References are listed by book section—introduction, chapter, appendix, etc. At the end of these reference sections, some may also separately list references for boxes, figures, charts, or tables found within those sections of the book.
INTRODUCTION
1. Tucson Water, “Homeowner’s Guide to Using Water Wisely,” rev. 2009, http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/files/water/docs/homeowner.pdf (accessed 30 January, 2013).
2. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), World Atlas of Desertification, 2nd ed. (London: Arnold; New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997).
3. Ibid.
4. Wendy Price Todd and Gail Vittori, Texas Guide to Rainwater Harvesting (Austin: Texas Water Development Board in Cooperation with the Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems, 1997).
5. Brian Barbaris, Senior Research Specialist, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, personal communication (interview with author), 12 February 2003.
6. Todd and Vittori, Texas Guide.
7. Ibid.
8. John Begeman, “Thanks to Storms, Rain Delivers More Than Water to Desert,” Arizona Daily Star, 2 August 1998, Home Section, p. 1.
9. David Cleveland and Daniela Soleri, Food From Dryland Gardens (Tucson: Center for People, Food and Environment, 1991).
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Michael Evenari, Leslie Shanan, and Naphtali Tadmor, The Negev: The Challenge of the Desert (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).
13. John Gould and Erik Nissen-Petersen, Rainwater Catchment Systems for Domestic Supply: Design, Construction, and Implementation (London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1999).
14. Charles Bowden, Killing the Hidden Waters (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977), 119–20.
15. Ibid.
16. Maude Barlow, Blue Gold: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World’s Water Supply, A Special Report issued by the International Forum on Globalization, June 1999.
17. Ibid.
18. Elizabeth Shogren, “Sprawl Adds to Drought, Study Says,” Los Angeles Times, 29 August 2002, p. A12.
19. American Rivers, Natural Resources Defense Council, Smart Growth America, Report: Paving Our Way to Water Shortages: How Sprawl Aggravates the Effects of Drought, 28 August 2002, http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/DroughtSprawlReport09.pdf (accessed 30 January 2013).
20. Frank Sousa, Tucson Department of Transportation and Engineering Division, Stormwater Section, email to author, 7 November 2002.
21. P. Condon, and S. Moriarty, eds., Second Nature: Adapting LA’s Landscape for Sustainable Living (Los Angeles: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 1999).
22. Anil Agarwal, Sunita Narain, and Indira Khurana, Making Water Everybody’s Business (New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment, 2001).
23. American Rivers, et al. Report: Paving Our Way.
24. Robert Glennon, Water Follies: Groundwater Pumping and the Fate of America’s Fresh Waters (Washington DC: Island Press, 2002).
25. Barlow, Blue Gold.
26. Lester R. Brown and Brian Halweil, “China’s Water Shortage Could Shake World Food Security,” Worldwatch, July/ August 1998.
27. Paul Hawken, Armory Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1999).
28. Barlow, Blue Gold.
29. Michael Parfit, “Sharing the Wealth of Water,” National Geographic Special Edition: Water, the Power, Promise, and Turmoil of North America’s Fresh Water, 1993, p. 28.
30. Penn State, College of Education, Investigations: Lesson 13: Lifestyles and Global Warming—Any Connection? www.ed.psu.edu/ci/Papers/STS/gac-3/in13.htm.
31. Tom Hansen of Tucson Electric Power (email of 30 April 2003) in which he stated, “The Springerville Generating Station produces electricity with an annual average water consumption of about 0.45 gallon per kWh.” Additional information can be found at www.powerscorecard.org.
32. Tim Flannery, The Weather Makers: How Man is Changing the Climate and What It Means for Life on Earth (New York: Grove Press, 2001).
33. H2ouse.org, “Save Water, Money, Energy Now!” www. h2ouse.org/action/top5.cfm (accessed 15 January 2013).
34. John Woodwell, Jim Dyer, Richard Pinkham, and Scott Chaplin, Water Efficiency for Your Home: Products and Advice Which Save Water, Energy, and Money, 3rd ed. (Snowmass CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1995); www.rmi.org/images/other/Water/W95- (accessed 15 January 2013).
35. H2ouse.org, “Save Water, Money, Energy Now!” http://www.h2ouse.org/action/top5.cfm
36. Ibid.
37. Martin M. Karpiscak, Thomas M. Babcock, Glenn W. France, Jeffrey Zauderer, Susan B. Hopf, and Kenneth E. Foster, Evaporative Cooler Water Use Within the City of Phoenix: Final Report, Arizona Department of Water Resources, Phoenix Active Management Area, April 1995.
