Most Dangerous Man in America, p. 192.

15. Thomas C. Kinkaid, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 429, Vol. 1, pp. 250–51.

16. Ibid., p. 254.

17. Schaller, Douglas MacArthur, p. 72.

18. Childs, I Write from Washington, p. 251.

19. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 327.

20. COMINCH to CINCPAC, March 27, 1942, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, p. 534.

21. “CINCPAC Conference in Argonne,” September 28, 1942, p. 1, in Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 24.

22. Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, pp. 154–55.

23. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 173–74.

24. Robert Bostwick Carney, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 329.

25. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 338.

26. Reiji Masuda, account in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 302.

27. Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 206.

28. Radike, Across the Dark Islands, p. 135.

29. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 169.

30. Robert Bostwick Carney, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 315.

31. U.S.S. Dunlap Action Report, August 18, 1943, enclosure (A), 18: DD384/A16-3 Serial 012, in NARA, RG 38.

32. Hara, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 179.

33. Mimeo Secret Outline Plan, pp. 241–43, “Outline Plan for Opns of the SWPA, 1944,” Reno III: General Headquarters Southwest Pacific Area, October 20, 1943, online at http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-W.html (accessed November 3, 2014).

34. Ibid.

35. Entry dated November 2, 1943, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 65.

36. Fitzhugh Lee, oral history, in Wooldbridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 111.

37. Potter and Nimitz, Great Sea War, p. 301.

38. Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin, Zero!, pp. 222–23.

39. Ibid., p. 225.

40. Ibid., p. 224.

41. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 338.

42. Robert Bostwick Carney, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 315.

43. Ibid., pp. 313–14.

44. “Narrative by Lieut. Graham C. Bonnell, US Navy,” recorded January 25, 1944, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 1.

45. Ibid.

Chapter Nine

1. Beaver, Sailor from Oklahoma, p. 216.

2. Mason, Rendezvous with Destiny, p. 93.

3. Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., Homefront, p. 35.

4. Archibald, Wartime Shipyard, p. 17.

5. Ibid., p. 192.

6. Ibid., p. 193.

7. Russell, Hell Above, Deep Water Below, p. 39.

8. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 22.

9. Russell, Hell Above, Deep Water Below, p. 74.

10. COMINCH to CINCPAC, February 22, 1942, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, p. 252.

11. Alan Polhemus, interview at the Independence Seaport Museum, Philadelphia, PA, October 17, 2000. Transcript in the museum archives.

12. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 43.

13. Ibid., p. 43.

14. U.S.S. Wahoo, “Report of First War Patrol,” entry dated October 5, 1942, in McDaniel, ed., U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), p. 9.

15. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 41.

16. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 61.

17. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 45.

18. Russell, Hell Above, Deep Water Below, p. 185.

19. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 51.

20. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 17.

21. U.S.S. Wahoo, “Report of First War Patrol,” entry dated November 8, 1942, in McDaniel, ed., U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), p. 27.

22. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 76.

23. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 17.

24. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 81.

25. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 52.

26. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 26.

27. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 82.

28. Ibid., p. 83.

29. Ibid., p. 94.

30. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 49.

31. Admiral James Fife Jr., “U.S.S. Wahoo, Second War Patrol, Comments on,” December 28, 1942, in McDaniel, ed., U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), p. 43.

32. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 72.

33. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 117.

34. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 76.

35. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 51.

36. Quoted in O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 121.

37. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 54.

38. Ibid., p. 59.

39. Ibid., p. 60.

40. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 81.

41. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 138.

42. Ibid., p. 177.

43. Ibid., p. 138.

44. Ibid., p. 139.

45. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 81.

46. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 139.

47. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 82.

48. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 143.

49. Ibid., p. 148.

50. Ibid., p. 150.

51. Ibid., p. 153.

52. Ibid.

53. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 73.

54. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 100.

55. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 154.

56. U.S.S. Wahoo, “Report of Third War Patrol,” entry dated January 26, 1943, in McDaniel, ed., U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), p. 51.

57. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 160.

58. Ibid., pp. 161–62.

59. Ibid., p. 163.

60. Ibid., p. 164.

61. Ibid., p. 166.

62. Ibid., p. 168.

63. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 119.

64. O’Kane, Wahoo, pp. 161–62.

65. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 341.