38. Arizona Department of Water Resources, “Outdoor Water Use” pamphlet.
39. Figures determined from calculations from Pima County, Arizona, Cooperative Extension, Water Resources Center, Low 4 Program, “How to Develop a Drip Irrigation Schedule” handout.
40. Richard Heede and Staff of Rocky Mountain Institute, HOMEmade Money, (Snowmass CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1995).
41. Arizona Department of Water Resources, “Outdoor Water Use.”
42. H2ouse.org “Pool and Spa Water Savings,” http://www.h2ouse.org/tour/details/element_action_contents.cfm?elementID=d21acae2-1fc4-41d0-bc9a16b993ed790a&actionID=78FA9A8B-2756-4B2E-88D58A48310FAA76 (accessed 31 January 2012).
43. Michael Corbett and Judy Corbett, Designing Sustainable Communities: Learning from Village Homes (Washington DC: Island Press, 2000).
44. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “The EPA and Food Security,” Pesticides: Topical & Chemical Fact Sheet Sheets, http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/securty.htm (accessed 1 January 2013).
45. Barlow, Blue Gold.
46. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, “River and Water Facts.” http://www.rivers.gov/rivers/kids/funfacts.html (accessed 1 February 2013).
47. Barlow, Blue Gold.
48. Amy Vickers, Handbook of Water Use and Conservation (Amherst MA: WaterPlow Press, 2001).
49. Ibid.
50. New Internationalist, “Factfile on Water,” April 2000.
51. Condon and Moriarty, Second Nature.
52. New York Times Special Supplement: Water, Pushing the Limits of an Irreplaceable Resource, 8 December 1998.
53. Barlow, Blue Gold.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Karpiscak et al., Evaporative Cooler Water Use.
57. Pima County, Arizona, Cooperative Extension, Water Resources Center, “How to Develop a Drip Irrigation Schedule” handout.
58. Heede et al., HOMEmade Money.
59. Vandana Shiva, Water Wars: Privatization, Pollution, and Profit (Cambridge MA: South End Press, 2002).
60. United Nations Committee on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights 2002, General Comment No. 15, The right to water (articles 11 and 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), Twenty-ninth Session, Geneva E/C. 12-2002-11.
61. Joe Gelt, Jim Henderson, Kenneth Seasholes, Barbara Tellman, Gary Woodard, Kyle Carpenter, Chris Hudson, and Souad Sherif, Water in the Tucson Area: Seeking Sustainability, Water Resources Research Center, Issue Paper #20, summer 1999.
62. Nancy Laney, Desert Water: From Ancient Aquifers to Modern Demands (Tucson: Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press, 1998).
63. Tony Davis, “Gains Seen On Area’s Water Goals: Groundwater table up in urban core, but levels falling in other spots,” Arizona Daily Star, January 30, 2012, p. A1; article’s corrected Tucson-Area Water-Table Levels map, Arizona Daily Star, 1 February 2012, p. A6.
64. Michael F. Logan, The Lessening Stream: An Environmental History of the Santa Cruz River (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002).
65. Ibid.
66. Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, Superfund Programs Section Site and Program Information—C 02-04, July 2002.
67. Paul Green and Kendall Kroesen, “Water-Energy Nexus: Would You Pay for Clean Air?,” Tucson Audubon Society’s Vermilion Flycatcher, July-September 2011, Vol. 56, No. 3.
68. “Possible Climate Shift Could Worsen Water Deficit in the Southwest,” Science Daily, 16 February 2000, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000216052551.htm (accessed 1 February 2013).
69. American Rivers, “Colorado River ‘Most Endangered’,” April 14, 2004 press release. www.americanrivers.org/site/News2?abbr=AMR_&page=NewsArticle&id=6699
70. Charles Bergman, Red Delta: Fighting for Life at the End of the Colorado River (Golden CO: Fulcrum, 2002).
71. Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert (New York: Penguin Books, 1986).
72. Dr. Jim Riley, Associate Professor Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, personal communication, 16 June 2005.
73. Kirk Vincentand Laurie Wirt, “Urban Runoff—Lessen the Strain on Public Works by Using That Water at Home,” The Arizona Hydrological Society Newsletter, v. 10, 1993, pp. 1–3.
74. David Confer, email to author, 18 April 2012.
75. Ibid.
76. Beorn Courtney, P.E. of the Headwaters Corporation, “Rainwater and Snowmelt Harvesting in Colorado,” http://attachments.wetpaintserv.us/ByFprEQ1NM7kdOAKWDADlg==562514 (accessed 2 April 2013).
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Beorn Courtney, P.E. of the Headwaters Corporation, email correspondence, 11 April 2013.
80. Matt Corrion, “Collecting Rainwater Still Illegal in Much of Colorado,” Lot Lines Blog, http://www.lot-lines.com/collecting-rainwater-still-illegal-in-much-of-colorado (accessed 4 April 2013).
81. Frank Ramberg, Research Scientist, Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, personal communication, 24 January 2005.
CHAPTER 1
1. PELUM Association, “Water Harvesting: Some General Principles and Methods for Areas of Intensive Use and Dryland Cropping.” PELUM Association, Box CY301, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe, July 1995.
2. Ibid.
3. Anil Agarwal, Sunita Narain, and Indira Khurana, Making Water Everybody’s Business (New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment, 2001).
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. PELUM Association, “Water Harvesting.”
8. Ibid.
9. Bill Mollison, Introduction to Permaculture (Tyalgum, Tasmania: Tagari Publications, 1988).
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
CHAPTER 2
1. Ben Haggard, Sol y Sombra Foundation, Drylands Watershed Restoration: Introductory Workshop Activities, (Santa Fe: Center for the Study of Community, 1994).
2. Ibid.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “What is a Watershed?” http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm (accessed 30 January 2013).
4. Figures determined from calculations from Pima County, Arizona, Cooperative Extension, Water Resources Center, Low 4 Program, “How to Develop a Drip Irrigation Schedule” handout.
5. Art Ludwig, Create an Oasis with Greywater (Santa Barbara CA: Oasis Design, 2007).
6. “Lapse rate,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapse_rate (accessed 30 January 2013).
7. David Boehnlein of Bullock’s Permaculture Homestead (www.PermaculturePortal.com), email to author, 21 January 2011.
8. “Windpumps,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windpump (accessed 30 January 2013).
9. Ian Woofenden and Mick Sagrillo, “Is Wind Electricity Right for You?” Home Power 143, June/July 2011.
10. Frank Walker, Tucson Water Quality Lab, email, 23 May 2012.
Box 2.9. Estimates of Discharge Volumes from Household Evaporative Coolers, Air Conditioners, and Reverse-Osmosis Filters
a. Roy Otterbein, “Installing and Maintaining Evaporative Coolers,” Home Energy magazine online, May/June 1996, http://www.homeenergy.org/show/article/year/1996/magazine/97/id/1211 (accessed 31 January 2013).
b. Martin M. Karpiscak, Thomas M. Babcock, Glenn W. France, Jeffrey Zauderer, Susan B. Hopf, and Kennith E. Foster, “Evaporative Cooler Water Use in Phoenix,” Journal AWWA, Volume 90, Issue 4, April 1998.
c. Bill Hoffman, Austin Water Utility Commerical and Industrial Water Conservation Program Coordinator, personal communication, 27 July 2006.
d. Bill Hoffman, “Combining Storm and Rainwater Harvesting at Commercial Sites,” First American Rainwater Harvesting Conference, 21–23 August 2003, Proceedings.
e. Art Ludwig, Create an Oasis with Greywater, (Santa Barbara CA: Oasis Design, 2006).
Figure 2.7. One-Page Place Assessment: Tucson, Arizona
1. University of Arizona station (#28815), www.wrcc.dri.edu (accessed 22 March 2010).
2. Tucson Magnetic Observatory station (#28800), www.wrcc.dri.edu (accessed 22 March 2010).
3. www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc (accessed 13 June 2010).
4. Ibid.
5. ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/AZ/NRI/prevailing_winds.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013).
6. www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=10954 (accessed 11 March 2012).
7. www.wrcc.dri.edu/htmlfiles/westevap.final.html (accessed 2 February 2013).
8. Michelle Breckner, Service Climatologist, WRCC, personal communication (telephone), 23 April 2010.
9. www.Census.gov (accessed 12 May 2012).
10. Tucson Water, Homeowner’s Guide to Using Water Wisely, rev. 2009, www.tucsonaz.gov/water/docs/homeowner.pdf (accessed 31 January 2013).
11. Arizona GroundWater Monitoring Site Hydrograph, gisweb.azwater.gov/gwsi/Detail.aspx (accessed 31 January 2013). Well: Local ID D-14-13 13CBC, Site ID 321227110574801, Registry ID 619923, Latitude 32° 12’ 38.5”, Longitude 110° 58’ 33.4”, Altitude 2368’, Water Use–Public Supply, Drill date 3/1/1946.