66. Ibid., p. 879.

67. Edward L. Beach, “Culpable Negligence,” in Sears, ed., Eyewitness to World War II, p. 70.

68. R. W. Christie to Samuel Eliot Morison, February 11, 1949, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 24.

69. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 391.

70. Ibid, p. 414.

71. Ibid.

72. Ibid., p. 403.

73. Ibid., p. 404.

74. Atsushi Oi, “Why Japan’s Antisubmarine Warfare Failed,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 410.

75. Reiji Masuda account in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 304.

76. Ibid., p. 303.

77. For example, see Yuji Nishihama’s letter (undated) to the editor of the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, pp. 139–40.

78. JANAC, “Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes,” February 1947, Chronological List of Japanese Merchant Vessel Losses, pp. 29–99. The total in November 1943 was 70 ships with aggregate tonnage of 320,807, the great majority credited to submarines.

79. Navy Department Intelligence Report, “Japan Merchant Marine Losses,” December 15, 1943, Serial P1 23–41, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 160, MR 400, “Jap Reference Folder, 1942–1945.”

80. USSBS, Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, Appendix Table C-50, “Japanese Imports, Production, and Inventories of Crude Oil,” p. 135.

81. JANAC, “Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes,” February 1947, Table 1: “Summaries of Japanese Shipping Losses,” p. vi.

82. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 235.

Chapter Ten

1. Wallin, “Rejuvenation at Pearl Harbor,” p. 1536.

2. Downes, “How a War Was Won and a City Vanished at Pearl Harbor.”

3. Raymer, Descent into Darkness, p. 4.

4. Ibid., 4.

5. Wallin, “Rejuvenation at Pearl Harbor,” p. 1535.

6. Trumbull, “Repair: VI.”

7. Department of the Navy, Building the Navy’s Bases in World War II, Vol. 2, p. 130.

8. Trumbull, “Repair: IV.”

9. Mason, Battleship Sailor, p. 21.

10. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 160.

11. Wilson, “Soldier and a Jukebox.”

12. Brown, Hawaii Goes to War, 92.

13. Richardson, Reflections of Pearl Harbor, p. 41.

14. “Honolulu: Island Boomtown.”

15. Ibid.

16. Bailey and Farber, First Strange Place, p. 105.

17. Jean O’Hara’s unpublished memoir, cited in ibid., p. 112.

18. Michael Bak Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1988.

19. Bailey and Farber, First Strange Place, p. 55.

20. Ibid., p. 33.

21. Wilson, “War Workers as a Social Group.”

22. “Interracial Marriage in Hawaii.”

23. “Honolulu: Island Boomtown.”

24. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 149.

25. Lt. Robert C. Ruark, USNR, “Ho-Hum in Hawaii,” Liberty, April 21, 1945, quoted in Bailey and Farber, First Strange Place, p. 59.

26. Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 16.

27. Ibid., p. 43.

28. Ralph C. Parker, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 507, p. 128.

29. Ibid., p. 131.

30. Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 11.

31. Thomas H. Dyer, USNI Oral History Program, 1986, pp. 282–84.

32. Brown, Hawaii Goes to War, p. 97.

33. Arlen, “Year in Retrospect.”

34. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, p. 1, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.

35. Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7, p. 415.

36. Ibid., p. 399.

37. Ibid., pp. 418–19.

38. James S. Russell, CCOH Aviation Project, 1960, Part 4, Part 1.

39. Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7, p. 416.

40. James S. Russell, CCOH Aviation Project, 1960, Part 4, Part 1, p. 21.

41. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, pp. 107–8.

42. War Production Board, “Official Munitions Report of the U.S.,” No. 21, December 1, 1943, “Airplanes by Plants,” Harry L. Hopkins Papers.

43. Herbert D. Riley account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 103.

44. Hynes, Flights of Passage, pp. 142–43.

45. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 215.

46. Herbert D. Riley account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 102.

47. War Production Board, “Official Munitions Report of the U.S.,” No. 21, December 1, 1943, “Airplanes by Plants,” p. 28, Harry L. Hopkins Papers.

48. “Extract of Notes by Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King for the J.C.S. Historical Section,” p. 2, Ernest J. King Papers.

49. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States [FRUS]: The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943. III. The Casablanca Conference, p. 549.