12. Demand and Supply Assessment DRAFT, Tucson Active Management Area, 28 May 2010, Arizona Dept of Water Resources, www.azwater.gov/AzDWR/WaterManagement/Assessments/documents/FINALTAMAASSESSMENT.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013).
13. Tony Davis, “Gains Seen on Area’s Water Goals,” Arizona Daily Star, Monday, 30 January 2012, p. A1.
14. Bruce Plenk, City of Tucson Solar Energy Coordinator, 2007 data, email to author, 22 March 2010.
15. “Priority Vulnerable Species in Pima County,” pima.gov/cmo/sdcp/species/fsheets/vuln/vuln.html (accessed 31 January 2013).
16. Lobos of the Southwest, Mapping the Lobos Range, mexicanwolves.org/index.php/wolf-country (accessed 8 January 2013).
17. Jonathan DuHamel, “Jaguar Sighted Near Tucson,” Tucson Citizen, tucsoncitizen.com/wryheat/2011/11/21/jaguar-sighted-near-tucson (accessed 8 January 2013).
18. Doug Kreutz, “Series Reminds: Once Grizzlies Roamed Nearby,” Arizona Daily Star, 30 January 2012, azstarnet.com/mobi/news/article_357f3ef5-74e4-5d65-839c-87248b982688.html (accessed 1/8/2013).
CHAPTER 3
1. Training Course on Water Harvesting, FAO Land and Water Digital Media Series #26, 2003.
2. Michelle Matthews and Marco Barrantes of La Loma Development, personal communication to author, 3 August 2012.
3. Jimmy L. Tipton, Water Requirements of Landscape Trees: Final Report (Phoenix: Arizona Department of Water Resources, 1997).
4. Jeff Lowenfels and Wayne Lewis, Teaming with Microbes: The Organic Gardener’s Guide to the Soil Food Web (Portland: Timber Press, 2010).
CHAPTER 4
1. Ann Phillips, ed., City of Tucson Water Harvesting Guidance Manual, City of Tucson, Department of Transportation, Stormwater Section, June 2003.; rev. 2005 available at http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/files/transportation/2006WaterHarvesting.pdf (accessed 31 January 2013).
2. Jonathan Hammond, Marshall Hunt, Richard Cramer, and Loren Neubauer, A Strategy for Energy Conservation: Proposed Energy Conservation and Solar Utilization Ordinance for the City of Davis, California, City of Davis, August 1974.
3. Jeff Saunders, personal communication to author, 10 February 2012.
4. Ed Mazria, The Passive Solar Energy Book: A Complete Guide to Passive Solar Home, Greenhouse and Building Design. (Emmaus PA: Rodale Press, 1979).
5. U.S. Department of Energy, “Passive Solar Design: Increase Energy Efficiency and Comfort in Homes by Incorporating Passive Solar Design Features,” Technology Fact Sheet, apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/building_america/29236.pdf (accessed 31 January 2013).
6. David A. Bainbridge and Ken Haggard, Passive Solar Architecture: Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Daylighting, and More Using Natural Flows (White River Jct VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2011)
7. Richard Heede and Staff of Rocky Mountain Institute, HOMEmade Money, (Snowmass CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1995).
8. John Rosenow, “Every Tree Is Part of the Global Forest,” Arizona Urban and Community Forestry, Vol. 5, No. 1 (March 1999), p. 3.
9. Martin M. Karpiscak, Thomas M. Babcock, Glenn W. France, Jeffrey Zauderer, Susan B. Hopf, and Kenneth E. Foster, Evaporative Cooler Water Use Within the City of Phoenix: Final Report, Arizona Department of Water Resources, Phoenix Active Management Area, April 1995.
10. Plant water use figures determined from calculations from Pima County, Arizona, Cooperative Extension, Water Resources Center, Low 4 Program, “How to Develop a Drip Irrigation Schedule” handout.
11. Richard Heede and Staff of Rocky Mountain Institute, HOMEmade Money, (Snowmass CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1995).
12. James R. Simpson and E. Gregory McPherson, “Potential of Tree Shade for Reducing Residential Energy Use in California,” Journal of Arboriculture 22(1), 1996.
13. Judy Corbett and Michael Corbett, Designing Sustainable Communities: Learning from Village Homes (Washington DC: Island Press, 2000).