50. Ibid., p. 536.

51. Entry dated January 16, 1943, in Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 359.

52. Entry dated January 14, 1943, in ibid., p. 356.

53. Entry dated January 16, 1943, in ibid., p. 359.

54. Ibid., p. 360.

55. Excerpts to follow are drawn from Combined Chiefs of Staff minutes at Casablanca. U.S. Department of State, FRUS: The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943. III. The Casablanca Conference, pp. 560–775.

56. Entry dated May 4, 1943, in Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 398.

57. U.S. Department of State, FRUS, 1943, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 93.

58. Ibid., p. 146.

59. Entry dated May 17, 1943, in Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 405.

60. U.S. Department of State, FRUS, 1943, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 369.

61. “Memorandum for the Joint Chiefs of Staff,” June 10, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 38, in file “Memos to General Marshall, 1942–1944.”

62. “War Department 4952-15,” June 14, 1943, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 3, p. 1604.

63. COMSOPAC to CINCPAC, June 25, 1943, in ibid., p. 1611.

64. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, pp. 3–4, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.

65. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 803.

66. Spruance to RADM E. M. Eller, July 22, 1966, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 7.

67. King and Whitehall, Fleet Admiral King, p. 491 (footnote).

68. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 803.

69. Ibid., p. 805.

70. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, p. 6, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.

71. CINCPAC to COMSOPAC, June 26, 1943, William Frederick Halsey Papers, Box 15.

72. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, pp. 6–7, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.

73. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 109.

74. Ibid., p. 110.

75. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 827.

76. Ibid., pp. 825–26.

77. Dyer, Amphibians Came to Conquer, p. 618.

78. Stevenson and Calder, Island Landfalls, p. 47.

79. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.); Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, pp. 275–76.

80. “Report of Amphibious Operations for the Capture of the Gilbert Islands, from Cmdr. Fifth Amphibious Force to COMINCH,” December 4, 1943, Serial 00165, enclosure C, in USMC Archives, “WWII, Tarawa and Makin, 1943,” Box 6.

81. Ibid., p. 2.

82. Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 109.

83. Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 256.

84. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, p. 5, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.

85. Towers to Forrestal, August 18, 1943, Spruance Papers, quoted in Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 255.

86. Spruance to Savvy Cooke, February 9, 1963, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 6.

87. Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 257.

88. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 90.

89. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 1.

90. Ibid., p. 163.

91. Chief Petty Officer C. S. King account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 279.

92. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 161.

93. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2.

94. Clark, Carrier Admiral, p. 108.

95. Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7.

96. Fitzhugh Lee account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 107.

97. George W. Anderson Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1983, pp. 112–13.

98. Ibid.

99. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 221.

100. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 417.

101. Ibid., pp. 412–13.

102. George W. Anderson Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1983, p. 115.

103. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 223.

104. Harry W. Hill, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 685, Vol. 3, p. 290.

105. Ibid., p. 297.

106. “Report of Operations, Galvanic,” Commanding General, 2nd MarDiv, from CO, CT-6. Ref: (a) Ltr CG, 2ndMarDiv, RMC CT/541, serial 002ND2 (Secret), dated November 11, 1943, in USMC Archives: “WWII, Tarawa and Makin, 1943,” Box 6.

107. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 286.

108. CINCPAC to COMINCH, June 20, 1943, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 3, p. 1607.

109. Dyer, Amphibians Came to Conquer, p. 608.

110. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 120.

111. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 287.

112. “Corps Operation Plan Number 1–43,” Annex Baker, p. 14, Fifth Amphibious Corps files.

113. “Corps Operation Plan Number 1–43,” Annex Able, p. 4, Fifth Amphibious Corps files.

114. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 830.

115. Ibid., p. 836.

116. Ibid., p. 834.

Chapter Eleven

1. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

2. Ray Gard quoted in Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 274.

3. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 831.

4. Lucas, Combat Correspondent, p. 175.

5. Roger Bond account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 132.

6. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

7. CINCPAC War Diary, November 15, 1943, Vol. 4, p. 1686.

8. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 274.

9. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 438.

10. For example, see Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7, p. 426.

11. Truman J. Hedding account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, pp. 117–18.

12. Spruance to Professor Potter, March 3, 1955, on Naval Task Force organization in World War II, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 4.

13. Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 280.

14. “Colonel Weller’s Report of NGF at Tarawa,” (undated), Julian C. Smith Papers, COLL/202, Series 4, Tarawa.

15. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 281.

16. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 61.

17. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 122.

18. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 62.

19. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 855.

20. Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p. 223.

21. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, p. 22, USMC Archives.

22. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 124.

23. Lt. G. D. Lillibridge, 1967, PC No. 1342, USMC Archives.

24. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, p. 23, USMC Archives.

25. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 68.

26. David M. Shoup, oral history, p. 2, Fifth Amphibious Corps files.

27. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

28. CO, LT 1/6 to C.G., 2nd MarDiv, December, 6, 1943, “Report of Operations, GALVANIC,” USMC Archives.

29. Sherrod, “Marines’ Show.”

30. Lt. G. D. Lillibridge, 1967, PC No. 1342, USMC Archives.

31. Julian C. Smith, oral history, p. 293, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC.

32. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 122.

33. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 127.

34. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

35. Sherrod, “Marines’ Show.”

36. Marshall Ralph Doak, My Years in the Navy, online at http://www.historycentral.com/Navy/Doak (accessed November 10, 2014).

37. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 128.

38. Ibid., pp. 128–29.

39. Sherrod, “Marines’ Show.”

40. Vern Garrett, oral history, in Smith and Meehl, eds., Pacific War Stories, p. 159.

41. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 96.

42. Wukovits, One Square Mile of Hell, p. 165.

43. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

44. Robert B. Sheeks, oral history, in Smith and Meehl, eds., Pacific War Stories, p. 188.

45. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 97.

46. Ibid., p. 93.

47. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

48. Alex Vraciu quoted in Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 209.

49. Jim Pearce quoted in ibid.

50. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.

51. Wukovits, One Square Mile of Hell, p. 183.

52. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 101.

53. Lt. Melvin A. Traylor Jr. quoted in Wukovits, One Square Mile of Hell, p. 187.

54. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 95.

55. Ibid., p. 77.

56. Ibid., p. 96.

57. Sherrod, “Marines’ Show.”

58. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 125.

59. Lucas, Combat Correspondent, p. 200.

60. Cooper, Navy Nurse, p. 87.

61. R. K. Turner to Spruance, November 30, 1943, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Series I, correspondence.

62. “Commander of Central Pacific Force, War Diary,” November 23, 1943, entry, p. 20, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 182.

63. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 129.

64. H. W. Hill to Spruance, November 25, 1943, p. 2, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Series I, correspondence.

65. Arthur Lamar, “Recollections of Fleet Admiral Nimitz,” USNI Oral History Program, 1970, p. 40.

66. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 236.

67. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 132.

68. Memorandum, King to Nimitz regarding the loss of U.S.S. Liscome Bay (CVE-56), December 30, 1943, Serial 002903, in NARA, RG 38, Records of the Office of the CNO, Box 36.

69. Michael Bak Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1988.

70. Ibid.

71. Memorandum, King to Nimitz regarding the loss of U.S.S. Liscome Bay (CVE-56), December 30, 1943, Serial 002903, in NARA, RG 38, Records of the Office of the CNO, Box 36.

72. Potter and Nimitz, Great Sea War, p. 323.

73. Major J. F. Mills quoted by Lucas, Combat Correspondent, p. 170.

74. Harry W. Hill, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 685, Vol. 3, p. 305.

75. Edson’s remarks excerpted in “Colonel Weller’s Report of NGF at Tarawa” (undated), Julian C. Smith Papers, COLL/202, Series 4, Tarawa.

76. Memorandum King to Nimitz, December 16, 1943, Serial: 04258, Holland M. Smith Collection, COLL/2949, Box 1.

77. Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 16.

78. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 232.

79. Julian Smith to Willie Llew, December 20, 1943, Julian C. Smith Papers, COLL/202, Box 8, Series 7, Correspondence, December 1943.

80. Julian Smith to Warren W. Brown, December 25, 1943, ibid.

81. Julian Smith to Islar Simms, December 25, 1943, ibid.

82. For example, see Spruance to Samuel Eliot Morison, March 19, 1963, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 6.

83. “Mid-Pacific Stronghold,” p. 19.

84. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 134.

85. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 309.