14. Robert Kourik, Designing and Maintaining Your Edible Landscape Naturally (Santa Rosa CA: Metamorphic Press, 1986).
15. Living Building Challenge 2.1, https://ilbi.org/lbc/standard (accessed 4 February 2013).
16. Ralph L. Knowles, Ritual House (Washington DC: Island Press 2006).
17. Sara C.Bronin, “Solar Rights,” Boston University Law Review, Vol. 89, 2009, p. 1217.
18. Corbett and Corbett, Designing Sustainable Communities.
19. Milagro Co-Housing Declaration of Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions.
20. “Recognizing Skin Cancer,” Boston University, 1997, www.bu.edu/cme/modules/2002/skincancer02/content/04-malig.html.
21. Barbara Mobely, Alabama Cooperative Extension System, “Extension Launches Skin Cancer Inititiative,” www.aces.edu/dept/extcomm/newspaper/may20a03.html (accessed 31 January 2013).
22. Janis Keating, “Trees: The Oldest New Thing in Stormwater Treatment?” Stormwater, March 2002; available at http://www.gscience.org/uploads%5Cresources%5C894%5Cforestry-2012-envirothon-resource-2-of-3-trees-oldest-newthing.pdf (accessed 31 January 2013).
23. Hammond et al., Strategy for Energy Conservation.
24. Corbett and Corbett, Designing Sustainable Communities.
25. Ibid.
26. William James, “Green Roads: Research Into Permeable Pavers,” Stormwater, March 2002, www.forester.net/sw_0203_green.html.
CHAPTER 5
1. Amy Vickers, Handbook of Water Use and Conservation (Amherst MA: WaterPlow Press, 2001).
2. Does Berkey Water Filter Remove Lead From Drinking Water? https://theberkey.com/blogs/water-filter/does-berkey-water-filter-remove-lead-from-drinking-water (accessed 21 March 2019)
3. Keoleian, G.A., S. Blanchard, and P. Reppe, “Life-Cycle Energy, Costs, and Strategies for Improving a Single-Family House,” Journal of Industrial Ecology 4 (2000), pp. 135-136.
4. Richard Heede and Staff of Rocky Mountain Institute, HOMEmade Money, (Snowmass CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1995).
5. Florida Solar Energy Center, “Comparative Evaluation of the Impact of Roofing Systems on Residential Cooling Energy Demand in Florida,” http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/FSEC-CR-1220-00-es/index.htm (accessed 23 March 2013).
6. The Living Building Challenge User’s Guide, Prerequisite Five–Materials Red List, Cascadia Region Green Buidling Council, 2007, https://ilbi.org.
7. Feed-in tariff, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariff, (accessed 3 March 2013).
8. “Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): Basic Facts, Almanac of Policy Issues,” http://www.policyalmanac.org/environment/archive/epa_municipal_solid_waste.shtml (accessed 31 January 2013)
9. Karyn Maier, Demand Media, National Geographic, “Household Recycling Personal Waste Facts,” http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/household-recycling-personal-waste-3234.html (accessed 31 January 2013).
10. Pavao-Zuckerman, M.A., and Sookhdeo, C., “Nematode Community Response to Green Infrastructure Design in a Semi-Arid City. Journal of Environmental Quality 46(3):687-694 (2017).
11. Soil Organic Matter, from Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_organic_matter accessed 10-19-2018,
12. Ibid.
13. SDCP: Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan, “Priority Vulnerable Species in Pima County,” Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan, 2002, http://pima.gov/cmo/sdcp/species/fsheets/vuln/vuln.html (accessed 31 January 2013).
14. Charline Profiri and Wade C. Sherbrooke, “The Mystery of the Wet Lizards,” http://www.highlightskids.com/science-stories/mystery-wet-lizards (accessed 1 February 2013).
APPENDIX 4 REFERENCES
1. Laura Allen, The Water-Wise Home, (North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, 2015).
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
APPENDIX 5
1. David A. Bainbridge and Ken Haggard, Passive Solar Architecture: Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Daylighting, and More Using Natural Flows (White River Jct VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2011).
2. “Lapse_rate,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapse_rate, (accessed 1 February 2013).
3. http://www.onthesnow.com/news/a/15157/ask-a-weatherman-how-does-elevation-affect-temperature (accessed 1 February 2013).
APPENDIX 7
1. Pasqualetti, Martin and Scott Kelley, “The Water Costs of Electricity in Arizona,” Project Fact Sheet, Arizona Water Institute, 2007, http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/AZ-Solar-Water-Fact-Sheet.pdf (accessed 1 February 2013).
2. Charles R. Landau, “Optimal Tilt of Solar Panels,” 2012, www.macslab.com/optsolar.html (accessed 1 February 2013
3. ITACA, “Solar Panel Angles for Various Latitudes,” http://www.itacanet.org/solar-panel-angles-for-various-latitudes/ (accessed 1 February 2013).
4. Bill Yanda, and Rick Fisher, The Food and Heat Producing Solar Greenhouse (Santa Fe: John Muir Publications, 1980).
APPENDIX 8
1. G.Z. Brown, and Mark DeKay, Sun, Wind, and Light: Architectural Design Strategies (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001).
2. Ibid.
3. Aermotor sales staff, personal communication to author, 20 February 2012.
4. http://www.aermotorwindmill.com/Sales/CommonQuestions.asp (accessed 20 February 2012).
5. Ian Woofenden and Mick Sagrillo, “Is Wind Electricity Right for You?” Home Power 143, June & July 2011.
6. William Kamkwamba and Bryan Mealer, The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind: Creating Currents of Electricity and Hope (New York: William Morrow, 2010).
7. David A. Bainbridge and Ken Haggard, Passive Solar Architecture: Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Daylighting, and More Using Natural Flows (White River Jct VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2011), p 117.
8. Brown and DeKay, Sun, Wind, and Light.
9. Bainbridge and Haggard, Passive Solar Architecture.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Vernon Quam, Bruce Wight, and Harvey Hirning. “Farmstead Windbreak,” F-1055, May 1993, reviewed and reprinted April 1996, www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/trees/f1055w.htm (accessed 3 August 2012).
14. Bainbridge and Haggard, Passive Solar Architecture.
15. N.P. Woodruff, “Shelterbelt and Surface Barrier Effects,” Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kansas, Technical Bulletin 77, December 1954, www.weru.ksu.edu/new_weru/publications/Andrew_pdf/507.pdf (accessed 1 February 2013).
APPENDIX 9
1. “Climate Change,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change (accessed 27 January 2013).
2. Skeptical Science website, “Is There a Scientific Consensus on Global Warming?”, http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-scientific-consensus-basic.htm (accessed 27 January 2013).
3. http://www.chasingice.com/learn/is-climate-change-man-made/ (accessed 2 February 2013).
4. Brian Kahn, “The World Passes 400ppm Threshold. Permanently,” http://climatecentral.org (accessed 20 January 2017).
5. James Hansen et al. “Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?,” Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2008, Vol. 2, pp. 217-31.
6. http://www.350.org/about/science (accessed 2 February 2013).
7. Anthony Leiserowitz, interview, “Making People Care About Climate Change,” segment of Bill Moyers & Company Show 152: Ending the Silence on Climate Change, 4 January 2013.
8. Bill McKibben, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math: Three Simple Numbers That Add Up to Global catastrophe–and That Make Clear Who the Real Enemy Is,” Rolling Stone, 19 July 2012, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/global-warmings-terrifying-new-math-20120719 (accessed 2 February 2013).
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Federal Highway Administration’s Highway Statistics 2006 Table VM-1 (PDF) found on EPA’s Climate Change– Greenhouse Gas Emissions page (accessed 28 December 2011).
13. “Emission Facts: Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks” found on EPA’s Consumer Information page, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/f00013.htm (accessed 28 December 2011).
14. David J. Nowak, Robert E. Hoehn III, Daniel Crane, Lorraine Weller, and Antonio Davila, Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: Los Angeles’ Urban Forest, USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin NRS-47, March 2011, http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/rb/rb_nrs47.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013). Note: this reference gives figures for carbon (C) sequestered by trees, not carbon dioxide. A molecule of carbon dioxide weighs 3.66 times more than an atom of carbon (C). We converted the carbon © figures from the reference to carbon dioxide.
15. Ibid.
16. Carey King and Michael Webber, Center for International Energy and Environmental Policy, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas-Austin, “Water Intensity of Transportation,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 42, No. 21, 2008, pp. 7866-72.
17. Water Footprint Calculator Methodology and Tips, Energy and Transportation, http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/water-calculatormethodology/#page=2 (accessed 2 February 2013).
18. 2006-2010 statistic for average number of people per AZ household, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html (accessed 15 February 2012).
19. Water Costs of Energy (WCE) chart.
20. Unisource Energy Corporation, Facts At Your Fingertips 2011, https://www.tep.com/doc/uns-facts-2011.pdf (accessed 11 February 2012).