86. C.O. Yorktown, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

87. Lt. (jg) Ralph Hanks, oral history, in Hammel, ed., Aces Against Japan, p. 170.

88. Diary of Alexander Wilding Jr. quoted in Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 276.

89. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.

90. Ibid.

91. C.O. Yorktown, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

92. Fitzhugh Lee account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 112.

93. Quoted in Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 282.

94. C.O. Yorktown, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

95. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 134.

96. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.

97. C.O. Yorktown, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

98. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.

99. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, pp. 136–37.

100. Kernan, Crossing the Line, p. 99.

101. Ibid.

102. Ibid., p. 100.

103. Ibid., p. 102.

104. Ibid., p. 106.

105. Ibid.

106. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 138.

107. Ibid., p. 139.

108. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 432.

109. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 292.

110. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 27, 1944, quoted in Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 140.

111.  U.S.S. Essex Cruise Book, 1944 (unpaginated).

112. George W. Anderson Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1983, p. 120.

113. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 444.

Chapter Twelve

1. Edwin T. Layton, “Recollections of Fleet Admiral Nimitz,” USNI Oral History Program, 1970, p. 90.

2. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, No. 139, Interrogation Nav No. 34, Interrogation of Commander Nakajima, Chikataka, Imperial Japanese Navy, October 21, 1945, p. 143.

3. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 445.

4. Edwin T. Layton, “Recollections of Fleet Admiral Nimitz,” USNI Oral History Program, 1970, p. 91.

5. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, pp. 215–35.

6. Roger Bond account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 132.

7. C. S. King account in ibid., p. 285.

8. David S. McCampbell account in ibid., p. 196.

9. Mitscher quoted by Arleigh A. Burke in ibid., p. 167.

10. Arleigh A. Burke account in ibid., pp. 167–68.

11. CINCPAC War Diary, Book 5, pp. 1834–47.

12. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 226.

13. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 145.

14. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.

15. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 144.

16. Shaw et al., History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, p. 152.

17. Richard L. Conolly to Commandant of Marine Corps, November 26, 1952, in ibid.

18. 1st Lt. Samuel H. Zutty quoted in ibid., p. 171.

19. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 146.

20. Kenneth Dodson letter dated February 9, 1944, in Shenk, ed., Authors at Sea, p. 293.

21. Ibid., pp. 294–96.

22. Potter, Nimitz, p. 334.

23. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 224.

24. Beaver, Sailor from Oklahoma, p. 283.

25. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 148.

26. Entry dated January 6, 1944, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 5, p. 1833.

27. “Special Report of flintlock and catchpole Operations,” March 1, 1944, p. 7, USMC Archives.

28. Harry W. Hill, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 685, Vol. 3, p. 297.

29. Shaw et al., History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, p. 227.

30. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 226.

31. CINCPAC to COMINCH, December 26, 1943, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 4, p. 1830.

32. Ramage, “Raid on Truk.”

33. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 227.

34. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 291.

35. Ramage, “Raid on Truk.”

36. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 229.

37. Masataka Chihaya, “Account of the Fiasco of Truk,” in Goldstein and Dillon, eds., Pacific War Papers, p. 279.

38. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 223.

39. Boyington, Baa Baa Black Sheep, p. 250.

40. Ibid., p. 252.

41. Statement of Lt. (jg) Woodward M. Hampton, VF-1, Ernest J. King Papers, Box 9.

42. Ibid.

43. Ramage, “Raid on Truk.”

44. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 230.

45. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 235.

46. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, pp. 896–97.

47. William I. Martin account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 149.

48. Masataka Chihaya, “Account of the Fiasco of Truk,” in Goldstein and Dillon, eds., Pacific War Papers, p. 282.

49. “Return Visit.”

50. Ibid.

Chapter Thirteen

1. Agawa, Reluctant Admiral, pp. 196–97.

2. Entry dated August 5, 1943, Sugiyama Memo, 2 vols. (Tokyo: Hara Shobso, 1967), quoted in Irokawa, Age of Hirohito, p. 91.

3. “New Operational Policy” document quoted in Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 468.

4. Ibid.

5. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 295.

6. Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin, Zero!, p. 228.

7. Ibid., p. 227.

8. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 7, p. 331.