21. Percentage of grid-tied household electrical consumption and production based on numbers provided by Kevin Koch, owner of Technicians for Sustainability (TFS), Tucson 13 February 2012.
22. Kevin Koch, owner of Technicians for Sustainability and installer of the PV solar system, personal communication to author, 13 February 2012.
23. 2006–2010 statistic for average number of people per U.S. household, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html (accessed 15 January 2012).
24. Energy Costs of Water (ECW) chart.
25. Bruce Prior, Hydrologist, Tucson Water, personal communication, 14 February 2012.
26. Western Resource Advocates and Environmental Defense Fund, “Protecting the Lifeline of the West: How Climate and Clean Energy Policies Can Safeguard Water,” 2010, p. 15, www.westernresourceadvocates.org/water/lifeline/lifeline.pdf (accessed 2 February 2012).
27. Christopher Scott et al., “Water and Energy Sustainability with Rapid Growth and Climate Change in the Arizona-Sonora Border Region, a Report to the Arizona Water Institute,” 2008, http://wsp.arizona.edu/sites/wsp.arizona.edu/files/Scott%20final%20report%2008.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013). Percentages calculated with data from figure 7 on page 10 of the report.
28. Ibid.
Water Costs of Energy (WCE) chart
1. www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/table5.html (accessed 2 February 2013).
2. data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC (accessed 17 August 2011).
3. Martin Pasqualetti and Scott Kelley, “The Water Costs of Electricity in Arizona,” Project Fact Sheet, Arizona Water Institute, 2007, http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/AZ-Solar-Water-Fact-Sheet.pdf (accessed 1 February 2013).
4. “CO2 Emissions & Water Use Rates for U.S. Electrical Generation,” naturesvoice-ourchoice.org/images/pdf/co2_and_water_use.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013).
5. U.S. Department of Energy, Report to Congress, “Energy Demands on Water Resources,” www.sandia.gov/energy-water/docs/121-RptToCongress-EWwEIAcomments-FINAL.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013).
6. Western Resource Advocates and Environmental Defense Fund, “Protecting the Lifeline of the West: How Climate and Clean Energy Policies Can Safeguard Water,” 2010, p 11, www.westernresourceadvocates.org/water/lifeline/lifeline.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013).
7. Water, Energy, CO2 for All eGRID Subregions spreadsheet, via email from Brandy Lellou, Nature’s Voice–Our Choice, 27 July 2011.
8. Ashlynn S. Stillwell et al., “Energy-Water Nexus in Texas,” www.edf.org/documents/9479_Energy-WaterNexusinTexasApr2009.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013).
9. www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/water-resource.html (accessed 2 February 2013).
10. www2.intota.com/experts.asp?strSearchType=all&strQuery=wet+cooling+tower (accessed 18 February 2012).
11. “Concentrated solar power,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power (accessed 2 February 2013).
12. “Combined cycle,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle (accessed 2 February 2013).
Energy Costs of Water (ECW) Chart
1. 98 gpcd (USGS, see ECW reference #7) X 30.4 days/month X 2.59 people/household (2006-2010, census.gov) = 7,716 gallons/household/month.
2. Ashlynn S. Stillwell et al., “Energy-Water Nexus in Texas,” www.edf.org/documents/9479_Energy-WaterNexusinTexasApr2009.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013).
3. Bevan Griffiths-Sattenspiel and Wendy Wilson, “The Carbon Footprint of Water,” River Network, May 2009, http://www.rivernetwork.org/sites/default/files/The%20Carbon%20Footprint%20of%20Water-River%20Network-2009.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013).
4. U.S. Department of Energy, Report to Congress, “Energy Demands on Water Resources,” www.sandia.gov/energy-water/docs/121-RptToCongress-EWwEIAcomments-FINAL.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013).
5. Tamin Younos and Kimberly E. Tulou, “Energy Needs, Consumption, and Sources,” Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, December 2005.
6. LADWP’s Draft 2010 Urban Water Management Plan, January 2011, from ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp013956.pdf (accessed 28 July 2011).
7. pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1344/pdf/c1344.pdf, pp 4-5, 19 (accessed 2 November 2011).
8. Total national water use ÷ population. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) AQUASTAT database at www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html (accessed 17 August 2011). In 2007, 1,583 m3/U.S. person/yr × 264.17 gal/m3 ÷ 365 days/year = 1,146 gpcd.