9. Mainichi Shinbun, February 23, 1944, quoted in entry dated March 16, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 160.

10. Entry dated October 5, 1943, in ibid., p. 91.

11. Lt. Cmdr. Iyozo Fujita, oral history, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 241.

12. Atsushi Oi, “The Japanese Navy in 1941,” in Goldstein and Dillon, eds., Pacific War Papers, p. 23.

13. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 185.

14. Horikoshi, Shindo, and Wanteiz, Eagles of Mitsubishi, p. 141.

15. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 300.

16. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 27.

17. Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin, Zero!, pp. 36–37.

18. Saburo Sakai oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 139.

19. Ibid., p. 140.

20. Tagaya, Imperial Japanese Naval Aviator, p. 9.

21. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 27.

22. Entry dated March 12, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 154.

23. Entry dated May 30, 1944, in ibid., p. 202.

24. Entry dated September 30, 1944, in ibid., p. 259.

25. Potter, Nimitz, p. 358.

26. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 307.

27. Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 371.

28. U.S. Department of State, FRUS, 1943, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, Vol. 4, p. 780.

29. Coffey, Hap, p. 334.

30. Potter, Nimitz, p. 340.

31. Ibid., p. 342.

32. Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 348.

33. Potter, Nimitz, p. 343.

34. Ibid., p. 344.

35. Ibid., p. 354.

36. Terasaki and Miller, Bridge to the Sun, p. 134.

37. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated April 21, 1943, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 169.

38. Entry dated September 9, 1943, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 76.

39. Entry dated December 9, 1943, in ibid., p. 117.

40. Entry dated September 11, 1943, in ibid., p. 77.

41. “Battle of the Spirits,” Japan Times and Advertiser, August 24, 1943.

42. Entry dated May 26, 1943, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 31.

43. Entry dated September 5, 1943, in ibid., p. 75.

44. “Position Truly Grave,” Advertiser (Adelaide, Australia), October 27, 1943, p. 1.

45. Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 173.

46. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated June 10, 1943, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 170.

47. Maintenance Lt. Hiroshi Suzuki, oral history, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 93.

48. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 306.

49. Entry dated May 31, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 380.

50. Navy Directive No. 373 quoted in Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 310.

51. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 302.

52. Lt. Cmdr. Zenji Abe, oral history, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 55.

53. Entry dated April 16, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 349.

54. Entry dated April 18, 1944, in ibid., p. 361.

55. Entry dated April 27, 1944, in ibid., p. 365.

56. Entry dated April 24, 1944, in ibid., p. 363.

57. Entry dated May 9, 1944, in ibid., p. 368.

58. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 8, p. 215.

59. Entry dated May 8, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 368.

60. Entry dated May 25, 1944, in ibid., p. 376.

61. Entry dated June 9, 1944, in ibid., p. 391.

62. Entry dated June 10, 1944, in ibid., p. 393.

63. Entry dated June 13, 1944, in ibid., pp. 395–96.

64. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 313.

Chapter Fourteen

1. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 434.

2. “Commander Joint Expeditionary Force, Marianas Operations, to CINCPAC,” August 25, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, August–September 1944,” Box 185.

3. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 197.

4. CINCPOA to COMINCH, May 23, 1944, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 5, p. 220.

5. Takeo Yamauchi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 282.

6. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183, p. 9.

7. Notes by Glen C. H. Perry, King’s meeting with reporters, February 18, 1944, in Perry, “Dear Bart,”p. 248.

8. Buell, Master of Seapower, p. 439.

9. Spruance to Samuel Eliot Morison, January 20, 1952, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 1.

10. Narrative by Arleigh Burke, Office of Naval Records and Library, recorded August 20, 1945, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 4.

11. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 257.

12. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 289.

13. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183, p. 30.

14. Zurlinden, “Prelude to Saipan, 15 June, 1944,” p. 582.

15. Robert B. Sheeks, oral history, in Smith and Meehl, eds., Pacific War Stories, p. 192.

16. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 240.

17. Richard King, letter to his parents, September 8, 1945, in Carroll, ed., War Letters, pp. 300–2.

18. Hopkins, Nice to Have You Aboard, p. 138.

19. Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin, Zero!, p. 234.