9. Total national water use ÷ Chartsbin.com/view/1455 (accessed 17 August 2011). 506 m3/U.S. person/yr × 264.17 gal/m3 ÷ 365 days/year = 366 gpcd.
10. HomeDepot.com (accessed 5 November 2012).
11. Mark Ragel, Water Harvesting International, via email, 7 November 2011.
12. Jeremiah Kidd, San Isidro Permaculture, via email, 8 November 2011.
13. Paul James, BestHomeWaterSavers.com, via email, 28 October 2011.
14. F.L. Burton et al., Water and Wastewater Industries: Characteristics and DSM Opportunities, Report TR-102015s (Palo Alto: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 1993).
15. Cec.net/tips/brochures/heatcool.pdf (accessed 18 January 2012).
16. Brad Lancaster, Rainwater Harvesting for Dylands and Beyond, Vol. 2, (Tucson: RainSource Press, 2008), p. 301
17. Brandy Lellou, Nature’s Voice–Our Choice, via email, 18 January 2012.
18. Christopher Scott et al., “Water and Energy Sustainability with Rapid Growth and Climate Change in the Arizona-Sonora Border Region, a Report to the Arizona Water Institute,” 2008, http://wsp.arizona.edu/sites/wsp.arizona.edu/files/Scott%20final%20report%2008.pdf ( accessed 2 February 2013).
19. Western Resource Advocates and Environmental Defense Fund, “Protecting the Lifeline of the West: How Climate and Clean Energy Policies Can Safeguard Water,” 2010, p. 15, www.westernresourceadvocates.org/water/lifeline/lifeline.pdf (accessed 2 February 2012).
20. “Brackish water,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_water (accessed 3 February 2013).
Carbon Costs of Energy (CCE) Chart
1. epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/air-emissions.html (accessed 3 November 2011).
2. Emissions calculated with data from eGRID2010V1_1_year07_PLANT.xls at epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/egrid/index.html (accessed 4 November 2011), per Art Diem, U.S. EPA, via phone, 4 November 2011.
3. eGRID2010 Year 07 Summary Tables, http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/egrid/index.html (accessed 2 February 2013).
4. www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/table5.html (accessed 2 February 2013).
5. data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC (accessed 21 August 2011).
6. Alan W. Hodges and Mohammad Rahmani, “Fuel Sources and CO2 Emissions by Electric Power Plants in the United States,” 2009, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe796 (accessed 2 February 2013).
7. U.S. Energy Information Administration; ChartsBin statistics collector team, “Current Worldwide Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Person,” chartsbin.com/view/1519 (accessed 8 November 2011).
8. Nuclear Energy Institute website, www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/nuclear_statistics/nuclearwasteamountsandonsitestorage (accessed 9 December 2011).
9. “Concentrating Solar Power,” gigatonthrowdown.org/files/Gigaton_ConSolPow.pdf (accessed 2 February 2013).
10. Brandy Lellou, Nature’s Voice–Our Choice, via email, 19 January 2012.
11. eGrid2007TechnicalSupportDocument.pdf,), epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/egrid/index.html (accessed 2 February 2013).
12. “Concentrated solar power,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power (accessed 2 February 2013).
13. “Photovoltaics,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics (accessed 2 February 2013).
Table A9.1
1. 2006-2010 statistic, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html (accessed 15 February 2012).
2. http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/table5.html (accessed 21 August 2012).
3. Based on mean of low- and high-end values from Water Costs of Energy (WCE) of 0.605 gallons (2.29 liters) /kWh.
4. Based on average of 1.293 lb (0.587 kg) /kWh from Carbon Costs of Energy (CCE).
5. http://www.eia.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/enduse2001/enduse2001.html (accessed 21 August 2012).
6. http://www.designrecycleinc.com/led%20comp%20chart.html (accessed 21 August 2012).
7. EPA’s LightingCalculator.xlsx, http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsavings_calc/LightingCalculator.xlsx?6ed4-1491&6ed4-1491 (downloaded 21 August 2012).
8. Karpiscak, M., Babcock, T., France, G., Zauderer, J., Hopf, S., Foster, K., Evaporative cooler water use within the City of Phoenix: Final Report, Arizona Department of Water Resources, Phoenix Active Management Area, April 1995.
GLOSSARY
1. David Rosgen, The Cross-Vane, W-Wier and J-Hook Vane Structures: Their Description, Design and Application for Stream Stablization and River Restoration (Fort Collins, CO: Wildland Hydrology, 2001); http://www.wildlandhydrology.com/assets/cross-vane.pdf (accesssed 2 February 2013).