20. Entry dated June 17, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 407.

21. Commander, Fifth Fleet, War Diary for June 1944, A12/1, Serial 00398, entry dated June 15, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, July to August 1944,” Box 184, p. 10.

22. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 653.

23. Spruance to Nimitz, July 4, 1944, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Series I, correspondence, Box 2, Folder 1.

24. Spruance to E. B. Potter, February 21, 1955, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 3.

25. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183, p. 80.

26. Clark, “Marianas Turkey Shoot,” in Sears, ed., Eyewitness to World War II, p. 195.

27. Commander, Fifth Fleet, War Diary for June 1944, A12/1, Serial 00398, entry dated June 15, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, July to August 1944,” Box 184, p. 18.

28. Clark, “Marianas Turkey Shoot,” in Sears, ed., Eyewitness to World War II, p. 197.

29. Ibid., p. 195.

30. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 243.

31. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183, p. 81.

32. Commander, Fifth Fleet, War Diary for June 1944, A12/1, Serial 00398, entry dated June 20, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, July to August 1944,” Box 184.

33. Westcott, ed., Mahan on Naval Warfare, p. 80.

34. Ibid., p. 82.

35. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972, pp. 77–78.

36. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 354.

37. Thach quoted in Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 273.

38. Taylor, Magnificent Mitscher, p. 215.

39. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 1021.

40. George W. Anderson Jr. (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1983, p. 140.

41. Narrative by Arleigh Burke, Office of Naval Records and Library, recorded August 20, 1945, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 4.

42. Paul H. Backus (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1995, p. 195.

43. Arleigh A. Burke account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 163.

44. “Comments and Recommendations on Operations from 11 July 1944 to 3 July 1944,” Commander, VF-15, p. 3, CINCPAC Serial 003607, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 36.

45. Cmdr. Ernest Snowden quoted in Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 282.

46. Entry dated June 19, 1944, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 171.

47. Sommers, Combat Carriers, p. 91.

48. Lt. Cmdr. Zenji Abe, oral history, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 55.

49. Alex Vraciu quoted in Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 277.

50. Ibid., p. 279.

51. Danton, “Battle of the Philippine Sea,” p. 1025.

52. Commander, Fifth Fleet, War Diary for June 1944, A12/1, Serial 00398, entry dated June 19, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, July to August 1944,” Box 184, p. 23.

53. Taylor, Magnificent Mitscher, p. 227.

54. Commander, Fifth Fleet, War Diary for June 1944, A12/1, Serial 00398, entry dated June 19, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, July to August 1944,” Box 184, p. 23.

55. Entry dated June 19, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 411.

56. Ibid., p. 409.

57. Telegram No. 2220, cited in ibid., p. 412.

58. Clark, “Marianas Turkey Shoot,” reprinted in Sears, ed., Eyewitness to World War II, p. 200.

59. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972, p. 79.

60. Clark, “Marianas Turkey Shoot,” reprinted in Sears, ed., Eyewitness to World War II, p. 200.

61. James D. Ramage account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 173.

62. Don Lewis account (excerpted in James D. Ramage account) in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 173.

63. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 297.

64. Ibid., p. 298.

65. Don Lewis account (excerpted in James D. Ramage account) in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 177.

66. Entry dated June 20, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 414.

67. Alex Vraciu quoted in Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 307.

68. Spruance to E. B. Potter, January 2, 1960, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 3.

69. Harper, Paddles!, p. 222.

70. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 305.

71. Enterprise Action Report, VT-10 enclosure. FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183.

72. Paul H. Backus (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1995, p. 195.

73. James D. Ramage account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 184.

74. Excerpt from the Ottumwa Courier, quoted in Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 315.

75. Sommers, Combat Carriers, p. 90.

76. Spruance to Nimitz, July 4, 1944, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 1.

77. “Extract of a letter from Maj. Gen. Jarmon, 23 June 1944,” Holland M. Smith Collection, Coll/2949, Box 1.

78. Richard King, letter to his parents, September 8, 1945, in Carroll, ed., War Letters, pp. 300–2.

79. Spruance to Nimitz, July 4, 1944, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 1.

80. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183.

81. Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p. 261.

82. Ibid.

83. Entry dated June 25, 1944, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 176.

84. Bradlee, Good Life, p. 78.

85. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183.

86. Takeo Yamauchi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 283.

87. Ibid., p. 289.

88. “Lieutenant General Saito’s Last Message to Japanese Officers and Men Defending Saipan,” translation of D-2 section of 4th Marine Division, captured July 9, 1944, Ernest J. King Papers.

89. From a captured Japanese officer’s personal account, cited in Appendix IX, “Saipan: The Beginning of the End,” by Major Carl W. Hoffman, USMC, Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1950, p. 284, USMC Archives.

90. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 165.

91. Taro Kawaguchi diary excerpted in Brawley, Dixon, and Trefalt, eds., Competing Voices from the Pacific War, p. 126.

92. Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p. 269.

93. Ibid., p. 270.

94. Takeo Yamauchi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 289.

95. Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 249.

96. “Saipan,” HM9-16, p. 6, published by the 2d Marine Division, 1944, USMC Archives.

97. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 156.

98. Entry for Thursday, July 13, 1944, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 190.

99. Entry for Sunday, July 16, 1944, in ibid., p. 191.

100. Robert B. Sheeks account in Smith and Meehl, eds., Pacific War Stories, p. 193.

101. Ibid., p. 192.

102. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 201.

103. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Vol. 2, p. 387.

104. See, for example, Spruance’s commencement speech at Brown University, June 1946, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 4.

105. Buell, Quiet Warrior, p. 320.

106. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, November 2, 1944, in Raines, Good Night Officially, p. 114.

107. Hammer, “Organized Confusion,” p. 408.

108. Lewis Thomas account in Shenk, ed., Authors at Sea, p. 237.

109. Department of the Navy, Building the Navy’s Bases in World War II, p. 353.

110. Hammer, “Organized Confusion,” p. 407.

111. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 19.

112. Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 26.

113. Hammer, “Organized Confusion,” p. 417.

114. Kristof, “Shoichi Yokoi, 82, Is Dead.”

Epilogue

1. Teishin Nohara, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, pp. 33–34.

2. Fumio Kimura account in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 109.

3. Hitoshi Anzai account in ibid., p. 119.

4. Toru Izumi account in ibid., p. 34.

5. Uichiro Kawachi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 214.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid., pp. 214–15.

8. Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 66.

9. Entry dated December 11, 1943, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 122; Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 174.

10. Entry dated December 19, 1942, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 5.

11. Shoryu Hata, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 212.

12. Uichiro Kawachi, oral history, in ibid., p. 217.

13. Shigeo Hatanaka, oral history, in ibid., p. 64.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid., p. 67.

16. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 327.

17. Irokawa, Age of Hirohito, p. 92.

18. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 476.

19. Entry dated July 17, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 226.

20. Ibid., p. 225.

21. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated July 18, 1944, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, 174.

22. Sachi Ariyama letter, undated, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 178.

23. Entry dated July 18, 1944, in Kido, Diary of Marquis Kido, p. 394.

24. Entry dated July 17, 1944, in ibid., p. 389.

25. Tojo radio broadcast, July 18, 1944, in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 156.

26. Entry dated July 20, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, pp. 228–29.

27. Entry dated July 29, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 437.

28. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated July 18, 1944, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 174.

29. Premier Kuniaki Koiso, July 22, 1944, in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 156.

30. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 85.

31. Koiso address, September 16, 1944, in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 9.

32. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 75.

33. Irokawa, Age of Hirohito, p. 92.

34. Japanese peace terms broadcast by Domei news agency, May 23, 1944, in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 9.

35. Entry dated March 31, 1944, in Kido, Diary of Marquis Kido, p. 382.

36. Entry dated January 6, 1944, in ibid., p. 374.

37. Victoria, Zen at War, p. 138.

38. Rescript dated September 7, 1944, in Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, pp. 472–80.

39. “Fire Scroll,” Book of Five Spheres, quoted in Cleary, Japanese Art of War, p. 84.

40. Entries dated August 26, 1943, March 15, 1944, and April 7, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, pp. 69, 157, 174.

41. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated March 27, 1943, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 168.

42. Hiroyo Arakawa, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 179.

43. Quoted in entry dated April 30, 1943, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 25.

44. Sumio Ishida account in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 176.

45. Entry dated April 24, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 183.

46. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated January 4, 1944, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 173.

47. Kii Aoki account in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 172.

48. Takeyama, Scars of War, p. 140.